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Military Entrepreneurship in the Shadow of the Greek Civil War (1946–1949)
JPR Men of the Gun and Men of the State: Military Entrepreneurship in the Shadow of the Greek Civil War (1946–1949) Spyros Tsoutsoumpis Abstract: The article explores the intersection between paramilitarism, organized crime, and nation-building during the Greek Civil War. Nation-building has been described in terms of a centralized state extending its writ through a process of modernisation of institutions and monopolisation of violence. Accordingly, the presence and contribution of private actors has been a sign of and a contributive factor to state-weakness. This article demonstrates a more nuanced image wherein nation-building was characterised by pervasive accommodations between, and interlacing of, state and non-state violence. This approach problematises divisions between legal (state-sanctioned) and illegal (private) violence in the making of the modern nation state and sheds new light into the complex way in which the ‘men of the gun’ interacted with the ‘men of the state’ in this process, and how these alliances impacted the nation-building process at the local and national levels. Keywords: Greece, Civil War, Paramilitaries, Organized Crime, Nation-Building Introduction n March 1945, Theodoros Sarantis, the head of the army’s intelligence bureau (A2) in north-western Greece had a clandestine meeting with Zois Padazis, a brigand-chief who operated in this area. Sarantis asked Padazis’s help in ‘cleansing’ the border area from I‘unwanted’ elements: leftists, trade-unionists, and local Muslims. In exchange he promised to provide him with political cover for his illegal activities.1 This relationship that extended well into the 1950s was often contentious. -
Dangerous Liaisons
University of Huddersfield Repository Davies, Peter J. Dangerous liaisons Original Citation Davies, Peter J. (2004) Dangerous liaisons. Pearson Longman, London, pp. 9-29. ISBN 978- 0582772274 This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/5522/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ Chapter 1 MEANING AND VARIETIES Give me your watch and I’ll tell you the time. German view of collaboration[1] The Nazis’ newspaper in Jersey, Insel Zeitung, was keen to publicise the fact that the islanders were enthusiastic about the occupation and keen to be Germanised: In the course of a band concert given in the Royal Square and largely attended by children and young people, at a given moment, the bandmaster attracted the attention of his juvenile audience by calling out that he had a question to ask them. -
Ho Prenotato Per Mercoledi Prossimo 21 Di Aprile Per Due Persone Alle 15
Papers on Social Representations Volume 21, pages 11.1-11.28 (2012) Peer Reviewed Online Journal ISSN 1021-5573 © 2012 The Authors [http://www.psych.lse.ac.uk/psr/] Challenging the Myth of Italians as ‘Good Fellows’: Is Clarity About In-group Crimes the Best Choice When Narrating a War to Its Perpetrators’ Descendants? GIOVANNA LEONE Department of Communication and Social Research, Sapienza, University of Rome MAURO SARRICA Department of Communication and Social Research, Sapienza, University of Rome The paper focuses on the interplay between generational transitions, social amnesia and mature reconciliation processes. In particular it explores the way different narratives of collective memories convey social representations of in-group history and address psycho-social needs that are at the core of reconciliation processes. An exploratory study was conducted to address the problem of narrating war crimes to descendants of the group of the perpetrators. We hypothesised that, compared to evasive narratives, detailed narratives (based on reification arguments) clarify unwanted self-images of the perpetrator to the new generation and promote more restorative behaviours. One- hundred and three young Italian participants read detailed or evasive narratives of war crimes committed during the invasion of Ethiopia by the Italian army. Results indicate that detailed narratives have more impact on participants, in terms of emotions and restorative behaviours. Participants’ identification with the in-group and their level of agreement with the shared myth of ‘Italians as good fellows’ also show significant effects. Our exploratory results suggest that, when the in-group is responsible for Leone & Sarrica Clarity About In-Group Crimes violence and crimes, the social sharing of an impartial truth – transmitted through detailed and reified arguments – is a necessary step towards mature reconciliation. -
Hitler's War Aims
Hitler’s War Aims Gerhard Hirschfeld Between 1939 and 1945, the German Reich dominated large parts of Europe. It has been estimated that by the end of 1941 approximately 180 million non-Germans lived under some form of German occupation. Inevitably, the experience and memory of the war for most Europeans is therefore linked less with military action and events than with Nazi (i.e. National Socialist) rule and the manifold expressions it took: insecurity and unlawfulness, constraints and compulsion, increasing difficult living conditions, coercive measures and arbitrary acts of force, which ultimately could threaten the very existence of peoples. Moreover, for those millions of human beings whose right to existence had been denied for political, social, or for – what the Nazis would term – ‘racial motives’ altogether, the implications and consequences of German conquest and occupation of Europe became even more oppressive and hounding.1 German rule in Europe during the Second World War involved a great variety of policies in all countries under more or less permanent occupation, determined by political, strategically, economical and ideological factors. The apparent ‘lack of administrative unity’ (Hans Umbreit) in German occupied Europe was often lamented but never seriously re-considered.2 The peculiar structure of the German ‘leader-state’ (Fuehrerstaat) and Hitler's obvious indifference in all matters of administration, above, his well known indecisiveness in internal matters of power, made all necessary changes, except those dictated by the war itself, largely obsolete. While in Eastern Europe the central purpose of Germany's conquest was to provide the master race with the required ‘living space’ (Lebensraum) for settlement as well as human and economic resources for total exploitation, the techniques for political rule and economic control appeared less brutal in Western Europe, largely in accordance with Hitler’s racial and ideological views. -
The Rise and Fall of the 5/42 Regiment of Evzones: a Study on National Resistance and Civil War in Greece 1941-1944
The Rise and Fall of the 5/42 Regiment of Evzones: A Study on National Resistance and Civil War in Greece 1941-1944 ARGYRIOS MAMARELIS Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy The European Institute London School of Economics and Political Science 2003 i UMI Number: U613346 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U613346 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 9995 / 0/ -hoZ2 d X Abstract This thesis addresses a neglected dimension of Greece under German and Italian occupation and on the eve of civil war. Its contribution to the historiography of the period stems from the fact that it constitutes the first academic study of the third largest resistance organisation in Greece, the 5/42 regiment of evzones. The study of this national resistance organisation can thus extend our knowledge of the Greek resistance effort, the political relations between the main resistance groups, the conditions that led to the civil war and the domestic relevance of British policies. -
Military History of Italy During World War II from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Military history of Italy during World War II From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The participation of Italy in the Second World War was characterized by a complex framework of ideology, politics, and diplomacy, while its military actions were often heavily influenced by external factors. The imperial ambitions of the Fascist regime, which aspired to restore the Roman Empire in North Africa and the Mediterranean (the Mare Nostrum, or the Italian Empire), were partially met with the annexation of Albania and the Province of Ljubljana, and the occupation of British Somaliland and other territories, but ultimately collapsed after defeats in the East and North African campaigns. In July 1943, following the Allied invasion of Sicily, Italy and its colonies in May 1940 (Dodecanese islands Benito Mussolini was arrested by order of King and Tientsin concession in China are not shown) Victor Emmanuel III, provoking a civil war. Italy surrendered to the Allies at the end of the Italian Campaign. The northern half of the country was occupied by Germans with the fascists help and made a collaborationist puppet state (with more than 600,000 soldiers), while the south was governed by monarchist and liberal forces, which fought for the Allied cause as the Italian Co-Belligerent Army (at its height numbering more than 50,000 men), helped by circa 350,000[1] partisans of disparate political ideologies that operated all over Italy. Contents 1 Background 1.1 Imperial ambitions 1.2 Industrial strength 1.3 Economy 1.4 Military 2 Outbreak of the Second World -
The Croatian Ustasha Regime and Its Policies Towards
THE IDEOLOGY OF NATION AND RACE: THE CROATIAN USTASHA REGIME AND ITS POLICIES TOWARD MINORITIES IN THE INDEPENDENT STATE OF CROATIA, 1941-1945. NEVENKO BARTULIN A thesis submitted in fulfilment Of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of New South Wales November 2006 1 2 3 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Nicholas Doumanis, lecturer in the School of History at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia, for the valuable guidance, advice and suggestions that he has provided me in the course of the writing of this thesis. Thanks also go to his colleague, and my co-supervisor, Günther Minnerup, as well as to Dr. Milan Vojkovi, who also read this thesis. I further owe a great deal of gratitude to the rest of the academic and administrative staff of the School of History at UNSW, and especially to my fellow research students, in particular, Matthew Fitzpatrick, Susie Protschky and Sally Cove, for all their help, support and companionship. Thanks are also due to the staff of the Department of History at the University of Zagreb (Sveuilište u Zagrebu), particularly prof. dr. sc. Ivo Goldstein, and to the staff of the Croatian State Archive (Hrvatski državni arhiv) and the National and University Library (Nacionalna i sveuilišna knjižnica) in Zagreb, for the assistance they provided me during my research trip to Croatia in 2004. I must also thank the University of Zagreb’s Office for International Relations (Ured za meunarodnu suradnju) for the accommodation made available to me during my research trip. -
Collaborationism and War Crimes As Phenomena in the Information Society Valentina Shaikan 1,* Kateryna Datsko 1 Nina Ivaniuk 1 Alim Batiuk1
Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, volume 129 III International Scientific Congress Society of Ambient Intelligence 2020 (ISC-SAI 2020) Collaborationism and War Crimes as Phenomena in the Information Society Valentina Shaikan 1,* Kateryna Datsko 1 Nina Ivaniuk 1 Alim Batiuk1 1 Kryvyi Rih Economic Institute of Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman, Ukraine *Corresponding author. email: [email protected] ABSTRACT The article deals with the importance for Ukraine, in the context of the hybrid war, of the implementation of international and humanitarian law in the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The authors argue the problem of war crimes and collaboration in the modern information society and its resolution is important for Ukraine, especially in the context of a powerful information confrontation between the Russian Federation and Ukraine as part of a hybrid war. Based on the processed documents and literature, the authors propose their own definition of collaboration and its manifestations by definition and typology. It was concluded that the Soviet totalitarian system had morally maimed many generations of people. The ideological and political uncertainty, confusion, social amorphism of a certain part of Ukraine's population, the pro-Kremlin orientation of a part of Ukrainian politicians are still the main cause of collaboration and war crimes in Ukraine. Western Europe is characterized by the lawful and generally accepted international practice of prosecuting war criminals. In the former Soviet Union, this process was accompanied by mass violations of human rights, politicization of the judiciary, the application of collective responsibility, ignoring the principle of the presumption of innocence, and so on. -
Collaboration in Europe, 1939-1945
Occupy/Be occupied Collaboration in Europe, 1939-1945 Barbara LAMBAUER ABSTRACT Collaboration in wartime not only concerns relations between the occupiers and occupied populations but also the assistance given by any government to a criminal regime. During the Second World War, the collaboration of governments and citizens was a crucial factor in the maintenance of German dominance in continental Europe. It was, moreover, precisely this assistance that allowed for the absolutely unprecedented dimensions of the Holocaust, a crime perpetrated on a European scale. Pétain meeting Hitler at Montoire on 24 October 1940. From the left: Henry Philippe Pétain, Paul-Otto Schmidt, Adolf Hitler, Joachim v. Ribbentrop. Photo : Heinrich Hoffman. The occupation of a territory is a common feature of war and brings with it acts of both collaboration and resistance. The development of national consciousness from the end of the 18th century and the growing identification of citizens with the state changed the way such behaviour was viewed, a moral judgement being attributed to loyalty to the state, and to treason against it. During the Second World War, and in connection with the crimes committed by Nazi Germany, the term “collaboration” acquired the particularly negative connotations that it has today. It cannot be denied that collaboration by governments as well as by individual citizens was a fundamental element in the functioning of German-occupied Europe. Moreover, unlike the explicit ideological engagement of some Europeans in the Nazi cause, it was by no means a marginal phenomenon. Nor was it limited only to countries occupied by the Wehrmacht: the governments of independent countries such as Finland, Hungary, Romania or Bulgaria collaborated, as did those of neutral countries such as Switzerland, Sweden and Portugal, albeit to varying degrees. -
Reichskommissariat Ukraine from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history Reichskommissariat Ukraine From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia During World War II, Reichskommissariat Ukraine (abbreviated as RKU), was the civilian Navigation occupation regime of much of German-occupied Ukraine (which included adjacent areas of Reichskommissariat Ukraine Main page modern Belarus and pre-war Poland). Between September 1941 and March 1944, the Reichskommissariat of Germany Contents Reichskommissariat was administered by Reichskommissar Erich Koch. The ← → Featured content administration's tasks included the pacification of the region and the exploitation, for 1941–1944 Current events German benefit, of its resources and people. Adolf Hitler issued a Führer Decree defining Random article the administration of the newly occupied Eastern territories on 17 July 1941.[1] Donate to Wikipedia Before the German invasion, Ukraine was a constituent republic of the USSR, inhabited by Ukrainians with Russian, Polish, Jewish, Belarusian, German, Roma and Crimean Tatar Interaction minorities. It was a key subject of Nazi planning for the post-war expansion of the German Flag Emblem state and civilization. Help About Wikipedia Contents Community portal 1 History Recent changes 2 Geography Contact Wikipedia 3 Administration 3.1 Political figures related with the German administration of Ukraine Toolbox 3.2 Military commanders linked with the German administration of Ukraine 3.3 Administrative divisions What links here 3.3.1 Further eastward expansion Capital Rowno (Rivne) Related changes 4 Demographics Upload file Languages German (official) 5 Security Ukrainian Special pages 6 Economic exploitation Polish · Crimean Tatar Permanent link 7 German intentions Government Civil administration Page information 8 See also Reichskommissar Data item 9 References - 1941–1944 Erich Koch Cite this page 10 Further reading Historical era World War II 11 External links - Established 1941 Print/export - Disestablished 1944 [edit] Create a book History Download as PDF Population This section requires expansion. -
S Collaborationism in Europe in the Second World War Period
E3S Web of Conferences 210, 16006 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021016006 ITSE-2020 State-political and people's collaborationism in Europe in the Second World War period Yuriy Kazantsev1,* 1Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (Sibstrin), 113, Leningradskaya str., Novosibirsk, 630008, Russia Abstract. Impedance coatings of cylindrical bodies’ synthesis in order to The authors of the article made an attempt to reveal the main causes and motives of mass collaboration in European countries during the Second World War. Mentally, European man has recognized himself as part of a single space for centuries, under one-man rule: the Roman Empire, the Empire of Charlemagne, and the Holy Roman Empire. The imperial idea initially suggested the European peoples’ unification under the auspices of a strong center. The second component of the European mentality was built on the idea of Eurocentrism, proclaiming the superiority of European nations over others, and Western European civilization over the rest of the world. The ruling elite of the German Empire made plans to create "Middle Europe", proclaimed in 1871, which incorporated the economic union of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Poland and trimmed France. In 1923, a new idea was published in the manifesto of an Austrian political scientist, Kudenhove-Kalergi - "pan-Europe." The author meant a new, political, single space, spoke about pan-Europe. At the beginning of 1925 the United States of Europe appeared as a more recent idea. These were concrete steps towards creating a united Europe. On the eve of the war years and during that period, leaders and population of European countries were increasingly inclined to take joint actions with Hitler to create a new European device to be able to oppose communist expansion. -
Filming the End of the Holocaust War, Culture and Society
Filming the End of the Holocaust War, Culture and Society Series Editor: Stephen McVeigh, Associate Professor, Swansea University, UK Editorial Board: Paul Preston LSE, UK Joanna Bourke Birkbeck, University of London, UK Debra Kelly University of Westminster, UK Patricia Rae Queen’s University, Ontario, Canada James J. Weingartner Southern Illimois University, USA (Emeritus) Kurt Piehler Florida State University, USA Ian Scott University of Manchester, UK War, Culture and Society is a multi- and interdisciplinary series which encourages the parallel and complementary military, historical and sociocultural investigation of 20th- and 21st-century war and conflict. Published: The British Imperial Army in the Middle East, James Kitchen (2014) The Testimonies of Indian Soldiers and the Two World Wars, Gajendra Singh (2014) South Africa’s “Border War,” Gary Baines (2014) Forthcoming: Cultural Responses to Occupation in Japan, Adam Broinowski (2015) 9/11 and the American Western, Stephen McVeigh (2015) Jewish Volunteers, the International Brigades and the Spanish Civil War, Gerben Zaagsma (2015) Military Law, the State, and Citizenship in the Modern Age, Gerard Oram (2015) The Japanese Comfort Women and Sexual Slavery During the China and Pacific Wars, Caroline Norma (2015) The Lost Cause of the Confederacy and American Civil War Memory, David J. Anderson (2015) Filming the End of the Holocaust Allied Documentaries, Nuremberg and the Liberation of the Concentration Camps John J. Michalczyk Bloomsbury Academic An Imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc LONDON • OXFORD • NEW YORK • NEW DELHI • SYDNEY Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square 1385 Broadway London New York WC1B 3DP NY 10018 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com BLOOMSBURY and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published 2014 Paperback edition fi rst published 2016 © John J.