At Last, Biological Control of Bellyache Bush

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

At Last, Biological Control of Bellyache Bush See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321759098 AT LAST, BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF BELLYACHE BUSH Conference Paper · December 2017 CITATIONS READS 0 53 4 authors: Dianne Bronwyn Jean Taylor Elizabeth Louise Snow Queensland Government Queensland Government 7 PUBLICATIONS 29 CITATIONS 13 PUBLICATIONS 163 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Kerri James Moore Kunjithapatham Dhileepan The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Queensland Government 1 PUBLICATION 0 CITATIONS 163 PUBLICATIONS 1,658 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Biological control of Navua sedge: feasibility studies View project Invasive species View project All content following this page was uploaded by Kunjithapatham Dhileepan on 13 December 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. AT LAST, BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF BELLYACHE BUSH Dianne B. J. Taylor, Elizabeth L. Snow, Kerri Moore and Kunjithapatham Dhileepan Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ecosciences Precinct, Boggo Road, Dutton Park, Queensland 4102, Australia. ABSTRACT Jatropha gossypiifolia , commonly known as bellyache bush, is a serious weed of rangelands and riparian zones of northern Australia. Since bellyache bush became a target for biological control in 1997, only one agent has been released and this failed to establish. A renewed biological control effort has identified a number of potential agents. A small leaf-mining moth, Stomphastis sp. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), was imported from Peru into quarantine for further research in 2014. Newly emerged larvae mine directly into a leaf and remain there until pupation. No-choice host specificity testing of Stomphastis sp. has been completed for 43 test plant species. The moth laid eggs on numerous non- target species; however development of the agent only occurred on bellyache bush and its congener J. curcas , which is also a weed. Quarantine testing has thus confirmed that the leaf miner is highly host specific and suitable for release in Australia. An application to release this agent will be submitted to the Australian government in the near future. A second agent, Sciota divisella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) from India, was imported into quarantine in 2015. The larvae of this moth feed on the leaves, stems and fruit of bellyache bush. No-choice host specificity testing of this agent is in progress. To date, complete development has occurred on five exotic species and two natives. The potential use of the two native species as hosts is being investigated further. Other prospective agents under consideration include a gall midge from Bolivia and a leaf-feeding midge from Paraguay. Keywords: Jatropha gossypiifolia, Stomphastis, Sciota, Australia INTRODUCTION Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae) , commonly known as bellyache bush, is a serious weed of rangelands and riparian zones of northern Australia, and it has the potential to invade much of northern Australia (Heard et al. 2012). It forms dense thickets, reducing the usefulness of land for pastoral and grazing purposes. Monotypic stands supress seedling recruitment of native species, reducing biodiversity and impacting fire regimes due to reduced fuel load. The shallow root system causes increased erosion along creek and river banks (Bebawi et al. 2007). All parts of the plants are toxic to stock and humans. Biological control is an important component of the long-term management strategy for J. gossypiifolia in Australia. Biological control of bellyache bush was initiated in 1999. Since then, only one agent, the jewel bug, Agonosoma trilineatum (F.) has been released and there is no evidence of its establishment (Heard et al. 2012). A renewed biological control effort, involving exploration in South America, identified a 4 number of potential biological control agents (Dhileepan et al. 2014). The most promising was a small leaf-mining moth Stomphastis sp. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) which was imported from Peru into quarantine in 2014 for further research. A second agent, Sciota Page divisella (Duponchel) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), was found on bellyache bush during opportunistic surveys conducted in India and was imported into quarantine in 2015. The larvae of this moth feed on the leaves, stems and fruit of bellyache bush. In this paper, we discuss the progress of quarantine testing for both of these species and future actions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Stomphastis sp. Stomphastis sp. was imported into our quarantine facility in Brisbane in November 2014 (Taylor et al. 2016). Adult Stomphastis sp. are small moths (less than 1 cm long) and live for an average of 10 days under quarantine conditions. Females lay eggs singly on leaves. Newly emerged larvae mine directly into the leaf and remain in the leaf as they develop. Larvae exit the leaf to pupate, mainly on the leaf. A generation from adult to adult takes around 22 days under quarantine conditions (Taylor et al. 2016). The host test list for Stomphastis sp. contains 43 species from the Euphorbiaceae and closely related families; 33 are native species and 10 are exotic species (Table 1). All test plants were subjected to no-choice oviposition/larval development trials, with at least five replicates conducted for most species. Twenty newly emerged, unsexed Stomphastis sp. adults were released into a 45 x 45 x 90 cm gauze covered cage, containing a single potted test plant. With each round of testing, at least one bellyache bush plant was also included as a control, however only ten newly emerged adults were released into this cage. Test plants were maintained until a new generation of adults were recovered from bellyache bush, at which time they are disposed of. Test species on which Stomphastis sp. completed development, were subject to choice oviposition/larval development trials with bellyache bush. Sciota divisella In India, S. divisella was observed feeding on bellyache bush, J. curcas and Euphorbia grantii Oliv., (Snow et al. 2016). A colony was established in quarantine in July 2015, with a further importation in October 2015 to augment the colony. Female S. divisella lay eggs in clumps or rows on leaves and the upper portions of stems of bellyache bush plants (Snow et al. 2016). Native, crop and ornamental species from the Euphorbiaceae and closely-related families were included in the host testing. Initially test plants were subject to no-choice larval development trials, with at least five replicates for each species. Ten newly-hatched S. divisella larvae were carefully placed onto each potted test plant which were each enclosed in a 45 x 45 x 90 cm gauze covered cage. With each round of testing, at least one bellyache bush plant was also included as a control. Test plants were maintained until a new generation of adults were recovered from bellyache bush, at which time they are disposed of. Native species on which complete development occurred will be subject to further testing including oviposition and choice trials. RESULTS Stomphastis sp. 5 Under no-choice conditions, Stomphastis sp. females laid eggs on 29 of the 43 test species, predominantly on leaves at the top of the plants. Egg hatch occurred on 24 of Page these species. However, in all cases except on bellyache bush and J. curcas , the 1st instar larvae died shortly after emerging (Figures 1 and 2). When female Stomphastis sp. were provided with both bellyache bush and J. curcas , they oviposited at an equal rate on both species. The proportion of eggs that developed into adults was also similar for the two species. Sciota divisella To date larval development trials have been completed for 13 test species and partially completed for further 22 species (Table 1). These include 25 native and ten exotic species. Complete larval development has occurred on seven non-target species – five exotic species ( J.curcas, J. podagrica Hook. , Manihot esculenta Crantz., Euphorbia nerifolia L. and E. grantii ) and two native species ( Macaranga tannarius (L.) Müll.Arg. and E. plumerioides Teijsm. ex Hassk.) (Figure 3). In no-choice oviposition trials females have laid eggs on M. tannarius. Euphorbia plumerioides is yet to be tested. DISCUSSION No-choice tests are rigorous tests and identify the absolute host range; insects either feed/lay eggs on the test plant or die. Host specificity test results for Stomphastis sp. provide strong evidence that it is highly host specific and suitable for release in Australia. The non-target species on which eggs were laid have been shown to be unsuitable hosts by the absence of any larval development. Larval development only occurred on bellyache bush and J. curcas. Though not declared as a weed in Queensland, J. curcas is regarded as invasive and is an approved target for biological control in Australia. Utilisation of this species in the field by Stomphastis sp. would thus be beneficial. Jatropha curcas was the only congener of three tested to support any development of the insect past the first instar. Biological studies conducted in quarantine demonstrated that Stomphastis sp. has both a short generation time and high fecundity. This bodes well for its future as a biological control agent. It is expected that like other Gracillaridae, Stomphastis sp. will be an adept disperser, a desirable characteristic given the expansive areas across which bellyache bush occurs. A release application will be submitted to the relevant regulatory bodies later this year. If approved for release, the release effort for Stomphastis sp. will be focussed in areas with major bellyache bush infestations, such as along the Burdekin River from Charters Towers to Home Hill, Hughenden and Gulf of Carpentaria, along the Gregory River and Normanton, and along the Palmer River in Cape York. Given the ease with which the insect can be reared, there will be an opportunity to explore partnerships with various community and NRM groups. Insects will also be supplied to stakeholders in the Northern Territory and Western Australia (in partnership with the respective government bodies).
Recommended publications
  • Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae)
    Zootaxa 4759 (3): 421–426 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2020 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4759.3.8 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F725F128-FCF3-4182-8E88-ECC01F881515 Two new monobasic thrips genera for a gall-inducing species and its kleptoparasite (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae) LAURENCE A. MOUND & ALICE WELLS Australian National Insect Collection CSIRO, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601 [email protected] Abstract Drypetothrips korykis gen. et sp.n. is described as inducing leaf-margin galls on a small tree in Australia, Drypetes deplanchei [Putranjivaceae]. This thrips is similar in appearance to the smaller species of the genus Kladothrips that induce galls on Acacia species. The galls are invaded by a phytophagous kleptoparasitic thrips, Pharothrips hynnis gen. et sp.n., females of which have a forked plough-like structure protruding ventrally on the frons that is unique amongst Thysanoptera. Key words: autapomorphy, systematic relationships, leaf-margin galls, Australia Introduction The small tree, Drypetes deplanchei [Putranjivaceae], is widespread across northern Australia as far south as New- castle on the east coast. This tree is sometimes referred to as native holly, because the leaf margins can be sharply dentate, but these margins may also be almost smooth, and a species of thrips has been found inducing rolled margin galls on both leaf forms (Fig. 1). These galls and their thrips have been found at sites near Taree in coastal New South Wales, and also at Mt. Nebo near Brisbane in south-eastern Queensland.
    [Show full text]
  • Biocultural Behavior and Traditional Practices on The
    Caldasia 42(1):70-84 | Enero-junio 2020 CALDASIA http://www.revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/cal Fundada en 1940 ISSN 0366-5232 (impreso) ISSN 2357-3759 (en línea) ETHNOBOTANY Biocultural behavior and traditional practices on the use of species of Euphorbiaceae in rural home gardens of the Semiarid Region of Piauí State (NE, Brazil) Comportamiento biocultural y prácticas tradicionales sobre el uso de especies de Euphorbiaceae en huertos familiares en región semiárida del estado de Piauí (NE, Brasil) Jorge Izaquiel Alves de Siqueira 1* | Irlaine Rodrigues Vieira 1 | Edna Maria Ferreira Chaves 2 | Olga Lucía Sanabria-Diago 3 | Jesus Rodrigues Lemos 1 • Received: 21/nov/2018 Citation: Siqueira JIA, Vieira IR, Chaves EMF, Sanabria-Diago OL, Lemos JR. 2020. Biocultural behavior and • Accepted: 07/jun/2019 traditional practices on the use of species of Euphorbiaceae in rural home gardens of the Semiarid Region of • Published online: 26/agu/2019 Piauí State (NE, Brazil). Caldasia 42(1):70–84. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15446/caldasia.v42n1.76202. ABSTRACT In this article, we investigate the biocultural behavior regarding the use of species of the Euphorbiaceae in the Franco community, Cocal, Piauí State, located in the Semiarid Region of Brazil. For the study, we performed 19 interviews with the home gardens maintainers based on semi-structured interviews, and calculate the Use Value (UV) for each species mentioned by the interviewees. In addition, the im- portance of socioeconomic factors in this type of biocultural behavior was evaluated. Seven species of the Euphorbiaceae with biocultural emphasis were mentioned, distributed across four genera, which are cultivated for various purposes, including food, medicine, fuel, animal fodder, commercial sale, cultural uses, and others.
    [Show full text]
  • TML Propagation Protocols
    PROPAGATION PROTOCOLS This document is intended as a guide for Tamborine Mountain Landcare members who wish to assist our regeneration projects by growing some of the plants needed. It is a work in progress so if you have anything to add to the protocols – for example a different but successful way of propagating and growing a particular plant – then please give it to Julie Lake so she can add it to the document. The idea is that our shared knowledge and experience can become a valuable part of TML's intellectual property as well as a useful source of knowledge for members. As there are many hundreds of plants native to Tamborine Mountain, the protocols list will take a long time to complete, with growing information for each plant added alphabetically as time permits. While the list is being compiled by those members with competence in this field, any TML member with a query about propagating a particular plant can post it on the website for other me mb e r s to answer. To date, only protocols for trees and shrubs have been compiled. Vines and ferns will be added later. Fruiting times given are usual for the species but many rainforest plants flower and fruit opportunistically, according to weather and other conditions unknown to us, thus fruit can be produced at any time of year. Finally, if anyone would like a copy of the protocols, contact Julie on [email protected] and she’ll send you one. ………………….. Growing from seed This is the best method for most plants destined for regeneration projects for it is usually fast, easy and ensures genetic diversity in the regenerated landscape.
    [Show full text]
  • Lepidoptera of North America 5
    Lepidoptera of North America 5. Contributions to the Knowledge of Southern West Virginia Lepidoptera Contributions of the C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity Colorado State University Lepidoptera of North America 5. Contributions to the Knowledge of Southern West Virginia Lepidoptera by Valerio Albu, 1411 E. Sweetbriar Drive Fresno, CA 93720 and Eric Metzler, 1241 Kildale Square North Columbus, OH 43229 April 30, 2004 Contributions of the C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity Colorado State University Cover illustration: Blueberry Sphinx (Paonias astylus (Drury)], an eastern endemic. Photo by Valeriu Albu. ISBN 1084-8819 This publication and others in the series may be ordered from the C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 Abstract A list of 1531 species ofLepidoptera is presented, collected over 15 years (1988 to 2002), in eleven southern West Virginia counties. A variety of collecting methods was used, including netting, light attracting, light trapping and pheromone trapping. The specimens were identified by the currently available pictorial sources and determination keys. Many were also sent to specialists for confirmation or identification. The majority of the data was from Kanawha County, reflecting the area of more intensive sampling effort by the senior author. This imbalance of data between Kanawha County and other counties should even out with further sampling of the area. Key Words: Appalachian Mountains,
    [Show full text]
  • Brooklyn, Cloudland, Melsonby (Gaarraay)
    BUSH BLITZ SPECIES DISCOVERY PROGRAM Brooklyn, Cloudland, Melsonby (Gaarraay) Nature Refuges Eubenangee Swamp, Hann Tableland, Melsonby (Gaarraay) National Parks Upper Bridge Creek Queensland 29 April–27 May · 26–27 July 2010 Australian Biological Resources Study What is Contents Bush Blitz? Bush Blitz is a four-year, What is Bush Blitz? 2 multi-million dollar Abbreviations 2 partnership between the Summary 3 Australian Government, Introduction 4 BHP Billiton and Earthwatch Reserves Overview 6 Australia to document plants Methods 11 and animals in selected properties across Australia’s Results 14 National Reserve System. Discussion 17 Appendix A: Species Lists 31 Fauna 32 This innovative partnership Vertebrates 32 harnesses the expertise of many Invertebrates 50 of Australia’s top scientists from Flora 62 museums, herbaria, universities, Appendix B: Threatened Species 107 and other institutions and Fauna 108 organisations across the country. Flora 111 Appendix C: Exotic and Pest Species 113 Fauna 114 Flora 115 Glossary 119 Abbreviations ANHAT Australian Natural Heritage Assessment Tool EPBC Act Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Commonwealth) NCA Nature Conservation Act 1992 (Queensland) NRS National Reserve System 2 Bush Blitz survey report Summary A Bush Blitz survey was conducted in the Cape Exotic vertebrate pests were not a focus York Peninsula, Einasleigh Uplands and Wet of this Bush Blitz, however the Cane Toad Tropics bioregions of Queensland during April, (Rhinella marina) was recorded in both Cloudland May and July 2010. Results include 1,186 species Nature Refuge and Hann Tableland National added to those known across the reserves. Of Park. Only one exotic invertebrate species was these, 36 are putative species new to science, recorded, the Spiked Awlsnail (Allopeas clavulinus) including 24 species of true bug, 9 species of in Cloudland Nature Refuge.
    [Show full text]
  • No. 110 MARCH 2002 Price: $5.00
    No. 110 MARCH 2002 Price: $5.00 AUSTRALIAN SYSTEMATIC BOTANY SOCIETY INCORPORATED Office Bearers President Vice President Barry Conn W.R.(Bill) Barker Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney Plant Biodiversity Centre Mrs Macquaries Road Hackney Road Sydney NSW 2000 Hackney SA 5069 tel: (02) 9231 8131 tel: (08) 82229303 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] Secretary Treasurer Brendan Lepschi Anthony Whalen Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research Australian National Herbarium Australian National Herbarium GPO Box 1600, Canberra GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601 ACT 2601 tel: (02) 6246 5167 tel: (02) 6246 5175 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] Councillor Councillor Andrew Rozefelds R.O.(Bob) Makinson Tasmanian Herbarium Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney GPO Box 252-40 Mrs Macquaries Road Hobart, Tasmania 7001 Sydney NSW 2000 tel.: (03) 6226 2635 tel: (02) 9231 8111 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] Public Officer Annette Wilson Australian Biological Resources Study Environment Australia GPO Box 787 CANBERRA ACT 2601 tel: (02) 6250 9417 email: [email protected] Affiliate Society Papua New Guinea Botanical Society ASBS Web site http://www.anbg.gov.au/asbs Publication dates of previous issue Austral.Syst.Bot.Soc.Nsltr 109 (December 2001 issue) Hardcopy: 15th Jan 2002; ASBS Web site: 15th Jan 2002 Australian Systematic Botany Society Newsletter 110 (March 2002) ASBS Inc. Business Council elections with at the Annual General Meeting, which is more than four months after lodgement as A slip for nominations to the next Council is required by the Rules.
    [Show full text]
  • Border Rivers Maranoa - Balonne QLD Page 1 of 125 21-Jan-11 Species List for NRM Region Border Rivers Maranoa - Balonne, Queensland
    Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions Species List What is the summary for and where does it come from? This list has been produced by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC) for the Natural Resource Management Spatial Information System. The list was produced using the AustralianAustralian Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Assessment Assessment Tool Tool (ANHAT), which analyses data from a range of plant and animal surveys and collections from across Australia to automatically generate a report for each NRM region. Data sources (Appendix 2) include national and state herbaria, museums, state governments, CSIRO, Birds Australia and a range of surveys conducted by or for DEWHA. For each family of plant and animal covered by ANHAT (Appendix 1), this document gives the number of species in the country and how many of them are found in the region. It also identifies species listed as Vulnerable, Critically Endangered, Endangered or Conservation Dependent under the EPBC Act. A biodiversity summary for this region is also available. For more information please see: www.environment.gov.au/heritage/anhat/index.html Limitations • ANHAT currently contains information on the distribution of over 30,000 Australian taxa. This includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fish, 137 families of vascular plants (over 15,000 species) and a range of invertebrate groups. Groups notnot yet yet covered covered in inANHAT ANHAT are notnot included included in in the the list. list. • The data used come from authoritative sources, but they are not perfect. All species names have been confirmed as valid species names, but it is not possible to confirm all species locations.
    [Show full text]
  • ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS of the GUIANAS: an Historical Perspective of Selected Garden Plants from Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana
    f ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS OF THE GUIANAS: An Historical Perspective of Selected Garden Plants from Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana Vf•-L - - •• -> 3H. .. h’ - — - ' - - V ' " " - 1« 7-. .. -JZ = IS^ X : TST~ .isf *“**2-rt * * , ' . / * 1 f f r m f l r l. Robert A. DeFilipps D e p a r t m e n t o f B o t a n y Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. \ 1 9 9 2 ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS OF THE GUIANAS Table of Contents I. Map of the Guianas II. Introduction 1 III. Basic Bibliography 14 IV. Acknowledgements 17 V. Maps of Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana VI. Ornamental Garden Plants of the Guianas Gymnosperms 19 Dicotyledons 24 Monocotyledons 205 VII. Title Page, Maps and Plates Credits 319 VIII. Illustration Credits 321 IX. Common Names Index 345 X. Scientific Names Index 353 XI. Endpiece ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS OF THE GUIANAS Introduction I. Historical Setting of the Guianan Plant Heritage The Guianas are embedded high in the green shoulder of northern South America, an area once known as the "Wild Coast". They are the only non-Latin American countries in South America, and are situated just north of the Equator in a configuration with the Amazon River of Brazil to the south and the Orinoco River of Venezuela to the west. The three Guianas comprise, from west to east, the countries of Guyana (area: 83,000 square miles; capital: Georgetown), Surinam (area: 63, 037 square miles; capital: Paramaribo) and French Guiana (area: 34, 740 square miles; capital: Cayenne). Perhaps the earliest physical contact between Europeans and the present-day Guianas occurred in 1500 when the Spanish navigator Vincente Yanez Pinzon, after discovering the Amazon River, sailed northwest and entered the Oyapock River, which is now the eastern boundary of French Guiana.
    [Show full text]
  • Croton Production and Use1 Robert H
    ENH878 Croton Production and Use1 Robert H. Stamps and Lance S. Osborne2 FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae GENUS: Codiaeum SPECIFIC EPITHET: variegatum CULTIVARS: ‘Banana’, ‘Gold Dust’, ‘Mammy’, ‘Norma’, ‘Petra’, ‘Sunny Star’ and many others. Crotons have been popular in tropical gardens for centuries. Crotons grow into shrubs and small trees in their native habitats of India, Malaysia, and some of the South Pacific islands. Few other plants can surpass them in both foliage color and leaf shape variation. Leaf colors range from reds, oranges and yellows to green with all combinations of variegated colors. Leaf shapes vary from broad and elliptical to narrow and almost linear. Leaf blades range from flat to cork-screw-shaped. Since some cultivars are tolerant of interior environments, crotons have also become very popular as interior potted foliage plants. One additional point, often overlooked, is that foliage of crotons Figure 1. Crotons are useful for adding color to floral arrangements, is excellent material for use in floral arrangements. Both landscapes, and interiorscapes. individual leaves and entire branches can be used in floral Credits: Robert Stamps, UF/IFAS designs. 1. This document is ENH878, one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date December 2002. Revised Revised May 2009 and March 2019. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication. 2. Robert H. Stamps, professor of Environmental Horticulture and Extension Cut Foliage Specialist; and Lance S. Osborne, professor of Entomology; UF/ IFAS Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Apopka, FL. The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information.
    [Show full text]
  • 10 Seed Release and Dispersal Mechanisms
    10 Seed Release and Dispersal Mechanisms For seedling recruitment to occur seeds need to be dispersed into an environment that promotes germination and seedling survival. Dispersal consists of two phases. Primary dispersal is defined as the initial transport of seeds or seed-bearing fruits (collectively seeds and fruits are called diaspores) to the ground or water body, or for aerial parasites, a host branch. Secondary dispersal relates to any subsequent movement to the seed’s final resting place. Primary dispersal may be active (e.g. seeds released explosively from the fruit, e.g. dehiscence (opening) of Hardenbergia pods), passive (e.g. seeds fall out when the capsules of Eucalyptus open), or require a vector to aid in seed removal (e.g. wind uplift of winged seeds of Hakea or winged fruits of Nuytsia; Amyema berries consumed by mistletoe birds). Secondary dispersal involves either a biotic (e.g. ants) or environmental (e.g. wind, water) vector, and it is usually a different mechanism than that involved in primary dispersal. While primary dispersal is usually only for a few metres, secondary dispersal may cover several kilometres, and sometimes thousands for tiny seeds. This chapter covers some of the dispersal mechanisms exhibited by the SouthWest flora following their release. Terminology used to describe seed dispersal mechanisms is provided in Table 10.1. Table 10.1: Seed dispersal terminology. Term Definition Anemochory Wind dispersed Chamaechory Dispersal by rolling along the ground (wind assisted) Zoochory Animal dispersed (general) Myrmecochory Ant dispersed Ornithochory Bird dispersed Mammalochory Mammal dispersed Hydrochory Water dispersed Barochory Unassisted (gravity causes seeds to drop to the ground) Autochory Dispersal assisted by the actions of the parent plant (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Laboratoire De Botanique Et D'écologie Végétales Appliquées
    RECENSEMENT DU PATRIMOINE BOTANIQUE DES AIRES PROTEGÉES TERRESTRES DE LA PROVINCE SUD RAPPORT INTERMÉDIAIRE SYNTHÈSE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE Forêt d’altitude de la réserve spéciale botanique du Mont Humboldt (2005) Laboratoire de Botanique et d’Écologie Végétales Appliquées L. Barrabé, F. Rigault, G. Dagostini, J. Munzinger Rapport de Convention DENV Province Sud Convention n° 125-06. Nouméa, Juin 2007 Institut de recherche pour le développement Remerciements...................................................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 I. Présentation des réserves....................................................................................................................... 4 1. Situation géographique et écologique................................................................................................. 4 2. Aspects réglementaires, législatifs et historiques ............................................................................... 7 a. Réglementation.............................................................................................................................. 7 b. Création et mise en place des réserves......................................................................................... 8 c. Impacts éventuels sur les réserves.............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    UNIVERSITY THOUGHT doi:10.5937/univtho7-15336 Publication in Natural Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2017, pp. 1-27. Original Scientific Paper A CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE OF THE BALKAN LEPIDOPTERA. SOME PYRALOIDEA (LEPIDOPTERA: CRAMBIDAE & PYRALIDAE) ENCOUNTERED RECENTLY IN SOUTHERN SERBIA, MONTENEGRO, THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA AND ALBANIA COLIN W. PLANT1*, STOYAN BESHKOV2, PREDRAG JAKŠIĆ3, ANA NAHIRNIĆ2 114 West Road, Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire, CM23 3QP, England 2National Museum of Natural History, Sofia, Bulgaria 3Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, University of Priština, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia ABSTRACT Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera: Crambidae & Pyralidae) were sampled in the territories of southern Serbia, Montenegro, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Albania on a total of 53 occasions during 2014, 2016 and 2017. A total of 173 species is reported here, comprising 97 Crambidae and 76 Pyralidae. Based upon published data, 29 species appear to be new to the fauna of Serbia, 5 species are new to the fauna of Macedonia and 37 are new to the fauna of Albania. The data are discussed. Keywords: Faunistics, Serbia, Montenegro, Republic of Macedonia, Albania, Pyraloidea, Pyralidae, Crambidae. of light trap. Some sites were visited on more than one occasion; INTRODUCTION others were sampled once only. Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera: Crambidae and Pyralidae) have As a by-product of this work, all remaining material from been examined in detail in the neighbouring territory of the the traps was returned to Sofia where Dr Boyan Zlatkov was Republic of Bulgaria and the results have been published by one given the opportunity to extract the Tortricoidea. The remaining of us (Plant, 2016). That work presented data for the 386 species material was retained and sent by post to England after the end of and 3 additional subspecies known from that country.
    [Show full text]