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J the USE of the PANORAMIC CAMERA * in TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYING

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J the USE of the PANORAMIC CAMERA * in TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYING DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRANKLIN K. LANE, Secretary UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director Bulletin 657 j THE USE OF THE PANORAMIC CAMERA * IN TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYING WITH NOTES ON THE APPLICATION OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY TO AERIAL SURVEYS BY JAMES W. BAGLEY WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 CONTENTS. Page. Preface, by Alfred H. Brooks............................................... 7 Introduction.............................................................. 9 History of the use of photography in topographic surveying.................. 12 Comparison of the panoramic camera with other methods of surveying........ 16 Plane table........................................................... 16 Plate camera.,........................................................ 18 Stereophotogrammetry................................................. 19 Aerial photography..................................... J............... 20 Field instruments......................................................... 21 Photographic equipment............................................... 21 Panoramic camera................................................. 21 General features...............:.............................. 21 Light band................................................... 23 Lens shaft and mount.......................................... 24 Lens test..................................................... 24 Instruments for determining duration of exposures.................... 25 Types. ...................................... ..............'...l 25 Calculator.................................................... 26 Photometer.................................................... 28 Color filters....................................................... 28 Films............................................................. 28 Developing outfit.................................................. 30 Tank......................................................... 30 Developer..................................................... 30 Tray for fixing bath.............:............................. 31 Fixer......................................................... 31 Thermometers................................................. 31 Drying clips................................................... 31 Plane tables.......................................................... 31 Forms............................................................. 31 Sheets............................................................. 32 Telescopic alidade and attachments..................................... 32 o Transit........................................................... 34 Chains........................................................... 35 Aneroid barometer................................................ 35 Field work............................................................... 35 Scale of surveys........................................................ 35 Horizontal control...................................................... 35 Accuracy..........................................................v 35 Method of expansion............................................... 37 Latitude.......................................................... 38 Azimuth......................................................... 38 Longitude.................:....................................... 39 Vertical control........................................................ 39 Method............................................................ 1. 39 Degree of accuracy attained......................................... 40 3 4 CONTENTS. Field work Continued. ' Page. Station work.......................................................... 41 Use of plane table and telescopic alidade.................. 1........ 41 Selection of stations................................................ 41 Use of camera...................................................... 43 Manipulation................................................ 43 Determinations of duration of exposure......................... 44 Auxiliary cameras............................................ 46 Development of films in the field................................ 48 Traverses.......................................................:....'.. 49 Use of panoramic cameras aboard ship................................... 50 Office instruments.........................................'................. 53 Panoramic photo-alidade.............................................. 53 Rotary scale................................................ '........... 55 Elevation computer...... ............................................. 56 Logarithmic plotter ..................................i.........'........ 57 Office work................................................................ 57 Preparation of map sheets.............................................. 57 Preparation of the photographs.......................................... 58 Use of the photo-alidade................................................ 59 Determination of elevations............................................ 60 Adjustment of traverses................................................ 62 Construction of contours................................................ 62 The application of photogrammetry to aerial surveys........................ 64 Introduction.......................................................... 64 General conditions. ...........1....................................... 64 The base...........................:.................................. 66 Special leveling devices................................................. 67 Jardinet tube...................................................... 67 Universal level................................................... 68 . Films, plates, and color screens........................................ 68 District reconnaissances from airplanes................................... 69 Case 1. Precise survey....... ."1................................... 69 General conditions............................................ 69 Photographic equipment....................................... 70 Control........................................................ 71 Orientation................................................... 74 The survey.................................................... 74 Case 2. Precise survey............................................ 75 General conditions............................................ 75 Photographic equipment....................................... ^5 Control........................................................ 75 Obtaining the photographic negatives........................... 77 Establishment of the positions of the photographic stations....... 77 Case 3. Minimu'm photographic equipment.......................... 79 General conditions............................................ 79 / Photographic equipment...................................'.... 79 Control. ..................................................... 80 Determination of the camera's position........................... 80 Case 4. A single camera with a Jardinet tube....................... 82 General conditions............................................ 82 Photographic equipment....................................... 83 Control..........................................^.......... 83 CONTENTS. 5 The application of photogrammetry to aerial surveys Continued. Page. Rapid route reconnaissance from airplanes (case 5)...................... 84 General conditions......................... 1...................... 84 Photographic equipment........................................... 85 Control.....:.................................................... 85 Index................................................................... 87 ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATE I. Topographic map of Port Valdez district, Alaska, showing positions of camera stations and extent of traverses................... In pocket. II. Reconnaissance map of the Broad Pass region, Alaska, showing po­ sitions of camera stations.................................. In pocket. III. The panoramic camera.......................................... 22 IV. Photographs illustrating value of color filter....................... 28 V. A, Panoramic cameras set up on gimbal ring stand aboard launch; B, Telescopic micrometer alidade and plane table................ 32 VI. Photographs taken aboard launch for use in topographic mapping of country adjacent to shore ....................................... 50 VII. Photographs taken aboard launch for use in topographic mapping of country adjacent to shore....................................... 52 VIII. Panoramic photo-alidade........................................ 54 IX. Rotary scale..................................................... 56 X. Map showing parts of shore line of Jack Bay, Alaska, and photograph from which it was drawn, with traverse of the same area by United . States Coast and Geodetic Survey............................... 60 XI. Map of part of Port Valdez district, Alaska, illustrating use of photo- ' graphs....................................................... 60 XII. Companion photographs taken from stations 60 and 61, covering por­ tion of Port Valdez map....................................... 60 XIII. Photograph taken from station 58, Port Valdez map................ 62 XIV. A, Map of part of Broad Pass region, Alaska; B, Photograph taken from station 25................................................. 62 XV. Photographs taken from stations 24 and 16........................ 62 FIGURE 1. Limits
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