DOCSLIB.ORG

English and Scottish Political Thought, 1637-1653

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
English and Scottish Political Thought, 1637-1653 Conflicts of Conscience: English and Scottish Political Thought, 1637-1653 Calum Summerill Wright Department of History, Classics and Archaeology Birkbeck, University of London Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2018 Declaration I, Calum Summerill Wright, declare that this thesis has been composed by myself and is solely the result of my own work. Signature: Date: !3 Abstract It has long been recognised that the concept of conscience was an important element of seventeenth-century English political and religious culture. However, the use of the concept in Scottish political texts has largely been overlooked. This thesis extends an analysis of the language of conscience to Scottish sources and provides a comparative study of English and Scottish political thought in the period 1637-53. It examines the controversies generated by the claims made for individual and collective conscience during a period in which political and ecclesiastical authorities were subject to challenge in both countries. It focuses on arguments for and against armed resistance; the promulgation and subscription of the Solemn League and Covenant; key ecclesiological debates at the Westminster Assembly; and the imposition of the Engagement Oath. It shows that institutional and ecclesiological differences, and the interactions between Scottish and English ideas, played a central role in the development of political thought and that the relationship between belief and action was a key element of many of these debates. Earlier work has either used Scottish examples to supplement an English narrative or, by over- emphasising a shared protestant culture, has stripped important ideas and arguments of the distinctive contexts from which they emerged and in which they were publicised. This thesis provides fresh perspectives on the key religious and political debates of the period by offering a sustained comparative analysis of Scottish and English thought. It demonstrates that though there was widespread agreement about the nature of conscience, the conflicts of the period challenged the belief in a public conscience and generated new claims for individual conscience. Scottish and English political thought did not follow the same trajectory, and this finding challenges assumptions about the relationship between conscience, individualism and toleration. !4 Acknowledgements I have accumulated a large number of debts after ten years of academic study. My parents supported me financially and morally and indulged my desire to pursue doctoral studies. My tutors at St Andrews and Uppsala inspired and sustained my interest in the early modern period, and my dissertation and thesis supervisors steered me through the murky waters of seventeenth-century religious and political ideas. The staff at the Scottish archives — in particular, New College Library in Edinburgh — were uniformly helpful. I would not have been able to undertake doctoral research without a generous scholarship from the Department of History, Classics and Archeology. Birkbeck also kindly waived my fees when three years became four. The greatest debt I owe is undoubtedly to my supervisor, Laura Stewart, who believed in this project from the outset when it was but a hazy proposal. Over four years she endured many poorly proofread drafts, continuously challenged me to sharpen and clarify my ideas and offered immensely helpful feedback. This thesis would have been far poorer without her expert guidance, and its faults are the result of my own limitations. I would also like to thank Brodie Waddell for his assistance, and for taking on the role of my institutional supervisor after Laura departed for York. I’m grateful to King’s College Library Services for providing a welcoming place to work. I spent many hours in the final stages of my thesis in the conducive surroundings of the cafe at the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience. Finally, I would like to thank my friends for providing many welcome distractions from the monotony and solitude of thesis-writing. !5 Contents Abstract 3 Acknowledgements 4 Conventions and Abbreviations 6 1. Introduction 9 The concept of conscience 11 Conscience and Anglo-Scottish protestant culture 19 Conscience and the British civil wars 24 Methodology and sources 31 2. Conscience and Resistance 38 The National Covenant and the Protestation Oath 40 Public conscience and representative institutions 49 Individual conscience and resistance 57 Conclusion 66 3. Conscience, Royalists and the King 70 Royalists and conscientious obedience 73 The king’s conscience and the public 79 Episcopacy, parliament and the absolutism 88 Conclusion 97 4. The Solemn League and Covenant 100 Imposing the Solemn League and Covenant 104 Interpreting the Solemn League and Covenant 113 Opposing the Solemn League and Covenant 123 Conclusion 131 5. The Westminster Assembly 135 The church and the people: excommunication and the election of ministers 139 Community and conscience: the Lord’s Supper 145 Accommodation, toleration and conscience 152 Conclusion 159 6. Engagement Controversies 163 Conscience and the English Engagement controversy 167 The Scottish context of the English Engagement controversy 172 The Scottish Engagement controversy 181 Conclusion 191 7. Conclusion 195 Theories of resistance 197 Attempts at settlement 200 Limitations and implications 203 Bibliography 210 !6 Conventions and Abbreviations Original spelling, punctuation, and capitalisation are retained in quotations, but the uses of u and v have been modernised. In citations from manuscripts, standard abbreviations and contractions have been silently expanded where necessary. Acts and Ordinances Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642-1660, ed. C. H. Firth and R. S. Rait (London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1911) Baillie, LJ Robert Baillie, The Letters and Journals of Robert Baillie, ed. David Laing, 3 vols (Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club, 1841-42) Balfour, Historical Works James Balfour, The Historical Works of Sir James Balfour of Denmylne and Kinnaird, Knight and Baronet; Lord Lyon King at Arms to Charles the First, and Charles the Second, 4 vols (Edinburgh: W. Aitchison, 1824) BL British Library Clarendon State Papers State Papers Collected by Edward, Earl of Clarendon, 2 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1767–1773) Constitutional Documents The Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution 1625-1660, ed. Samuel Rawson Gardiner (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979) CJ Journal of the House of the Commons CSPD Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, 2nd ser., 1625-1702, ed. W.D. Hamilton, et al., 77 vols (London: Public Record Office, 1897–1937) CU The Cromwellian Union: Papers Relating to the Negotiations for an Incorporating Union Between England and Scotland 1651-1652 with an Appendix of Papers Relating to the Negotiations in 1670, ed. C.. Sanford Terry (Edinburgh: T. and A. Constable for the Scottish History Society, 1902) Drummond, Works William Drummond, The Works of William Drummond of Hawthorden, ed. John Sage and Thomas Ruddiman (Edinburgh: James Watson, 1711) EUL Edinburgh University Library Gillespie, Notes George Gillespie, Notes of Debates and Proceedings of the Assembly of Divines, ed. David Meek (Edinburgh: Robert Ogle and Oliver and Boyd, 1846) GNV 1599 Geneva Bible GUL Glasgow University Library Kerr, Covenants The Covenants and the Covenanters: Covenants, Sermons, and Documents of the Covenanted Reformation, ed. James Kerr (Edinburgh: R. W. Hunter, 1895) !7 Kirk Commission The Records of the Commissions of the General Assemblies of the Church of Scotland, ed. Alexander F. Mitchell and James Christie, 3 vols (Edinburgh: T. and A. Constable for the Scottish History Society, 1892-1909) Lightfoot, Works Lightfoot, John, The Whole Works of the Rev. John Lightfoot, ed. John Rogers Pitman, 13 vols, (London: J. F. Dove, 1822-25) LJ Journal of the House of Lords Minutes and Papers The Minutes and Papers of the Westminster Assembly 1643-1652, ed. Chad van Dixhoorn, 5 vols (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012) NCL New College Library, Edinburgh NLS National Library of Scotland NRS National Records of Scotland ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography OED Oxford English Dictionary Puritanism and Liberty Puritanism and Liberty: Being the Army Debates (1647-49) from the Clarke Manuscripts, ed. A. S. P. Woodhouse, 3rd ed. (London: Dent, 1986) RKS Records of the Kirk of Scotland, ed. Alexander Peterkin (Edinburgh: Peter Brown, 1843) Rothes, Relation John Leslie, Earl of Rothes, A Relation of the Proceedings Concerning the Affairs of the Kirk of Scotland, from August 1637 to July 1638 (Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club, 1830) RPCS The Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, ed. J. Burton, et al, 14 vols (Edinburgh: H. M. General Register House, 1878-1908) RPCS, 2nd ser. The Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, 2nd series, ed. David Masson, 8 vols (Edinburgh: H.M. General Register House, 1899-1908) RPS Records of the Parliaments of Scotland Rushworth John Rushworth, Historical Collections of Private Passages of State, 8 vols (London: D. Browne, 1721) Rutherford, Lex, Rex Samuel Rutherford, Lex, Rex, or The Law and the Prince (Harrisburg: Sprinkle Publications, 1982) Spalding Memorialls John Spalding, Memorialls of the Trubles in Scotland and in England, A.D. 1624-A.D. 1645, 2 vols (Aberdeen: Spalding Club, 1850-51) Stevenson, History Andrew Stevenson, The History of the Church and State of Scotland, from the Accession of King Charles I to the Year 1649, (Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson, 1840) Stuart
Load more

Recommended publications
  • UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Mobilizing the Metropolis: Politics, Plots and Propaganda in Civil War London, 1642-1644 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3gh4h08w Author Downs, Jordan Publication Date 2015 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Mobilizing the Metropolis: Politics, Plots and Propaganda in Civil War London, 1642-1644 A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by Jordan Swan Downs December 2015 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Thomas Cogswell, Chairperson Dr. Jonathan Eacott Dr. Randolph Head Dr. J. Sears McGee Copyright by Jordan Swan Downs 2015 The Dissertation of Jordan Swan Downs is approved: ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements I wish to express my gratitude to all of the people who have helped me to complete this dissertation. This project was made possible due to generous financial support form the History Department at UC Riverside and the College of Humanities and Social Sciences. Other financial support came from the William Andrew’s Clark Memorial Library, the Huntington Library, the Institute of Historical Research in London, and the Santa Barbara Scholarship Foundation. Original material from this dissertation was published by Cambridge University Press in volume 57 of The Historical Journal as “The Curse of Meroz and the English Civil War” (June, 2014). Many librarians have helped me to navigate archives on both sides of the Atlantic. I am especially grateful to those from London’s livery companies, the London Metropolitan Archives, the Guildhall Library, the National Archives, and the British Library, the Bodleian, the Huntington and the William Andrews Clark Memorial Library.
    [Show full text]
  • Gaelic Scotland in the Colonial Imagination
    Gaelic Scotland in the Colonial Imagination Gaelic Scotland in the Colonial Imagination Anglophone Writing from 1600 to 1900 Silke Stroh northwestern university press evanston, illinois Northwestern University Press www .nupress.northwestern .edu Copyright © 2017 by Northwestern University Press. Published 2017. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data are available from the Library of Congress. Except where otherwise noted, this book is licensed under a Creative Commons At- tribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. In all cases attribution should include the following information: Stroh, Silke. Gaelic Scotland in the Colonial Imagination: Anglophone Writing from 1600 to 1900. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 2017. For permissions beyond the scope of this license, visit www.nupress.northwestern.edu An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high-quality books open access for the public good. More information about the initiative and links to the open-access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction 3 Chapter 1 The Modern Nation- State and Its Others: Civilizing Missions at Home and Abroad, ca. 1600 to 1800 33 Chapter 2 Anglophone Literature of Civilization and the Hybridized Gaelic Subject: Martin Martin’s Travel Writings 77 Chapter 3 The Reemergence of the Primitive Other? Noble Savagery and the Romantic Age 113 Chapter 4 From Flirtations with Romantic Otherness to a More Integrated National Synthesis: “Gentleman Savages” in Walter Scott’s Novel Waverley 141 Chapter 5 Of Celts and Teutons: Racial Biology and Anti- Gaelic Discourse, ca.
    [Show full text]
  • C:\Data\WP\F\200\Catalogue Sections\Aaapreliminary Pages.Wpd
    Jonathan A. Hill, Bookseller, Inc. 325 West End Avenue, Apt. 10B New York City, New York, 10023-8145 Tel: 646 827-0724 Fax: 212 496-9182 E-mail: [email protected] Catalogue 200 Proofs Science, Medicine, Natural History, Bibliography, & Much More Introduction & Selective Subject Index on Following Pages Introduction TWO HUNDRED CATALOGUES in thirty-three years: more than 35,000 books and manuscripts have been described in these catalogues. Thousands of other books, including many of the most important and unusual, never found their way into my catalogues, having been quickly sold before their descriptions could appear in print. In the last fifteen years, since my Catalogue 100 appeared, many truly exceptional books passed through my hands. Of these, I would like to mention three. The first, sold in 2003 was a copy of the first edition in Latin of the Columbus Letter of 1493. This is now in a private collection. In 2004, I was offered a book which I scarcely dreamed of owning: the Narratio Prima of Rheticus, printed in 1540. Presenting the first announcement of the heliocentric system of Copernicus, this copy in now in the Linda Hall Library in Kansas City, Missouri. Both of the books were sold before they could appear in my catalogues. Finally, the third book is an absolutely miraculous uncut copy in the original limp board wallet binding of Galileo’s Sidereus Nuncius of 1610. Appearing in my Catalogue 178, this copy was acquired by the Library of Congress. This is the first and, probably the last, “personal” catalogue I will prepare.
    [Show full text]
  • Title Page R.J. Pederson
    Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/22159 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation Author: Pederson, Randall James Title: Unity in diversity : English puritans and the puritan reformation, 1603-1689 Issue Date: 2013-11-07 Chapter 3 John Downame (1571-1652) 3.1 Introduction John Downame (or Downham) was one of the greatest exponents of the precisianist strain within Puritanism during the pre-revolutionary years of the seventeenth century, a prominent member of London Puritanism, and renowned casuist.1 His fame rests chiefly in his nineteen published works, most of which were works of practical divinity, such as his four-part magnum opus, The Christian Warfare (1604-18), and his A Guide to Godlynesse (1622), a shorter, though still copious, manual for Christian living. Downame was also known for his role in publishing two of the most popular theological manuals: Sir Henry Finch’s The Summe of Sacred Divinitie (1620), which consisted of a much more expanded version of Finch’s earlier Sacred Doctrine (1613), and Archbishop James Ussher’s A Body of Divinitie (1645), which was published from rough manuscripts and without Ussher’s consent, having been intended for private use.2 Downame also had a role in codifying the Westminster annotations on the Bible, being one of a few city ministers to work on the project, though he never sat at the Westminster Assembly.3 Downame’s older brother, 1 Various historians from the seventeenth century to the present have spelled Downame’s name differently (either Downame or Downham). The majority of seventeenth century printed works, however, use “Downame.” I here follow that practice.
    [Show full text]
  • I the Committee of Safety
    .· (~. ll II Ii ) ' THE COMMITTEE OF SAFETY. 11 "A thesis submitted to the ,, faculty of the Graduate School of the University of • Minnesota by Etheleen Frances ;emp in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ii degree of Master of Arts, May 5, 1911. 1;1 I Ii II Ii 11 ' :S I:BLI OGRAPHY. l. Source Material 1. Journals of the House of Lords, vol. V and VI. Journals of the House of Commons, vol. II and III. These contain the greater portion of the material on the Committee of Safety. 2. Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts. London, 1874 etc. These volumes contain here and there a com­ munication to or from the Committee of Safety but have much less material that might be expected. References found:- 4th Report p 262. 5th Report pp. 48, 54, 56, 63, 65, 69, 80, 107, 114. 7th Report pp. 550-588. 10th Report App. 6 pp. 87-88. 13th Report App. 1 p. 104. 3. Calendar of State Papers. Domestic 1641-1644 London, 1887-8 lla.ny order for military supplies are given in the State Papers but not in full. 4. Rushworth,John, Historical collections, 8 vol. London, 1682-1701. Compilation of declarations and proclamations. Vol. 3 and 7 contain material on the Committee. They contain valuable proclamations of the King which cannot be found elsewhere. 5. Somers, Lord. Tracts, 13 vol. London, 1809-1815. Has several remonstrances of value. ){) 1 ~ ( ' ,.... 6. Whitacre. Diary Add. M S S 31, 116, fol. Had notes from first six months of the Committee period especially.
    [Show full text]
  • D'elboux Manuscripts
    D’Elboux Manuscripts © B J White, December 2001 Indexed Abstracts page 63 of 156 774. Halsted (59-5-r2c10) • Joseph ASHE of Twickenham, in 1660 • arms. HARRIS under Bradbourne, Sevenoaks • James ASHE of Twickenham, d1733 =, d. Edmund BOWYER of Richmond Park • Joseph WINDHAM = ……, od. James ASHE 775. Halsted (59-5-r2c11) • Thomas BOURCHIER of Canterbury & Halstead, d1486 • Thomas BOURCHIER the younger, kinsman of Thomas • William PETLEY of Halstead, d1528, 2s. Richard = Alyce BOURCHIER, descendant of Thomas BOURCHIER the younger • Thomas HOLT of London, d1761 776. Halsted (59-5-r2c12) • William WINDHAM of Fellbrigge in Norfolk, m1669 (London licence) = Katherine A, d. Joseph ASHE 777. Halsted (59-5-r3c03) • Thomas HOLT of London, d1761, s. Thomas HOLT otp • arms. HOLT of Lancashire • John SARGENT of Halstead Place, d1791 = Rosamund, d1792 • arms. SARGENT of Gloucestershire or Staffordshire, CHAMBER • MAN family of Halstead Place • Henry Stae MAN, d1848 = Caroline Louisa, d1878, d. E FOWLE of Crabtree in Kent • George Arnold ARNOLD = Mary Ann, z1760, d1858 • arms. ROSSCARROCK of Cornwall • John ATKINS = Sarah, d1802 • arms. ADAMS 778. Halsted (59-5-r3c04) • James ASHE of Twickenham, d1733 = ……, d. Edmund BOWYER of Richmond Park • Joseph WINDHAM = ……, od. James ASHE • George Arnold ARNOLD, d1805 • James CAZALET, d1855 = Marianne, d1859, d. George Arnold ARNOLD 779. Ham (57-4-r1c06) • Edward BUNCE otp, z1684, d1750 = Anne, z1701, d1749 • Anne & Jane, ch. Edward & Anne BUNCE • Margaret BUNCE otp, z1691, d1728 • Thomas BUNCE otp, z1651, d1716 = Mary, z1660, d1726 • Thomas FAGG, z1683, d1748 = Lydia • Lydia, z1735, d1737, d. Thomas & Lydia FAGG 780. Ham (57-4-r1c07) • Thomas TURNER • Nicholas CARTER in 1759 781.
    [Show full text]
  • Birthright Democracy: Nationhood and Constitutional Self-Government in History
    BIRTHRIGHT DEMOCRACY: NATIONHOOD AND CONSTITUTIONAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN HISTORY By Ethan Alexander-Davey A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Political Science) at the UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON 2013 Date of final oral examination: 8/16/13 The dissertation is approved by the following members of the Final Oral Committee: Richard Avramenko, Political Science Daniel Kapust, Political Science James Klausen, Political Science Howard Schweber, Political Science Johann Sommerville, History i Abstract How did constitutionally limited government and democracy emerge in the West? Many scholars from many different perspectives have attempted to answer this question. I identify the emergence of these forms of self-government with early modern nationalism. Broadly speaking, nationalism of the right sort provides indispensable resources both for united popular resistance against autocratic rule, and for the formation and legitimation of national systems self- governance. Resistance and self-government both require a national consciousness that includes a myth of national origin, a national language, a common faith, and, crucially, native traditions of self-government, and stories of heroic ancestors who successfully defended those traditions against usurpers and tyrants. It is through national consciousness that abstract theories of resistance and self-government become concrete and tenable. It is though national fellowship that the idea of a political nation, possessing the right to make rulers accountable to its will, comes into existence and is sustained over time. My arguments basically fall under two headings, historical and theoretical. By an examination of the nationalist political thought of early modern European countries, I intend to establish important historical connections between the rise of nationalism and the emergence of self-government.
    [Show full text]
  • Protestant Experience and Continuity of Political Thought in Early America, 1630-1789
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School July 2020 Protestant Experience and Continuity of Political Thought in Early America, 1630-1789 Stephen Michael Wolfe Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Political History Commons, Political Theory Commons, Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Wolfe, Stephen Michael, "Protestant Experience and Continuity of Political Thought in Early America, 1630-1789" (2020). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 5344. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/5344 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. PROTESTANT EXPERIENCE AND CONTINUITY OF POLITICAL THOUGHT IN EARLY AMERICA, 1630-1789 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Political Science by Stephen Michael Wolfe B.S., United States Military Academy (West Point), 2008 M.A., Louisiana State University, 2016, 2018 August 2020 Acknowledgements I owe my interest in politics to my father, who over the years, beginning when I was young, talked with me for countless hours about American politics, usually while driving to one of our outdoor adventures. He has relentlessly inspired, encouraged, and supported me in my various endeavors, from attending West Point to completing graduate school.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Republicanism Martin Dzelzainis Republicans and Regicides Thomas
    Dzelzainis, ‘Republicanism’ 1 Republicanism Martin Dzelzainis Republicans and regicides Thomas Hobbes signs off the Review and Conclusion appended to Leviathan by invoking a superstition of exactly the kind that the work was intended to dispel. He fears that the moment of Leviathan’s publication – late April or early May 1651 – is inauspicious since ‘in the revolution of States, there can be no very good Constellation for Truths of this nature to be born under, (as having an angry aspect from the dissolvers of an old Government, and seeing but the backs of them that erect a new;)’. Just as Leviathan literally enters the world under the sign of Gemini in the spring of 1651, so metaphorically the birth of the English republic is a time when politics faces two different ways. To dismiss the metaphor as merely an ironic flourish, however, would be to overlook the fact that Hobbes had surveyed ‘divers English Books lately printed’ before concluding that ‘much of that Doctrine, which serveth to the establishing of a new Government, must needs be contrary to that which conduced to the dissolution of the old’ (Hobbes 1996: 484, 489, 491. Modern scholars have often followed Hobbes’s lead in assuming a fundamental difference of outlook between the regicides and the republicans. For them too it seems that gazing upon the ‘angry aspect’ of the regicides means only seeing the back of the republicans, while looking the republicans in the face means occluding their view of the regicides. Thus John Morrill insists that ‘the English revolution saw a violent act carried out by a fairly isolated band of well-placed soldiers and civilians, mainly driven by religious fanaticism (the regicides) which gave rise to a political programme supported by a wider and more pragmatic group (the republicans)’ (Morrill: 23).
    [Show full text]
  • Johnston of Warriston
    F a m o u s Sc o t s S e r i e s Th e following Volum es are now ready M S ARLYLE H ECT O R . M C HERSO . T HO A C . By C A P N LL N R M Y O L H T SM E T O . A A A SA . By IP AN A N H U GH MI R E T H LE SK . LLE . By W. K I A H K ! T LOR INN Es. JO N NO . By A . AY R ERT U RNS G BR EL SET OUN. OB B . By A I L D O H GE E. T H E BA L A I ST S. By J N DDI RD MER N Pro fe sso H ER KLESS. RICH A CA O . By r SIR MES Y SI MPSON . EV E L T R E S M SO . JA . By B AN Y I P N M R P o fesso . G R E BLA I KIE. T HOMAS CH AL E S. By r r W A D N MES S ELL . E T H LE SK. JA BO W . By W K I A I M L E OL H T SME T O . T OB AS S O L T T . By IP AN A N U G . T O MON D . FLET CHER O F SA LT O N . By . W . R U P Sir GEOR E DO L S. T HE BLACKWOOD G O . By G UG A RM M LEOD OH ELL OO .
    [Show full text]
  • The Great Seal of the United States of America Design Began 1776 – Design Completed 1782
    The Great Seal of The United States of America Design Began 1776 – Design Completed 1782 E Pluribus Unum – ‘Out of Constellation – Denotes a new State Many, One’: the union of the Obverse taking its place and rank among other thirteen original states sovereign powers (with thirteen stars) Eagle – Symbol of strength and Chief (upper part of shield) – power and always turned to Represents Congress unifying the the olive branch as preferring original thirteen states peace; clutching our national symbol— ‘E Pluribus Unum’ Pieces – In alternating colors representing the original thirteen Olive Branch – Represents states all joining in one solid peace; Thirteen leaves and compact supporting the Chief Thirteen olives Thirteen Arrows – Power of war Blue – Signifies vigilance, prepared to defend Liberty which perseverance and justice power is vested in Congress White – Signifies purity Escutcheon (shield) – Protecting the and Innocence American Eagle without any other support to hold the shield; America Red – Signifies hardiness ought to rely on its own virtue and valor for the preservation of the union through Congress Reverse (Often referred to as the Spiritual side of the Shield) The Eye of Providence – Alludes Glory – The light of God, the to the many signal interpositions Providence shining on a new nation of God in favor of the based on God-given unalienable American cause rights Annuit Coeptis – ‘He’ (God) has Pyramid – Symbol of strength favored our undertakings and duration Thirteen layers of an unfinished 1776 – The year of America’s
    [Show full text]
  • Benjamin Morgan Palmer: Southern Presbyterian Divine
    BENJAMIN MORGAN PALMER: SOUTHERN PRESBYTERIAN DIVINE Except where reference is made to the work of others, the work described in this dissertation is my own or was done in collaboration with my advisory committee. This dissertation does not include proprietary or classified information. _________________________ Christopher M. Duncan Certificate of Approval: ________________________ ________________________ Kenneth W. Noe Anthony G. Carey, Chair Associate Professor Professor History History ________________________ ________________________ Charles A. Israel George T. Flowers Associate Professor Dean History Graduate School BENJAMIN MORGAN PALMER: SOUTHERN PRESBYTERIAN DIVINE Christopher M. Duncan A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Auburn, Alabama December 19, 2008 BENJAMIN MORGAN PALMER: SOUTHERN PRESBYTERIAN DIVINE Christopher M. Duncan Permission is granted to Auburn University to make copies of this dissertation at its discretion, upon request of individuals or institutions and at their expense. The author reserves all publication rights. ______________________________ Signature of Author ______________________________ Date of Graduation iii VITA Christopher Michael Duncan was born in Atlanta, Georgia to Michael Alan Duncan and Lurajean Akin on November 14, 1974. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Auburn University in Speech Communication in 1997 and a Master of Divinity from Beeson Divinity School at Samford University in 2000. He was ordained to the gospel ministry in the Presbyterian Church in America in 2001. He is married to Kelli Anne Johnson and currently resides in Opelika, Alabama with their two daughters. iv DISSERTATION ABSTRACT BENJAMIN MORGAN PALMER: SOUTHERN PRESBYTERIAN DIVINE Christopher M. Duncan Doctor of Philosophy, December 19, 2008 (M.Div., Beeson Divinity School, 2000) (B.A., Auburn University, 1997) 226 Typed Pages Directed by Anthony G.
    [Show full text]