Technical Note: What Was Photography?
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Load more
Recommended publications
-
Digital Holography Using a Laser Pointer and Consumer Digital Camera Report Date: June 22Nd, 2004
Digital Holography using a Laser Pointer and Consumer Digital Camera Report date: June 22nd, 2004 by David Garber, M.E. undergraduate, Johns Hopkins University, [email protected] Available online at http://pegasus.me.jhu.edu/~lefd/shc/LPholo/lphindex.htm Acknowledgements Faculty sponsor: Prof. Joseph Katz, [email protected] Project idea and direction: Dr. Edwin Malkiel, [email protected] Digital holography reconstruction: Jian Sheng, [email protected] Abstract The point of this project was to examine the feasibility of low-cost holography. Can viable holograms be recorded using an ordinary diode laser pointer and a consumer digital camera? How much does it cost? What are the major difficulties? I set up an in-line holographic system and recorded both still images and movies using a $600 Fujifilm Finepix S602Z digital camera and a $10 laser pointer by Lazerpro. Reconstruction of the stills shows clearly that successful holograms can be created with a low-cost optical setup. The movies did not reconstruct, due to compression and very low image resolution. Garber 2 Theoretical Background What is a hologram? The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines a hologram as, “a three-dimensional image reproduced from a pattern of interference produced by a split coherent beam of radiation (as a laser).” Holograms can produce a three-dimensional image, but it is more helpful for our purposes to think of a hologram as a photograph that can be refocused at any depth. So while a photograph taken of two people standing far apart would have one in focus and one blurry, a hologram taken of the same scene could be reconstructed to bring either person into focus. -
Sample Manuscript Showing Specifications and Style
Information capacity: a measure of potential image quality of a digital camera Frédéric Cao 1, Frédéric Guichard, Hervé Hornung DxO Labs, 3 rue Nationale, 92100 Boulogne Billancourt, FRANCE ABSTRACT The aim of the paper is to define an objective measurement for evaluating the performance of a digital camera. The challenge is to mix different flaws involving geometry (as distortion or lateral chromatic aberrations), light (as luminance and color shading), or statistical phenomena (as noise). We introduce the concept of information capacity that accounts for all the main defects than can be observed in digital images, and that can be due either to the optics or to the sensor. The information capacity describes the potential of the camera to produce good images. In particular, digital processing can correct some flaws (like distortion). Our definition of information takes possible correction into account and the fact that processing can neither retrieve lost information nor create some. This paper extends some of our previous work where the information capacity was only defined for RAW sensors. The concept is extended for cameras with optical defects as distortion, lateral and longitudinal chromatic aberration or lens shading. Keywords: digital photography, image quality evaluation, optical aberration, information capacity, camera performance database 1. INTRODUCTION The evaluation of a digital camera is a key factor for customers, whether they are vendors or final customers. It relies on many different factors as the presence or not of some functionalities, ergonomic, price, or image quality. Each separate criterion is itself quite complex to evaluate, and depends on many different factors. The case of image quality is a good illustration of this topic. -
Seeing Like Your Camera ○ My List of Specific Videos I Recommend for Homework I.E
Accessing Lynda.com ● Free to Mason community ● Set your browser to lynda.gmu.edu ○ Log-in using your Mason ID and Password ● Playlists Seeing Like Your Camera ○ My list of specific videos I recommend for homework i.e. pre- and post-session viewing.. PART 2 - FALL 2016 ○ Clicking on the name of the video segment will bring you immediately to Lynda.com (or the login window) Stan Schretter ○ I recommend that you eventually watch the entire video class, since we will only use small segments of each video class [email protected] 1 2 Ways To Take This Course What Creates a Photograph ● Each class will cover on one or two topics in detail ● Light ○ Lynda.com videos cover a lot more material ○ I will email the video playlist and the my charts before each class ● Camera ● My Scale of Value ○ Maximum Benefit: Review Videos Before Class & Attend Lectures ● Composition & Practice after Each Class ○ Less Benefit: Do not look at the Videos; Attend Lectures and ● Camera Setup Practice after Each Class ○ Some Benefit: Look at Videos; Don’t attend Lectures ● Post Processing 3 4 This Course - “The Shot” This Course - “The Shot” ● Camera Setup ○ Exposure ● Light ■ “Proper” Light on the Sensor ■ Depth of Field ■ Stop or Show the Action ● Camera ○ Focus ○ Getting the Color Right ● Composition ■ White Balance ● Composition ● Camera Setup ○ Key Photographic Element(s) ○ Moving The Eye Through The Frame ■ Negative Space ● Post Processing ○ Perspective ○ Story 5 6 Outline of This Class Class Topics PART 1 - Summer 2016 PART 2 - Fall 2016 ● Topic 1 ○ Review of Part 1 ● Increasing Your Vision ● Brief Review of Part 1 ○ Shutter Speed, Aperture, ISO ○ Shutter Speed ● Seeing The Light ○ Composition ○ Aperture ○ Color, dynamic range, ● Topic 2 ○ ISO and White Balance histograms, backlighting, etc. -
RICHARD PRINCE I CHANGED MY NAME, 1988 (I Never Had a Penny to My Name, So I Changed My Name.)
MY ACCOUNT PREFERRED LOYALTY PROGRAM SIGN UP FOR EMAIL RECENTLY VIEWED WISH LIST MY BAG 0 FREE SHIPPING ON ORDERS OF $99 OR MORE DETAILS* Can we help you find something? WOMEN MEN UNDERWEAR FRAGRANCE HOME SALE PROJECTS 1 RICHARD PRINCE I CHANGED MY NAME, 1988 (I never had a penny to my name, so I changed my name.) Richard Prince, I Changed My Name, 1988 © Richard Prince LULU Acrylic and screen print on canvas (142.5 cm x 198.7 cm) Photographed by Willy Vanderperre at the Rubell Family Collection, Miami. Monochromatic Jokes Richard Prince’s Jokes series remains among his But if you bothered listening to one there was nothing most iconic. On the eve of a 2013 retrospective at recorded on it. New York’s Nahmad Contemporary Gallery, writer and Only white noise to greet you. kindred spirit Bill Powers riffed on the essence of He thought he might give the cassettes out at galleries like demo tapes. these works for the show’s catalog. The piece is Like musicians did at record labels to get signed. excerpted below. Within a year he began silk-screening jokes on canvas. He wasn’t a funny guy. He made them with black text on a white background, He wasn’t the life of the party. but then decided that wasn’t quite right. But most comedy isn’t about entertaining as it is about He painted over them. survival. There’s an installation shot in Spiritual America before And he wanted to live. he destroyed the paintings. He didn’t make art looking for love. -
Richard Prince
RICHARD PRINCE BIOGRAPHY Born, Panama Canal Zone, 1949. Lives and works in New York. Selected Solo Exhibitions: 2014 “Richard Prince,” Kunsthaus Bregenz, Bregenz, Austria, July 19 – October 5, 2014 2012 “Richard Prince: 14 Paintings,” 303 Gallery, New York, NY, May 18-June 22, 2012 “Richard Prince: Four Saturdays,” Gagosian Gallery, New York, NY, October 25- November 17, 2012 2011 “Richard Prince,” Gagosian Gallery, Hong Kong, May 24 – July 16, 2011 “Richard Prince. American Prayer,” Bibliotheque National de France, Paris, France, March 29- June 26, 2011 2010 “Richard Prince T-Shirt Paintings: Hippie Punk,” Salon 94 Freemans, New York, May 15- June 26, 2010 “Richard Prince: Pre-Appropriation Works 1971-1974,” Specific Object, New York, June 9 – September 10, 2010 2009 “Richard Prince,” Skarstedt Gallery, New York, January 8 – February 28, 2009 2008 “Richard Prince,” Gagosian Gallery, New York, November 8 – December 20, 2008 “Richard Prince,” Gallerie Patrick Seguin, Paris, October 23 – November 29, 2008 “Richard Prince: Continuation,” Serpentine Gallery, London, June 26 – September 7, 2008 “Richard Prince,” Gagosian Gallery, London, June 19 – August 8, 2008 “Richard Prince: Four Blue Cowboys,” Gagosian Gallery, Rome, June 20 – August 8, 2008 “Richard Prince: Young Nurse,” Monte Clark Gallery, Vancouver, Canada, March 5 – 15, 2008 “Richard Prince: Spiritual America,” Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY, September 28 – January 9, 2008 “Richard Prince: Spiritual America,” Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, March 23 – June 15, 2008 2007 “Richard -
Passport Photograph Instructions by the Police
Passport photograph instructions 1 (7) Passport photograph instructions by the police These instructions describe the technical and quality requirements on passport photographs. The same instructions apply to all facial photographs used on the passports, identity cards and permits granted by the police. The instructions are based on EU legislation and international treaties. The photographer usually sends the passport photograph directly to the police electronically, and it is linked to the application with a photograph retrieval code assigned to the photograph. You can also use a paper photograph, if you submit your application at a police service point. Contents • Photograph format • Technical requirements on the photograph • Dimensions and positioning • Posture • Lighting • Expressions, glasses, head-wear and make-up • Background Photograph format • The photograph can be a black-and-white or a colour photograph. • The dimensions of photographs submitted electronically must be exactly 500 x 653 pixels. Deviations as small as one pixel are not accepted. • Electronically submitted photographs must be saved in the JPEG format (not JPEG2000). The file extension can be either .jpg or .jpeg. • The maximum size of an electronically submitted photograph is 250 kilobytes. 1. Correct 2. Correct 2 (7) Technical requirements on the photograph • The photograph must be no more than six months old. • The photograph must not be manipulated in any way that would change even the small- est details in the subject’s appearance or in a way that could raise suspicions about the photograph's authenticity. Use of digital make-up is not allowed. • The photograph must be sharp and in focus over the entire face. -
Photographic Films
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILMS A camera has been called a “magic box.” Why? Because the box captures an image that can be made permanent. Photographic films capture the image formed by light reflecting from the surface being photographed. This instruction sheet describes the nature of photographic films, especially those used in the graphic communications industries. THE STRUCTURE OF FILM Protective Coating Emulsion Base Anti-Halation Backing Photographic films are composed of several layers. These layers include the base, the emulsion, the anti-halation backing and the protective coating. THE BASE The base, the thickest of the layers, supports the other layers. Originally, the base was made of glass. However, today the base can be made from any number of materials ranging from paper to aluminum. Photographers primarily use films with either a plastic (polyester) or paper base. Plastic-based films are commonly called “films” while paper-based films are called “photographic papers.” Polyester is a particularly suitable base for film because it is dimensionally stable. Dimensionally stable materials do not appreciably change size when the temperature or moisture- level of the film change. Films are subjected to heated liquids during processing (developing) and to heat during use in graphic processes. Therefore, dimensional stability is very important for graphic communications photographers because their final images must always match the given size. Conversely, paper is not dimen- sionally stable and is only appropriate as a film base when the “photographic print” is the final product (as contrasted to an intermediate step in a multi-step process). THE EMULSION The emulsion is the true “heart” of film. -
Robert Grosvenor | Richard Prince
Robert Grosvenor | Richard Prince 57 rue du Temple, 75004 Paris 14 April – 19 May 2018 Opening: 14 April 2018, 6 – 8 pm Galerie Max Hetzler is pleased to announce the exhibition Robert Grosvenor | Richard Prince, featuring a single work by each artist. The exhibition develops a dialogue between two artists who know each other and have great respect for the work of one another. Robert Grosvenor is known for his spacious sculptures which capture the viewer through their specifc materiality and unconventional formal language. He himself considers his sculptural work as “ideas that operate between foor and ceiling” and thus reveals an essential aspect of his practice: The Robert Grosvenor, Untitled, 2015-2017 preoccupation with the relation between an object and its surrounding as well as the efect that emerges from this connection. In the 1960s, his work was perceived in the context of Minimal Art and later Land Art. Yet, although his works display a certain minimalistic aesthetic, Grosvenor never adopted the movement’s programmatic claims. His works are rather characterised by a playful dealing with the properties of materials and the complexity of disposals while never ascribing to a particular artistic style. Often his sculptures seem to overcome the principles of physics, especially gravity. They appear massive and yet foating, both static and dynamic. His work Untitled, 2015-2017, evokes a boat, not only though its shape but also through the use of plywood and fberglass. Untitled, 2009/2010, is a monumental example of Richard Prince’s Check Paintings – a series initiated in the early 2000s. Composed of three panels, the work challenges the viewer with an eclectic visual language in which black delineated letters and colourful images collide amongst drips and swift brushstrokes of white, pale greens, blues and ochre. -
Reproducibility of Silver-Silver Halide Electrodes
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS RESEARCH PAPER RP1183 Part of Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Volume 22, March 1939 REPRODUCIBILITY OF SILVER.SILVER HALIDE ELECTRODES 1 By John Keenan Taylor and Edgar Reynolds Smith ABSTRACT Tests of the reproducibility in potential of the electrolytic, thermal-electrolytic, and thermal types of silver-silver chloride, silver-silver bromide, and silver-silver iodide electrodes, in both acid and neutral solutions, are reported. All of these silver-silver halide electrodes show an aging effect, such that freshly prepared electrodes behave as cathodes towards electrodes previously aged in the solution. They are not affected in potential by exposure to light, but the presence of oxygen disturbs the potentials of the silver-silver chloride and silver-silver bromide elec trodes in acid solutions, and of the silver-silver iodide electrodes in both acid and neutral solutions. Except in the case of the silver-silver iodide electrodes, of which the thermal-electrolytic type seems more reliable than the electrolytic or the thermal type, the equilibrium potential is independent of the type, within about 0.02 mv. CONTENTS Page I. Introduetion_ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 307 II. Apparatus and materials_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ ___ _ _ ____ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ 308 III. -
(Mis)Appropriation Art: Transformation and Attribution in the Fair Use Doctrine 15 CHI.-KENT J
(Mis)appropriation Art: Transformation and Attribution in the Fair Use Doctrine 15 CHI.-KENT J. INTELL. PROP. (forthcoming 2015) John Carl Zwisler∗ Abstract Since the adoption of transformation by the Supreme Court, the fair use doctrine has continued to judicially expand. The reliance on transformation has led judges to subjectively critique and analyze artworks in order to make a legal decision. While the transformation precedent is dominant among the circuits, it is not followed by all and gives an advantage to an appropriation artist claiming fair use of another’s copyrighted work. Transformation should no longer be a requirement in a fair use analysis concerning appropriation art, as it requires subjective interpretation of an artist’s work. Instead, the emphasis should be on the overall market effect the secondary use had on the market for the original with consideration given to how attribution to the original author aids in the fair use test. ∗ B.M., 2010 Berklee College of Music; J.D. candidate, 2016, Northeastern University School of Law. I would like to thank Professor Kara Swanson for her support and comments on early versions of this article as well as Nathanael Karl Harrison for our many discussions on the subject. I would also like to thank my parents, Yashira Agosto, and Nicholas Fede for their comments and support during the writing of this article. WORKING DRAFT—DO NOT CITE TO THIS ARTICLE 1 Table of Contents Part I Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 3 Part II A History of Fair Use ...................................................................................................................... 8 A. Supplanting the Market of the Original Work ..................................................................................... 8 B. Four Factors Codified ......................................................................................................................... -
One Is Enough. a Photograph Taken by the “Single-Pixel Camera” Built by Richard Baraniuk and Kevin Kelly of Rice University
One is Enough. A photograph taken by the “single-pixel camera” built by Richard Baraniuk and Kevin Kelly of Rice University. (a) A photograph of a soccer ball, taken by a conventional digital camera at 64 64 resolution. (b) The same soccer ball, photographed by a single-pixel camera. The image is de- rived× mathematically from 1600 separate, randomly selected measurements, using a method called compressed sensing. (Photos courtesy of R. G. Baraniuk, Compressive Sensing [Lecture Notes], Signal Processing Magazine, July 2007. c 2007 IEEE.) 114 What’s Happening in the Mathematical Sciences Compressed Sensing Makes Every Pixel Count rash and computer files have one thing in common: compactisbeautiful.Butifyou’veevershoppedforadigi- Ttal camera, you might have noticed that camera manufac- turers haven’t gotten the message. A few years ago, electronic stores were full of 1- or 2-megapixel cameras. Then along came cameras with 3-megapixel chips, 10 megapixels, and even 60 megapixels. Unfortunately, these multi-megapixel cameras create enor- mous computer files. So the first thing most people do, if they plan to send a photo by e-mail or post it on the Web, is to com- pact it to a more manageable size. Usually it is impossible to discern the difference between the compressed photo and the original with the naked eye (see Figure 1, next page). Thus, a strange dynamic has evolved, in which camera engineers cram more and more data onto a chip, while software engineers de- Emmanuel Candes. (Photo cour- sign cleverer and cleverer ways to get rid of it. tesy of Emmanuel Candes.) In 2004, mathematicians discovered a way to bring this “armsrace”to a halt. -
RICHARD PRINCE ALL AMERICAN IDOL to Be Offered in the POST-WAR & CONTEMPORARY ART - EVENING AUCTION Christie’S London, 8 King Street 14 October 2011
For Immediate Release 26 September 2011 Contact: Cristiano De Lorenzo tel. +44 7500 815 344 [email protected] RICHARD PRINCE ALL AMERICAN IDOL To Be Offered In The POST-WAR & CONTEMPORARY ART - EVENING AUCTION Christie’s London, 8 King Street 14 October 2011 London - Four outstanding works by Richard Prince (B. 1949) will be offered at Christie's London on 14 October, forming highlights of the Post-War & Contemporary Art evening auction. Spanning the course of the artist’s rich career they include Untitled (Fashion) (1983-1984), Untitled (Cowboy) (1999), Nurse Forrester’s Secret (2002-2003) and Untitled (de Kooning) (2007). Dina Amin, Head of the Sale; Director of Post War and Contemporary Art, Christie's London: ‚In October we are delighted to unite two masterpieces from the course of Richard Prince’s rich career including the iconic photograph, Untitled (Cowboy) (1999) and the painterly Nurse Forrester’s Secret (2002-2003.) Richard Prince is a master of Appropriation art. One of the first of a group of artists emerging in the 1970s including Cindy Sherman and Louise Lawler, who came to be known as the ‘pictures generation’, he has transformed some of the most enduring and iconic popular images in America. Fundamentally challenging notions of authorship, ownership and aura, he has radically reinvented the work of art, creating his own unique signature.‛ A key highlight of the Prince section is the large scale, dramatically executed Untitled (Cowboy), presenting a denim-clad lonesome American ranger (illustrated above right.) Created in 1999, this is a magnificent example of Richard Prince’s most celebrated series, exploring the American idol ‘par excellence’: the cowboy.