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A Multiwavelength Comparison of the Growth of Supermassive Black Holes and Their Hosts in Galaxy Clusters

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A Multiwavelength Comparison of the Growth of Supermassive Black Holes and Their Hosts in Galaxy Clusters A Multiwavelength Comparison of the Growth of Supermassive Black Holes and Their Hosts in Galaxy Clusters Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By David W. Atlee Graduate Program in Astronomy The Ohio State University 2011 Dissertation Committee: Professor L. Paul Martini, Advisor Professor Christopher S. Kochanek Professor David H. Weinberg Copyright by David W. Atlee 2011 ABSTRACT I present the results of a mid-infrared (MIR) survey of X-ray point sources in 8 low-z galaxy clusters. I combine visible wavelength observations with MIR data from the Spitzer Space Telescope to construct spectral energy distributions (SEDs). These SEDs form the basis of all the results presented here. From SEDs fit to the photometry, I measure galaxy stellar masses and star formation rates (SFRs), and I identify AGN based on the observed shapes of the SEDs. I also estimate the expected X-ray luminosities of the host galaxies of X-ray point sources based on their measured stellar masses and SFRs, and I identify sources whose observed X-ray luminosities show a significant excess as AGN. The two techniques return very different samples, and only 8 of the 44 identified AGN fall in both samples. The host galaxies of the two AGN samples differ significantly in their specific SFRs: the hosts of IR AGN have much larger sSFR than the X-ray AGN hosts. However, the AGN samples show similar distributions of SFRs and have indistinguishable SFR–M˙ BH relations. This suggests that the difference between the IR and X-ray AGN is driven by the gas fraction in the host galaxies, and the IR ii AGN would be observed as X-ray AGN if the host galaxy did not introduce any absorption. The AGN show no significant bias in R/R200 compared to the positions of cluster galaxies as a whole. This distinguishes them from star forming galaxies (SFGs), which show a strong preference to be located away from the cluster center. A partial correlation analysis shows that this trend is more closely related to R/R200 than to Σ10, which suggests that the SFR–density relation in clusters is driven by gas processes rather than by interactions between individual galaxies. The radial dependence of SF R is consistent with expectations from gas starvation within large observational uncertainties, and it is at least partially driven by changes in the SFRs of individual galaxies. This is indicated both by variations in sSFR ∗ among SFGs with R/R200 and by marginal variations in LT IR of cluster SFGs as a function of R/R200. These variations in the population of SFGs suggests that the transition timescale is > 400 Myr, which is intermediate between the timescales ∼ expected for ram pressure stripping and gas starvation. The observations suggest that gas starvation plays a greater role than ram pressure stripping, but further work is needed. One possible avenue for future work is to examine the evolution in SFRs of cluster galaxies as a function of redshift. This probes the timescale for clusters to end star formation in galaxies as they fall in from the field. iii This volume is dedicated to my parents, who taught me the value of both hard work and a sunny afternoon. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A body of work with the scope of the one presented here is impossible without contributions from many individuals. First and foremost, I must thank my adviser, Dr. Paul Martini. His patience and attention to detail have allowed me to produce a far better dissertation than would otherwise have been possible. I am also deeply indebted to the outstanding Astronomers with whom it has been my priviledge to collaborate over the years. I especially want to thank Drs. Chris Kochanek and John Mulchaey, who have not only provided invaluable advice and direction, but who also gave generously of their own time to help me secure a job. The entire Ohio State Astronomy Department, from the department chair to the newest graduate students have always provided stimulation and collegiality through various functions, most notably morning coffee, and for that I thank them. Finally, I cannot end without acknowledging the invaluable contribution made by my family and my girlfriend with their love, undestanding, and unwavering support over these many years. Sine qua sum non. v VITA October 2, 1982 ................ Born – Norristown, Pennsylvania, United States 2005 ........................... B.S. Astronomy & Astrophysics B.S. Mathematics B.S. Physics, with Honors in Physics The Pennsylvania State University 2006 – 2008 . Dean’s Distinguished University Fellow The Ohio State University 2008 – 2010 .................... Graduate Teaching and Research Associate Department of Astronomy The Ohio State University 2010 – 2011 . Dean’s Distinguished University Fellow The Ohio State University PUBLICATIONS Research Publications 1. D. W. Atlee, P. Martini, R. J. Assef, D. D. Kelson, and J. S. Mulchaey, “A Multiwavelength Study of Low-Redshift Clusters of Galaxies I: Comparison of X-ray and Mid-Infrared Selected Active Galactic Nuclei”, ApJ, 729, 22, (2011). 2. K. D. Denney, B. M. Peterson, R. W. Pogge, A. Adair, D. W. Atlee, K. Au-Yong, M. C. Bentz, J. C. Bird, D. J. Brokofsky, E. Chisholm, M. L. Comins, M. Dietrich, V. T. Doroshenko, J. D. Eastman, Y. S. Efimov, S. Ewald, S. Ferbey, C. M. Gaskell, C. H. Hedrick, K. Jackson, S. A. Klimanov, E. S. Klimek, A. K. Kruse, A. Lad´eroute, J. B. Lamb, K. Leighly, T. Minezaki, S. V. N azarov, C. A. Onken, E. A.Petersen, P. Peterson, S. Poindexter, Y. Sakata, K. J. Schlesinger, S. G. Sergeev, N. Skolski, L. Stieglitz, J. J. Tobin, C. Unterborn, M. Vestergaard, A. E. vi Watkins, L. C. Watson, and Y. Yoshii, “Reverberation Mapping Measurements of Black Hole Masses in Six Local Seyfert Galaxies”, ApJ, 721, 715, (2010). 3. C. Villforth, K. Nilsson, J. Heidt, L. O. Takalo, T. Pursimo, A. Berdyu- gin, E. Lindfors, M. Pasanen, M. Winiarski, M. Drozdz, W. Ogloza, M. Kurpinska-Winiarska, M. Siwak, D. KozielWierzbowska, C. Porowski, A. Kuzmicz, J. Krzesinski, T. Kundera, J.H. Wu, X. Zhou, Y. Efimov, K. Sadakane, M. Kamada, J. Ohlert, V.P. Hentunen, M. Nissinen, M. Dietrich, R. J. Assef, D. W. Atlee, J. Bird, D. L. Depoy, J. Eastman, M. S. Peeples, J. Prieto, L. Watson, J. C. Yee, A. Liakos, P. Niarchos, K. Gazeas, S. Dogru, A. Donmez, D. Marchev, S. A. Coggins-Hill, A. Mattingly, W. C. Keel, S. Haque, A. Aungwerojwit, and N. Bergvall, “Variability and stability in blazar jets on time-scales of years: optical polarization monitoring of OJ 287 in 2005-2009”, MNRAS, 402 2087, (2010). 4. C. B. D’Andrea, M. Sako, B. Dilday, J. A. Frieman, J. Holtzman, R. Kessler, K. Konishi, D. P. Schneider, J. Sollerman, J. C. Wheeler, N. Yasuda, D. Cinabro, S. Jha, R. C. Nichol, H. Lampeitl, M. Smith, D. W. Atlee, B. Bassett, F. J. Castander, A. Goobar, R. Miquel, J. Nordin, L. Ostman,¨ J. L. Prieto, R. Quimby, A. G. Riess, and M. Stritzinger, “Type II-P Supernovae from the SDSS-II Supernova Survey and the Standardized Candle Method”, ApJ, 708, 661, (2010). 5. K. D. Denney, B. M. Peterson, R. W. Pogge, A. Adair, D. W. Atlee, K. Au-Yong, M.C. Bentz, J. C. Bird, D. J. Brokofsky, E. Chisholm, M. L. Comins, M. Dietrich, V. T. Doroshenko, J. D. Eastman, Y. S. Efimov, S. Ewald, S. Ferbey, C. M. Gaskell, C. H. Hedrick, K. Jackson, S. A. Klimanov, E. S. Klimek, A. K. Kruse, A. Lad´eroute, J. B. Lamb, K. Leighly, T. Minezaki, S. V. Nazarov, C. A. Onken, E. A. Petersen, P. Peterson, S. Poindexter, Y. Sakata, K. J. Schlesinger, S. G. Sergeev, N. Skolski, N. Stieglitz, J. J. Tobin, C. Unterborn, M. Vestergaard, A. E. Watkins, L. C. Watson, and Y. Yoshii, “Diverse Kinematic Signatures from Reverberation Mapping of the Broad-Line Region in AGNs”, ApJ, 704, L80, (2009). 6. D. W. Atlee, and S. Mathur, “GALEX Measurements of the Big Blue Bump in Soft X-ray-selected Active Galactic Nucleus”, ApJ, 703, 1597, (2009). 7. K. D. Denney, L. C. Watson, B. M. Peterson, R. W. Pogge, D. W. Atlee, M. C. Bentz, J. C. Bird, D. J. Brokofsky, M. L. Comins, M. Dietrich, V. T. Doroshenko, J. D. Eastman, Y. S. Efimov, C. M. Gaskell, C. H. Hedrick, S. A. Klimanov, E. S. Klimek, A. K. Kruse, J. B. Lamb, K. Leighly, T. Minezaki, S. V. Nazarov, E. A. Petersen, P. Peterson, S. Poindexter, Y. Schlesinger, K. J. Sakata, S. G. Sergeev, J. J. Tobin, C. Unterborn, M. Vestergaard, A. E. Watkins, and Y. Yoshii, “A Revised Broad-line Region Radius and Black Hole Mass for the Narrow-line Seyfert 1 NGC 4051”, ApJ, 702, 1353, (2009). vii 8. M. J. Valtonen, K. Nilsson, C. Villforth, H. J. Lehto, L. O. Takalo, E. Lindfors, A. Sillanp¨a¨a, V.P. Hentunen, S. Mikkola, S. Zola, M. Drozdz, D. Koziel, W. Ogloza, M. Kurpinska-Winiarska, M. Siwak, M. Winiarski, J. Heidt, M. Kidger, T. Pursimo, J.H. Wu, X. Zhou, K. Sadakane, D. Marchev, M. Nissinen, P. Niarchos, A. Liakos, K. Gazeas, S. Dogru, G. Poyner, M. Dietrich, R. Assef, D. Atlee, J. Bird, D. DePoy, J. Eastman, M. Peeples, J. Prieto, L. Watson, J. Yee, A. Mattingly, and J. Ohlert “Tidally Induced Outbursts in OJ 287 during 2005-2008”, ApJ, 698, 781, (2009). 9. D. W. Atlee, R. J. Assef, and C. S. Kochanek, “Evolution of the UV Ex- cess in Early-Type Galaxies”, ApJ, 694, 1539, (2009). 10. C. J. Grier, B. M. Peterson, M. C. Bentz, K. D.
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