Métodos De Aprendizaje Automático Aplicados a Problemas

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Métodos De Aprendizaje Automático Aplicados a Problemas UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CORDOBA´ Facultad de Matematica,´ Astronom´ıa y F´ısica TESIS DE DOCTORADO EN ASTRONOM´IA METODOS´ DE APRENDIZAJE AUTOMATICO´ APLICADOS A PROBLEMAS COSMOLOGICOS´ . AUTOR:LIC.MART´IN EMILIO DE LOS RIOS DIRECTORES:DR.MARIANO JAVIER DOM´INGUEZ Metodos´ de aprendizaje automatico´ aplicados a Problemas Cosmologicos´ por Mart´ın Emilio de los Rios se distribuye bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribucion´ 4.0 Internacional. I II 0.1. Palabras claves. Materia Oscura Cumulos´ de galaxias. Cosmolog´ıa. Aprendizaje Automatico.´ 0.2. Clasificaciones 02.70.Rr General statistical methods. 98.65.Cw Galaxy Clusters. 98.80.Es Observational cosmology. 95.35.+d Dark matter (stellar, interstellar, galactic, and cosmological). 95.36.+x Dark energy. III IV Los vicios de la humanidad demuestran lo poco que soy. Agradecimientos A mis viejos, Monica´ y Jorge por el apoyo incondicional. A mis hermanos, Macarena y Diego, porque sin saberlo me ensenan˜ cada d´ıa algo nuevo. A mis sobrinos, Valentina, Juan Lucas, Pietro, Teodelina y Felipe, por alegrar cada instante con sus sonrisas. A mis amigos, por hacer que el d´ıa a d´ıa no sea rutina. A mi director, Mariano Dominguez,´ por el buen humor, las ganas, la paciencia y, so- bretodo, uno que otro pick-and-roll. A mi abuela ‘nani’y mi amiga ‘tito’, por que aunque no las vea me ayudan a continuar. A todos mis colegas del IATE, por brindarme su ayuda y apoyo en todo momento y hacer de este instituto un hermoso lugar de trabajo. V VI Resumen. En este trabajo presentaremos el estudio de diferentes problemas cosmologicos´ me- diante la implementacion´ de tecnicas´ de aprendizaje automatico.´ En la primera parte de la tesis se presenta el marco teorico´ necesario para estudiar los diferentes problemas cos- mologicos´ que abordamos durante la tesis. Mientras que en el Cap´ıtulo1 se presenta una introduccion´ general sobre el modelo cosmologico´ estandar,´ en el Cap´ıtulo2 se detallan los principales algoritmos de aprendizaje automatico´ que se utilizaran´ durante este trabajo. Esta clase de algoritmos presenta una nueva forma de analizar grandes conjuntos de datos y de buscar correlaciones entre las variables involucradas en un dado problema. Habiendo sido aplicadas con mucho exito´ en diferentes areas´ de la ciencia y en diversos proble- mas tecnologicos,´ en este trabajo utilizamos dichos metodo´ para abordar 2 problemas as- tronomicos:´ la clasificacion´ de cumulos´ de galaxias segun´ su estado dinamico´ (Cap´ıtulo3) y el analisis´ estad´ıstico del fondo cosmico´ de microondas (Cap´ıtulo7). Adem as´ tambien´ se presenta un estudio estad´ıstico sobre la relacion´ entre el estado dinamico´ de los cumu-´ los de galaxias y los campos magneticos´ presentes en el medio intra-cumulo´ (Cap´ıtulo4) y una serie de estudios individuales (Cap´ıtulos5y6) sobre los candidatos a c umulos´ en interaccion´ identificados mediante algoritmos de aprendizaje automatico.´ Finalmente en el Cap´ıtulo8 se presenta un estudio te orico´ sobre las implicaciones observacionales que tendr´ıa una posible interaccion´ entre la materia oscura y los fotones del fondo cosmico´ de microondas. VII VIII Abstract. In this work we present studies with novel machine learning techniques about different cosmological problems. In the first part of the work we present the necessary theoretical framework to understand the astronomical problems that we will address. In Chapter1 we present an introduction of the standard cosmological model, while in Chapter2 we present the principal details of the Machine learning techniques that we will use. This kind of algorithms represent a new way of analysing big datasets and to find patterns and relations between the variables that are involved in an specific problem. While these techniques have been applied with a lot of success in technological problems and in other areas of science, we apply it for 2 astronomical issues: the dynamical classification of galaxy clusters (Chapter3) and the statistical study of the temperature anisotropies of the cosmological cosmic microwave background (Chapter7). We also present an statistical analysis of the relation between the dynamical status of galaxy clusters and the magnetic fields in their intra-cluster medium (Chapter4) and a series of individual studies of systems that were previously classify as merging clusters (Chapters5 and6). In the last Chapter (8) we introduce a theoretical study of the observational and cosmological implications that may have an interaction between the dark matter particle and the cosmic microwave background photons. IX X Indice´ general II 0.1. Palabras claves................................ III 0.2. Clasificaciones............................... III AgradecimientosV Resumen. VII Abstract. VIII 1. Modelo cosmologico´ estandar.´ 1 1.1. Descripcion´ general de la geometr´ıa y evolucion´ del universo.......1 1.2. El sector oscuro................................7 1.2.1. La materia oscura..........................8 1.2.2. Energ´ıa oscura............................ 22 Bibliograf´ıa 24 2. Introduccion´ a las tecnicas´ de aprendizaje Automatico.´ 39 2.1. Aprendizaje Supervisado........................... 41 2.1.1. Modelos de aprendizaje supervisado mas´ utilizados........ 41 2.1.2. Evaluacion´ de modelos y sobre-ajuste (Overfitting)........ 52 2.2. Aprendizaje No Supervisado......................... 57 2.2.1. Modelos de aprendizaje no supervisado mas´ utilizados....... 58 Bibliograf´ıa 62 XI XII Indice´ general 3. Construccion´ de un catalogo´ de cumulos´ en interaccion´ a partir de tecnicas´ de aprendizaje automatico.´ 65 3.1. Los cumulos´ en interaccion´ y su importancia en la cosmolog´ıa....... 66 3.1.1. Desafiando el modelo cosmologico´ estandar.´ ........... 67 3.1.2. L´ımites en la seccion´ eficaz de la materia oscura.......... 70 3.2. El algoritmo MeSsI (Merging Systems Identification)........... 72 3.2.1. Confeccion´ de la muestra de entrenamiento utilizando simulacio- nes cosmologicas.´ ......................... 72 3.2.2. Estimacion´ de features para la muestra de cumulos.´ ........ 75 3.2.3. Entrenamiento de diferentes modelos de aprendizaje automatico.´ . 78 3.2.4. Aplicacion´ del algoritmo MeSsI a catalogos´ reales........ 87 3.2.5. El caso de fusiones multiples.´ ................... 93 3.2.6. Conclusiones............................. 93 Bibliograf´ıa 95 4. Estudios estad´ısticos de cumulos´ segun´ su estado dinamico.´ 107 4.1. Introduccion.´ ................................ 107 4.2. Datos observacionales............................ 109 4.2.1. Conjunto de Cumulos´ de Galaxias.................. 109 4.2.2. Observaciones de la senal˜ de Rotacion´ de Faraday......... 112 4.3. Analisis´ estad´ıstico.............................. 113 4.3.1. Distribuciones de densidad..................... 116 4.4. Campos magneticos´ inferidos........................ 118 4.5. Conclusiones................................. 121 Bibliograf´ıa 123 5. Estudio individual de los candidatos a cumulos´ en interaccion´ A2029=33 y A1204. 129 5.1. Adquisicion´ de datos............................. 130 5.1.1. Observaciones fotometricas.´ .................... 130 5.1.2. Observaciones de la emision´ en rayos-X.............. 130 5.1.3. Catalogos´ espectroscopicos.´ .................... 131 Indice´ general XIII 5.2. Analisis´ de lentes debiles.´ .......................... 132 5.2.1. Identificacion´ y clasificacion´ de fuentes............... 132 5.2.2. Medida de la elipticidad de las galaxias de fondo.......... 133 5.2.3. Estimacion´ de las masas individuales de las subestructuras..... 135 5.2.4. Distribucion´ de densidad de masa proyectada............ 137 5.2.5. Resultados.............................. 138 5.3. Analisis´ dinamico.´ ............................. 138 5.3.1. Modelo de 2 cuerpos......................... 143 5.4. Conclusiones................................. 146 5.4.1. A1204................................ 146 5.4.2. A2029/A2033............................ 147 Bibliograf´ıa 148 6. Estudio individual del candidato a cumulo´ en interaccion´ A267. 157 6.1. Adquisicion´ de datos............................. 158 6.1.1. Catalogos´ espectroscopicos´ y fotometricos.´ ............ 158 6.1.2. Datos de la emision´ en rayos-X................... 158 6.1.3. Datos simulados........................... 159 6.2. Analisis´ dinamico´ y morfologico.´ ...................... 159 6.3. Grupos fosiles´ en simulaciones cosmologicas.´ ............... 164 6.4. Conclusiones................................. 165 Bibliograf´ıa 168 7. Estudio sobre la distribucion´ angular de los parametros´ cosmologicos.´ 175 7.1. Sobre el espectro de potencias de temperaturas del fondo cosmico´ de mi- croondas................................... 175 7.2. Analisis´ de componentes principales de los espectros de potencia..... 179 7.2.1. Tecnicas´ de Aprendizaje no supervisado aplicadas a las compo- nentes principales.......................... 183 7.3. CosmoML: Estimacion´ de los parametros´ cosmologicos´ mediante metodos´ de aprendizaje automatico´ supervisado................... 184 7.3.1. Estimacion´ de los parametros´ cosmologicos´ utilizando CMB+Supernovas.194 XIV Indice´ general 7.4. Distribucion´ angular de los parametros´ cosmologicos.´ ........... 196 7.4.1. Reconstruccion´ de los espectros de potencia............ 200 7.4.2. Estimacion´ de los parametros´ cosmologicos.´ ........... 203 7.4.3. Estimacion´ de la distribucion´ angular de los parametros´ cosmologi-´ cos en datos de PLANCK...................... 206 7.5. Conclusiones................................. 212 Bibliograf´ıa 214 8. Estudio sobre
Recommended publications
  • A Lack of Evidence for Global Ram-Pressure Induced Star Formation in the Merging Cluster Abell 3266
    Draft version March 31, 2021 Typeset using LATEX default style in AASTeX62 A Lack of Evidence for Global Ram-pressure Induced Star Formation in the Merging Cluster Abell 3266 Mark J. Henriksen1 and Scott Dusek1 1University of Maryland, Baltimore County Physics Department 1000 Hilltop Circle Baltimore, MD USA ABSTRACT Interaction between the intracluster medium and the interstellar media of galaxies via ram-pressure stripping (RPS) has ample support from both observations and simulations of galaxies in clusters. Some, but not all of the observations and simulations show a phase of increased star formation compared to normal spirals. Examples of galaxies undergoing RPS induced star formation in clusters experiencing a merger have been identified in high resolution optical images supporting the existence of a star formation phase. We have selected Abell 3266 to search for ram-pressure induced star formation as a global property of a merging cluster. Abell 3266 (z = 0.0594) is a high mass cluster that features a high velocity dispersion, an infalling subcluster near to the line of sight, and a strong shock front. These phenomena should all contribute to making Abell 3266 an optimum cluster to see the global effects of RPS induced star formation. Using archival X-ray observations and published optical data, we cross-correlate optical spectral properties ([OII, Hβ]), indicative of starburst and post-starburst, respectively with ram-pressure, ρv2, calculated from the X-ray and optical data. We find that post- starburst galaxies, classified as E+A, occur at a higher frequency in this merging cluster than in the Coma cluster and at a comparable rate to intermediate redshift clusters.
    [Show full text]
  • Report of Contributions
    Mapping the X-ray Sky with SRG: First Results from eROSITA and ART-XC Report of Contributions https://events.mpe.mpg.de/e/SRG2020 Mapping the X- … / Report of Contributions eROSITA discovery of a new AGN … Contribution ID : 4 Type : Oral Presentation eROSITA discovery of a new AGN state in 1H0707-495 Tuesday, 17 March 2020 17:45 (15) One of the most prominent AGNs, the ultrasoft Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxy 1H0707-495, has been observed with eROSITA as one of the first CAL/PV observations on October 13, 2019 for about 60.000 seconds. 1H 0707-495 is a highly variable AGN, with a complex, steep X-ray spectrum, which has been the subject of intense study with XMM-Newton in the past. 1H0707-495 entered an historical low hard flux state, first detected with eROSITA, never seen before in the 20 years of XMM-Newton observations. In addition ultra-soft emission with a variability factor of about 100 has been detected for the first time in the eROSITA light curves. We discuss fast spectral transitions between the cool and a hot phase of the accretion flow in the very strong GR regime as a physical model for 1H0707-495, and provide tests on previously discussed models. Presenter status Senior eROSITA consortium member Primary author(s) : Prof. BOLLER, Thomas (MPE); Prof. NANDRA, Kirpal (MPE Garching); Dr LIU, Teng (MPE Garching); MERLONI, Andrea; Dr DAUSER, Thomas (FAU Nürnberg); Dr RAU, Arne (MPE Garching); Dr BUCHNER, Johannes (MPE); Dr FREYBERG, Michael (MPE) Presenter(s) : Prof. BOLLER, Thomas (MPE) Session Classification : AGN physics, variability, clustering October 3, 2021 Page 1 Mapping the X- … / Report of Contributions X-ray emission from warm-hot int … Contribution ID : 9 Type : Poster X-ray emission from warm-hot intergalactic medium: the role of resonantly scattered cosmic X-ray background We revisit calculations of the X-ray emission from warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) with particular focus on contribution from the resonantly scattered cosmic X-ray background (CXB).
    [Show full text]
  • Galaxy Clusters in the Swift/BAT Era: Hard X-Rays in The
    Submitted to Astrophysical Journal Galaxy Clusters in the Swift/BAT era: Hard X-rays in the ICM M. Ajello1, P. Rebusco2, N. Cappelluti1,3, O. Reimer4, H. B¨ohringer1, J. Greiner1, N. Gehrels5, J. Tueller5 and A. Moretti6 [email protected] ABSTRACT We report about the detection of 10 clusters of galaxies in the ongoing Swift/BAT all-sky survey. This sample, which comprises mostly merging clusters, was serendipitously detected in the 15–55 keV band. We use the BAT sample to investigate the presence of excess hard X-rays above the thermal emission. The BAT clusters do not show significant (e.g. ≥2 σ) non-thermal hard X-ray emis- sion. The only exception is represented by Perseus whose high-energy emission is likely due to NGC 1275. Using XMM-Newton, Swift/XRT, Chandra and BAT data, we are able to produce upper limits on the Inverse Compton (IC) emission mechanism which are in disagreement with most of the previously claimed hard X-ray excesses. The coupling of the X-ray upper limits on the IC mechanism to radio data shows that in some clusters the magnetic field might be larger than 0.5 µG. We also derive the first log N - log S and luminosity function distribution of galaxy clusters above 15 keV. Subject headings: galaxies: clusters: general – acceleration of particles – radiation arXiv:0809.0006v1 [astro-ph] 30 Aug 2008 mechanisms: non-thermal – magnetic fields – X-rays: general 1Max Planck Institut f¨ur Extraterrestrische Physik, P.O. Box 1603, 85740, Garching, Germany 2Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA 3University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 4W.W.
    [Show full text]
  • A Lack of Evidence for Global Ram-Pressure Induced Star Formation in the Merging Cluster Abell 3266
    International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2021, 11, 95-132 https://www.scirp.org/journal/ijaa ISSN Online: 2161-4725 ISSN Print: 2161-4717 A Lack of Evidence for Global Ram-Pressure Induced Star Formation in the Merging Cluster Abell 3266 Mark J. Henriksen, Scott Dusek Physics Department, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA How to cite this paper: Henriksen, M.J. and Abstract Dusek, S. (2021) A Lack of Evidence for Global Ram-Pressure Induced Star Forma- Interaction between the intracluster medium and the interstellar media of ga- tion in the Merging Cluster Abell 3266. In- laxies via ram-pressure stripping (RPS) has ample support from both obser- ternational Journal of Astronomy and As- vations and simulations of galaxies in clusters. Some, but not all of the obser- trophysics, 11, 95-132. vations and simulations show a phase of increased star formation compared https://doi.org/10.4236/ijaa.2021.111007 to normal spirals. Examples of galaxies undergoing RPS induced star forma- Received: January 30, 2021 tion in clusters experiencing a merger have been identified in high resolution Accepted: March 23, 2021 optical images supporting the existence of a star formation phase. We have Published: March 26, 2021 selected Abell 3266 to search for ram-pressure induced star formation as a global property of a merging cluster. Abell 3266 (z = 0.0594) is a high mass Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. cluster that features a high velocity dispersion, an infalling subcluster near to This work is licensed under the Creative the line of sight, and a strong shock front.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamics of Abell 3266-I. an Optical View of a Complex Merging Cluster
    MNRAS 000,1{11 (2016) Preprint 9 March 2017 Compiled using MNRAS LATEX style file v3.0 Dynamics of Abell 3266 { I. An Optical View of a Complex Merging Cluster Siamak Dehghan,1;2? Melanie Johnston-Hollitt,1;2 Matthew Colless3 and Rowan Miller1 1School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand 2Peripety Scientific Ltd., P.O. Box 11355, Manners Street, Wellington 6142, New Zealand 3Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2611, Australia Accepted XXX. Received YYY; in original form ZZZ ABSTRACT We present spectroscopy of 880 galaxies within a 2-degree field around the massive, merging cluster Abell 3266. This sample, which includes 704 new measurements, was combined with the existing redshifts measurements to generate a sample of over 1300 spectroscopic redshifts; the largest spectroscopic sample in the vicinity of A3266 to date. We define a cluster sub-sample of 790 redshifts which lie within a velocity range of 14,000 to 22,000 km s−1and within 1 degree of the cluster centre. A detailed structural analysis finds A3266 to have a complex dynamical structure containing six groups and filaments to the north of the cluster as well as a cluster core which can be decomposed into two components split along a northeast-southwest axis, consistent with previous X-ray observations. The mean redshift of the cluster core is found to be 0:0594±0:0005 +99 −1 and the core velocity dispersion is given as 1462−99 km s . The overall velocity dis- +67 −1 persion and redshift of the entire cluster and related structures are 1337−67 km s and 0:0596 ± 0:0002, respectively, though the high velocity dispersion does not represent virialised motions but rather is due to relative motions of the cluster components.
    [Show full text]
  • ABELL 3266: a Complex Merging Cluster
    ABELL 3266: A Complex Merging Cluster Siamak Dehghan, Melanie Johnston-Hollitt, Matthew Colless, and Rowan Miller Horologium-Reticulum Supercluster Redshift 0.06 Length 550 Mly 10^17 solar Mass masses No of 34 Clusters No of 5000 Groups No of Large 30000 Galaxies No of Dwarf 300000 Galaxies No of Stars 10^15 Fleenor et al., The Astronomical Journal, 130, pp. 957-967 Horologium-Reticulum Supercluster Redshift 0.06 Length 550 Mly 10^17 solar Mass masses No of 34 Clusters No of 5000 Groups No of Large 30000 Galaxies No of Dwarf 300000 Galaxies No of Stars 10^15 Fleenor et al., The Astronomical Journal, 130, pp. 957-967 Image Credit: Michael Hudson and Russell Smith and Gemini Observatory A3266: General Properties • Located at the bottom of the HRS, at about 250 Mly away in constellation Reticulum. • One of the largest clusters in the southern hemisphere with hundreds of galaxies, most of which are red ellipticals. • A merging system; elongated X-ray emission from the ICM and high velocity dispersion. What is going on? Abell 3266 is known to be a merging system. However, detailed structure analysis of the cluster has been somewhat hindered due to the lack of sufficient spectroscopic redshifts. Although most of the previous studies note the existence of substructure, there are some disagreements on the exact merger status of the cluster; explicitly, there is a lack of consensus about the phase of the core passage (pre- or post- merger) and the current direction of the cluster and subcluster motions. Spectroscopic Observation In this work we attempt to clarify the dynamical situation in A3266 using optical analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Secondary Anisotropies of the CMB 1
    REVIEW ARTICLE Secondary anisotropies of the CMB Nabila Aghanim1, Subhabrata Majumdar2 and Joseph Silk3 1 Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), CNRS, Bˆat. 121, Universit´eParis-Sud, F-91405, Orsay, France 2 Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai, India 3 Denys Wilkinson Building, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3RH, UK E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract. The Cosmic Microwave Background fluctuations provide a powerful probe of the dark ages of the universe through the imprint of the secondary anisotropies associated with the reionisation of the universe and the growth of structure. We review the relation between the secondary anisotropies and and the primary anisotropies that are directly generated by quantum fluctuations in the very early universe. The physics of secondary fluctuations is described, with emphasis on the ionisation history and the evolution of structure. We discuss the different signatures arising from the secondary effects in terms of their induced temperature fluctuations, polarisation and statistics. The secondary anisotropies are being actively pursued at present, and we review the future and current observational status. arXiv:0711.0518v1 [astro-ph] 4 Nov 2007 Secondary anisotropies of the CMB 1 1. Introduction In the post WMAP era for Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) measurements and in preparation of Planck and the post-Planck era, attention is now shifting towards small angular scales of the order of a few arc-minutes or even smaller. At these scales, CMB temperature and polarisation fluctuations are no longer dominated by primary effects at the surface of last scattering but rather by the so-called secondary effects induced by the interaction of CMB photons with the matter in the line of sight.
    [Show full text]
  • Studying the Merging Cluster Abell 3266 with Erosita J
    Astronomy & Astrophysics manuscript no. main ©ESO 2021 June 29, 2021 Studying the merging cluster Abell 3266 with eROSITA J. S. Sanders1, V. Biffi2; 3; 4, M. Brüggen5, E. Bulbul1, K. Dennerl1, K. Dolag2, T. Erben6, M. Freyberg1, E. Gatuzz1, V. Ghirardini1, D. N. Hoang5, M. Klein2, A. Liu1, A. Merloni1, F. Pacaud6, M. E. Ramos-Ceja1, T. H. Reiprich6, and J. A. ZuHone7 1 Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Gießenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany 2 Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, D-81679 Munich, Germany 3 INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via Tiepolo 11, I-34143 Trieste, Italy 4 IFPU - Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Via Beirut 2, I-34014 Trieste, Italy 5 Hamburger Sternwarte, University of Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, Germany 6 Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Universität Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany 7 Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St., MS-67, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Received —, Accepted — ABSTRACT The galaxy cluster Abell 3266 is one of the X-ray brightest in the sky and is a well-known merging system. Using the ability of the eROSITA telescope onboard SRG (Spectrum Röntgen Gamma) to observe a wide field with a single pointing, we analyse a new observation of the cluster out to a radius of R200. The X-ray images highlight substructures present in the cluster, including the northeast-southwest merger seen in previous ASCA, Chandra and XMM-Newton data, a merging group towards the northwest and filamentary structures between the core and one or more groups towards the west.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of X-Ray Substructure in Rich Clusters of Galaxies
    UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations 1-1-1998 A study of x-ray substructure in rich clusters of galaxies Philip Leroy Rogers University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds Repository Citation Rogers, Philip Leroy, "A study of x-ray substructure in rich clusters of galaxies" (1998). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 895. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/8q3w-3m3y This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter 6ce, while others may be from any type o f computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction.
    [Show full text]
  • Proquest Dissertations
    Disentangling luminosity, morphology, star formation, stellar mass, and environment in galaxy evolution Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Christlein, Daniel Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 30/09/2021 16:42:30 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280595 DISENTANGLING LUMINOSITY, MORPHOLOGY, STAR FORMATION, STELLAR MASS, AND ENVIRONMENT IN GALAXY EVOLUTION by Daniel Christlein A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ASTRONOMY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2004 UMI Number: 3145054 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 3145054 Copyright 2004 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 2 The University of Arizona ® Graduate College As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Daniel Christlfiin entitled Disentangling Luminosity.
    [Show full text]
  • AURA/NOAO ANNUAL PROJECT REPORT FY 2004 Submitted to the National Science Foundation Via Fastlane November 1, 2004
    AURA/NOAO ANNUAL PROJECT REPORT FY 2004 Submitted to the National Science Foundation via FastLane November 1, 2004 Three-color composite image of spiral galaxy NGC4402 taken at the WIYN 3.5-meter telescope on Kitt Peak using the WIYN Tip-Tilt module, an adaptive optics device that uses a movable mirror to provide first-order compensation for the jittery motion of the incoming image caused by variable atmospheric conditions and telescope vibrations. NGC4402 is interacting with the intergalactic medium of the Virgo Cluster. Photo Courtesy: H. Crowl (Yale University) and WIYN/NOAO/AURA/NSF NATIONAL OPTICAL ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORY TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .........................................................................................................iii 1 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES AND FINDINGS....................................................................1 1.1 NOAO Gemini Science Center, 1 A Luminous Lyman-α Emitting Galaxy at Redshift z=6.535, 1 Accretion Signatures in Massive Star Formation, 1 1.2 Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO), 3 The Halo of Our Galaxy: Structured, Not Smooth, 3 Science with ISPI at the Blanco, 3 1.3 Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO), 4 2 THE NATIONAL GROUND-BASED O/IR OBSERVING SYSTEM ..............................6 2.1 The Gemini Telescopes, 6 Support of U.S. Gemini Users and Proposers, 6 Providing U.S. Scientific Input to Gemini, 7 U.S. Gemini Instrumentation Program, 7 2.2 CTIO Telescopes, 8 Blanco 4-Meter Telescope, 8 SOAR 4-m Telescope, 9 Blanco Instrumentation, 9 SOAR Instrumentation, 10 SMARTS Consortium and Other Small Telescopes, 10 2.3 KPNO Telescopes, 11 Performance Upgrades at WIYN, 11 New Instrument and Upgrades, 12 New Major Tenant for KPNO, 12 Site Protection, 13 2.4 Enhanced Community Access to the Independent Observatories, 13 MMT Observatory and the Hobby-Eberly Telescope, 13 W.
    [Show full text]
  • Erosita's X-Ray Eyes on the Universe
    comment eROSITA’s X-ray eyes on the Universe eROSITA, a new X-ray telescope currently performing an all-sky survey of unprecedented depth, aims to provide insights into dark energy, dark matter, black holes and perhaps new phenomena that have so far been invisible. Andrea Merloni, Kirpal Nandra and Peter Predehl -ray astronomy is a relatively abA3266 SNR Puppis A young field, its date of birth X(1962)1 still alive in the memory of many pioneers of space astronomy. Early experiments used collimators to channel X-rays onto large gas-filled detectors. Focusing X-ray optics later enabled a leap in sensitivity, culminating in the flagship observatories such as NASA’s Chandra and ESA’s XMM-Newton that dominated the landscape of high-energy astrophysics in the first part of this century. 500 kpc What kind of sources do these 10′ observatories reveal? X-rays trace physics in extreme astronomical sources. Most d 20′ stars are relatively weak in X-rays, so we see only examples that are particularly active, c or those that are being slowly consumed in a binary system by a companion white dwarf, neutron star or black hole. Outside the Milky Way, the most populous sources of X-ray emission are not galaxies, but the supermassive black holes bubbling away at their centres, whose growth may strongly influence their host’s formation and subsequent evolution. The majority of the feeble X-ray sky background is produced by the ensemble of these accreting black holes throughout cosmic time. X-rays also offer the potential to measure the dark components that apparently A3391/3395 30′ LMC/SNR1987A 10′ dominate our cosmos.
    [Show full text]