Global Commons: Between Cooperation and Competition by Gerald Stang
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Realized Benefits from Bioprospecting in the Wake of the Convention on Biological Diversity
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Washington University St. Louis: Open Scholarship Washington University Journal of Law & Policy Volume 47 Intellectual Property: From Biodiversity to Technical Standards 2015 The Realized Benefits from Bioprospecting in the Wake of the Convention on Biological Diversity James S. Miller Missouri Botanical Garden Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_journal_law_policy Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Environmental Law Commons, and the Plant Sciences Commons Recommended Citation James S. Miller, The Realized Benefits from Bioprospecting in the Wake of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 47 WASH. U. J. L. & POL’Y 051 (2015), https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_journal_law_policy/vol47/iss1/10 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington University Journal of Law & Policy by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Realized Benefits from Bioprospecting in the Wake of the Convention on Biological Diversity James S. Miller MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN In the mid-1980s, the convergence of several technological advances led to a serious resurgence of interest in surveying plant species for drug development. The emergence of methods to miniaturize in-vitro bioassays (a test used to quantify the biological effect of a chemical compound or extract against a specific disease target) run the bioassays with robotic equipment, and isolate and identify active compounds with a speed and precision never before possible. -
Understanding Bioprospecting: Can Indigenous Populations Benefit from the Search for Pharmaceuticals in Areas of High Biodiversity
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Environmental Studies Undergraduate Student Theses Environmental Studies Program Spring 5-2011 Understanding Bioprospecting: Can Indigenous Populations Benefit from the Search for Pharmaceuticals in Areas of High Biodiversity Emily Schwindt University of Nebraska-Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/envstudtheses Part of the Agricultural and Resource Economics Commons, Biological and Physical Anthropology Commons, Environmental Health and Protection Commons, Ethnic Studies Commons, Natural Resource Economics Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons, Other Environmental Sciences Commons, Place and Environment Commons, and the Sustainability Commons Disclaimer: The following thesis was produced in the Environmental Studies Program as a student senior capstone project. Schwindt, Emily, "Understanding Bioprospecting: Can Indigenous Populations Benefit from the Search for Pharmaceuticals in Areas of High Biodiversity" (2011). Environmental Studies Undergraduate Student Theses. 46. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/envstudtheses/46 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Environmental Studies Program at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Environmental Studies Undergraduate Student Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. UNDERSTANDING BIOPROSPECTING: -
Relationships Among Biodiversity Dimensions of Birds in Nebraska Nadejda Mirochnitchenko University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected]
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations & Theses in Natural Resources Natural Resources, School of Fall 12-2018 Relationships Among Biodiversity Dimensions of Birds in Nebraska Nadejda Mirochnitchenko University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natresdiss Part of the Biodiversity Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons, Ornithology Commons, and the Poultry or Avian Science Commons Mirochnitchenko, Nadejda, "Relationships Among Biodiversity Dimensions of Birds in Nebraska" (2018). Dissertations & Theses in Natural Resources. 275. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natresdiss/275 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Natural Resources, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations & Theses in Natural Resources by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG BIODIVERSITY DIMENSIONS OF BIRDS IN NEBRASKA by Nadejda Anatolievna Mirochnitchenko A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Major: Natural Resource Sciences Under the Supervision of Professors Erica F. Stuber and Joseph J. Fontaine Lincoln, Nebraska December 2018 RELATIONSHIPS AMONG BIODIVERSITY -
Plant Genetic Resources As Commons: the Model of Fao’S International Treaty
PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES AS COMMONS: THE MODEL OF FAO’S INTERNATIONAL TREATY Dr. María Iglesias Introduction After almost 7 years of negotiations, the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (hereinafter ITPGRFA) was adopted in November 20011. The Treaty already recognises in its Preamble that plant genetic resources for food and agriculture are a common concern of all countries, in that all countries depend very largely on plant genetic resources for food and agriculture that originated elsewhere. Thus, the main objectives of the ITPGRFA are the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (hereinafter PGRFAs) and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of their use, in harmony with the Convention on Biological Diversity, for sustainable agriculture and food security2. Although the Treaty covers all PGRs3, it establishes an international commons pool, the so called multilateral system, only for certain kinds of resources that will guarantee the access to these resources and the sharing of benefits 1 The ITPGRFA entered in to force in June 2004. In December 2008, 119 states had ratified it. 2 Art. 1. The ITPGRFA may be considered in fact as a special application of art. 15 (Access to Genetic Resources) of the Convention on Biological Diversity: “1. Recognizing the sovereign rights of States over their natural resources, the authority to determine access to genetic resources rests with the national governments and is subject to national legislation. 2. Each Contracting Party shall endeavour to create conditions to facilitate access to genetic resources for environmentally sound uses by other Contracting Parties and not to impose restrictions that run counter to the objectives of this Convention. -
The "Tragedy of the Commons" in Plant Genetic Resources: the Need for a New International Regime Centered Around an International Biotechnology Patent Office
Gulati: The "Tragedy of the Commons" in Plant Genetic Resources: The Need for a New International Regime Centered Around an International Biotechnology Patent Office Note The "Tragedy of the Commons" in Plant Genetic Resources: The Need for a New International Regime Centered Around an International Biotechnology Patent Office Chetan Gulati- The last several centuries have seen a transformation in the ways in which wealth is generated. As society has transformed itself in the post- industrial era, "knowledge" and "information," as opposed to land and physical property, have increasingly become the primary sources of wealth generation.1 For example, historically, it was ownership of the forest that was the principal channel for the derivation of riches. Today it is the possession of the patent in the pharmaceutical product derived from the leaves of the trees of the very same forest that is the fountain from which the greatest wealth springs. It is not surprising, therefore, that the strategy of wealth maximization has shifted from the desire to accumulate physical property to one in which the domination2 of intellectual property rights ("IPRs") has become preeminent. As already alluded to, the products derived from plant genetic resources ("PGRs")3 are major sources of wealth generation for developed t J.D., Yale Law School, expected 2002. I am grateful to Professor Gideon Parchomovsky for his guidance and valuable commentary. I should also thank my colleagues at the Yale Law School, especially Saema Somalya, Jean Tom and the other editors of the Yale Human Rights and Development Law Journal, without whose constant challenge to my ideas, this project would never have come to fruition. -
An Introduction to the Digital Commons: from Common-Pool Resources to Community Governance Melanie Dulong De Rosnay, Hervé Le Crosnier
An Introduction to the Digital Commons: From Common-Pool Resources to Community Governance Melanie Dulong de Rosnay, Hervé Le Crosnier To cite this version: Melanie Dulong de Rosnay, Hervé Le Crosnier. An Introduction to the Digital Commons: From Common-Pool Resources to Community Governance. Building Institutions for Sustain- able Scientific, Cultural and genetic Resources Commons, Sep 2012, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. http://biogov.uclouvain.be/iasc/index.php?page=fullpapers. halshs-00736920 HAL Id: halshs-00736920 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00736920 Submitted on 30 Sep 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. An Introduction to the Digital Commons: From Common-Pool Resources to Community Governance Mélanie Dulong de Rosnay, Institute for Communication Sciences of CNRS, Paris Hervé Le Crosnier, University of Caen and Institute for Communication Sciences of CNRS, Paris Abstract This article proposes an introductory analysis of digital resources and commons-based peer production online communities with the framework of the common pool-resources. Trying to go beyond the classic economy dichotomy between physical resources scarcity and informational resources reproducibility, the approach allows to focus not only on the nature of the resources, but mostly on the governance by the communities to produce resources which remain available for all to share and build upon, while avoiding risks of pollution, degradation, underuse or enclosure by the market. -
Sustainability and Common-Pool Resources: Alternatives to Tragedy
PHIL & TECH 3:4 Summer 1998 Carpenter, Common-Pool Resources/36 SUSTAINABILITY AND COMMON-POOL RESOURCES: ALTERNATIVES TO TRAGEDY Stanley R. Carpenter, Institute of Technology ABSTRACT The paradox that individually rational actions collectively can lead to irrational outcomes is exemplified in human appropriation of a class of goods known as "common-pool resources" ("CPR"): natural or humanly created resource systems which are large enough to make it costly to exclude potential beneficiaries. Appropriations of common-pool resources for private use tend toward abusive practices that lead to the loss of the resource in question: the tragedy of the commons. Prescriptions for escape from tragedy have involved two institutions, each applied largely in isolation from the other: private markets (the "hidden hand") and government coercion (Leviathan). Yet examples exist of local institutions that have utilized mixtures of public and private practices and have survived for hundreds of years. Two problems further exacerbate efforts to avoid the tragic nature of common- pool resource use. One, given the current level of knowledge, the role of the resource is not recognized for what it is. It is, thus, in a fundamental, epistemological sense invisible. Two, if the resource is recognized, it may not be considered scarce, thus placing it outside the scrutiny of economic theory. Both types of error are addressed by the emerging field of ecological economics. This paper discusses common pool resources, locates the ambiguities that make their identification difficult, and argues that avoidance of a CPR loss is inadequately addressed by sharply separated market and state institutions. When the resource is recognized for what it is, a common-pool good, which is subject to overexploitation, it may be possible to identify creative combinations of public and private institutions that can combine to save that resource. -
Commons Common Pool Resource
Commons From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Commons refers to the cultural and natural resources accessible to all members of a society, including natural materials such as air, water, and a habitable earth. These resources are held in common, not owned privately. The resources held in common can include everything from natural resources and common land to software. The commons contains public property and private property, over which people have certain traditional rights. When commonly held property is transformed into private property this process alternatively is termed "enclosure" or more commonly, "privatization." Common Pool Resource ‐ CPR DEFINITION A resource that benefits a group of people, but which provides diminished benefits to everyone if each individual pursues his or her own self interest. The value of a common‐pool resource can be reduced through overuse [or abuse] because the supply of the resource is not unlimited, and using more than can be replenished can result in scarcity. Overuse of a common pool resource can lead to the tragedy of the commons problem. From: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/common‐pool‐resource.asp From Ostrom, “Revisiting the Commons” We use the term common‐pool resources (CPRs) to refer to resource systems regardless of the property rights involved. CPRs include natural and human‐ constructed resources in which (i) exclusion of beneficiaries through physical and institutional means is especially costly, and (ii) exploitation by one user reduces resource availability for others. These two characteristics‐difficulty of exclusion and subtractability‐create potential CPR dilemmas in which people following their own short‐term interests produce outcomes that are not in anyone’s long‐term interest. -
Past and Present Conditions of the Tri-State Mining District
BearWorks MSU Graduate Theses Summer 2020 The Legacy of Mining in Southwest Missouri: Past and Present Conditions of the Tri-State Mining District Anastasia M C McClanahan Missouri State University, [email protected] As with any intellectual project, the content and views expressed in this thesis may be considered objectionable by some readers. However, this student-scholar’s work has been judged to have academic value by the student’s thesis committee members trained in the discipline. The content and views expressed in this thesis are those of the student-scholar and are not endorsed by Missouri State University, its Graduate College, or its employees. Follow this and additional works at: https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses Part of the Environmental Chemistry Commons, Environmental Health and Protection Commons, Environmental Monitoring Commons, Environmental Public Health Commons, Geochemistry Commons, Geology Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Other Earth Sciences Commons, Other Environmental Sciences Commons, Soil Science Commons, Sustainability Commons, and the Water Resource Management Commons Recommended Citation McClanahan, Anastasia M C, "The Legacy of Mining in Southwest Missouri: Past and Present Conditions of the Tri-State Mining District" (2020). MSU Graduate Theses. 3556. https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses/3556 This article or document was made available through BearWorks, the institutional repository of Missouri State University. The work contained in it may be protected by -
The Contribution That the Concept of Global Public Goods Can Make to the Conservation of Marine Resources Sandrine Maljean-Dubois, Carina Costa De Oliveira
The contribution that the concept of global public goods can make to the conservation of marine resources Sandrine Maljean-Dubois, Carina Costa de Oliveira To cite this version: Sandrine Maljean-Dubois, Carina Costa de Oliveira. The contribution that the concept of global public goods can make to the conservation of marine resources. Ed Couzens, Alexander Paterson, Sophie Riley, Yanti Fristikawati,. Protecting Forest and Marine Biodiversity: The Role of Law, Edward Elgar Publishing, pp.290-314, 2017, The IUCN Academy of Environmental Law Series, 978-1-78643-948-2. halshs-01675496 HAL Id: halshs-01675496 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01675496 Submitted on 19 Apr 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Global public goods and the conservation of marine resources 12. The contribution that the concept of global public goods can make to the conservation of marine resources Carina Costa de Oliveira and Sandrine Maljean-Dubois* 1. INTRODUCTION Vague and imprecise concepts hinder progress towards defining and implementing international obligations for the conservation of the marine environment. While concepts such as global public good, common herit- age of humankind and global commons are frequently used to discuss the governance of marine resources, particularly in areas beyond national jurisdiction, they are too often disconnected from any norms that might effectively link them to implementation and enforcement. -
An Introduction to Ostrom's Eight Principles for Sustainable
An Introduction to Ostrom’s Eight Principles for Sustainable Governance of Common-Pool Resources as a Possible Framework for Sustainable Governance of Space T. Chow, Secure World Foundation, [email protected] B. Weeden, Secure World Foundation, [email protected] Abstract This paper outlines the “tragedy of the commons,” reviews Nobel Prize Winner1 Elinor Ostrom’s principles for sustainable governance of common-pool resources (CPR), and relates both to outer space. Ostrom’s principles were distilled from decades of studies on dozens of CPR situations. They capture the best practices of CPRs that have been used sustainably for decades or even centuries, thus avoiding the famous “tragedy of the commons” without relying on privatization or a “Leviathan” authority. When viewed in the context of space sustainability and governance, these principles highlight some long- standing challenges and emerging issues. Over the past few years, achieving the long-term sustainability of space activities has become a central goal for many, both at the national and international level. However, while more policymakers and stakeholders are recognizing the importance of space sustainability, none have spelled out an effective governance strategy, and accompanying policies, for accomplishing it. This paper concludes that Ostrom’s principles can potentially inform those ongoing policy initiatives and highlight specific areas on which to focus initial space sustainability efforts. Introduction Over the last few years, the goal of space sustainability has become increasingly important within the field of space policy. Although many have long recognized the importance of outer space for national and international security and global business, there is a growing realization that the ability to use space for its benefits on Earth is not guaranteed forever. -
Who's Managing the Commons?
Securing the commons No.1 Who’s Managing the Commons? Inclusive management for a sustainable future. by Ced Hesse and Pippa Trench May 2000 Design: Eileen Higgins & Andy Smith. Cover illustration © Christine Bass Printers: Russell Press, Nottingham, UK. Printed on Highland Velvet Pro, 100% chlorine free ISSN - 1605 - 2293 Contents Preface ..........................................................................................................2 Introduction ..................................................................................................5 1.1 The challenge ............................................................................................7 Managing change and recognising diversity ............................................9 2.1 An unpredictable resource base ................................................................9 2.2 Multiple users, multiple rights ................................................................10 Constraints to shared management of common property resources ..13 3.1 The policy environment ..........................................................................13 3.2 Improving development approaches to decentralised NRM ....................19 3.3 Promoting good governance ..................................................................23 Conclusion....................................................................................................27 Appendix 1: The programme ....................................................................31 Appendix 2: Useful publications................................................................33