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Relationships Among Biodiversity Dimensions of Birds in Nebraska Nadejda Mirochnitchenko University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected]

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Relationships Among Biodiversity Dimensions of Birds in Nebraska Nadejda Mirochnitchenko University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Nmiroch@Huskers.Unl.Edu University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations & Theses in Natural Resources Natural Resources, School of Fall 12-2018 Relationships Among Biodiversity Dimensions of Birds in Nebraska Nadejda Mirochnitchenko University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natresdiss Part of the Biodiversity Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons, Ornithology Commons, and the Poultry or Avian Science Commons Mirochnitchenko, Nadejda, "Relationships Among Biodiversity Dimensions of Birds in Nebraska" (2018). Dissertations & Theses in Natural Resources. 275. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natresdiss/275 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Natural Resources, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations & Theses in Natural Resources by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG BIODIVERSITY DIMENSIONS OF BIRDS IN NEBRASKA by Nadejda Anatolievna Mirochnitchenko A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Major: Natural Resource Sciences Under the Supervision of Professors Erica F. Stuber and Joseph J. Fontaine Lincoln, Nebraska December 2018 RELATIONSHIPS AMONG BIODIVERSITY DIMENSIONS OF BIRDS IN NEBRASKA Nadejda Anatolievna Mirochnitchenko, M.S. University of Nebraska, 2018 Advisors: Erica F. Stuber and Joseph J. Fontaine Biological diversity, or biodiversity, is a multi-dimensional concept that can be decomposed to measure information about taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional variation within communities. Although the dimensions of biodiversity are interrelated, the assumption that measuring one dimension of diversity can inform about patterns in another dimension does not necessarily follow from theory or empirical study. The relationships among biodiversity dimensions is not well understood, nor how differences among dimensions could influence conservation decision making. Using the avian community as a study system, we explored the relationships of breadth metrics from the taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional dimensions among each other and across six gradients of land cover in Nebraska, USA. We found that all three metrics had a high between-sites correlation, yet the within-site correlation was weaker and even slightly negative, which suggests that these metrics could be used as adequate surrogates for one another broadly, yet they would generally be poor predictors locally. We also found substantial differences in spatial scale selection among the diversity metrics, which suggests that these metrics are being influences by different ecological and evolutionary processes. Within each metric’s selected spatial scale, land cover relationships were generally similar, yet projected differences in the relationships across land cover resulted in spatial mismatches, often of substantial magnitude. Differences among diversity metrics may help identify drivers of biodiversity patterns and predict community assembly. Furthermore, the taxonomic metric showed relative insensitivity compared to the phylogenetic and functional metric, suggesting managing for high taxonomic diversity offers a simple and strategic conservation opportunity to preserve phylogenetic and functional diversity as well. Once conservation areas are selected, holistic or intensively managed conservation approaches are recommended. i DEDICATION To the circus, for always lifting my spirits and teaching that nothing is impossible. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project would not have been possible without the mentorship, patience, and support of more people than I can thank here. Foremost, thank you Dr. Joseph Fontaine for taking a chance on an undergraduate’s ‘application’ to your Spatial Ecologist post-doc position and for always challenging me to improve. Enormous thank you to Dr. Erica Stuber for always having time for me and your constant patience and guidance through every step of my thesis, especially through the seemingly impossible statistical hurdles. To Dr. Sabrina Russo, who provided guidance through the immense topic of biodiversity. To the students and staff of the Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit who graciously offered an ear to off which to bounce ideas, emotional support, and guidance through code, programs, and writing. Thank you especially to Baxter Seguin for your unwavering support, even into the morning hours, and reminding me to laugh and take breaks. Thank you, gracias, y obrigada Lucía Corral for your kindness, guidance, and collaboration while we were the odd balls in the lab. Extra thank you to the cooperative unit administrative staff, Caryl Cashmere, Wilma Gerena, for organizing and enabling all the wild activities required to for this and other research to happen. Thank you to the School of Natural Resources at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln for financial support for my education and to all the personal that guided me through administrative and academic mazes. Data used in this study were acquired by the Fontaine lab in the Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. Thank you Erica Stuber, Chris Jorgensen, and field technicians for collecting the data used for this project. Funds provided by Nebraska Game and Parks Commission through Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration iii Projects (W-98-R). Cooperating partners include the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Finally, thank you to all my friends and family around the world, who listened and encouraged me on my pursuit to follow my dreams. I am incredibly lucky to be surrounded by a wonderful support system that I can always count on. Special thanks to my new Lincoln friends, who made me feel welcome, taught me new cultures and languages, and encouraged me to push passed what I considered possible, like joining the circus. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION.................................................................................................................... I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. II TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. III LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES ................................................................................ V CHAPTER 1. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG PHYLOGENETIC, FUNCTIONAL, AND TAXONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF BIODIVERSITY IN NEBRASKAN BIRDS ............ 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1 METHODS ........................................................................................................................ 3 STUDY SYSTEM .................................................................................................................... 3 AVIAN POINT COUNTS .......................................................................................................... 4 SPECIES OCCUPANCY MODELING .......................................................................................... 5 TAXONOMIC DIMENSION ...................................................................................................... 9 PHYLOGENETIC DIMENSION ................................................................................................. 9 FUNCTIONAL DIMENSION ................................................................................................... 10 MOST PROBABLE BIODIVERSITY MEASURES ....................................................................... 11 BIODIVERSITY-LAND COVER RELATIONSHIP MODELING ..................................................... 12 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................ 15 OCCUPANCY MODELING OF NEBRASKA BIRDS ................................................................... 16 MULTIVARIATE MODELING OF BIODIVERSITY DIMENSIONS ................................................ 16 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................. 20 CORRELATION AND SURROGACY ....................................................................................... 21 SCALE SELECTION .............................................................................................................. 23 iv LAND COVER RELATIONSHIPS ............................................................................................ 26 BIODIVERSITY DISTRIBUTION MAPS ................................................................................... 31 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................... 33 FIGURES ......................................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER 2. REFLECTING ON CONSERVATION DECISION MAKING ABOUT DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS OF BIODIVERISTY ........................................................ 56 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................
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