Adenomas De La Glándula Hipofisaria: Correlaciones Clínico-Patológicas E Inmunohistoquímicas En Un Centro De Referencia De Portugal

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Adenomas De La Glándula Hipofisaria: Correlaciones Clínico-Patológicas E Inmunohistoquímicas En Un Centro De Referencia De Portugal ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en TESIS DOCTORAL Adenomas de la glándula hipofisaria: Correlaciones clínico-patológicas e inmunohistoquímicas en un centro de referencia de Portugal Francisco José Tortosa Vallecillos Director/Tutor de tesis: Susan Webb Youdale Programa de Doctorado en Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Facultad de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 2018 TESIS DOCTORAL Adenomas de la glándula hipofisaria: Correlaciones clínico-patológicas e inmunohistoquímicas en un centro de referencia de Portugal Francisco José Tortosa Vallecillos Director/Tutor de tesis: Susan Webb Youdale Programa de Doctorado en Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Facultad de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 2018 Dña. Susan Webb Youdale, como Directora de Tesis Doctoral CERTIFICA: Que el presente trabajo titulado “ADENOMAS DE LA GLÁNDULA HIPOFISARIA: CORRELACIONES CLÍNICO-PATOLÓGICAS E INMUNOHISTOQUÍMICAS EN UN CENTRO DE REFERENCIA DE PORTUGAL”, realizado por D. Francisco José Tortosa Vallecillos, ha sido llevado a cabo bajo mi dirección y supervisión, y reúne las condiciones de calidad y rigor científico para su presentación pública como Tesis Doctoral en la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Lo firmo para los oportunos efectos en Barcelona a Dos de Julio de Dos Mil Dieciocho. Fdo. Dra. Dña. Susan Webb Youdale Directora Tesis Doctoral Programa de Doctorado en Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Facultad de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Tel. 93 428 56 21 - Fax 93 428 32 64 [email protected] [email protected] A ti, que me has cuidado siempre desde el cielo, desde hace ahora, demasiado tiempo… Y yo… cada vez más lejos del mundo, cada vez más cerca de ti… iv AGRADECIMIENTOS Mi más sincero agradecimiento a mi directora/tutora, la Dra. Susan Webb Youdale. Mi reconocimiento por la oportunidad de realizar este trabajo, por su orientación, total apoyo y disponibilidad, por el saber que me transmitió y por todas las palabras de incentivo que condujeron a la finalización de este proyecto de investigación académica. Pero también por haber creído en mí, por el testimonio de rigor científico que siempre imprimió y del que tanto deseamos aproximarnos. Una palabra de agradecimiento a todos los que generosamente ofrecieron su tiempo y paciencia para colaborar en la realización de este propósito y que me ayudaron a materializarlo. Difícil expresar con palabras la admiración, el respeto y la amistad que les dedico. Por último, a mi familia, porque su existencia y el orgullo que siempre demostraron minoraron todas las dificultades sentidas y multiplicaron la sensación de gratitud derivada de los objetivos alcanzados con éxito. v vi ABREVIATURAS Y ACRÓNIMOS ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone ADH antidiuretic hormone ADN ácido desoxirribonucleico AH adenoma hipofisario ACV accidente cerebrovascular α-ER estrogen receptor subunit alpha α-SU alpha-subunit β-FSH follicle-stimulating hormone subunit beta β-LH luteinizing hormone subunit beta β-TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone subunit beta CFE células folículo-estrelladas CGA campos de gran aumento CHLN Centro Hospitalario Lisboa Norte CRH corticotrophin-releasing hormone DE desviación estándar DG densely granulated DM diabetes mellitus FGFR4 fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 FIPA familial isolated pituitary adenoma GATA2 GATA binding protein 2 GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein GH growth hormone GHRH growth hormone-releasing hormone GNAS guanine nucleotide-binding protein stimulatory alpha subunit GnRH gonadotropin-releasing hormone H&E hematoxilina-eosina HTA hipertensión arterial ICD-O International Classification of Diseases for Oncology IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor-1 IHC immunohistochemistry IMS inestabilidad de microsatélites vii LMWCK low-molecular-weight cytokeratin MEN1 multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 MEN4 multiple endocrine neoplasia type 4 MMP-9 metaloproteasa-9 MMR mismatch repair MSH6 mutS homolog 6 NA no atribuible NET neuroendocrine tumor OMS organización mundial de la salud PAS periodic acid-Shiff PHH3 phosphohistone H3 PIT1 pituitary-specific POU-class homeodomain transcription factor 1 PitNET pituitary neuroendocrine tumor PRL prolactina PRH prolactin-releasing hormone PTTG pituitary tumor transforming gene RM resonancia magnética S-100 proteína S-100 SDH succinate dehydrogenase SF1 steroidogenic factor 1 SG sparsely granulated SNC sistema nervioso central TPIT T-box family member TBX19 TC tomografía computarizada TEH tumor endocrino hipofisario TRH thyrotropin-releasing hormone TTF1 thyroid transcription factor 1 VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor USP8 ubiquitin-specific protease 8 XLAG X-linked acrogigantism viii SUMARIO PÁGINA Agradecimientos ..................................................................................................... v Abreviaturas y acrónimos .................................................................................... vii Abstract / Resumen ............................................................................................... xiii 1. Introducción ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1. La glándula hipofisaria normal ................................................................... 3 1.1.1. Desarrollo embriológico y anatomía ................................................. 3 1.1.2. Función ............................................................................................. 5 1.2. Evaluación patológica inicial de una lesión hipofisaria ............................... 6 1.3. Características generales de los adenomas hipofisarios ......................... 10 1.3.1. Epidemiología ................................................................................. 10 1.3.2. Sistemas de clasificación ................................................................ 11 1.3.3. Adenomas “atípicos” (OMS, 2004) ................................................. 15 1.3.4. Principios de la nueva clasificación (OMS, 2017) ........................... 18 1.3.5. Aspectos destacados de algunos tipos específicos de adenomas hipofisarios ............................................................................................... 19 1.3.6. Graduación histológica ................................................................... 20 1.3.7. Comentarios sobre el diagnóstico molecular y la predisposición genética .................................................................................................... 22 1.4. Carcinomas hipofisarios ........................................................................... 23 1.5. Tumores hipofisarios no neuroendocrinos ............................................... 24 1.6. Células folículo-estrelladas y tumores hipofisarios .................................. 25 1.7. Actividad de la telomerasa, p53, bcl-2 y MSH6 en adenomas hipofisarios como marcadores predictivos de probable comportamiento agresivo ...... 26 2. Hipótesis ............................................................................................................ 29 ix 3. Objetivos ............................................................................................................ 35 3.1. Objetivo principal ..................................................................................... 37 3.2. Objetivos secundarios .............................................................................. 37 4. Material y métodos ............................................................................................ 39 4.1. Material .................................................................................................... 41 4.1.1. Estudio sobre material de autopsia................................................. 41 4.1.2. Estudio sobre material quirúrgico ................................................... 42 4.1.3. Estudio inmunohistoquímico con proteína S-100, telomerasa, p53, bcl-2 y MSH6 .................................................................................... 47 4.1.4. Grupo control .................................................................................. 47 4.1.5. Criterios de inclusión ...................................................................... 48 4.1.6. Criterios de exclusión ..................................................................... 48 4.2. Métodos ................................................................................................... 48 4.2.1. Diseño ............................................................................................ 48 4.2.2. Estudio histopatológico: histoquímica e inmunohistoquímica ......... 49 4.2.3. Análisis estadístico ......................................................................... 52 5. Resultados ......................................................................................................... 53 5.1. Estudio sobre material de autopsia .......................................................... 55 5.1.1. Patrones
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