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Ealdorman Byrhtnoth and the Brayfield Charter of 967. Arnold

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EALDORMANBYRHTNOTHANDTHEBRAYAELD CHARTER OF 967 ARNOLD H. J. BAINES Cold Brayfield and Brafield on the Green both have claims to be the Bragenfeld granted by King Edgar in 967 toByrhtnoth, ealdorman ofEssex, who was to be the hero ofthe battle ofMaldon. The derivation ofthis difficult name is discussed; it is considered to relate to a tract of/and clearedfrom Yardley forest and including the sites of both villages. Reasons are suggested for the grant, and for the absence ofa hidage assessment and ofa boundary survey. The charter, preserved in an Abingdon cartulary, is placed in its historical context, and shown to be based on a landbook of 964 granting land at Coakley (Wares) to Byrhtnoth, with significant textual differences, probably made at his instance. The dating ofdiplomas by the year of grace and the indictional year is discussed. In 967 King Edgar, with the consent of the Witan, decision when dying on the field of Maldon (11 granted to his ealdorman Byrhtnoth an estate in the August 991) and also gave Ramsey one hide at locality called Bragenfeld. The original membrane Denton. The contemporary poem on the battle 12 has not survived, but the charter was copied into a leaves no time for Byrhtnoth to make a nuncupative thirteenth-century cartulary of Abingdon Abbey. 1 will between his death-wound and his memorable The transcript has no boundary survey and lacks a last words; however, the Ramsey account may reflect numeral which would have stated the assessment in not what he then said but what his widow did to fulfil hides, so that the suggestion that the grant relates to his known or presumed intentions. In the same dec• Cold Brayfield, made by D. and S. Lysons2 and ade, another widow, LElfhild, confirmed to Ramsey accepted by Mawer and Stenton3 and by Sawyer,4 is land said to have been left to the Abbey viva voce by open to challenge. Brafield on the Green in North• her late husband LElfwold. 13 amptonshire was proposed as an alternative by EkwalJS and by MargaretGelling,6 and this identifi• We can agree that prima facie there is a good case cation has been strongly defended by C. R. Hart.7 for the uplandish Northants Brafield as well as for the Hart pointed to a connection, evidenced by Domes• Bucks riverside village. They have always shared the day Book,8 between tenements in Brafield and the same name14 and Bragenjeld could well have been a adjoining manors of Whiston and Denton, where district originally including both, which in 967 was Ramsey Abbey had a holding of 3 hides, described in largely cleared (perhaps after earlier depopulation) its alleged foundation charter of 9749 as a gift from but not yet fully settled or re-settled. The present Byrhtnoth. There is no other evidence for such a gift, series of papers on the Anglo-Saxon land charters of and this charter has long since been exposed as a Buckinghamshire has suggested that when the king, post-Conquest forgery, 10 but it may incorporate a with the consent of his council, released royal rights genuine list of benefactors. The Ramsey Chronicle 11 to a subject, his object in some cases may have gone asserts that Byrhtnoth, assembling his forces to fight beyond securing support, or rewarding faithful serv• the Danes, could not secure hospitality and provi• ice. He may have wished to promote the settlement, sions at Ramsey and thereupon transferred his gift at or the closer and more orderly settlement, of land on Whiston to Ely Abbey, but that he repented of his or near the internal frontier, which often 'lay not in 30 the wide open spaces but in the heart of long-settled +Ego Aelfelm minister [Midland] shires among the forests'. 15 Translation of the Charter The Text of the Charter The following translation is offered: The charter is wholly in Latin. It has been printed +In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. In the year by Kemble, 16 Stevenson, 17 Birch 18 and Pierquin, 19 and 967 from the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ, the presents no textual difficulty. tenth indiction, I Edgar, by the divine grace and pleasure king and superintendent of the English, very + In nomine domini nostri Ihesu Christi. Anno ab gladly grant a small part of the countryside (or of a incamatione domini nostri Ihesu Christi rural estate), rated by (its) neighbours at (] hides, in .DCCCCLXVII . indictione .x. ego Eadgar divina the locality which is called Bragenfeld, to my comes allubescente gratia rex et primicerius Anglorum Byrhtnoth, free (from dues and services) except for aliquantulam ruris partem ab accolis aestimatam (the construction and maintenance of) strongholds, mansiunculis in loco qui dicitur aet Bragenfelda meo (the maintenance of) bridges and the military levy, in comito Beorhtnotho liberam praeter arcem, pontem perpetual right, in order that he may have and hold it expeditionemque, in perpetuum ius libenter for the days of his life, and afterwards leave it to admodum concedo, quatinus diebus vitae suae whatever heir he wishes. But if anyone, contrary to possideat, et post se cuicumque voluerit haeredi our wish, should attempt to annul this charter of our derelinquat. Quod si quisque, quod non optamus, gift, let him recognise that he must render an account huiusce donationis cartulam adnichilare temptaverit, before Christ. And there came forward the fellow• coram Christo se rationem redditurum agnoscat. Et stipulators of this gift, whose names may be seen huius doni constipulatores extiterunt quorum inferius written below. nomina caraxari videntur. +I Edgar, king of the English, have bestowed this +Ego Eadgar rex Anglorum hoc donum largitus gift sum +I Dunstan, archbishop (of Canterbury) have con• +Ego Dunstan archiepiscopus consensi et sented and subscribed subscripsi +I Oscytel, archbishop (of York) have consented +Ego Oscytel archiepiscopus consensi et and subscribed subscripsi Bishops: .tElfwold (Crediton), .tEthelwold (Win• +Ego Aelfuuold episcopus consensi et subscripsi chester), .tElfstan (London) have consented and sub• +Ego Aetheluuold episcopus consensi et scribed. Winsige (Lichfield), Oswald (Worcester), subscripsi Oswulf (Ramsbury), Eadhelm (Selsey) have con• +Ego Alfstan episcopus consensi et subscripsi sented. +Ego Uuinsige epis~qpus consensi Ealdormen: .tElfhere, .tEthelstan, .tElfheah, +Ego Osuuofd episcopus conS€1ls! Ordgar, Byrhtnoth, .tEthelwine +Ego Osulf episcopus consensi Thegns: Byrhtferth, .tEthelweard, tElfwine, +Ego Eadelm episcopus consensi Ordwald, .tEthelsige, tElfwold, Wulfstan, .tElfhelm +Ego Alfere dux +Ego Aethelstan dux The Coakley Charter of964: a Source of the +Ego Alfeh dux Bragenfeld Charter +Ego Ordgar dux +Ego Byrhtnoth dux Professor Dorothy Whitelock has pointed out that +Ego Atheluuine dux there are similarities in the phrasing of the present +Ego Byrhtferth minister charter (S750) with S726, described by Sawyer as a +Ego Atheluueard minister lost original by Edgar to the same donee. This is a +Ego Aelfuuine minister grant of land at Cookley in Wolverley, Worcester• +Ego Orduuald minister shire, which was in the cathedral archives at Worces• +Ego Athelsige minister ter in 1703, when it was printed by G. Hickes,20 who +Ego Aelfuuold minister regarded it as an apograph (an exact transcript of the +Ego Uulfstan minister original). Sir Frank Stenton21 thought that the 'lost 31 original' was an eleventh-century copy. There is no to whatever heir he wishes, in perpetual right. But if reason to doubt its authenticity, nor the exactitude of anyone, contrary to our wish, should attempt to in• Hickes' transcription. His main interest was in its fringe this charter even in the slightest, let him suffer intermixed Saxon and Gallic letters, with two forms perpetually in torment unless he has first worthily of the longs in addition to the rotund s. To show the repented and made amends for this. And the afore• extent of correspondence between the two texts, the said little portion of land is seen to be bounded on all words common to both are italicised below. Abbre• sides by these limits [Bounds in English follow] viations have been extended. These witnesses of the aforesaid little gift ap• + Anno ab incarnatione domini nostri lhesu peared whose names with their offices may be seen Christi DCCCCLXIIII. ego eadgar divina written below. allubescente gratia rex et primicherius albionis ruris +I Edgar, king, have bestowed this gift quandam particulam binis ab accolis estimatam + I Dunstan, archbishop (of Canterbury) have mansiunculis beorhtnope comiti mihique prae consented and subscribed quibusdam ceteris dilecto liberam preter arcem +I Oscytel, archbishop (of York) have consented pontem expeditionemque pro sua largiflua meritorum and subscribed Inpensione in loco qui vulgari famine dicitur culnan Bishops: lElfstan (London), Wynsige (Lichfield), clif ut temporibus vitae suae felicissime utatur. lEthelwold (Winchester), Oswald (Worcester), hisque transactis in perpetuum ius heredi cuicumque lElfwold (Sherborne), lElfwald (Crediton), Eadhelm placuerit derelinquat libenter admodum largitus (Selsey), Beorhthelm (Wells), Oswulf (Sonning sum. Quod siquisque quod non optamus huiuscae (Ramsbury)),22 lElfstan (Rochester), Athulf donationis scedulam vel in minimo infringere (Elmham)23 temptaverit hoc ni digno prius dempserit penitemine Ealdormen: lElfhere, lEthelstan, lElfheah, se sentiat perenniter passurum in cruciamine. Et his Beorhtnoth, lEthe! wine limitibus praefatae telluris particula quaqua versum Thegns: Byrhtferth, lElfwine, Ordwald, circumgirari videtur [There follow detailed bounds lEthelsige, lElfwald, Wulfstan in English] Hi testes
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