Section II CONSTITUTIONS AND ELECTIONS
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STATE CONSTITUTIONS AND CONSTITUTIONAL REYISION--JULY, 19.51-JUNE, 1953* r I fHE LONG ERA in which most state rather than on the first day of the biennial I ; constitutions. have remained little session of the General Assembly in Janu -^ changed continues. Orie-Xourth, of ary. This was necessary in order to avoid the exfeting constitutions were framed prior a repetition of time-consuming contests —in some cases long prior—to 1870. One- over certification in a divided legislature. half were framed betweenil 870 and 1900. These questions were-submitted to the " .One-fourth have emerged since 1^0 and electorate at^a special election held Jifce only four of these in the last fifteen years. 22, 1953, at which there was a very light The. avejrage .age of the forty-eight consti votie—only about 3 pen^cent or approxi tutions in 1953 came to seventy-eight and mately 35,000 of the state's 1,185,000 vot one-half years. ers. Both proposals received the over- Constitutional amendments were adopt whielming endorsement of those who voted.^ ed in more than half oT the states during the period from mid-1951 to mid-1953. FLORIDA Many of these were .limited in-scope. The 1951 Florida legislature proposed Summaries for several states in which ac eleven aniendments. Of these, only one tion was extensive appear below. was approved by the voters^at the Novem ber election of that year—a proposal to. . CONNECTICUT . enable counties to use funds they would The Connecticut Commission on State , receive from the state over a period of-- Government Organization in 1950 recom years for immediate construction in capital mended a thorough revision of the state's improvement programs. In the 1953 ses-. constitution. The legislature in its 1951 sion, an amendment to increase the com session rejected the proposal for a general pensation of members of the legislature and. revision in favor of a constitutional codifi authorizing thirty additional session days cation, of the forty-seven amendments was approved for submission to the voters, adopted since, the last similar action in as were others dealing with local and some 1818.^This proposal, in keeping with the othei: matters.- In keeping with an ea.rlier requirements, of the amending process, plan to proceed with revision on an article- was approved a second time, uiianimous- by-article basis, the legislature ^authorized . ly, in the- lt)53 session. In 1951 and 1953 appointment of a study group to^ examine the legislature also approved a forty-eighth the state judicial systeni and bo make . amendment to the constitution, providing recommendations 'for its improWment. for the certification of the election ofstate officers on December 15 after an election, ^jYew York Times, June 23, 1953, and Hartford Courant, June 23 and editisrial, June 24, 1953. *Prepared by W. BROOKE GRAVES, Chief, Gov ^Based in part on information. furnished by ernment Division, Legislative Reference Service, Wilson K. Doyle, Dean of the School of Public Library^of Congress. Administration, Florida'State University. 65 0 66 THE BOOK OF THE STATES These probably will include one or more As a result of action taken at the 1953 ses- • proposed constitutional amendmciTts. siori, two more proposals will appear on the ballot at the 1954 general election: (1) ILLINOIS to increase the term of office of the State The Illinois Constitution of 1870 Has Treasurer frqm two to four years; (2).to* been amended only nine times since 1870, inake possible a legislative apportionment. only three times since 1890. A constitution Another, providing for judicial reform, drafted by the. 1919* convention was re passed one house but failed in the othcr.f jected by the yoters. A proposal to hold a convention, submitted to the voters in OHIO ' 1934, was rejected. .After five unsuccessful The Ohio Constitution of 1912 provides attempts between 1892 and 1946 to alter for a periodic vote (every twenty years) on the amending procedures prescribed in the question of calling a constitutional con the original document, a bipartisan com vention. The provision is mandatory, and € mission, was. set up in 1949. The efforts of prior action by the General Assembly is not t|his commission in support\of still another required. In anticipation of a referendum, so-called Gateway Amendment, which was the Ohio Program Commission late in adopted at the 1950 general election, re 1949 established a cornmittcc to study the sulted iii the first constitutional change in advisability of a constitutional convention: forty-two years. Previously only one Several statevyide organizations took ah ac amendment could be ofTered at an elec^ tive interest,, meetings were held through tion, and for adoption it had to receive out the state to acquaint the people with affirmative votes equal to a majority of all the issues, and afi active educational cam the votes cast. paign was carried on. The Gateway Amendment was the The referendum held in 1912 had re fifteenth to be submitted to the electorate sulted in an adverse vote; that held in 1932 since 1891 and the third to obtain suffici at the time of the general election produced ent votes to insure adoption. It provides a siniilar result.. "The electorate in 1952 that hereafter an amendment may be ap turned down the convention proposal bv proved (1) by the affirmative votes of a a vote of 1,960,209 to 1,018,020; if the majority of thdse voting in the election or nearly 700,000 pcrsotis—or 20 per cent of (2) if twice as many electors vote for the the state's voters—who" fail'ed to signify :amendment as vote against it. In addition their choices on-'the issue had voted for to reducing the voting. requirerTfents for the convention, the proposition;still would . proposals for constitutional change^ the have failed of adoption. "I • Gateway Amendment permits the sul> A post-election analysis by Forest Frank^ mission of changes to three articles of the attributed the defeat to "the effect of in constitution instead of one at any one elec adequate funds for education aind promo tion. Supporters of this measure were tion . . . aggravated by the demands of the striving to make possible changes in the national campaign which drowned out tax system, legislative reapportionment, the efforts, of enthusiastic volunteers to and greater representation of the Chicago secure a hearing. In the end, it is probable area in the Supreme Court." that (he issue was defeated as much by . . . As a result of the Gateway Amendment, lack of information as by the effectiveness -Illinois-voters "at'the general election of of the campaign of its .opponents." The 1952 had an opportunity to pass upon four major issues advanced may be summarized propositions: (1) permitting the classifica tion of property for purposes of taxation; "Current information supplied by Professor Neil (2) permitting the sheriff or county treas F. Garvey, University of Illinoi.s. ••"Ohio Turns Down Constitutional Reform," urer to succeed himself; (3) eliminating the National Municipal Review^ December. 1952, pp. limitations of 1870 on the salaries of 565-566; see also Glosser, Lauren A., Ohio's Con county officers; (4) removing the double stitution in the Making (Ohio Program i'Commission, liability of the stockholders of state banks, Colunibus, 1950) and Walker, Harvey, Ed,, and others, An Analysis and Appraisal of the Ohio State as had been done in forty-six other states. Constitution,.1851-1957 {Stephen H. Wilder Foun Only the last of these propositions carried.. dation, Cincinnati, 1951). 1 CONSTITUTIONS AND ELECTIONS'^ 67 as. follows: For revision: The need for a vention may he summarized briefly: (1) greater measure'of horrie rule for Ohio Future anieridmcnts would require • for cities, longer terms for state officers, a ratification a majority of votes cast in the shorter.ballot, provision for a new method gubernatorial election. This would ease of judicial selection similar to that now the present requirement for a vote equal employed in California, Missouri and New to or exceeding that of all votes cast for, Jersey, and a more equitable legislative members of the legislature—which no apportiofirnent. • Against revision: The cost amendment ever approached. In addi of a convention in a period of emphasis on tion, .the legislature would be given spe governmental economy, fQar that a con cific power to initiate the calling of future vention, would result in a trading of inter limited constitutional conventions. (2) ests and logrolling, and something which Increase of legislative compensation from one of the leading papers in the state de-. $4.00 to $10 per day and $5.00 expenses, scribed editorially as "unpredictable diver plus mileage, is proposed, with provision sions of good intentions.'S . whereby two consecutive legislatures may increase the pay of the\third. (3) The TENNESSEE Governor's term'would be increased from The Tennessee Constitution of 1870 re two years to four, without the possibility mains af this writing the only unamended of immediate succession, the election to be state constitution in the United States, held in the "ofTyear" when no/presidential Now a convention has subrhitted revision raGQWs involved. (4) The Goyernor's veto in several impprtant particulars to the elec powers would be broadened by authori- torate. Previously there had been thirteen / z^tion of item veto on appropriation bills. efforts at amendment, between 1887 and /The time allowed the Governor for acting 1950, all of which ended in failure. Fol-. /on bills would be. increased to ten days X lowing the defeat in a 1949 referendum on , ' after the close of the session. (5) The poll a proposal to call a limited convention for tax requirement for voting would be elim- the purpose of revising nine major provi .' inated. (A proposal for flowering the vot- sions of the constitution, the . Tennessee iri-g age Was not adopte^.) (6) City-coun Legislature in 1951 adopted an act calling ty consolidation would become possible. for a referendum at a sgeneral-election to A.strong home-rule provision authorizing be held on August. 7,. 1952, on the question municipalities to hold elections to deter of holding a limited constitutional con mine whether or not they desired home vention. This vote resulted in a substan rule was approved iby the convention. If tial majority for thc-.cpnvcntion,/1^96,376 this amendment is/adopted by the people, for,' 105^583 against. The second step con no local bills henceforth may be, passed by sisted in the election of delegates at the • the legislature affecting home-rule munici polls in November of the same year. palities, which/would adopt their own THe convolution met at the state capitol . ordinances on all local matters. Excep in.Nashville on April 21 and concluded tions rnight occur only if the proposed local;. .its work on July 14, 1953. Under the ' legislation.had the approval of two-thirds terms of the legislative act, its deliberations of the city or county governing body or the were' confined . to. the following six sub appro^ of the--pg6ple"at ^ referendum. jects: the constitution's amending clause, Charter changes, of course, would have to legislative compensation, the Governor's be submitted to a referendum.^ - . term of office, the Governor's veto power, right of suffrage, and home rule for coun H.AW.AII " ties aftd municipalities. , . Hawaii's legislature, believing that the Proposc^ls adopted by the convention re possibility of favorable action by Gongress lating to each of these subjects must, under (Concliided mpage74) -. j the terms of the act, be submitted to the ^Data supplied by Frank W. Prescott, Professor • voters for approval or rejection. This of Political Science, University of Chattarioog'a, referendum, for a more modern cbnstitu-' and a delegate to the Convention; see also Hatcher, Joe, "Tennessee Voters to Decide -Fate of Six tion, was to be held in November, 1953. Constitutional Changes," Atlanta Jflurnal-Consiitu- The six changes proposed by the con //on, June 14', 1953. ^ \- 68 THE BOOK OF THE STATES STATE CONSTITUTIONS AND CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS- Asof Augusi 1953 Esti Effective • mated Number Number Date of Length of Amendment Procedure A Present. (Number A mend- . r Conven- Consti •of ments Proposal Ratification Stale • lions(,a) tution • Words) Adopted by Legislature by Electorate ..••• 6 1901 '. 39.899 95 3/5 members elected Majority vote on amendment I 1912 15,642 ""' 34 • Majority merhbers each Majority vote on house • amendment 1874 21.500 • 42(c)\ Majority members each Majority .vote on liouse(d) amendment • California ., 1879 72.000 372(c) 2/3 members elected Majority vote on amendment Ckilorado. 1876 23.095 56(c) 2/3 members elected(e) Majority vote on aniendinent Connecticut. 1818 6.741 47 Majority of House Majority of voters Representatives; next in town meeting Assembly, 2/3 eacli"" house Delaware 5 1897(f) 13.409 20 2/3 members elected. 2 None successive sess. Florida 5 1887 ' 30.000 96 • 3/5 rnembers elected Majority vote on amendment Geoi-gja. 12 1945(g) 25.000 11(h) 2/3 members elected Majority vote on amendment Idl\ho...... ; . 1890 13.492 53 • 2/3 of all members Majority vote on amendment lUinols.. 1870 13.838 8 2/3 members elected(i) Majority voting at ne.\t election of members of General Assem bly or 2/3 vote on amendment Indiana. 2 1851 7,816 18 Majority members Majority vote on, elected, 2 successive amendment^) sess.(j) Iowa. 3 1857 7.997 19 Majority members Majority vote on W^ elected, 2 . successive amendment \ '.' sess. Kansas. 1861 8,052 40(c) 2/3 members elected(d) Majority vote on amendment (a) For dates of conventions and-action-taken at each, lee cates those instances in which this practice was/not followed, The Book of the Slates', 1^41-1942, pp. 48-55. and subsequent e.g., constitutions promulgated or adopted by the.state con volumes. Constitutional conventions for the purpose of pro- : vention. posjipg amendments were held in New Hampshire in 1930, (g) A single amendment adopted at election August 7, 1945, 193S',"'194I and 1948. In New Hampishire eight proposed amendr created the constitution of 194S. ments weredraftbd by the Limited Constitutional Convention (h) This figure does not include amendments of a local na meeting April-July, 19S3. They will be submitted to the people, ture, such amendments not becoming a part of the constitution on November 3,'1953, and a majority of those voting will be unlesa they receive both a majority of those voting in the state suflicient to ratify each of the eiglit proposals. A single amend as a whole and also a majority of those voting in the.particular ment to Virginia's constitution was effected by a convention on subdivision or Muhdivisions affected. Local amendments to the May 2,1945. constitution of 1877 were continued in effect though not incor Xb) In the states which make no provision for revision or porated in. the constitution of 1945. amendment by constitutional convention, it apiiears that such • (i) Amendments to no more than three articles may be sub conventions have been held permissible as an inherent right of mitted by same legislative session and the same article may not the people acting through elected representatives. be amended mori- oftyn than once in four years. (c) In some states where a single amendment iimends more (j) No new amendments may be submitted while an amend than one section of the constitution it may or n^a^not be couni-^ ment is awaiting its second legislative action or action of the ed as more than a single amendment. • /^ electors. The Supreme Court has ruled (In re Todd, 208 fnd. (d) No more than three amendments ma»^be submitted at a 168) that if more votes are cast for than against an aiitendment time. / submitted to the voters, it is ratified even though the total vote (e) Legislature may not propose amciipmcnts to more than cast in favor of the amendment is less than a m.ijority of the six articles at the same session. total number of votes cast at the election at which the amend (f) Although.it is the usual practice to submit revisions of ment was voted on. constitutions to the voters for their approval, this footnote indi ^^^ coNsnruTioNS AND-, ELECTIONS 69 STATE CONSTITUTIONS AND CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIQNS Asof Auj^ust, 195.3—Continued I Amendment Procedure Procedure for • by Initiative Calling a Convention{h) Popular '. A Ratification Site of Referendum Vote, in Referendum {Convention ^ •~1 Petition Vote Legislature Vote Proposals) Stale .; \'... rMajority members Majority voting No provision .Alabama , "elected '.at election 15% of total vot Majority vote on Majority vote Majority vote on Majority vote on ...... Arlzoba ers for Governor amendment question ' proposals at last election 10% of legal vot Majority vote on Arkansas , ers for Governor amendment at last election including 5% in each of 15 coun ties 8% of total voters Majority vote on 2/3' m embers Majority vote on Majority vote cast . California for Governor at amendment - elected question at special elec ^ Jaat general elec tion tion 8 % of legal voters Majority vote on. 2/3 members Majority yote on Majority vote at . .Colorado for Secretary of amendment"^ elected question election wliich State at last gen may be special eral election election . Connecticut 2/3 members Majority yote on No provision...... Delaware elected question 2/3 all members • Majority vote on No provision ...... Florida question 2/3 all members . No referendum Majority vote on Georgia proposalsin state as a whole . and majority r : . vote of local electors in sub- .',.•• division affected As legislature Majority voting at 2/3 members Majority of elec "Adopted.by peo- Idaho provided • general election elected tors voting in pie" next general election 2/3 each house Majority voting at Majority vote at Illlnoia next gen. elec •special election tion .Indiana Question manda Majority vbtingon No provision —. .Iowa tory eVery 10 the question years beginning 1870; le?. may provide for sub- " mission of ques tion 2/3 • m e m b e r s Majority voting at No provision . Kansas elected next gen. elec tion • -rav- (k) No more than two amendments may be submitted at a be proposed by a 94 vote of legislature and ratified by % vote • time; no amendment may be resubmitted witliin five years. of electorate, and % vote in each county. -0> ^'' Proposal must be introduced within first thirty days of (u) -In spite of theconstitutionalconventlon of 1938, the New session. York Constitution has been co.isidercd as the constitution of • (ra) A rearrangement of the constitution was made b>-inaert- 1894, as amended. i. • ing amendments at appropriate places; the original coudtitutinn, (v) The NortK^(?arolina convention of 1876 used ^(he consti as amended and rearranged, is still in force. In Maine (1876) tution of 1868 as a basis but made numerous amendments to it. and Vermont (1913) the rearrangement was accumplinhcd by the The present constitution has b.-en considered both as the consti Supreme Court of the state. tution of 1868 and 1870. \The North Carofina ameridments or (n) One of these was not a convention, but a special constitu constitution were ratified ^n November,^ 1876, and took effect tional commission appointed by the Governor, under authority on January 1, 1877. . \ of an act of the legislature. (w) The legislature, by two-thirds vote, may require a special (o) Legislature is empowered to fix a smaller percentage. election on. uinendnients. Any initiative measure rejected by The percentage actually prescribed'in Missouri is 5,- the voters cannot be presented again witiiin three years, unless (p) Proposals must be devoid of party designutiuiis. by vote of 25 pur cent or more cjf the voters. (q) Minimum vote on amendment, 35 per cent total ca.st. (x) Legislature may not propose amendments more often (r) Rejected amendments may not be considered agaiii until than once in six years. • j • after-three years. Minimum vote necessary,35 perctnt of total (y) Since 1910, umendnients may be submitted only at.lO- Vote cast. ' year intervals. • (s) In New Jersey rejected amendments may not be consid (z) Organic Act. ered again until the third general election thereafter (in Penn (aa) Effective upon Hawaiian statehood; sylvania may not be submitted again for five years). (ab) Majority vote must con3titute.35% of total voti cast at (t) Amendments dealing with franchiseland education-must general election, or of registered voters at special election. ~^,.K t? '\. 70 ' THE SOOK OE THE STATES STATE CONSTITUTIONS AND CONSTITUTIOf^lAL CONVENTIONS As of August. 1953—Continued Esti Effective mated Number Xumber . Date of: Length- of Amendment Procedure' of Present (^Number A viend- Coiivett- Consti- of. . ments Proposal. Katificalidn Slale /io«i(a) l tit to If Words) • Adopted by Legislature by Electorate Kentucky...... 6 k 1891 (f) 21,500 15 3/5 members electecl(k) Majority vote on • - 'V- 1 aniendnient '*^ Louisiana 10 IWKO 184.000 302 2/3 members electcd(l) Majority vote on amendment Maine 1 I820(m) 10.302 75 2/3 both houses ' Majority vote on amendment Maryland. 4 1867 '' 23,300 70(c) • 3/5 inemt)ers-elected Majority vote on . amendment Massachusetts..... 5 1780 28.760 81 Majority member.') Majority vote on elected, 2 successive amendment sess. • 4 . \ \ Michigan...... S(ii); 1909 V 14,055, 52 2/3 members elected Majority vote- on amendment Minnesota... 1 1858 • 15.389 76 Majority both houses Majorifv voting at election Mississippi 7 1890(f) 15.302 .32 2/3 eacli; house, on each Majority vote cast of 3'separate days Missouri...... 6 ' 1945 ' .30.000 4 Majority members Major tv vote on elected amendment Montana...... 1 1889 . 17.409 23(c) 2/3 members elected(d) Majority vote on amendnient • ' Nebraska...... 4 1875 " ',11,677 65 3/5 members elected(i)) Majority vote-.on amehdnient(ci) .•'•••• •'' •• : ••».: Nevada'.' 2 ^ 1804 16,657 56(c) Majority niember.-s.^ Aiajority vote on elect's^ 2 successive" • amendment. New Hampshire.... 14^0 1784 10.900 94 New Jersey.....,..-. 4 1948 12.500 None 3/5 all. members of each Majority voting at house; or majority all election (s) members of each house for 2 successive sess.' ' <; New Mexico...'.....' 1 1912 V 15,158 '32(c) Majority members Majority vote on ' elected amendment(t) New York.;...... 8 1894(u) 19,036 127 Majority members Majority vote on elected, 2 successive amendnient sess.(u) North Carolina 6 Ifi;76(v) . 8.861 28 •••3/5'each hou.se Majority ydting at • \ \ clelectioe n North Dalcota...... 1 17,797, 60 Majority memljers l\IajoritI^Iajc y :vote o«_^ '• elected .' ~t-_i amendment Ohio.;. ....;. 4 15,417 71 3/5 members elected "Majority vote on amendment Oklahoma > 35,360 35 Majority members Majority voting at elected election (w) ^S . CONSTITUTIONSHAND ELECTIONS 71- » .r ft . ' STATE CONSTITUTIONS AND CpNSTITUtlONAL CONVENTIONS As of August, 1953—Continued AmindmittI Procedure Proccdurt for by initiative Calling a Convenlionffi) Popular Ratification Size of Referendum Vote in Referendum (Convention Petition Vote legislature Vote Proposals) Stale '"Majority mem- Majority vote on No provision , Kentucky 1 bers elected, 2 question at successive ses least I /4 quali sions- fied voters at o last election No constitutional No constitutional .Louisiana _^provision; prac- provitrion; prac "tice-Hs proposal tice is proposal by legislature, by legislature, • approved by approved by ref eren du-m; referendum iS^ • vote vote 2/3 both houses No provision .... .Vlaine Question manda Majority voting at Majority vote on . .Maryland tory every 20 election prcyiosals •years beginning 1930 Not less than such 30% of total vot No.constitutional Majority votingon .Massachusetts •SOi^ number of vot- ers at election provision; but question • ers equal to 3% and majority legislature has' of entire vote vote on amend submitted ques cast for Gover ment '. tion of calling nor in precetling convention to v.- biennial State people under its election general powers 10% legal voters Majority vote on Question manda Majority voting at Majority vote on . .Michljian • for Governor at amendment tory'every lf> election proposals last election vears beginning < 1026 2/3 members Majority voting at No-provision .Minnesota • elected election . Missiksippi Not more than 8% Majority vote on Question manda- Majority vote on Majority vote on .. .'Missouri • legal voters at amendment tory every 20 • question \ proposals last dection^or years , \ justice of Sup. Ct. in each of at ; least 2/3 Coiig: dist.(o) •;2./3 . ni e m b e r 9 (Majority vote on /Majority vole at ..Montana ''^elected • '' • questioii / elections 10% voters for Majority 'vote on 3/5 III ejii bers Majorjty voting ay Majority vote on . Nebraska Governor at Iswit '• amendnient(r) ! elected ' election §•- proposals election; electors • < including'5% of . .~ ' each of 2/5 of , counties . • Constitution of Nevada cannot be 2/3 members Majority voters at N'b provision Nevada amended by usfc of the initiative • elected " eloftion .Question manda- Maj. vot. in to'wn 2/3 vot. i^n ann. S'lW Ilampsiilre tory every 7 yrs. . nieetings. town meetings •••••••:-- • flJivi. J New Jersey 2/3 me in be.r s Majority' vote- on "Ratified by IH;O- ... .New Mexico elected question i)le' -• Maj. of legisla Majority vote on Majority vole'on ; , , .;.'. .'-New Yor£ ture. Question question proposals '•-•..•* mandatory ev ery 20 years be ginning in 1957 2/3. in embers Majority voting at No provision .North Carolina elected electwn 20,000 Of electors Majority vote On .. .North Dakota •./•• ,. - amendment' Itt^. of electors for Majority vote on 2/3 members Majority vote on Majority vote on .Ohio VtJov. last elec. amendment elected. Ques question . projwsals •'^ ind;- 5% in each tion Mandatory of > / ./-: 72 THE BOOK OF THE STATED STATE CONSTITUTIONS AND CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS AsofAu'^nsi, 1953 —Concluded Esti F.ffective mated Number Number Date oj,,,_ length of Amendment J Procedure of . Present {Nuia^tT Amend , ^ Consti of ments Proposal Ratification Gonven- tution state'- /lOHi(a) Words) A dopted by legislature by Electorate • 2 1859 18.000 92(c) Majority members Majority vote on elected amendment J) 5(n) 1874 15.092 • 53 Majority members Majority vote on elected, 2 successive amendment(s) 6 1S43 0,500 32 Majority members 3/5 voters on elected, 2 successive amendment South Carolina... 7 1895(0 30,063 220 2/3 members elected Maij. vote on amendment; ratifVcation by majority next Gen. Assem. j> 1889 24.337 • 57 Majority members Majority vote on elected amendment 1870 8,190 None (a) Majority members Majority of vote -elected; 2/3 members cast for mem cost elected succeeding bers of Legisla sess. ture (x) s 1876 23.671 110 2/3 members elected ^^ajority vote on amendment Utah..,; ; 1 1896 13.261 . 29 2/3 rnembers elected Majority vote on amendmerit 179.3(f. m) ''5,759 . 40 2/3 vote Senate, major Majority freemen ity House; majority voting on ' members elected suc- amendment . ceeding fees3.(y) 9(n) ] 1902(0 23,101 87. Majority members Majority vote on elected, 2 successive amendment Washington 1 ', 1889 14,650 28" 2/3 mernbers elected Majority vote on amendment * 24 West Vlri^inia "• ;• 2 '•' .1872" 14,928 2/3 members elected Majority vote on amendment • 1 1848 10,517 56 Majority members Majority vote on elected, 2 successive amendment 1 \ 1890 14.603 J3 2/3 of all members Majority of elect ors at next gen eral election Guam. .•1950(z) 6,500 1 •. (aa) 11,412 2/3 both houses • Majority vote on t . amendment(ab) 1 Puerto Rico.. 1 . 1952 v • 2* 2/3 both houses Majority of elect ors voting there- ... 1936(z) 7,000 3 _ " . • • ^ ^ 0.- \ •'*>••; v , CONSTITUTIONS AND ELECTIONS 73 STATE CONSTITUTIONS AND CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS - As of August, f 953—Concluded Amendment Procedure Procedure for by Initiative Calling a Conventionijb) Popular Ratification Size of Referendum Vote in Referendum {Convention Petitioti Vole Legislature . Vote Proposals) State Not more ti>aii 8% Miajority vote on Majority of Legis Alajority vote on No provision -Orefion legal voters in aincndnient lature or initia question • last election for tive petition of justice of Sup. 8% of legal vot Ct.(o) ers .. Pennsylvania Majority votes of Majority-votes on According to terms ... Rhode Tsland legislature question .of act calling -1 convention 2/3 members Majority voting at No provision . .South Carolinia elected election 2/3 members Majority voting at No provision .South Dakota elected election Majority mam- Majority voting No provision .Tennesses •- bers elected ' on question .Texas 2/3 members Majority voting at Majority vote at ...Utah elected next general next general election election , Vermont \ Majority mem Majority vote on No provision .Vlrglnla(a) bers elected question '^/3 members Majority voting at "Adopted by pco- .... Washington elected election pie" Majority mem Maj. vot. at elec. "Ratified by vot- ...West Virginia bers elected which can be a ers" spec. elec. Majority of Legis Majority vote on No provision .Wisconsin lature question 2/3 members Majority voting at "Adopted by peo- Wyoming elected next general Ple'^ election .' Guam Question manda Majority voting at Majority vote on Hawaii tory every 10 election (ab) proposals (ab) years .. Puerto Rico . Virgin Islands i ..} 74 THE BOOK OF.THE STAT-ES on statehood would be strengthened if. the took place.^ It appears that Puerto Rico territory had a new constitution, provided thus has acquired "commonwealth status,'-' for holding a constitutional convention in something new in American territorial April, 1950. This convention drafted a government. The exact legal status of constitution which was sighed on July 22, Puerto Rico under these new arrange 1950, by sixty-two of the-sixty-three dcle- ments probably will have to be deter •»,, , gates. It was subsequently submitted to mined by the courts. and ratified by the electorate. The terri- _, tory still awaits favorable action by Con SELECTED RECENT REFERENCES ON STATE CONSTITUTIONS AND CONSTITUTIONAL gress on^the question of statehood." REVISION PUERTO RICO RICHARD N. BAISDEN. Charter for New Jersey: the New Jersey Constitutional Convention of 1947 (State In October, 1949, the Commission for Department of Education, Trenton, 1952). Committee on State Government, National Muni Reorganization presented an excellent re cipal League, Model State Constitution, Fifth port on the Reorganization of, the Execu Edition(New York, 1948). tive Br-'-nch of the Government" of Puerto WILLIAM N. ETHRIDGE, Jr. Alodernizing Mississippi's Rico. Having taken steips to put adminis Constitution (Bureau of Public Administration, trative affairs in order, Puerto Ricans University of Mississippi, 1950). MARTIN L. FAUST. Five Tears- Urii^ the New Missouri , " turned next to the problem of m9dernizing Constitution (Missouri Public iBxpcnditurc Sur their basic law. Under the Puerto Rico vey, Jefferson City, 1950). constitutional government act,' signed by JOHN P. KEITH. Methods of Constitutional Revision the President July 3, 1950, a referendum (Bureau of Municipaljlesearch, University of Texas, 1949). • / was held throughout the territory in June, Legislative Reference Bureau, University of 1951, which resulted in approval of the Hawaii, Manual on State Constitutional Provisions . / act, The territorial legislature then auth (Honolulu, 1950).' orized a constitutional convention to draft New York State Constitutional Convention Com mittee, Report: Vol. HI, Constitutions of the States a constitution providing for a republican and the United States (Albany, W38). form of government, subject to approval Oklahoma Legislative Council, Constitutional Stud by popular vote and by the Congress. On ies Series (Oklahoma City, 1948) VERNON A. O'ROURKE, and D. W. CAMPBELL. . August 27 the voters elected the members Constitution Making in. a Democracy (Johns Hop of the constitutional convention, which kins Press, 1943). convened on September 17. It completed ALBERT L, STURM. The Need f 01 Constitutional Re its'^vork on February 6, 1952. The elec vision in West Virginia (Bureau for Government torate approved the new constitution on Research, West J^irginia University, 1950). RAYMOND UHL and others. Conj//7j//io/za/ Conven . March 3. In the interval between, that tions (Bureau of PubliVAdministration, Univer date and July 25,1952^ When, the Governor sity of South Carolina, 1951). \; proclaimed the constitution in effect, a long series of necessary legislative actions *Thc House of Representatives approved H.J.Res. 430, approving the Puerto Rico con stitution, on May 28, 1952. The Se_nate passed the *For th nd Session, resolution Jurie^23, 1952. Conftreftce report was ^Senate Report No.l928, P for a good agreed to bylhe House June 30, 1952j by the analysis, Harold S. Roberts, " nd\Prelude to Senate July 1, 1952. It was signed by the Presi Statehood," National Municipal eptember. dent July 3, 1952. Puerto Rico agreed to the 1950, pp. 377-382 changes in the constitution provided by th"e resolu ^81st Ckingress, Public Law No. 600 tion on July 11, 1952. •.. X.i..-' 2 Elections >^a BALLOT LEGISLATION, 1951-53* • "^^^ ""~ N THE 1951-1953 biennium, ballot legis able for mailing to service personnel at <' lation dealt mainly with absentee vot- least fortwfive days before the ballot I' Ing. Armed service personnel and their must be coiihted. accompanying dependents who were qual Alabama in its second special session of ified voters were the subject of "War 1950 (Act No. 4).alio\vcd"a"40-day^period Ballot" laws. Some legislatures lengthened for a mernber of the armed services, or his the period during which the absentee wife (if certijEicclMjyN:he husband's com could apply for, receive, vote and return a manding officerj73r ^ disabled veteran ballot. Voting machine laws were enacted confined to a hospital or facility operated. or revised in several states. The Presi by the Veterans Administration (if the re dential Short Ballot had its first setback quest is signed by the person in charge of during a half-century, but the reversal was the hospital). Other absentee voters in Ala incidental to the adoption of a constitutional bama were allowed not more than twenty amendment providing a change from a nor less than five days before the election. party-column to an office group ballot. • The Arkansas legislature in 19|3, in Economy of printing ballots, has engaged the creased the time available for absentee attention of legislators. Although there voting by members of the armed services. were no adoptions, the "vote at 18" idea Georgia re-enacted its military voter law ."\ was discussed widely, its closest defeat com (1953, No. 294) and continued its State ing in 1952 in a South Dakota referendum War Ballot Commission to regulate regis vote of 128,231, Yes; 128,916, No. tering and voting by mail in both primary A. and general elections. . Massachusetts in ABSENTEE VpfiNG . I 1952 (Ch, 35.1) provided that the absent Lengthening of "the period prior to an voting, act of 1949 should apply to mem election for an absent voter in the armed bers of the armed forces serving within or services to apply for his ballot and other without the continental limits of the means of facilitating voting by servicemen United States, afld to United States forces were recommended by the Drafting Com serving as a component unit under the flag mittee of State Officials of the Council of of the United Nations. MoAtana's legisla State Governments in its Suggested State: ture in J_953 adopted an absentee ballot Legislation, Programfqr^l953. It was recom law and an absentee servicemen's ballot law mended that the absentee ballot be avail- and authorized registration by post card for servicemen outside the United States. *Prepared by SPENCER D. ALBRIGHT, Univer South Carolina's legislature in the same sity of Richmond, ^rginia. At the time of writ ing, the session laws for 1953 were available from year adopted an act for absentee registra only a sftiall number of the states. The study is tion and voting by servicemen in primary therefore incomplete for that year. and general elections. It provides a simple 75 76. THE BOOK OF THE STATES annual registration system; friends or rela tificate for physical disability may apply tives of service personnel may apply for within thirty days of the election (Ch. 33). registration forms in their home com- Maryland voters in November, 1954, muniti€fr**ije federal post card application, will vote on a proposed constitutional the ODmpleWi registration form or other amendment to allow absent, voting gener ^^•^^applieation \\ll qualify as request for a ally; it has long had an absent voting law ballot. Tennessee (1953, Gh. 246) pro for armed services personnel-. . vided that "Federal post card application for absentee ballots shall be accepted." PRESIDENTIAL SHORT BALLOT . The Virginia War Voters Act of 1952 (Ch. Arkansas (1953,'Act No. 67) adopted the 509) provided that ballots may be printed Presidential Short Ballot. IJtah, having forty days prior to an election and that for adopted this plan in .1947, improved the a second primary (if it is necessary to have wording of the law in 1953 6Ch. 34) with t a run-off) the official war ballots shall be respect to the marking of tha ballot. New sent, as soon as they are ready, to those York in 1952 (Ch. 433) provided that members.of the armed forces who voted in names of presidential electors should be^ such manner in the first primary. Virginia omitted from ballots prepar/d for absentee also waived payment of the poll tax for military voters. For more than a. decade persons in the armed forces (1952, Ch. the Presidential Short Ballot has been em 524); such action was authorized by a ployed in New York in connection with constitutional amendment adopted in voting machines, which have statewide use. 1945, and in that year there was legisla « In 1949 Ohio amended Its constitution tion applicable to persons in the armed to read: "Office type ballot. The names of services during World ^Var II. Utah in all candidates for an office at any genehal 1952 provided for registration and voting election shall be arranged in a group un ^ in the military services, and Wyoming^in der the title of that office. . . ." Since the 195^3 (Gh. 166) provided for absent voting Ohio' Supreme Coyrt had declared that By persons in the armed services. the position of presidential elector was an Seycal enactments affected wives or office'(150 Ohio State 127), the legislature other relatives of servicemen. By Idaho, in 1951 provided that the electoral names enactment in 1953.(Gh. 57) and by Louisi must be printed on the ballot (Ohio Elec ana in ,1952. (No. 38) dependent wives tion Laws Annotated, 1952, sec. 4785-107, were added to military personnel for the approved June 13, 1951). Thus in this . privileges of absentee registration and vot- . state the abandoning of the Presidential ing. New York went further in a law of Short Ballot was the result of the language 1952 (Gh. 433) by specifying "spouse, of the new amendment rather than from a parent andf^ild of such military voter,, desire to restore lists of twenty-five presi accompanying or being with him or her, . dential electors for each party. if a qualified voter." North Carolina in The twenty-six. states which used the 1953 (Gh. 908) extended absent voting to _ Presidential Short Ballot in the 1952 elec the wife residing with husband in' the tion had a total population (according to armed services and to disabled veterans in the censtis of 1950) of approximately 105 . a governmient hospital. million; they had roughly two-thirds of Absent voting legislation for citizens- the total population, and with 354 of the other than servicemen and their relatives 531 electoral votes they had. about two- included the following: Indiana in 1953 thirds strength in the Electoral College. . permitted persons ill at home or in a hos- ' pital to vbte if there is a certificate by.a PRINTING AND MARKING physician or a Christian Science practi Economy in printing ballots has been tioner. New Mexico (1^3) adopted an evident in legislation for several years. absentee voting law. UtaFrevised its elec-' The biggest reduction has been in Dela tion laws in 1953 (Chs, 31-37), providing, ware, which.dropped the requirement tp that v(^ters who will be m6re than twenty- print eight ballots for each voter to three . miles away from the voting precinct on per voter (Eaws, 1951, Ch, 375). Arizona election day or \yho have a doctor's cer reduced the number from an excess of 10 : CONSTITUTIONS AND ELECTIONS 77 per cent of total voters to 2 per cent (Acts, those in the Merchant Marine. Many of 1952, No. 123). Florida (1953, Ch. 28030) the armed service absent voter, laws were adds the provision to the method of mark temporary or were repealed in the late ing by X that any other mark within the 1940's. During the period of the Korean Voting square clearly indicating the voter's ^conflict old laws were revived and new choice will be accepted. . legislation enacted. A peculiarity not in former absent soldier voter laws was in . PRIMARY clusion of the wife (or spouse in the New At its regular session in 1952 the Vir York law).and also the disabled veteran in ginia General Assembly provided--for a 'a hospital. Efforts to allow the sick and second primary, and for this purpose, disabled among civilians to vote were part moved the first primary from the first of the liberaHzing of absentee voting. To Tuesday in August to the Tuesday after rrfake possible.a vote from soldie:rs and the second Monday in July (1952, Ch. 4, • sailors stationed in distant parts of the approved Feb.. 6, 1952). The second world the time has been extended in some primary is to be on the fifth Tlicsday fol- of.the states. This has been related to the lo\ying the first primary and is to take changing of dates for filing candidacies and place only if requested by the candidate for holding primaries. Since 1943, ten with the second highest number of votes; states have adopted the Presidential Short if there is no request within five'^ays after . Ballot and one has abandoned it. Efforts official announcement of results of the have been made in several states to reduce first primary then the highest candidate is the voting age to eighteen (only Georgia declared, the, nominee. The run-off,, in- now has this), and in 1954 Indiana will varying forms, is now a part of the election ypte on the question of giving the nineteen- laws in all southern States. year-old the right to vote. Ohio changed the form of ballot from the party-column • • VOTING MACHINES to the office-group type, and provided for Oregon (which had voting machine- rotation of names - oh the ballot. There' .i->i^- legislation, 1925-1939) enacted an exten " has been a trend toward reduction of the sive law authorizing the use of voting . numbsjc^ofballp'ts required to be printed. machines (19,53, Ch: 397): Georgia (1953, Eegislati^ concerning: the use^ of voting No. 488} amended its .^voting machine machines has . been ' voluminbu^yrseveral legislation to authorize machines in coun states have enacted new laws for this ties of over 300,000 poj^ilation. Louisiana purpose and others have proceeded - to (1952, Ch. 5) provided for the use of vot apply laws adopted many years ago. ing machines in all parishes containin-g a municipal corporation of 150,000.popula REFERENCE WORKS ON BALLOTS tion, and for their use throughout the - AND ELECTION SYSTEMS entire state after July 28, 1954. Nebraska SPENCER D. AI.BRIGHT. The American Ballot. (1951, Ch. 98) authorized the trial use of American Council on Public Affaii^, Washington, voting machines. Nevada (1951, Ch. 136) D. C, 1942. JOSEPH P. HARRIS. . Election Adminis enacted an extensive voting machine law, tration in the United States. The Brookings Institu tion, Washington, D. C, 1934. J. B.JOHNSON and authorizing local adoption and use. J.J.LEWIS. Registration for Voting in the'United States. Chicago, 1946.- CHARLES E, MERRIAM and HAR THE DECADE, 1943-1953 . OLD FOOTE GOSNELL. The American Party (4th ed,). New York, > 1949. V. O. KEY. Politics, Parties, ' Election law changes during the past ° and Pressure Groups (3rd ed.). New York, 1952. decade have covered many subjects, -the • CHARLES E, MERRIAM and LOUISE OVERACKER. most significant of which have feen those Primary Elections. 'Chicago, 1928^ G. F. MILLER. for absentee voting, especially i^dr arnied ' Absentee Voters and Suffrage Laws. Washington, D. Ci 1948. HOWARD R. PENNIMAN. Salt's Ameri service personnel. Near the close of the can Parties and Elections. New York, 1948. CARL second World War many states adopted O. SMITH. A. Book of Ballots. Detroit Bureau of soldier-sailor absentee voter laws; and the Governmental Research. Inc.. 1938. Election Law voters under such legislation included Guidebook, 7P52. Senate Document No. 97,82nd Congress, 2d session. Voting Information, 1952." DA civilians accompanying the armed forces, pamphlet 21-56/ Armed Forces Information and . such as Rted Cross and other workers, also Education Division, U. S. Department of Defense. • •• -. '\, • '" -' ' • V ^ - •. • • • • < LIMITATIONS ON CAMPAIGN EXPENDITURES IN THE STATES . Filing.of statements required Total, > Restr^c- expend- Campaign Campaign. Campaign Campaign Sources Contributions Contributions tions on itures receipts receipt? disburse- disburse of ex- by by labor character by •' by ^y • ments by menlsby Required time for penditures corporations unions ofexpen- candidate Amount spent in behalf -State parties candidates parties candidates 'filing stdiemenis restricted prohibited prohibited ditures limited • of candidate limited Alabama. Yea Yea Yes Yes Betyyeen 10 and S daj-s ' Yea Yes. No Yes Yes No before and within- IS' . days after elections Arizona.. Yes Yes Yes Yes .Receipts before, expen- Yea Yea No No No ditures after election Arkansas. No No No Yes Corrupt practice pledge No No Yea No before, candidate ex penses after election California No Yes No , - Yes After election No No No Yes No No . Colorado...... Yes No Yes Yes After election No - . No No No No No Connecticut...:.. Yes Yes Yes Yes After election • Yes Yes . No Yea Yes No' (if spent by Indg: F^- pendent political cortlK niittee) Delaware Yes Yes Yes Yes ' Candidate, witliin 15 Yes Yes Yes days; party, within 30 days after election Florida....". /No Yes No Yes Before and after elec Yes • • i f New^ampshlre.". Yes Yes Yes Yes 1st statement 3 days Yes . Yes No Yes Yes • Yes before; 2nd, IS days after election " New Jersey.....,'. Yes Yes , • . Yes^''. Yes Friday or Saturday be- Yes By insur No Yes Yes No .fore and 20 days after ance corpo election rations New Mexico; Yes Yes - Yes • Yes Not less than 5 nor No No • No Yes Yes. • No •;more tlmn 10 days af ter election New York.... Yes .Yes Yes / Yes . Before and. after elec Yes Yes . No- No Yes Yes / tions North Carolina...' Yes Yes Yes (in genr . Yes Before and afteP elec- . Yes Yes No No No ; . No . eral elec tions tions) North Dakota. •... No No No Yes After elections Yes Yes No . Yes , Yes '• Yes Ohio.. Yes Yes . Yes Yes By 6:30 p.tn. iOth day No No No . Yes Yes .No after election Oklahoma. No Yes . No Yes .•\fler election No No No ' Yes Yes Yes Orejion.....-. Yes Yes - Yes Yes l.S days after election No(c) • (c) . No Yes No Pennsylvania..... Yes Yes Yes Yes Within .30 days after Yes:. Yes YeV. Yes No No each primary and gen eral election Rhode Island... No practices act(ri) South Carolina... No No• . . Xo• - Yes Before elections N'o No' N(V . • Yes No" No' South Dakota:.. , Yes Yes ' Yes. Yes Within 30 days after Yes •Yes • . No Yes • Yes Yes elections Tennessee... No No ^ Yes (by Yes Candidate's statement No No No No Yes Yes earn paign 5 to 10 days before con- ' ' chairman) vcntion or election; t " I managtr's witliin 30 \ days after . Texas No Yes No Yes '. Before and after .'eleor Yes Yes • , .Yes Yes .-No Yes tions Utah... \'e3 Yes Yes, Ves 2nd Sat. after tst dis Yes Yes No . Yes Yes No (if si)ent- by other bursement; 2nd Sat. than committee) each 'calendar month thereafter; Sat. preced- . ing:ihy primary or elec tion . I?o /, ' No -•••'' No Yes W'ithin 10 days after Yes No t pt^fmary .Vlriilnla...... Yes Yea Yes Washlnftton No Yes •^«o• Yes After i)rimary only No No No No No No : West Vlrtllnla. . .. Yes Yea Yes Yes ^Jefore and after elec Yes Yes Ve* Yes Yes Yes tions Wisconsin.. Yes Yes Yes- Yes By 5 p.m. on Tues. Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes f prccecHng election;Sat. ^ following election, or ' primary ^ Wyomlnji. Yes . Yes Yes Yes Within pJO dayS after Yes Yes No -Yes Yes Yes election' ^ Alaska.... No No No No None , No No No No Guam Yes Yes Yes Yes Within 15 days after No No No election Ha wall rr.TTtTT." N'o • .—Yes(e)— Yes- W-ithin 20 days... No No No Yes No No Puerto Rico. ... —m- - No .No No No No" No^ No- No No No Virgin Islands... J^'O No No parties No No No No No No No No parties (a) And agents. . (d) Only reatrictions are those imposed by federal Btatutes •(b) Primaries ortly^ does not apply for elections. . (e;) By agent or committee acting for or on behalf of anj (c) -Certain corporations only—O.C.L.A. 81-2524, canididate . ^^Viffl'ilJtf- • kV' 80 THE BOOK OF THE STATES QUALIFICATIONS FOR VOTING J- V Minimum U.S. -Residence in^ Prop Literacy • Poll Slate Age Citizen, Slate County District erty Test Tax(a) Alabama .... 21 • • 2 yrs. 1 yr. 3. mo, (I?) Arizona.. 21 • 1 yr. 30 da. 30 da. Arkansas...... '21 • 12 iiio. 6 mo. 1 mo. California 21 (0 1 yr. 90 da. 54 da. Colorado...... 21 • 1 yr. QOd- IS da. (g) Connecticut.... 21 (i) 1 yr. . 6 mo. Delaware 21 • 1 yr. •3 mo. 30 da. Florida... . 21 • 1 yr. . 6 nio. Georgia: 18 1 yr. 6 nio.(e) (j) Idaho.. 21 6 mo. ,30 da. Illinois 21 • 1 yr. 90 da. 30 da. Indiana 21 6 inc.. 60da.(l) 30 da. . . / • • • Iowa...... -..'... 21 6 mo.' 60 da. 10 da. Kansas 21 • 6 mo. 30 da.(l) . 30 da. Kentucky.. > 21 l.yr. 6 mo. 60 da. .Louisiana 21 2 yrs. 1 yr. 3 mo.(m) (j) Maine 21 • 6 mo. 3 mo. 3 rho.: • Maryland...... 21 lyr. ," 6 mo. , 6 mo. Massachusetts.. ' 21 • l.yr... 6 mQ.(n) Michigan... 21 • 6 mo. 30 da; (o) Minnesota 21 (f) 6 mo. 30 da. 2 yrs. 1 yr.(p) Mississippi..... 21 . • ji • • • • (Q) Missouri..; 21 • 1 yr. 60 da. 60 da. Montana.: 21 1 yr. •30 da. •_"(oV Nebraska 21 6 mo. 40 da. 10 da. Nevada...... 21 .6 mo. 30 da. 10 da. • '(oV New Hampshire. 21 • 6 mo. 6 mo. New Jersey 21 1 yr. 5 mo. New Mexico.:... 21 • 12 mo. 90 da. 30 da. (o) New York 21 1 yr. 4 mo. 30 da. North Carolina.. 21 (0 1 yr. 4 mo. • 90 da," 30 da. North Dakota... .21 • l.yr. Ohio 21 1 yr. 40 da. 40 da. Oldahoma : 21 • ; 1 yr. 6 mo. 30 da. Oregon.. 21 6 mOi Pennsylvania... .21 1 yr. (u) 2 mo. Rhode Ifland... 21 1 yr. • 6 mo. South Qfqrollna.. 21 • 2 yrs.(p) 1 yr. 4 mo. (v) South Dakota... 21 1 yr. 90 da. 30 da. Tennessee./. 21 12, mo. .' 6 mb. Texas...... ;. 21 • lyr. 6 mo. 6 mo. (o) (q). Utah 21 1 yr. 4 mo. 60 da. (o) Vermont.. ; 21 . (0 1 yr. 3 mo. (1) Virginia...... 21 1 yr. 6 mo. 30 da. •(xV ?>j^. - • Washington....;: ' 21 • • 1 yr. 90 da. 30 da. • West Virginia... 21 • lyr. 60 da. Wisconsin 21 l.yr. io'da.' (a) Poll "or head taxes are.levieid fn many other states. Those . (i) Must have been citizen five years! listed here, however, provide that payment of the poll tax (j) Under 19,49 act. all voters must re-rei;iMterand paa.s literacy ,is'a prerequisite for votinK^ test. Those failing iest may qualify by au-swerinK 10 of .50' (b) Must pay all poll taxes owed since-1901. Members of the oral questions prescribed by law. • armed forces are exempt from payment of poll taxes. ' (k) For all state and federal elections. (c) Registration ia perma;ient.unless removed for caOsc. • (1) Township. . . ' • " 9 (d) Conditioned upon voting aiid continued .residence. ">, (m) Municipality, four months. (e) Except for irrigation district elections. • "^ . (n) In city or town. ' '. i^\ (f). Must have been citizeix'ninety.dayS. . (o) For vote on bond tssfies or.special assessifaents only. (B) City or town, thirty days. ; »^. & .. (p) Ministers of the Gospel and teachers in public schools may (h) All except certain minor elections, it ..; - vote after six months'residence. •• -•'.'• -h ! •• CONSTITUTIONS AND ELECTIONS 81 QUALIFICATIONS FOR VOTING-Continucd -Registration- Type Coverage A Permanent Periodic A All Some . All Some All •Some Elec- . Elec Areas Areas Areas Areas Frequency tions tions State (0 • Alabama (e) Arizona ...... Arkansas California Maine • Maryland • . Massachusetts Michigan • .Minnesota (C) (r) .... Mississippi ...... Missouri ' AhV ...... Montana (10 ...... Nebraska .. .Nevada * .New Harnpshire • New Jersey .New; Mexico Annual New York ... .North Carolina . North Dakota V .• ^ Ohio «• Oklahoma • , .Oregon. •. Pennsylva.nia «t ^ • ... Rhode Island • Decennial • . South Carolina • . . .South Dakota • ...... Tennessee (w) (w) (w) Annual Texas (h) : ..Utah • . Vermont . Virginia (e) .^ Washington (z) West Virginia .-'•• ...... ;... Wisconsin Every gen. elec. .<.i .Wyoming • (ab) .Alaska (d) • ...... Guam • (ad) Hawaii . • .. .Puerto Rico . •. .Virgin Islands (q) Assessed upon citizens 21 .to 60 years of age except those • ;'Jfflft'.no system exists. Poll tax receipts determine eligibility apecifically exempted. . ' • - r .'• ..•aBt; voters'aged 21 to 60 years:-exemption certificates for (r) Registration is for all elections of state and-county, but PtBpse over 60 in cities over 10,000, and certain others, voter must be registered in municipality also to vote in (x) t Must owe no past due taxes. ; municipal elections. >j' (y)'llCxcept ill some cities. (s) A person who became entitled to vote after January 1, (2) All elections except special elections. 1922, must be able except for physical disability, to.read (aa) Precinct. and write English. . (ab) Municipal election. (t) Re-register in two years if not voting within that time, (ac) English or Hawaiian language. (u) Six months if previously an elector or. native of U. S.. (ad) Name subject to removal from registration list after failure (v) Ownership of property is an alternative to literacy, to vote in a general election. (w) Conititution provides for registration in cities over 10,000, \ t THE BOOK OF THE STATES BALLOT FORMS* Con- Official Presidential Voting . -State soli lilt ted Endorse Numbered Straight Parly ' Short Machine Balluiia) ment, Stub(b) Patlern{c) .Ticket Emblem Marking Ballot Legislation Alabama. • S. P-C ^ . • • X Applied(d) Arizona.:.. • S P-C^ ^ • X Applied (e). Arkansas.. • • S O-G X '•'' Authorized California • -U O-G . * Appiied(e) Colorado....\... • • D O-G X • Authorized Connecticut.... • • S. r P-C • X • Applied(f) Delaware...... • P-C • "•' .\ • Authorized Florida • ... S O-G X • Applied(d) Georgia • H P-C ' • X Apph"ed(e) Idaho....:...... S P-C .... X '•' Notie • Illinois • P-C • . X • Apph'ed(d) Indiana...... , .... I'-C •. •' • X .• • Applied (d) Iowa...... ,;...... • .... P-C ' • • X • .'\pplied(d) Kansas...... * O-G X Repealed Kentucky...... • • D P-C • ' •" • • Applied Louisiana ... : "^ :r^ / CONSTlTUTldNS AND ELECTIONS 83 PRIMARY ELECTIONS. IN THE STATES ^ Voters receive . ballots of t ^___ * ', Dale of ' Nuiiiinatioii Date,of run-off priinjiry . ' of f . Presi leiitial State primary—H)54 J054'' Both parlies 0)ie party caudidalL-s* prmary Alabama...... ;..,.. May 4 • Yes—June! 1 ... Yes . CP N A'es(a,b) Arizona ... Sept. 7 • No:. • Yes P- / X(r~\ AOansas..,. .'. July 27(c) Aug. 10- ; Vt-.s CF I /Yes (UX California..^;...... :.. . June 8 Yea 5 •. ;p A'es \ No" • , Colorado. Sept. 14 Ye^ :p ); No / Connecticut. .' Xo primary No ' C ' No / Delaware. (tl) • No : A'cs . • CP . No / Florida..... •..•.. • May 4 : -Vi. • Vfs P Yes a\) May 25 ,' • iGeorfila.... • (d). . (d) . ; - Yes X(e) Yes (b) Idaho .\ug. 10 ^No • ' Yes . . . P \'es Illinois. .Vpril 13 ;NO '• • . • . . Yes ' ' P(f) Yes Indiana...... :...... May 4 ;No ,''. • •• Yes CP Yes • . • • - ' ^ •. Iowa •.;....:.. June 7 : No ." ' Yes ' C P No •' .Kansas ...'. .-Vug. 3 . • No •• ... .. Yes p No •» Kentucky.; Aug. 7 •• No • • \'es • p No Louisiana July 27(g) • Aug. 30(g)' Yes ' p .No . Maine. . June 21 : No :' •Yes . . p No • Maryland June 28 . ;• No ' Yes .. p Yes Massachusetts...... :....:!'. Sept. 14 No : . Yes X • Yes Michigan .\ug. 3 No. Yes- .... CP • No Minnesota; ....,.: Sept. 14 • No . A-es \ p .'• A'es Mississippi.. ..Aug. 24 Sept. 14 Yes ,' ... p No. Missouri Aug. 3 No . • • Yes • F No: Montana... j. • Jujy 20 No Yes .P No I . Nebraska...... ^ ".. .Aug. 10 No fl Yes P . - ll A'es Nevada...-.! June 1 No • % Yes . P Yes Nt"K: Hampshire : Sept. 1.4 . ., >« Xo. Yes - P Yes New Jersey , April 20 ! , . Nci /. : . "*" Yes .. CP Yes New Mexico; May 4 Ni) Yes- . xdo No New York...... Not set . No C Yes • North Carolina May 29 .June 26 ' Yes P No North Dakota...... !.. June 29 • No Yes P "No . Ohio ,,...... ;...... •....; May 4 :'. No A'es p Yes ^ Oklahoma July 6 ' July 27 .A'es p No •Oregon. May 21 No • Yes p A'e.« o Pennsylvania. . May 18 No A'es P(i). . Yes Rhode Island.. Not set • ' '- No. Yes P No , South Carolina. ...-..: July 13 July 27 Yes P No /^outh Dakota...- .:...... ^une 8 No. Yes CP . Yes , Tennessee...... Aug. 5 No ...•.-. •. yes- P • No Texas.....:.; .'July 24 • Aug. 28 A'es' CP • No Utah ; Sept. 14 t No Yes ... CP No Vermont... ,....•....•....;..," Sept. 1.4 . No Yes p No Virginia..,. ...,.....:.....:•.. July 13 . .,: Aug. 16 ... A'es CP • No Washington;. Sept. 14 • No Yes p No- .. West Virginia. :...,'. Aug. 3 No • • • - ' - A'es p. A'es Wisconsin...... / .• Sept. 14 No A'es. '..' • p A'^es Wyoming. .' Aug. 17 . . • No A'es p No- • : :—:—: :—. : -..jt. * Abbreviations: P—direct primary; C—convention; CP— (e) Convention confirms state primary. some candidates in direct primary, some in convention; . (0 Except the Trustees of the University of Illinois. X—combination of direct primary and convention. (K) Congressional only. .(a) Repuljlican delegates cliosen in party convention, (.hi. Have pre-primary designating convention but other candi lb) M-ay hold presidential primaries; optional with both parties. dates carl be placed on ballot by petition.. , ' (c) Preferential primary. (i) Nominations may. also be by nomination paiwr.s. (d) Date.set by. party.authority. : / 84 THE BOOK OF THE STATES GENERAL •ELEGTIONS^IN 1954 A,. Prrceitlane of stale Ugislators Elections for to be eUitcd • United States . -^ . * ; SliUf • in lH'^t .^lale oncers to be el(cleJ' i^enate House ' Senate House Alub'atnu Muv. • • ' Covenioi, Lt; c;t)vt'rruir, .Attoriicj" (S'10l 0 100 Yes •^'es (n-nerul, .Auditor, Secretary ol Stale, ' &'-- Trca.-itirer. SuiK-rinteiuleut of litluca- tioti, C'oininissioiier of Agriculture atul luiluatrie.s, 2 .'\ssociate I'ublic Service Coinniissioners, and 2 AsoiO- . . ciute Justices Of Supreme Court Arizona. Nov. 2 Governor, T Supreme Court Justice?, IfM) 100 . No' Yes • ' ,Fk.'cretary of State, 1 Corporation Coiuniissioner; .-Vuditor. .-Xttorney General. Mine Inspector, SuvK'rintend- * ••^- • eiit of I'ubiic Instruction, 1 Ta.x • Conunissioner. Treasurer f AikiinHas K..V. 1 Governor, Lt. Governor, Secretary of SO' 100 - Yes Yea State, State Treasurer, State Auditor, .Attorney General, Conunisisioner of. State Lands California. Nov. 2 Governor, Lt. Governor, -Attorney 50 100 .Yes Yes General, Controller, Sccret.jry of State. .Sui>crintendent of Public Instruction, Treasurer. 4 members of State Board of Euualization Colorado.. Nov. 2 '' Goverfibr, Lt. Governor, Secretary of 46 100 Yes; Yes State, Auditor, Treitsurer, .Attorney Gene;ral, 1 Supreme Court Justice, 2 members of State Board of Educa tion, 2 Regents of the University of Colorado *iKbnnectlcut. Nov. 2 Governor, Lt. Governor. Secretary of 100 100 •No Yes State, Treasurer, Cotiiptroller, .Attorney . General -••-,. Delaware...... Nov. 2 Attorney tiauwrali Treasurer, Auditor, .70 100 Yes Yes Insurance Connnissioner Florida. Nov. 2 Supreme Court Justices, Railroad Com- SO 100 No Yes o r- •. niissioner CiCdriJla Nov. 2 Governor, Lt. Governor. Secretary of . 100 100 • Yes Yes • Stale. .Attorney General, Treasurer. Comptroller General. CommijSsioner of -Agriculture, Sc'liool ,Superintendt;nt, Commissioner of Labor,-2 Supreme Court Justices, 2 Judges of tlie'.Court of .Api)eals, 2 J'ubiic Service Coin- miivsioners Idaho. Hov. 2 Governor, 1-t. (lovernor. Secretary of 100 100 Yes Yes State, Treasurer, .Auditor, Superintend ent of I'ublic Instruction,'.Attorney General.Mine Inspector ,. Illlnola. Nov. 2 Treasurer, Superinteaident of I'ublic 50 100 Yes Yes .Instruction. .? Trustees of the L'niver- sity of_lllinois_ Indiana.. Nov. 2 Secretary"of State, -Auditor, Treasurer, SO 100 No Yes Sui>erintendent of Public Instruction, l,Sup>eme Court Judge. 4-Apiiellate Court Judges, Clerk of the Supreme and -Appellate Court ' ' Iowa. Nov.. 2 Governor, Lt. Governor, Secretary of -SO 100 Yes . State. .Auditor, 1 Commerce Com- «• missioner. Treasurer, Secretary of -Agriculture, -Attorney General, .1 • Supreme Court Justices Kansas— %.. •Nov. 2 Governor. Lt. Governor, Secretary of . None 100 I Yea Yes State. -Attorney General, Auditor.' Treasurer, Insurance Commissioner,, Su|)erintendent of Public Instruction, .Printer Kentucky. Nov. 2 1 Judgfe of the Court of -Appeals None None Yes Yes Loulatana. Nov. 2 None None None. Yes Yes Maine.... Sept. 13. G(3vernor 100 100 Yes Yes Maryland. Nov. 2 Governor, •Attorney General, Comp- 100 ' 100 No Yes troller Massachusetts. • Nov. 2 Governor. Lt. Governor, Siecretary '. 100 100 Yes Yes . of the Coiiimonwdalth, -Attorney 10 e^-. CONSTITUTIONS AND ELECTiaNS 85 •GENERAL ELECTIONS IN 1954—Continued Stale IcRislators United Sliiles Date of J Percentage A Connress general elecliuits ^7u/e. in 1954 State oftcers to be elected. Senate . House . .Senate House Minnesota. Nov. 2 .Governor, Lt. Governor. .Vttorney • . 100 100 Yes Yes General, i^cretiiry of State, Treasiitcr, .•Vnditor, I-MeMilMjr of Railroad and • • - . Warcliouse Coinniissioii,Clerk of Supreme Court, 3 A.s.sociate..Iustice.s of - .• illc Supreme Court, 1 Chief Justice of SupremcCourt ,• . Mississippi Nov. 2 None" ., None None; \'cs .Yc.=i Missouri.... .Nov. 2 .\uditor. 1 Supreme Court Judge 50 • UK) .No Ye. y ^86 THE BOOK OF THE STATES GENERAL ELECTIONS IN 1954—Continued Slate legislators United States Dale of Percentage 'Congress general elections , *-——S , ^ , Slate in 1954 Slate officers to he elected Senate House Senate House South Carolina. Nov. 2 . Governor.Lt. Governor, Secretary of 50 100 Yes • Yes • State, Attorney General, Treasurer, '. • , Comptroller General, Adjutant-General, • Commissioner of Agriculture, Superin- •, tendent of Education ' South Dakota..;'. Nov. 2 • ' Governor, Lt. Governor, Secretary of 100 100 Yes Yea State, 3 Supreme Court Judges, Treasurer, Auditor, Attorney General, Commissioner of Schooi and Public •., . Lands, Superintendent of Public In- ??**"•. " struction, Public Utilities Commissioner Tennessee:...... Nov. 2 Governor. 1 member-Railroad and 100 . 100 Yes Yes Public Utilitie.s Commission Texas Nov. 2 Governor, Lt. Governor, Attorney so 100 Yes Yes General, Comptroller of Public Ac counts, Treasurer, Commissioner of General Land Office, Commissioner of • Agriculture, 1 member Railroad Com-" mission, 3 Supreme Court Justices, 1 Court of Criminal Appeals Judge Utah Nov. 2 Supreme Court Justice SQ ,100 No ' Yes Vermont ... . Nov. 2 Governor, Lt. Governor, Treasurer,, 100 ii-lOO No , Yes / Auditor of Accounts, Secretary of State, .\ttorhey General ; ' " Virginia...,.'.^ ^V Nov. 2 None None None • Yes Yes • Washington.. .r--. .^^^'^ Nov. 2 3 Supreme Court Justices .50 iOO. No Yes ,••-.- I • West Virginia... V^.. .. Nov. 2 None • .. 50. 100 . Yes < Yes Wisconsin. • Nov. 2 .Governor, Lt. Governor, Attorney • SO 100 No Yes • General, Treasurer, Secretary of State, Supreme Court Justice (b) ' • '.' , f •• • • • • - -' Wyoming.. '.<'.'t>~.... Nov. 2 Governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer, • 50 100 Yes Yes Auditor, Superintendent of Public Instruction, 2 Supreme Court Justices , (a) Unicameral. (b) Election April 6,1954 .»"*>. ."^^ \ (?>- • %i. .•:. 'j^j^CONSTITUTIONS AMD.ELEGTIONS 87 VOTING STATISTICS: SELECTED DATA ON PERSONS REGISTERED AND VOTING BY STATE Voting President Governor , Secretary of State respon Registered sible/or . A : General. Primary (a) voting statis •Stale Number Year l'»52 Year election election tics • Alabama (b) • 214.980 1950 170.541 402,177 (c) ^• AHzona.. ... 330,083 19'52 260,57.0 1952 260.285 155,265 Ves Arkansas 555,170 1952 404,800 1952 391.584 329,050 Yes - California 5.998.300 1952 5,141.849 1950 3,796,090 2,997,254 Yes Colorado...... 752,030 1952 630,103 1952 613,034 194,612 Yes Connecticut 1,185,234 1952 1,090,906 . 1950 878,735 (d) Yes . Delaware...... NA 174,025. 1952 170,749 NA Yes Florida.". ;.. 1.339,538 1952 988.9^6 \1952 834.472 ^ 764,423 Yfes Georftla 1,293.315 1952 6.Si,302 2341975 583,037 .(0 ' Idaho ....'..... 330,000(e) 1952 276,231 204,792 . 127,567 \es Illinois v:.. • -(b). .4.48.1,058 4,415,864 1.984,755 Yes Indiana...... 2,424,469 1952 1.955,325 1.931,869 (d) Yes • Iowa •. . . (b) • .... 1,268.744 1952 1,230,036 418,499 Yes Kansas • ' (b) .... 886,166 1952 872,139 . 337,693 . Yes . Kentucky (b) . • 993 148 ,1951 634,359 410,859 Yes . Louisiana...., 1,056.511 1952 652,052 1952 123,681 785,045: Yes • 'Maine. ..' ..; • , (b) •351,786 1952 248,441 154,484 Yes Maryland ...-. 917,937 1950 594,232 19.50 645,631 380,275 . Yes Massaichusctts 2.666.025 1952 2.424,548 1952 2;424,548 960,580 Yes - Michigan. (b) ".. 2,798,592 1952 ."2,865,980 1,436,530 Yes Minnesota (b) 1.370.483 1952 1.418,869 637,411 Yes MlsslsslpjS---•••••••• (b) '...•. 19)i')65 1951 43,422 407.774 Yes Missouri ;,. (b) .... 1.892.062 1952 1,870,999 962.371 Yes- Montana;. 304.053 1952 265.037 1952 14^,252 263,792 • Yes Nebraska...: (b) ..'... 616,236 1952 595,714 323,565 Yes Nevada f... 83,950 1950 62,117 1950 61,773 ' 56,838 Yes New Hampshire ^ 308,204 1952 272,')50 1952 265,-715 115.674 Yes . New Jersey...... "...... 2,744,165 .1952 2.418,.xS4. 1949 1,414,527 . 704,869 Y'es New Mexico. (b) ....'• 237.201 1952 240,150 113,688 Yes New York 7,841,613 1952 7,216 054 1950 5,473,048 (d) Yes North Carolina (b) - .... 1,210 '09 1952 1,179,635 564,505 (i) North Dakota (b) 27; .168 1952 255.934 194,351 Yes Ohio...... ".,...... 3,072.392 1952 3,70O,/S8 1952 3^05.168 1,382,131 Yes" Oklahoma...... (b)..; .,.,.•>•... • 948,')a4 1<)S0 644.276 563,347 e^S&on -.. 851,516 . 1952 • 695,0.S9 1950 • 519.125' • 344,802 (g) Pennsylvania 5.341.970 1952 4.580,717 1950 3.540,059 2,003,385 . Yes' Rhode Island...... 447,249 1952 414,498 • 1952 409,689 SouthCaroHna...... 567,467 1.950 142.570 1950 50,642 . 336.329 Yes ' South Dakota , 330,000(e) 1952 294,283 1952 289,515 Yes,, Tennessee...... (b) .... 892,553 1952 806,677 647.117 Yes .• Texas i...... (b) .... 2,076.346 1952 1,881,202- 1'356,392 Yes Utah...... "..., ...... (b) . ...-. 329,554 1952 327,704 153,513 Yes .• Vermont....:. 201,000 1952 153,657 1952 150,862 73,253 Yes Virginia...., ..... 671,800(e) 1949 ^419,256 1949 262,332 325,500 (f) . ~—Washington!.., .l.._^^.._ 1,392,594 1952 1,102.908 1952 1,078,497 703,359 Yes West Virginia. ;....:, ""^ 1,176,428 1952 • 873,5,48 1952 882,527 572,026 Yea ; Wisconsin (b) .... 1,607,370 1952 1,615.214 877,215 .Yes Wyoming (b) 129,)pi/ 1950 96,959 65,911 (10 NA—Figures not available, (d) .Candidates for Governor nominated at party conventions. (a) Includes figures only for initial primary elections—not run (e) Estimate. off primaries, .(f) • State Board of Elections. • , fb) Registration not required or no central records maintained, (g) Elections Division, Secretary of State, (:) Department of Archives and History. ..• • (h) State Ganvassing Board. \ 88 THE. BOOK OF THE ST A TES . ABSENTEE VOTING FOR MILITARY AND MILITARY "CONNECTED PERSONNEL Permit a hsentee voting /' • Permit absentee voting in in primaries by general election by A Stales '-. AFP . cc . MM ' D5 . AFP CC MM DS Alpbama...... Yes Yes Yes Yes • - Yes Yes Yes Yes . ( Arizona Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes . Yes ,. Yes Yes • Arkansas..|..... Yes Yes • Yes Yes Yes Yes • Yes Yes. California.'.;... Yes : Yes- 1 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes . Yes , Ck)lorado Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes . Yes Yes Connecticut.... No . No No ?^\ Yes Yes Yes No A- Delaware.. .1.... No • No - No No / Yes Yes . Yes No Florida..:.. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes • ., .Ye3-> ••..• Yes • Yes Georgia....!.... Yes . Yes Yes ••. . Yea • Yes Yes Yes Yes Idaho...,)... Yes No • Yes Ye.i Y€S' • No Yes ' Yes Illinois...... Yes No - No Nr, Yes No No . No Indiana Yes Yes : Yes • • • Ye:. . V Yes • Yes • Yes Yes . 1 Iowa Yes. Yes • Yes . V.;3.;. Yes Yes Yes; • Yes • Kansas YPS Yes Yes • • '^"e%i .• ••)• Yes • Yes Yes Kentuclcy..,..; Yes • Yes Yes 4S Yes . .. ' Yes Yes Jl^Uisiaha. :; Yes No No . m :Yes No No' No . Maine '..: Yes Yes . -• Yes Yes • ' ] Yes • Yes ."Yes ' Yes Maryland...... Yes Yes. Yes, . No ••/], Yes. Yes . Yes No Massachusetts.. No No No No ;, / • • Yes Yes Yes Yes Michi^an^ Yes Yes . • . Yes . ••Yesi/.- Yfs . Yes • Yes Yes . Minnesota..... Yes • Yes(g^ . Yes Yes(g)\ Yes Yes{g) : Yes Yes(g) Mississippi'. .... Yes Yes . Yes Yes • Yes , Yes :.. Yes Yes Missouri.: Yes Yes • Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Montana.. Yes Yes Yes Yes(i) Yes - Yes Ves . YesCi) Nebraska Yes. • • Ye= Yes Yes'. •..•• Yes • Yes -; Yes Yes Nevada Yes Ves . Yes- Yes Yes Yes Yes . Yes New Hampshire. No No No '. No Yea Yes Yes- No New Jersey Yes - Yes .. . Yes Yes- • Yes Yes Yes Yes :. New'MexicoG)... No - No • • No' • • . No No ' • •• No • • , No No • New York No No No ^ No Yes • No •, ) No Yes.(k) North Carolina. YPS Yes Yes Yes(k) Yes . Yes Ves . Yes(k) Nor th: Dakota..: Ye- Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ,Yes' Ohio...... ;..... Yes Yes Yes.. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ..Oklahoma—.. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Oregon Yes . Yes Yes .• No Yes : Yes Yes No . Pennsylvania.... Yes No ..No. No ' Yes No ; No . No • Rhode Island.... No' • No • No No '. Yes ' Yes • Yes Yes •' South Carolina.. Yes Yes . . Yes .. No Yes Yes Yes No South Dakota. .. Yes ^<. "^es Yes Yes • Yes • . Yes . Yes Yes Tennessee. Yes ^^' Yes _ Yes .. Yes Yes . Yes • Yes . Yes Texas; Yes(l) "S'es Yes Yes. Yes(I) Yes Yes Yes Utah..;. Yes • Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes- • Yes Yes . Vermont Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes. Yes Yes Virginia Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Washington.... Yes •'. Yes . • Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes, : Yes West Virginia. . Yes Yes • Yes Yes- Yes Yes Yes Yes . • Wisconsin... Yes • Yes Yes. Yes Yes Yes Yei Yes Wyoming.. Yes Yds Yes Yes Yes •-.Yes Yes Yes. Alaska Yes • Yes \ Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Guam... Yes ' Yes Ves-"- Yes Yes . Yes' • Yes • Yes Hawaii . Yes .. •Yes. Yes Yes • Yes Yes • Yes Yes ' Puferto Rico. .... No •No No '^ No No No No No-. •Symbols: AFP-Armed forces personnel on active duty; (a) Absentee registration permitted for reregistration only. CC—Certain civilian personnel attached to and serving with (b) Registration nbt required biit poll tax. must be paid. the armed forces outsitle continental limits of the United States (c) If not previously registered, blank affidavit of registration (includes civilian employees of the Department of IJe.fonse and is mailed with ballot and may be completed and returned with Red Cross and USO wbrkersl; M.\t-^Merchant marine per- ballot. . .soiinel ill the employ of the United States Maritime Service; (d) .•\ registered voter may register any qualified member of US—I3o|)endi'nts iif personnel in llie.se caleKorios. his family who resides at the sanie address. • , CONSTITUTIONS AJ^h ELECTIONS 89 ABSENTEE VOTING FOR MILITARY AND MILITARY • . CONNECTED • PERSONNEL—Continued Permit absentee Registration must be completed registration by i^S before voting by AFP yCC MM DS AFP CC MM DS ' States ,. N't) No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes — .. '. .Alabama -ye3(a) Ye3(a) Yes(a) Yes(a) Yes Yes Yes Yes > ; Arizona (b) (b) (b) (b) (b) (b). (b) (b) ., .,..; Arkansas . Yes Yes • Yes • Yea Yes(c) Yes(c) Yes(c) Yes .... California Yes •Yes(d). ." VesCd) . Yes(d) Yea Yes Yes Yes . ...; .Colorado Yes No Yes . No Yes Yes Yes Yes . .' Connecticut Yes Yes . Yes No Yes Yes Yes . Yes .Delaware yes , Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes ... |.. :^,.Florida Yes • No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes ^ .. Georgia Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes «• Yes. Idaho (e) - No No No (e) Yes .Yes.. Yes Illinois Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes .....;.> Indiana Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes. . Ves ..,;.... rlowa (e) No . No • No ic) Yes No ' . No ; "....; Kansas Yes : Yes No . Yes Ves Yes Yes Yes ...... Kentucky Yes (a) No- No No . Yes Yes Yes Yes ^ ^. Louisiana Yes Yes Yes . Yes Yes Ves Yes - Yes .i...... Maine Yes^ Yes Yes No •Yes(f) . Ves(f) Yes(f) Yes • .... r...:.. Maryland Yes Yes Yes Yes No - • No No No .....Massachusetts Yes Yes Yes No Yes: Yes Yes ' No ' Michigan Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes(h) YesC-.l " Yes(h) Yes(h) . ,- Minnesota Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes ' Yes Mississippi (e) No No No (e) Yes(h) . Yes(h1 , Yes(h). . • ..Missouri Yes "Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes , Yes ,. ..Montana Yes Yes Yes Yes Yeslh) Yesdi) VfjMhK Yes(h) ' ...... Nebraska No No No No Yes Yes . Yes Yes ,.. .Nevada Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes New Hampshire Yes No / No No No Yes Yes Ves ...New Jersey No No No No- Yes • Yes • Yes Ves .«-^^...."- New Mexico' Yes No No Yes(k).' Yes No -No ; \'es New York Yes Yes • Yes Yes(k) Yes • Yes Yes ' ^•e.•^ North Carolina Yes Yes Yes V Yes. Yes(h) Yes(h) Yes(h) • Yes(h) ...; .North Dakota (e)' No No No (e) Yes Yea Yes .Ohio Yes Yes Yes Yes No -No No No Oklahoma Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Ves Oregon (e) •No - No No (e) Yes Yes Yes ...Pennsylvania (e) , No (e) Yes (e) • Yes (e) Yes .Rhode Island Yes Yes Yes . No Yes Yes Yes Yes . South Carolina Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Ves .South Dakota Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes(f) Yes(f).. Yes(f) YesCf) Tennessee Yes(m) Yes(m) YesCm) Yes(m) YesCm) Yes(in) .Yes(m) • Yes(m) <...... Texas Yes No • Yes No" No Yes No Ves • .Utah ' No • No . No No • • No . ' No No No !.. .Vermont Yes No • No • No Yes Yes Yea Yes ,.. Virginia No No No No No No No ! No ...;. ...Washington Yes • Yes Yes Yes- Yes Yes . Yes Yes . West Virginia (e) : (e) (e) Yes (e) (e) (e) Yes Wisconsin Yes Yes Yes '. Yes Yes Yes yes Ves ....;... Wyoming (e)- (e) (e) (e) (e) (6) (e) (e) . Alaska Yes. Yes Yes . Yes Yes Yes Ves Yes /.Guam Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yea . , Hawaii No No No •No • Yes Yea ' . Yes Yes .Puerto Rico (e) Registration not required. •; (j) No absentee voting or registration at present tiine. However (f) .Registration is automatic wlicn application for ballot or constitutional amendment approved by the voters in Septemtjer marked ballot is received. 1953 permits the legislature to enact absentee voting legislation. (R) Only if within continental United States, (k) Only dependents of armed forces personnel. (h) Only in certain cities or counties which have reRistration (I) Members of regular armed forces cannot vote in Te.xas. system. • . • (m) Payment of poll tax constitutes registration. (i) Only if in a state or territory of the United States/ •\i -90 \^THE.BOOK OF THE STATES /•:•'.•••-':•• • • .. ••. / PROCEDURES FOR ABSENTEE VOTING FOR MILITARY : AND MILITARY CONNECTED PERSONNEL . •Is federal post card • Earliest dale before : • .. • s , , -application acteptahU-from election state will. ' Earliest date before Latest date that '. •* •• > receive application election state will '- marked ballot . -.••"-•• f- ' • ' ' - NA—^^Information no' available. . (g) SS days for armed forces peiaonnel and certain civilians; Symbols: AFP—Armed forces personnel on active duty; when ballots normally are-printed for merchant marine per- CC—Certain civalian personnel attached to and .serving with the sonnel and dependents. ,- armed forces ouraide.continental limits of the United States (in- (h) If within a state or territory of the United States.- . eludes civilian employees of the Department of Defense and Red (i) Prior to meeting of state canvassing board. Cross and USO w:orlcer,s); MM—Merchant marine personnel in (j) January 1 for armed forces personnel, and 30 days before the employ of the United States Maritime Service; DS—De- election for other groups, pendents of personnel in these categories. . (k) 60 days before election for armed forces.personnel; 30 (a) Time period refers to armed forces i^ersonnel only. days for other groups. (b) 30.days for armed for'ces personnel; 20 days for other (1) 3 days before election for armeU forces personnel-and 4 groups. , . days for other groups. , . - . . (c) For armed forces personnel, merchant marine personnel (m) For war ballots in'even years; second Monday after elec- ahd certain civilians serving outside the United Statda. AH tion for all others. ' . others, 20 days. . ' (n) Must be accompanied by poll ta.x receipt or exemption (d) Ballot must be postmarked not later than 6:00 p.m. of day certificate. before election. (o) Authorized but not used. .(e) 30 days before primary; 60 days before general election. (p) Ballot must be'marked no at :r than election day. Re- (0 Any time before election for- armed forces personnel and ceived 13 days after primary; IS da>s after general election. certain aviliana; 20 days fdr merchant marine personnel and • (q) Any time for armed forces personnel; 60 days for civilians. dependents. • (r) Will not mail ballots. .'"" '.%M^ CONSTITUTIONS AND ELECTIONS 91 ABSENTEE ^ ^OTING FOR CIVILIANS ?T. •I : li^-^ Permitted it Permitted if voter is • •* A Absent > Disa- Absentee Ge: eral Absent from bility: registra Prima- E'ec- , from city or or ' tion pef- Stales . ries ti VIS state county.. Illness Other mitted Alab'ama. Yes Yes • No- ' Arizona... Yes Ves • • Yes Arkansas Yes Yes' • • (a)-; California Yes " fes • • Yes «' Colorado. Yes (b) (c) Connecticut...... No es; • No Delaware...... No tes' • Florida Yes ..(e)"- Georgia Yes ea • No- Idatio. Yes es • • , . (0 - lUlnois :...:.. Yes Ves • • No Indiana...... ;.....-.. Yes \ es • .,• , • (g) Yes Iowa...... i,.^.. Yes Yes Yes Kansas...... '...:... Yes \'.S No Kentucky...... • Yes Y:3 • (h) Louisiana Yes No Y;s • Maine... Yes YL • • • • (b) No Maryland ..... No Nh No Massachusetts No Yds • : . No . Michigan...... Yes Yds- (b) No Minnesota..;...... ' Yes(i) Yel(i) Ves- Mississippi Yes Yeb •G) •k(]\ No Missouri, Yes YeS • •k •: • ,No Montana. Yes(i) Yel(i) • * • • •. No Nebraslca - Yes, Yei Nevada ; Yes Yei • • No Ye3 New Hampslilre...... No- • • • •••• New Jersey. Yes Yes^ • • No New Mexico. No No New -York No Yes • . • (k) North Carolina. No Yes • • No : North Dakota. Yes Yes • • (1). - Ohio..;...... i.. ' , Yes Yes *•• - YesTm) Oklahoma - Yes Yes • * * • Ye? • Oregon Yes Yes • • • • • Pennsylvania (n) (n) (n " No Rhode Island..;.—,. No Yes • • . ,- No South Carolina No No South Dakota Yes Yes No • Tennessee Yes Yes • , , Yes • • Texas !.. '; Yes Yes • *-* (a) :^> Utah...... ; Yes -Ygs No Vermont ,' Yes Yes • • No Virginia.....;:-.;...... Yes Yes • • No ^ Washington. Yes Yes, • • (b) West Virginia Yes Yes • Yes Wisconsin. • Yes Yes .• • (0) YesCp)". Wyoming...... :.. Yes Yes Yes • Alaska..... Yes Yes" • • • (q) (r) (s) ,.' Guam;...... '.:... Yes Yes • • • •Yes Hawaii Yes Yes • • (t) (li) Yea. Puerto Rico . No No (a) Registration not required, but poll tax must be paid. (Ic) In non-porsonal registration districts. If for reasons basi^ upon the doctrines of establishe' (I) Registratlpn required only in some villages and cities. (b) ligions; a voter shall be unable to attend the polls. (m) Person may register at cleric's office before registration day (c) In case of serious illness or physical.disability; Also a gis- > ,if such jjerson will be unavoidably absent from precinct tered voter may register any qualified member of his f: mily (more than fifty miles).on regular registration day. who resi^eg at,the same address. (n) •Bedridden or hospitalized veterans only. (d) Only in case 6f illness. Absence from voting prednct for any cause; , (e) Only federal government employees. If more than fifty miles from legal residence. Xi) Only employees of federal or the state government. Upon presentation of doctor's certificate. (E) Member of an election board at any general, spe al or If they expect to be more than two miles from their home on municipal election in a precinct other than that f his election day. residence. fs) No registration in Alaska. (h) Employee or wife of employee of United States gove ment (t) For inmates of hospitals, institutions, and Hansen's disease stationed abroad. t patients (in county of Kalawao) only. (i) ' If within continental United States. (U) Member or employee Of territorial legislature if it is in ses (J) Absence in usual course of business-^-also wife of an such' sion on election day. • , person absent on business. , .: ', ».