Constitutions and Elections

<>*«. /Section II GONSTITUTIONS AND ELECTIONS

1. Constitutions 2. • Elections X-^r

• 1

'^ .. ••••;•:••: • : • ^ .:- •, : ••fiX v V .,

') ,! o , \

\,U.--.l.:

' «>v

.r. \>

•V ^-^ • .» \' 1 Constitutions

STATE GONSTITUTI0NS AND CONSTITUTIONAL REVISION-JUlV, 1953 TO JULY, 1955*

ONSTITUTIONAL developments in the the inclusion of increasing amounts of bienniiini 1953-1955 are not simple statutory matter. In. 1954 Professor Al- G to evaluate. Since no [general re fre'd De Grazia constructed a chart which visions occurred, one might cdriclude that confirmed graphically that over the years no real progress was made, auch a con constitutions very definitely have grown clusion, however, is not accurate. longer;^ he writes: Although no state held a convention for ... almost from the beginning"the length of general revision, the subject was under constitutions began to increase, at .first slightly consideration in many states/,The normal in the period before 1840, then markedly up to grist of individual amendments to state 1890, and finally the period from 1900 to the. constitutidns were submitted and voted present has given .us some rather fantastic? ex upon in various states, and some of them amples of lengthy constitutions. dealt with basic questions', that are nor He points out that, many old constitutions, mally reserved for consideration during a once fairly brief, have since been amended general revision. a number of times and have assumed large Significant also was the fact that.pro proportions for that reason. But, .he> posals for general revision came more fre continues: 'i quently from Governors, /leading legisla Sincje 1910' the several state constitutions that tors and other top level (jjfficials, whereas have been adopted show no clear pattern; If - in the past they came chiefly from civic one takes the last three, for example, one finds and reform organizations and professors them less long than the preceding two. Even of government. Good published materials then, these last three constitutions vary from on problems of constitiitional revision, about sixty pages .to about twenty-fiye pages in meantime, have become spniewtfat more length. sor One would be rash, on the basis of these abundant. figures, to predict that the next generation of state constitution making in the United States- GENERAL DEVELOPMENTS will reveal either an increase from the lengthy Writers on state government have long constitutions of the recent past or a decrease in.; called attention to the contrast between size £is men realize the impossibility of putting the original. state constitutions and the down everything in the basic document of the more modefh ones as regards length. It state. » • . - j has been noted that the original constitu For years, also, writers have pointed out I tions wer.e brief and concise, limited to that many provisions in existing cohstitu- ! "^basiCLand essential matters, whereas recent tions are so restrictive that the states are ones tend^<3ocnuch greater length, due to unable to do numerous things their gov- •Prepared by W, BROOKE GRAVES, Chief, Gov v^Alfred De Grazia,-"State Constitutions—Are ernment Division, Legislative Reference Service, They Growing honger?" Stale Government, AprU, Library of Gongi'ess. K 1954, pp. 82-83. 67 \

.:X 68 THE B0OK 0F THE STA TES ernments and the people vyant done. at an election vote in favor of it. Many Emphasis on this fundamental now comes voters ignored such proposals when on the from a ne\v source. The Commission on ballot in general elections. The. 1955 Intergovernmental Relations, vvhich re amendment, approved by a majority of ported in 1955, stresses the fact that if state almost five to one at the special election, and local governments are to assume provides that only a majority of those who V greater responsibilities under, the federal vote on the question itself is required for system, they must be capable of perform approval of an amendment. ing thfese functions well. The need for Florida^ Extensive activity on the part modernizing constitutions is particularly of the State Bar Association and organized . undeflined. The report says:- citizen groups long has sought to bring a Early in its study, the Commission was con constitutional convention and general^ re fronted wuh the fact that many state constitu vision of the state's constitution. Early in tions restrict the SCOJDC, effectiveness, and adapt 1955 the Governor appointed a Citizens ability of state and local action. These self- ^Committee to draft.prqposals for constitu imposed constitutional limitations make it dif tional-revision and present them to the ficult for many states to perform all of the serv legislature. On April 5 he recomrnended ices their citizens require, and consequently have to the legislature establishment of a com frequently been the underlying cause of state mission to study revision. A comrnission of and niunicipal pleas for federal assistance. . ... thirty-seven members resulted in June. It The Commission finds a veiy real and pressing need for the states to improve their constitutions. is to report to the 1957 session of the legis A number of states recently have taken energetic lature, making recommendations for re action to rewrite outmoded charters. In these vision, article by article; if approved by a states this action has been regarded as a first three-fifths vote in each house, these rec step in the program to achieve the flexibility, ommendations .may. then- be passed upon required, to meet the modern needs of their by the voters at the 1958 general election.^ citizens. Latest development in a state-wide cam Increasing emphasis on. constitutional paign of education is the publication of a revision*on the part of Governors and ninety-two page critique of the present legislative bodies has been noted. In each constitution."* round of messages to the legislatures, one ////;zo/j. Illinois facilitated future amend- now finds a number of recommendations merjts of its constitution in 1950 by adopt for constitutional revision. Some of them ing the Gateway Amendment to it.^ The are repeated in successive sessions by in . Illinois General Assembly in 1953 sub dividual Governors, or by a Governor of mitted three constitutional arngndments, one political party driving home a position all three of which were approved by the taken by a predecessor of the other party. voters at the 1954 general election. One Meantime^ support for revision by im was relatively minor, authorizing the sale portant citizen gi"oups continues. or lease of certain canals or waterways <•' '. owned by the state upon such terins as the , PROPOSALS AND ACTION ON "+ General-Assembly might prescribe by law. GENERAL REVISION .; The second provides that'after 1958-, thcL,^. . . " ' • '' Recent examples of proposals for gen term of the State Treasurer shall be in eral constitutional revisipn, and of result creased from two years to four. The third, ing action, include the following among oihers: , 'Manning J. Dauer, "Florida Moves to Change Connecticut.' At a special.election on July Basic Law," Rational Municipal Review, July, 1955, 26, 1955, Connecticut's voters approved pp. 365T366. : . •Manning J. Dauer," and William C. Havard, ^an amendment that will facilitate future "The Florida Constitution of 1885—A Critique" /- amendment of the state's constitution. (Public Administration Clearing Service, Univer Heretofore approval of an , amendment sity of Florida, 1955), reprinted from the University required that a majority of those "present" of Florida Law Review, Spring \9S5. ' . , "See The Book of the Stales, 1954-7955, p, 66. Cur pf • 'Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, rent data supplied by Professor Neil F. Garvey, A Report to the President for Transmittal to the ConDivisioii. of University Extension,' Uxliversity of gress, pp. 37-38 (Washington, June, 1955). IllinoisV •-';•-

-V,

W CONSTITUTIONS AND ELECTIONS 69 and most notable, provided a means of passed for submission at the general elecr breaking the deadlock existing for more tion in 1952 a safeguarding amendment than half a century between Cook County specifically providing for a popular refer and "down-state" over the question of endum on any provision approved by a apportionment. The legislature in 1955, convention. This proposal received 656,- in accordance with the- amendment, re 000 votes as compared with 424,000 apportioned the state, for the first time against, but it then failed of adoption be X since 1901. Provision is made in the cause in Minnesota a constitutional amend > amendment for means of effecting ap ment requires a majority of all ydtes cast portionments in the future, should the in a general election. The 1953 legislature General Assembly fail to act in 1963 or at acted to resubmit the question for vote in the expiration of any ten-year interval the general election of 1954. This time, ., thereafter. 638,818 citizens voted for, 266,434 against.'^ The General Assembly in 1955 passed A bill to submit to the electorate a pro one amendment to be submitted to the posal for a convention was introduced voters at the g'eneral election in 1956. It early in the 1955 session. Hearings were represents another attempt to amend the held, and in the Senate the bill was re revenue article in such a way as to permit ported favorably. The Governor described --- the legislature to classify property for pur it as "a measure of extreme importance to poses of taxation, subject to certain enum the cause of good government in Minne erated restrictions. The amendment would sota."" After extensive discussion and de also revise and simplify other provisions bate, it failed to obtain the necessary two- dealing with the levy of miscellaneous thirds majority in each house. types of taxes. New Hampshire. Constitutional conven Kentucky. A new Constitutional Review tions are no rarity in New Hampshire; Commission was created by the Kentucky . since amendments may be, proposed only General Assembly in 1953, to report in by a convention, conventions have been 1954.6 The General Assembly in its 1954 held with considerable regularity at seven- session did not accept the commission's year intervals- during, the last several dec recommendations in proposing amend ades. In a referendum in November, ments to the constitution. It did, howcMfer, J1954, the voters |avored the calling of a submit two amendments of its own for con convention, and on the recommendation sideration at the 1955 general election; of the Governor the General Court in 1955 Louisiana. Prospects for a constitutional provided for one to be held in May, 1956. convention in Louisiana have increased. It appropriated S75,000 for its use. As in Publication of the very extensive State Law the case of practically all previous conven Institute's Projet of a Constitution for Louisi tions, delegates are to be elected in the ana,-with Notes and Studies now has been various towns and-cities on town meeting completed. The State, Bar Association and day—the second Tuesday in March, 1956. the State League of Women Voters con The President of the 1948 convention be tinue to help keep the question before the lieves that three measures,are almost sure public. to be considered by the 1956 convention: ; Minnesota. Endorsements of a proposal (1) to reduce the size of the General Court for a constitutional convention in Minne from some 400 members to perhaps 250; sota have been made by the Governor and ^(2) to authorize the General Court to levy his predecessor. The State League, of graduated taxes, at present prohibited by Women Voters has been studying the prob-, judicial interpretation of the existing con lem and preparing pertinent materials for stitution; (3) to authorize the General publication. Because several attempts at Court to propose amendment to the state revision in recent years had failed, at least constitution.^^ in p'art because of the absence of a require {Continued on page 76) ment that proposed changes be submitted ''Minneapolis Star, November 16, \954. to direct vote of the people, the legislature ^Alinneapolis Tribune, FehruaxyM. 1955. 'Information furnished by Professor Robert B. ^' ^Constitutional Review Commission, Report Dishnian, Department of Government, University (Frankifort, 1954). of New Hampshire; . ' .'.

4A 'i

•l 70 THE BOOK OF THE STATES STATE CONSTITUTIONS AND GONSTITUTie^NAi CONVENTIONS • As of July, 1955 /* . .

Esli:_ Effeclive mated Number Number daUof length Amendment procedure x of present (number amend 1. conven- constir of ments Proposal Ratification StaU iions(a.) tution words) adopted by legislature by electorate ^ 6 • 1901 39.899 110 3/5 members elected Majority, vote on amendment Arlxona...... 1 1912 15.369 36 Majority members each Majority vote on house • . amendment Arkansaa 6 . 1874 21.500 42(c) Majority members each Majority vote on house(d) amendment

t • • ; California...... • 1879 72,000 372(c) 2/3 members elected Majority 'vote on ^ • • -• '•• .,' amendment

• • • • 1 • , 1876 23.095 56(c) .2/3 members elected(e) Majority vote on amendment

2 •;.,.' 1818 6,741 48 "Majority of House Majority of voters Representatives; next in town meeting Assembly, 2/3 each houses Delaware...!....;.. 5 1897(f) 13.409 21 ^ 2/3 lOpmbers elected, 2 None successive sess. Florida...... ;. ',5 1887 .30,000 102 3/5 members elected Majority vote on amendment Georgia 12 1945(g) 25.000 18(h) 2/3 members elected Majority vote on amendment

Idaho ;. 1890 13,492 53 2/3 of all members Majority vote on amendment

Illinois. '1870 13.838 2/3 memtjsrs elected(i) Majority voting at i . next election of members' of General Assem bly or 2/3 vote • on amendment ' Indiana. 1851 7,816 I 18 Majority members Majority vote on V' elected, 2 successive amendmentCj) , • \ 8e33.(j) • Iowa.... 1857 7,997 19 Majority members Majority vote on "..»'. elected, 2 successive amendment' • ; •" • ", sess.' •

«>;•-.-• Kansas. 186F 8,052 42(c) 2/3 members elected(d) Majority vote on amendment

' (a) For dates of conventions and action 'taken at each, see e.g.. constitutions promulgated or adopted by the state con Tks. Book of the States, I94i-S043. pl>. 48-55, and subsequent vention. volumes. Constitutional conventions for the purpose of. pro- (g) A single amendment adopted at election August 7,1945, Ing amendments were held in New Hampshire in 1930. created the constitution of 1945. 8, 1941 and 1948; a constitutional convention will assemble . (h) This figure does not include amendments of a local na mon the third Tuesday of May, 1956. A single amendment to Vir ture, such amendments not becoming a part of the constitution ginia's cotutitution was effected by a convention on May 2, unless they receive both a majority of those voting in the state 1945. . : as a whole and also a majority of those voting In the particular .. (b) In the states which make no provision' for revision 'or subdivisiim or subdivisions anected. Local amendments'to the amendment by constitutional convention, it appears that such constitution of 1877 were continued in effect though not incor conventions have been .held permissible as an Inherent right of porated in the constitution of 1945. the people acting through elected representatives. (i) Amendments to no more than three articles may t>e sub (c) In some states where a single amendment amends more mitted by same legislative session and the same article may not thaa one section of the constitution it may or may not be count be amended more often than once in foiir years. ed aa more than a single amendment. (j) No aew amendments may be submitted, while an amend • (d) 'No more than three amendment* may be submitted at a ment is a'.vaiting its second legislative action or action of the time. ^. electors. The Supreme Court has ruled {.In re Todd, 208 Ind. . (e) Legislature may not propose amiendments to more than 168) that if more votes are cast for than against an amendment ' Biz Articles at the aame session. submitted to the voters, it is ratified even though the total vote (f) Although It'la the usual practice to submit revlalohs of cast in favor of the amendment is less than a majority of the sonstitutions to the voters for their approval, this footnote indi total numt>er of votes cast at the election' at which the amend cates those Instances in wttlch this practice was not followed. ment was voted on. . ' . ' : CONSTITUTIOJfS AND ELECTIONS ^ 71 STATE CONSTITUTIONS AND CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS As of July, 1955—Continued ',

Amendment procedure Procedure for • ..by initiutive calling a contention(b) Popular __^ A ratification Site of Referendum Vote in Referendum (convention Petition vote legislature vote proposals) State Majority members Majority voting No provision .Alabama elected at election 15% of total vot Majority vote on Majority vote Majority vote on Majority vote on ..Arizona ers for Governor amendment question propc»aIs at last electioq 10% of legal vot Majority vote on .Arkansas ers for Governor amendment at last election including 5% in each of IS coun ties .8% of total voters Majority vote on 2/3 members Majority vote on Majority vote cast .Caiifomla for Governor at amendment . elected question at special elec last general elec tion tion 8% of legal voters Majority vote on J2/3 members Majority vote on Majority vote at .Colorado .for Secretary of amendment . eiecte.1 question election wjjich State at last gen- may be special . eral elation . ^ election , J ••• '.Connecticut

2/3 members Majority vot^ on No provision . Delaware elected question ^ 2/3 all members Majority vote on No provision ...Florida question 2/3 all members No referendum' Majority vote on ..Georgia proposals in state as a whole and majority vote of local electors in sub division affected As, legislature Majority voting at 2/3 members Majority of elec "Adopted by peo ..Idaho provided general election elected tors voting in ple" next general election 2/3 each house Majority voting at Majority vote at .IllinoU next gen. efcc- special election . tion V

••*-. .^. . Indiana / ^Question manda- Majority voting cm No provision Iowa ^ tpry every 10 th»he^ nil^sfioquestion * years beginnbg , 1870; leg. .may provide for sub x3f mission of ques tion . 2/3 members Majority voting at No provision .Kansas elected; next gen. elec tion • '''Ji.,^ (k) No. more than two amendments may be submitted ».t a of electorate, and 'H vote in each county. time; no amendment may be resubmitted'within five years. (u) Insplteofthe'constitutlonal convention of 1938. the New 00\) FProposa l must bt Introduced within first thirty dayi of York Constitution has been considered as the constitution of 1894. as amended. ' o session(m) A. rearrangement of the constitutions was made by lns<:rt- (v) The North Carolina.(invention of 1876 used the consti inc amendments at appropriate places; the original conatltut .on, tution of 1868 as a basis but m^de numerou* amendments to ^. as amended and rearranged. Is still in force. In Maine (1^54)- The present constitution has been consideredrboth'as the-consti- and Vermont (19U) the rearrangement was accomplished I'.iy the tution of 1868 and 1876. The North .Carolina amendmenu or Supreme Court or the state. constitution were ratified in November, 1876, and took effect (n) One of theiv was i^ot a convention, but a special constlta- on January 1, 1877. . tional commiMlon appointed by the Governpr, under authority (w) The legislature, by two-thirds vote.may require a speda of >m act of the legislature. election on amendments. Any initiative or referendum meas (o) Legislature is empowered to fix a smaller percentage. ure rejected by the voters cannot be presented again for three The percentage actually prescribed in Missouri is 5. years, unless by vote of 25 per cent or more of the legal voters, (p) Proposals must be devoid of party designations. ' ^ (x) Convention may not be held oftener than once in six (q) Minimum vote on ameiidment, 35 per cent total cast. years. (r) Rejected amendments may not be considered again until (y) Since 1910. amendments may be submitted only at 10- - after three yeats. Minimum vote necessary, 35 per cent of total year intervals. vote cast. > ' ' • (x) Revised Organic Art July 22,1954. (s) In New Jersey rejected amendments may not be consid (aa) Effective utx>n Hawaiian statehood. ered again until the third general election thereafter (in Penn- (ab) Majority vote must constitute 35% of total vote cast at . sytvanla may not be submitted again for five years). general election, or of registered voters at special election. , (t) Amendments dealing with franchise and elections must (ac) Excludes atnendments made by legislature and those a- be propcwed by a 94 vote of legislature and ratifinl by 94 "vote dopted by electoriMe but never in effect because of court decisions.

^•.v;. 72 THE BOOK OF THE STATES STATE COiNSTITUTIONS AND CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS As of July, 1955—Continued

Esti Effective mated Number Number date of length. of Amendment procedure .': of Present (number amend convert- consti- of ments Proposal Ratification • ' State tions(.^) tuliori" words) adopted ~by legislature by electorate KentuckjF. ;.... 6 1891(0 21,500 «»s- 16 3/5 members elected(k) Majority vote on amendment

Louisiana 10 1921(0 201,423 326 2/3 members elected(l) Majority vote on amendment

Maine...... ;. *1 182q(m) 10,302 77 2/3 both houses Majority vote on amendment Maryland 4 1867 23,300 79(c) 3/5 members elected Majority vote on amendment

_ Massachtisetts..... 5 1780 28,760 81 Majority members Majority vote on

*w • . • - ' elected, 2 successive amendment I sess.

Michigan...... 5(n) 1909 15.290 59 12/3 members elected Majority vote on ' amendment , 7 Minnesota < 1 1858 15,465 80 Majority both houses Majority voting at I election Mississippi...... 7 1890(0 15,302 32 2/3 each house, on each Majority vote cast i of 3 separate days Missouri 6 1945 30,000 4 Majority members Majority vote on elected amendment

Montana...... 1 1889 17,409 23(c) 2/3 members elected (d) Majority vote on amendment Nebraska 4 1875 16,555 69 3/5 members elected(p) Majority vote on amendment (q)

Nevada 2 1864 16.657 56(c) Majority members Majority vote on Jected 2 successive amendment NewHampstilre.... 14(a) 1784 10,900 94 • New Jersey... 4 . 1948 12,500 None 3/5 all members of each Majority voting at house; or majority all election (s) members of each house for 2 successive sess. New Mexico I 1912 15,150 36(c) Majority members Slafority vote on elected amendment(t) New York..:..."... J< 8 1894(u) 19,036 127 Majority members Majority vote- on elected, 2 successive amendment • sess.(u) W

North Carolina..... 6 1876(v) .v8.861 28 .3/5 each house Majority voting at, election North Dakota 1 1889 17,797 64 Majority members Majority vote on • elected amendment Ohio .4 •: • 1851 15,417 72 3/5 members elected Majority vote on amendment

Oklahoma i... I 1907 35,360 37(acl Majority members Majority voting at elected election(w)

-^••. T

CONSTITUTIONS AND ELECTIONS 73 STATE CONSTITvUTIONS AND CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS As of July, 1955—Continued

Amendment procedure Procedure for by initiative calling'a conventian(b) Popular ratification Size of Referendum Vote in Referendum (convention petition ^ vote legislature rote proposals) Stale Majority mem Majority vote on No provision .Kentucky bers elected, 2 question at A' successive ses least 1/4 quali sions fied voters' at last election No constitutional No constitutional Louisiana provision; prac- provision; prac :', tice is proposal tice is proposal 1 ; by legislature, by legislature, approved by approved by referendum referendum vote vote • . ' 2/3 both houses No provision Maine Question manda Majority voting at Majority vote on Maryland tory every 20 election proposals years beginning 1930 t Not less than such 30% of t6tal vot No constitutional Majority votingon Massachusetts number of vot ers at election provision; but ers equal to-3% and majority legislature -has . question of entire vote vote on amend jubmitfed ques cast for Gover ment tion of calling / nor in preceding convention to biennial State people under its election general powers 10% legal voters Majority vote on Question manda Majority voting at Majority vote on .Michigan for Governor at amendment tory every 16 election proposals last election years beginning 1926 < 2/3 members Majority voting at 3/5 voting on ques- .Minnesota elected election tion .Mississippi Not more than 8% \fajority vote on Question manda- Majority vote Majority vote on .. .Missouri legal voters at amendment N tory every 20 question t proposals last election of years „ «• justice of Sup. Ct. in each of at least 2/3 Cong. dist.(o) 2/3 members Majority vote on Major;ity vote at .Montana elected • question elections 10% voters for Majority vote on 3/5 • members Majority voting at Majority vote on .Nebras H.:- Governor at last ^^amen°dment(r) elected • election proposals election; electors including 5% of each of 2/5 of counties Constitution of Nevada cannot be 2/3 members Majority voters at No provbion .'..Nevada amended by. use of the initiative elected election • T •. Question manda Maj. vot. in town 2^3 vot. in ann. New Hampshire tory eyery 7 yrs. meetings vtown meetings .... .New Jersey X, 273- members Majority vote on "Ratified by peo- • ... .New Mexico elected question :'^ pit" Maj. of legisla Majority vote on Majority vote on New York ture. Question question I proposals mandatory ev ery 20 years be ginning in 1957 ••/••" 2/3 members Majority voting at' No provision .North Carolina elected efection . ji 20,000 of electors Majority vote on-; ...North Dakota amendment 10% of electors for Majority vote.on 2/3 mei^bers Maijority vote o^ Majority vote on ...Ohio Gov. last elec. amendment electedS, Ques question -TI- proposals incl. 5% in each tion mandatory of Jii of the coun every 20 yrs. be ties ginning 1932 15 % legal voters in Majority voting at Majprity vote of Majority'vote on Majoilty vote on .Oldahoma last gen. State election ^legislature. question . proposals elec tor oflSce re Question man ceiving highest datory every 20 votes (w) years beginning 1907 ^ XK»^ ;

74 THE BOOK OF THE STATES STATE CONSTITUTIONS AND CONSTITUTIONAL CONTENTIONS As of July, 1955—Concluded /^

Esti Effective mated Number Number dale of length Amendment procedure of present (number atnend- A eonveit' consti of ments Proposal Ratification Stait lionsia) tution • •words) adopted by legislature by electorate Oreiton. 1859 18,100 94(c) Majority members Majority vote on elected amendment

5(ti) 1874 15.092 . 54 Majority members Majority vote on • .1; elected. 2 successive amendment(s) legislatures 7 1843 6.650 33 Majority members 3/5 voters on elected, 2 successive amendment sess. . South Carolina.... 7 1895(0 30,063 . 220 2/3 members elected Maj. vote on amendment; ratification by majority next Gen. Assem. South Dakota. 1 1889 24.545 60 Majority members Majority vote on elected amendment Tennessee 4 . 1870 9,460 Majority members Majority of vote . elected; 2/3 members*: •^ cast for Cover* - "' f elected succeeding ' ;•:,". nor sess. Texas...... > 5 1876 . 39,000 121 2/3 members elected Majority vote on . amendment Utah. 1 18^6 13.261 29 2/3 members elected Majority vote on amendment Vermont 11 1793(f,m) 5,759 40 2/3 vote Senate, major Majority freemen ity House; majority voting on members elected suc amendment '• / , •• ceeding se3s.(y) Virginia .,.••.. "9(n) 1902(0 23.101 87 Majority members Majority vote on elected, 2 successive ' amendment V sess. Washington. --. . 1 ^|89 14.650 28 2/3 members elected Majority vote on amendment 2/3 members elected Majority vot^on West VirHinla < - 2 1872 14.928 27 amendment Majority members Majority vote on Wisconsin. 1 1848 10,517 59 elected, 2 successive amendment sess. ' •\ 2/3 of all members Majority of elect W'yominft,... 1 . 1890 14.603 13 ors at next gen eral election Alaska. Constitutional Convention to frame a constitu tion for Alaskan Stateliood convened Novem- l)er 8, 1955 Guam .. •" 1950(z) 6.500 1 HawaU 1 (aa) 11.412 , 2/3 both houses Majority vote on amcndment(ab) Puerto Rico 1 1952 8.^00 *2 2/3 both houses Majority of electr^ ors voting there on ( •' • . • Amendment procedure would be by Congress Virgin Islands; .. 1954{z) 8.500 None of United States

^ ^t CONSTITUTIONS AND ELECTIONS 75 STATE CONSTITUTIONS AND CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS ^ As of July, 1955—Concluded

Amendment procedure Procedure for by initiative calling a convention(]b) Popular ^ • ratification Site of Referendum Vole in Referendum (convention petition vote legislature vole Proposals) State Not more than 10% Majority vote on Majority of Legis Majority vote on No provisioii .Oreiton legal voters in. amendment lature question last election for justice of Sup. Ct.(o) , .PennsylTanla

Majority votes of Majority votes on According to terms .Rhode Island legislature question of act calling convention 2/3 members Majority voting at No provision .South Carolina elected election

2/3 members Majorfty voting at No provision .South Dakbta elected eWction ^ Majority mem M/jorfti( voting Majority voting i.. .Tennessee bers elected(x) o^qtiestion on question

.Texas 2/3 members Majority voting at' Majority vote at ,;Utah elected next general next general election election _ - - .Vennont

Majority mem Majoritjf vote on No provision .Virahila(a) bers elected question n 2/3 members Majority voting at "Adopted by peo ..Washlniiton elected election ple'* Majority mem Maj. vot. at elec. "Ratified by vot .West Virginia bers elected which can be a ers" spec. elec. Majority of Legis Majority vote on No provision .Wisconsin lature question 2/3 members Majority voting at "Adopted by peo ..Wyoming elected next general ple' election .... .Alaska

.Guam Question manda Majority voting at Majority vote on .HawaU tory every 10 election (ab) propaisals(ab) years 2/3 members Majority electors Majority electora .; Puerto Rico s> elected voting thereon voting thereon ^ . Virion Islands

-WtY^^tt-S"

.'•/.

49 76 THE BOOK OF THE STATES Oregon. A constitutional study commit proposition since 1891, the last having oc tee was authorized in Oregon by the 1953 curred in 19-35. legislative session; it consisted of nine per Rhode Island. Under authority of legisla sons appointed by the Governor outside tive action \^ 1954, Rhode Island voters on the legislature, including two from each June 9, 1955, elected delegates to the congressional district and one at large; the state's third limited constitutional conven President of the. Senate and three Senators tion. The legislature had proposed tjhat appointed by him, the. Speaker of the House the constitution be amended to increase and three Representatives appointed i)y legislative compensation, provide life ten him. ^ , ure for higher court judges, and provide This study committee reported in Janu for redevelopment of blighted urban areas. ary, 1955 that Oregon's was the "twelfth The convention held a ten-hour session on oldest^ fifteenth longest, and eighth most June 20 and adopted the three proposals. amended of state confetitutions," and made These were submitted to the electorate in a two specific recommei^dati0R§: (1) that.a • special election on July 20. The redevelop- constitutional conventioq^e held in July, «ment amendment was adopted, the other 1959; (2) that a preparatory commission two defeated. be created to conduct research into what a Tennessee. The 1954-55 edition of The ,/ new constitution should contaiiy and to lay Book of the Stales reported (p. 67) on the the results before the convention. At about Tennessee Constitutional Convention of the same time the Governor stated that he 1953 and summarized eight proposals Jor shared "the opinion of the majority of the change it approved for submission'to the committee—that a constitutional conven voters. All of these proposals—the first tion, should be called, because it is through changes to. be made in a constitution that means alone that needed reform in adopted in 1870—were approved at the the fundamental document will be accom- general election of 1953. Increased public plished."»o " interest in the constitution, some observers, The fact that the commission was di believe, is even mor^ importanf than the vided, presenting both a' majority and a content of the amendments adopted, im minority report, contributed to the failure portant as they were.'^ of its recomrhendations to win adoption in .Alaska. Earlier issues of The Book of the the 1955 legislative session. The .bill was States have reported on constitutional revi read in the Senate a first and second time, sion in Hawaii and Puerto Rico. Now the and referred to a committee where it re Alaska legislature has authorized a consti mained untit the end of the legislative tutional convention, to be composed of session.ii . fifty-five delegates elected in September, Pennsylvania. A proposal to call a con 1955, from twenty-two pre-established stitutional convention failed of adoption at ^ election districts. It was provided that the "theJ953 general election in Pennsylvania, convention was to meet at the University althoiigh supported, as previously, by both of Alaska, College, Alaska, from Novem r major parties. Philadelphia and Pitts ber 8, 1955.' Although the de\pgates were burgh favored revision but their majorities to draft the hew constitution, preparatory for it were overcome by adverse votes in staff work was done' by a firm of profes other parts of the state. This was the fifth sional consultants. The resulting document" defeat in a state-wide referendum on the is to be submitted to the people; terms of

^See Prentice Cooper, President of the Con '"Governor's and Lcsrislative Gonstitutional vention, "November's Constitutional Election," Committee, Constitutional. Revision, Report oj. . . Tennessee Planner, October, 1953, pp. 67-72; H. (Salem, January, 1955); see also "Governors L. Trewhit, "Tenr>essee Amends Her Constitu Speak up for Constitutional Revision," a note in tion," State Government, }\inc, 1954,' pp. 119-1^2,- National Municipal Review, March, 1955, pp. 145- 128; Martha, Ragland, "Constitutional Climate 146. Improves in Tennessee," National Municipal Re- "Information furnished by Professor Waldo *»>«;, April, 1955, pp. 202-203; unsigned, "Our Schumacher, Department of Political Science, 1870 Constitution Gets Its First Amendments," Vnivcrsity of Oregon. Tennessee Planner, December, 1953, pp. 118-120. CONSTITUTIONS AND ELECTIONS 11 the submission will be laid down in an en ers of local governAient and consolidation; abling act to be passed upon by Congress. Tennessee adopted an amendment making .city-county consolidation possible. TREND OF AMENDMENTS Those are examples only—from a sam Constitutional amendments were ple of 200 proposals that included by no adopted in more than half of the states dur means all the propositions offered to the ing the biennium. They dealt with a vyide voters. Some amendments on lines indi •^v range of subjects. To ascertain the general cated above were defeated at the polls. A characteristics bf such amendments the few other amendments adopted tended to author recently examined a sample of restrict rather than advance governmental some 200 propQsalsfor.constitutionalcha;nge powers or flexibility. But the, sample submitted during the''1953-55 biennium. showed that, by and large, the amendments Several points stood out. First, the voters suj^mitted and adopted were important— approved a much larger numljer of amend many of them in line with proposals ad ments than they rejected. Secondly, the vanced by recognized authorities on state amendments submitted and adopted government for years; and that, as.a rule, tended to'ccritcr upon, major problems in the voters were not loath to amend their statCv government. A number were essen constitutions when well-planned proposals tially local or minor in character, but most were setx before them. of them dealt with one or another of about a dozen topics: the ge^verr^orship, the legis ; SiGNiBLCANT NEW LITERATURE' lature, the courts, suffrage and elections, ? To significant materials listed in previ education, highways, taxation,' deijt, per ous editions of The Book of the States, four sonnel administration, public officers, and ifnew entries have been added. Professor' veterans. For example: Burdine has rendered a highly useful serv In Colorado, Ohio and Tennessee, ice in his brief commentary on sources re- amendments increased the terms of Gt)vcr- lating to state constitutions, the work of nor from two to four years; New York as constitutional conventions,, and state con sured thaf the Governor and Lieutenant stitutional development, to which is ap .-^^^•J^x Governor shall be of the same political pended a list of all published debates relat- • party; Tennessee authorized the item veto ing, to state constitutional conventions. for appropriation bills; Florida, New Mex Th(5 fivev'olumes of the Projet of a Constitu ico and Tennessee extended the time avail tion for tnk State of Louisiana contain a vast able to the Governor for disposing of bills amount or information on the subject, in following adjournment of the legislature. cluding in Vol. I, Part 11 the series-of ap- In three states—Illinois, Ohio and Texas proxirriately fifty special.studies, grouped —amendments lengthened the terms of under a dozen 'major headings. A compar certain other officials from two years to able series Qf special studies prepared for four. the Governor's Committee on Preparatory Georgia, Kansas, Louisiana and West Research for the New Jersey Constitu-. Virginia established annual legislative sesr tional Convention, slightly shorter than sions. Amendments in eight states pro thei Louisiana collection, appears in Vol. vided for increased legislative compensa II of the Convention Proceedings-. Finally, tion. Illinois, as noted above, provided for Professor Sturm, in his Methods of State the state's first legislative reapportionment Constitutional Reform, has given us a highly in more than half a century. A reappor useful analysis of the methods of operation, tionment amendment also was adopted in and of the advantages and disadvantages Arizona. ofthe constitutional convention, theamend-^ Amendments in four states—Georgia, ing procedure, and the initiative as means Louisiana, Maryland and Tennessee— of constitutional change. provide for greater home rule for cities SELECTED RECENT REFERENCES ON and/or counties. Affecting metropolitan STATE CONSTITUTIONS AND REVISION areas, Kansas authorized the legislature to^ RICHARD N. BAISDEN. Charter for New Jerseyi the * designate "urban areas" and to enact] New Jersey Conslitutionnl Convention of 1947 (State special laws giving theni appropriate pow-l Department of Education, Trenton, 1952).

. .'/"••' • >":. •• -• / .'••_.

\'"':

a - V\ J; \ -^^ ^^

78 THE BOOK OF THE STATES J. ALTON BURDINE. "Basic Materials for the Study New Jersey. State of New Jersey, Constitutional of State Constitutions and State Constitutional Convention of 1947, Held at Rutgers University, New Development," American Political Science Review, Brunswick, New Jersey, 5 Vols. December, 1954, pp. 1140-1152.: New York. New York State Constitutional Con WILLIAM N. ETHRIDGE, JR., Modernizing Missis vention Committee, Report: Vol. Ill, Constitu sippi's Constitution (Bureau of Public Administra tions of the States and of the United States (Albany, tion, University of Mississippi, 1950). 1938). MARTIN L. FAUST. Five Tears Under the New Mis Oklahoma. Legislative Council, Constitutional souri Constitution (Missouri Public Expeiiditure Conwn/jon ^CT-rVi (Oklahoma City, 1948). Survey, Jefferson City, 1950). VERNON A. O'ROURKE and D. W. CAMPMSHL. Hawaii. Legislative Reierence Bureau, University Constitution Making in a Democracy (Johns Hop- . of Hawaii, Manual on State Constitutional. Provi kins Press, 1943). Analysis of the New York sions {Honolulu, 1950), Convention of 1938. JOHN P. KEITH. Methods of Constitutional Revision ALBERT L. STURM. Methods of State Constitutional (Bureau" of Municipal Research, University of Reform (University of Michigan Press, 1954). Texas, 1949). • The Need for Constitutional Revision in Louisiana. State Law Institute, Projet of a Consti West Virginia (Bureau for Government Re tution for the State of Louisiana^ with Notes and search, West Virginia University, 1950). Studies, 4 Parts, 5 Vols. (Baton Rouge, 1954). RAYMOND UHL and others. Constitutional Conven National Municipal League. Committee on State tions: Organization, Powers, Functions' and Pro Government, Model State Constitution, with Ex cedures {Bureau of Public Administration, Uni planatory Articles, Fifth Ed; (New York, 1948), versity of South Carolina, 1951).

A-. \ •'I

••'\ ••

•• \-

FA y V

V , • V 2 Elections

ELfiCTION LEGISLATION, 1953-55*

LECTION legislation in 1953-55 resulted period for applying for absentee, ballot chiefly in changes in absentee vodng, from four to two months before the elec E' a gain in the number of presidential tion; to eliminate the "agent" in securing short-biillot states, extension of the use of . absentee ballot.forms and to require that if voting machines, referenda on lowering of the application is brought to the municipal the voting age, and, in Connecticut, adop clerk by anyone other than the applicant, tion of a direct primary. Connecticut thus the clerk must mail the form to the absent became the forty-eighth state in use of the voter; to allow only one absentee ballot set primary. Many changes occurred in the to be issued to a voter; to provide for man 'deadline for registration and for-iâpplica- ual counting of all absentee ballots at each tron fdr absentee ballots. \ polling: place; and.to provide that absentee voting forms shall be preserved for six ;. ABSENTEE VOTING ' months after the election. , f In November, 1954, Maryland, which Some72h§nês were made in» the applica had absentee voting for armed service per tion for absentee bg^llot in Arizona (Laws, sonnel, adqpted a constitutional amend ^19537Ch. 98): for the voter's age there is ment (referendum provided in Laws, 1953, the statement "more than tvVenty-bne Ch. 480) fo authorize the legislature to en ' years of age"; confinement in a Hospital is^ act a general absent voter law for all quali-. added as cause of absence. Arizona now fied voters in the state. Such legislation has requires that absentee^ballots be prepared been drafted and will be acted upon at the for special as weU as regular elections. nex^ session of the General Assembly. The Colorado in 1955 prohibited solicitation New York legislature submitted a constitu of. absentee ballots in elections. Georgia tional amendment in 1955, and the voters (Ac'ts, 1955,*No. 105) allowed ordinary approved, to liberalize the absentee voter mail for the absentee ballot rather than re^ privilege by adding disability as a cause for. quiring registered mail. Kentucky (Acts, absence. And New York (Laws, 1955, Ch. ii 1955, .ph. 208) extended the right to ci 7i89) changed the final date for application vilians necessarily absent from the state, for ballots by absent voters from the tenth whereas previously it had been only for to the seventh day before the election. those absent from the city or county. Louisi •Connecticut amended its absentee vot ana (Acts, 1954,-No. 557) allowed registra ing law'(1955. Act No. 505): to reduce the tion by persons in the armed forces and . their spouses, and re-enacted^ts absentee *Prepared» by SPENCER D. ALBRIGHT, Univer military ballot law (Act No. .68). Michigan sity of Richmond, Virginia. At the time of writing, (1953 Acts, No. 12) granted the absent vot .the session laws for 1955 were not yet available from a majority of the states. The summary is ing privilege to persons who "on account therefore ihcompletie for tât year. of the tenets of religion cannot attend tn^

79^ •• • -. • • .- ; •'• ^•.^ ••••• .'••-•• ^• 'l.._..

<^ f\

80 THE BOOK OF THE^ STATES polls on the day of election or primary elec ter, equally apportioned among three col tion." In 1954 (Acts, No. 116) Michigan umns. In Texas (Laws, 1955, Ch. 34) it rewrote its election code, in Rhode Island is provided that "The name of no candi the absent voting law was revised to permit date shall appear more than once on the. social workers with military and naval oflicial ballot, except as a candidate for forces, and wives of.armed service person two or more offices permitted ... to be nel, to vote, without re-registering, and to held by the same person." facilitate voting by shut-ins. V • Arizona enacted a law to "requit^^ of^ a -Virginia in 1954 amended her absent write-in candidate as many votes as the voting law (Laws, 1954, Ch. 511): the number of signatures required for nomi clerk's office must forward to the election nating petitions. North Carolina, through officials the lists of absent voters, to be a constitutional. amendment adopted in . available for public' inspection; the voter 1954, provided that positions filled by ap must sign a sworn statement that he has pointment shall not have "short term" complied with the election.laws; he may elections for the period between the No appear at the polls on election day and vember election and the first o£ January, have his ballot marked "voided at request except, for United States Senators. (State of voter," and then he may see that his legislation cannot alter provisions of the name is removed from the list of absent Unitigd States Constitution relating to the voters and he may proceed to "vote in the appointment and election of Senators. Va same manner as any other voter.'' cancies among Representatives in Congress must be filled by elections, since there is no PRESIDENTIAL SHORT BALLOT provision for appointment to this office.) West Virginia has adopted and Ohio has Colorado (March 4", 1955) provided-that restored the presidential short ballot. States no person shall be elected to"€ll a vacancy 'which do not at present have this ballot when the unexpired term is less than plan are scattered; they includg one state ninety days; the appointee shall serye out . in New England and one on the West Coast, the term. . six states in the South, five in the Great v: .Plains, and five in the Rocky^ Mountain PRIMARIES area. Most of the states which do not omit- Connecticut adopted her primary law, presidential electoral.names from the bal noted at the outset ofthis summary, in lot are of less than average population, and 1955, replacing a nominating system based hence of less than the avemge number of on conyeations and caucuses. In 1954 Mon presidential electors. In the 1954 election tana provided for presideritial preferential " Wisconsin voters approved a measiire to primaries, and Nevada in 1955 repealed its • permit a vote for presidential electors by 1953 presidential primary law. Nebraska persons residing in the state less tha;h one (Laws, 1953, Ch. 106) and New Mexico , • year. • •.' V '..„.<•. (Laws, 1955, Ch. . p 8) aboHshed pre-. primary conventions. New York (Laws,^ BALLOT FORMS, WRITE-INS, VACANCIES 1955, Ch. 791) provided for the holding of • -'New York (Laws, 1954,:Ch. 38oj.pro-. one primaryionly in 1956, to be on Tues vides a single vote for Governor and Lieu day, June 5th, thereby eliminating both- tenant Gêrnor through linking of the the spring and the fall primaries. party candidates on the ballot, •. thus^ elim inating tne possibility of filling the offices . '•-_ VpTiNG MACHINES ' by a Governor from one party and a Lieu In 1955 Connecticut adopted a iiumber tenant Governor, from another. In 1955 of acts relating to the voting machine t to Idaho restored lê circle at the top of the prescribe the order of nominees if a^â^ty pairty column to allow a straight ticket is entitled to two or more candidates, and vote; this had been removed some years to increase the hours authorized for in earlier. Montana (Laws, 1953, Ch. 72) has struction in the use of voting machines.' In changed the ballot pattern from columns Maryland the use of voting machines was for difTerent sets of offices to a consecutive made mandatory for the 1956 primaries- arrangement—to include all printed mat- Through an extensive law on the subject, CONSTITUTIONS AND ELECTIONS- 81: Mississippi has joined the states authoriz election day. Connecticut provides that in ing the voting machine (Acts,- 1954, Ch. addition to the United States flag (1955, 360). In New Mexico the legislature au Act No. 2) the state flag is permitted on thorized the State Canvassing Board to the wall inside each pojling place. purchase voting machines for counties that In South Dakota (Laws, 1955, Ch. 58) a cannot, afford them. North Dakota (Laws, recount board is provided, to consist of a 1953, Ch. 159) authorized cities to use county judge and two persons appointed voting machines and to divide the cost of by him; if the county judge is disqualjified, machines between a city and a county. then the circuit judge shall act. Counting procedure has received attention in North SUFFRAGE Carolina (Laws, 1955, Ch.,891), with the • . • • .• ' . • • V provision that all ballots marked as straight In 1953 Tennessee, in amending its con stitution for the first time since its adoption party' votes shall be piled together and in 1870, removed the poll tax as a require counted accordingly, and "all split-voted ment for voting. In 1954 Alabama adopted ballots" shall be counted separately. This an amendment to exempt blind-or deaf plan speeds the count, and often has been persons from paying a poll tax. used in many states, regardless of formal Maine, .through an "amendment to its language to count the ballots in order. constitution approved in 1954, gave In-, North Carolina '(Laws, 1955, Ch. 767). dians the right to vote on an equal status allows the purchase and use of ballot boxes with other citizens. , into which only unfolded ballots may be Proposals to lower the voting age have deposited, ind removes a previous pro-. been introduced in many legislatures. In vision requiring folding of ballots. . _ recent years the voters have been inclined Provisions for annual sessions of legisla to reject such. liberalizing of suffrage re tures, although not a change in elections, quirements when presented in the form are bound to affect future candidacies for (s- of constitutional amendments, Kentucky's election to the legislature. Georgia, Kan .voters, however, oin ISôvember, 1955, ap- sas, Louisiana and West Viiginia provided 'proved a constitutional amendment to for annual sessions through constitutional lower the voting age/to 18. South Dakota amendments/adopted in 1954. rejected an amendment to lower the voting age in 1954. India]^(Laws, 1953, Ch. 292) f • REFERENCE WORKS ON BALLOTS had such a propo^for a constitutional AND ELECTION SYSTEMS . amendment, relaffll^ to vexing at 19, but SPENCER D. ALBRIGHT, The American Ballot, the plan was rejecfed \A the 1955 session.' Americaa Council on Public Affairs, Washington, D.G., 1942. HUGH A. BONE, American Politics and the Party System (2nd ed.), New York, 1955. J. B. MISCELLANEOUS JOHNSON and J. J. LEWIS, Registration for Voting in the -United States, Chicago, 1946. V. Q. KEY, Poli ,. Arizona (Laws, 1954, Ch. 13)* provides tics, Parties', and Pressure Groups (3rd ed.), New York, th»^the United States flag is to. be dis 1952. G. F. MILLER, Aksent Voters and Suffrage Laws, played in or near every polling place on Washington, D.C., 1948. '. •

•• -V- i-%

LIMITATIONS ON CAMPAIGN EXPENDITURES IN THE STATES

Filing of statements required Totat Keslric- expend- Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign Sources Contributions Contributions tions on itures receipts receipts disburse disburse of con by by labor character by by by ments by ments by Required time for tributions corporations unions ofexpen- candidate Amount ipent in behalf Slate ^,: parties candidates parties Candidates filing statements restrictedf^ Prohibited prohibited dilures limited of candidat/ limited Alabamtf. Yes Yea .' Yea Yea Between 15 and 10 days Yes Yea No Yes Yes N> before and within 15 days after elections Arizona.. Yes Yea Yes Yea Receipts before, expen Yes Yes.. .No No No ditures after election Arkansas. No . No No .Yes Corru pt practice pledge No . • . • .... No Yes No before, candidate ex penses after election California.... ^ No Yes No Yea After election No No •No • Yea No No . Colorado...... , Yes • No Yes Yea After election ^ . No No No No ^ No • No Connecticut..'.. Yes Yea Yes Yea After election Yes Yes No Yea '• Yea No (if spent by inde pendent political com mittee) Delaware....;., . No ' No \. No No No • No . No No No No Florida.. No Yea No Yea Before and after ela Yes . Yes No . Yea No No . tion ^ Georgia .... No Yea(a) No Yes(a) Within 20 daya after No No Yes electSon Idaho..,.' , No Yea No Yea After election Yes No No-. • Yes Yea lUlnols..;....., No No No No No No No No No ^ Indiana...... Yes Yes Yes Yes • ' After election . Yes Yes Yes Yea Yea Yes (sj Iowa Yes Yes Yes Yea Within 30 daya after Yea Yea • No No Yea No election Kansas Yes Yes Yes Yea After election Yea Yea No Yea Yea No Kentucky.. • Nb(b) Yes r^{b) Yes IS days before and 30 Yes ' Yes No Yea Yea Yea daya after election Louisiana No No No * No None ,• Yea(c) Yea No No No No Maine...... Yes Yea . Yes Yes Within IS daya after No No •..No., Yea No No election Maryland ^ Yes Yes Yes Yes After election Yes ~~^ Yes No No Yea Yes Massachusetts. • Yes Yes Yea YesjP After election Yes Yea No Yea Yea No (if spent by politi cal committee) Michigan../.. • Yes MTes Yea .V Yea After election but be Yea ' Yea No Yea Yes Yea' - '. fore certificatioh to of *», h . -c^ • fice 'Minnesota Yea •Yea Yes Yea Before and after elec- Yea Yea No • Yea Yes Yea Mississippi...... 'No(d) YesCd) No(d) Yes(d) Contribution state Yea No . No No Yes Yea ments filed Island 15th ,.^ - • • • • • .V. e each month of cam- piaign Missouri...... No Yes Yes' After election Yea • Yea No No Yes Yea 'Montana...... Yes Yea Yes Yes After election No • :"No No No Yes, Yea / Nebraska.. Yes : No • Yes Yes After election Yea Yea Only if un Yea No No

•,! • ion is a cor • •. poration NcTada...... No No' .. No • No No No <*No No No New Hampshire. . Yes Yea Yea Yes Ist statement Wednes- Yea . Yea Yea Yea Yes Yes • ' r day (6 daya) before; 2nd," second Friday (10 days) after election t New Jieraey...., Yea Yea Yea V Yea Friday or Saturday be Yes By inaur- " No Yea g^ea No fore and 20 days after ance corpo . t^ election '•>'-' rations New Mexico.... Yes Yes .Yea ~"^' Candidates, within 10 No(e) No No No Yes No X .days after election; par ties, within 30 days <, after election New York.... . Yes Yea Yea Before and after elec Yea Yea No No .. Yea Yes tions North Carolina. Yes Yea (in gen Yea "Before and after elec- Yea Yea No No No- No eral elec tiona tions) North Dakota.. No, No Yea After electiona Yea .Yea No Yea Yes Yea Ohio...... Yea Yea Yea By 4:00 p.m. 10th day Yea Yea No Yes Yea No after election Oklahoma...... Yea No • Yea 10 days after election No No No No Yea Yea' Orefion Yes Yea Yes 15 days after election Ye3(0 (0 Yes Yea No Pennsylvania... Yes Yes Yes Within 30 daya after Yea Yea No No each primary and gen Yea Yea eral election Rhode Island... practicea act(K) South Carolina. No No No Yea Before, electiona No No' . No Yea "No No \J- . Yea South Dakota.. Yea Yea Yea Yea Wifhin 30 daya after Yea % No Yea Yea Yea electiona Teionessee. .. No_ No Yea (by Yes Cahdidate'a statement ; No No No No Yea Yea campaiKn 5 to 10 days before cohi"' chairman) vention or election; manager's within 30 days after .j 00 Texas...... •No Yes No Yea Before and after elec-l Yea ; : • Yes Yea Yea No Yea IP. tions • i Utah:...,, Yea Yes Yea Yea 2nd Sat. after 1st dis-j Yes . Yes ... No : .-. Yea' Yea No (if spent by. other bursement; 2nd Sat. than committee) each calendar month thereafter; Sat. preced ing any primary or elec? tion i Vermont.... No No No Yea Within 10 daya after • • ?" Yes' . \NO • ••• primary • 0 \ Virulnia..,., Yea Within 30 days after '•'• Yes Yea • «•••.. election, caucus, con-; vention or primary election \ Washinftton.. No Yea No. Yea After primary only No " No • • • .No' -No • No :'•• . No" West Virginia. Yea Yea Yea Yea Before and after elect Yes Yea No Yes Yea . • Yea •-'•,•.•• tiona Wisconsin..... Yea Yea Yea Yea By. S p.m. on Tues. Yes Yea Yes Yes Yes preceding election; Sat. following election or primary Wyoming...... Yea Yea Yea Yea Within 20 daya after Yea Yea No Yea Yea Yes election . Alaska. No-, No No No None - No No ,No No Guam. .•. .Yea •.,. Yes Yes Yea "^ Within IS days afttr No No' No.' .• election Hawaii...... No .. No Ye3(h) Yea Within 20 daya No No No , Yea No No Puerto Rico.... No No No No No No No No N6 '• No - No Virgin Islands... No partlea. No ' No partiea No No No No No • No . No a) And asents. (d) PrimarieB only, does not apply for elections. (g) Only restrictions are those imposed by federal statutes. ,_b). CampaiB- n committee manager muBt file, (e) Political parties cannot contribute in primaries. % ) By asent or committee actlne for or on behalf of any i(c) Certain state employees prohibited from maldns politl- (0 Certain corporations only—O.R.S. 260.280. candidate. • cal contributions. 1

.-V- /•' 84 THE BOOK OE THE STATES QUALIFICATIONS FOR VOTING .1

•* Minimum _ V. S. , •Residence in- Prop- Literacy Polly Slate age citiien i StaU County (y District erty test /ax(a) ; 1 \ . '. ~- Alabama.:... 21 : it . ' 2 yrs. 1 yr.l 3 mo. (b) Arizona....!.... 21 -k • .1 yr. 30 da. 30 da. • • Arkansas...... 21 -AT 12 mo. 6 mo. 1 mo. California.. 21 (Q 1 yr. 90 da. 54 da. V -Colorado 21 *. 1 yr. 90 da. 15 da. (g) Connecticut.... 21 ' • (i> .1 yr. 6 mo. • Delaware.... 21 •.•if 1 yr. 3 mo. 30da. • Florida....'.,... 21 • • 1 yr. 6 mo.- Georgia 18 ' • • 1 yr. . 6 mo.Xe) 0) Idaho . .• < 21 ' -k 6 mo. 30 da. IlUnois .21 • 1 yr. 90 da. 30 da. Indiana...... ;.. 21 ' ,* 6 mo. 60 da.(l) 30 da. Iowa ,..).... 21. •*••'. 6 mo. 60 da, 10 da. Kansas 21 -k 6 mo. 30 da!(l) .30 da. • Kentucky...... 18 .. * 1 yr. 6 mo.. • 60 da. . Louisiana...... 21 . * 2 yr3. 1 yr. , 3 mo.(m) (n). Maine... 21 •*• 6 hio.. . ,3 m6. 3 mOi • Maryland... 21 * 1 yr. ff6 mo. . 6 mo. Massachusetts..' 21 -if ,1 yr. 6 mo.(o) Michigan...... 21 •*• - " 6 mo., « 30 da. (P) Minnesota....;. 21 (f) . 6 mo. ' 30 da. Mississippi 21 , • « 2 yrs. -lyr.(q) (r) Missouri...... 21 • 1 yr. 60 da. 60 da; Montana../ 21 • 1 yr. 30 da. (P) •••'.• 11 • Nebraska... 21. -k 6 mo. 40 da. 10 da. Nevada —. 21' -k 6 mo. 30 da. 10 da. .(P) New Hampshire. 21 . k ' 6 mo. '6 mo. New Jersey...... 21 k • 1 yr. 5 mo.

New Mexico 21 :Ar 12 mo. 90 da. 30 da. (P) New York ^ 21 (0 1 yr. 4 mo. 30 da. North Carolina.. . "21 -j^...... 1 yr., 4 mo.- North Dakota... 21 . * 1 yr. : 90 "da.* 30 da. Ohio.! 21 • -vlyr- ' 40 da. •: 40 da. Oklahoma 21 • ~^ 1 yr." 6 mo. 30 da. Oregon.. 21 *. 6 mo. 30 da. • Pennsylvania,.. 21 -k 1 yr. (w) 2 mo. Rhode Island... 21 • .1 yr. 6 mo. South Carolina.. 21 k • .2 yrs.(q) , 1 yr. 4 mo. South Dakota... • .21 • 1 yr. 90 da. 30 da. ;w Tennessee...... 21 "k- 12:mo. . 6 mo. (Texas. .• 21 • • l yr. 6 rho. 6 mo. .(p) •' .V.' ' (r) Utah...... 21 (0 : 1 yr. 4 mo. 60 da. (D) Vermont..; 21 . •*• lyr. 3 mo. (1) Virginia 21 • lyr. 6 mo. 30 da: •^ •(V)" ^.' c- Washington 21, • lyr. 90 da. 30 da. '•. .- West Virginia... 21 * lyr. 60 da. Wisconsin 21 • .1 yr. 10 da. Wyoming 21 ' * lyr. 60 da.'' 10 da. *"<••

Alaska...... '... . 21 • 12 mo. 30 da.(ac) k ••^-,...... ^HawEiii 21 . k t yr. 3 mo. (ae)V., Puerto Rico..... 21 k lyr. lyr. . Virgin Island^., po , 21 • 1 V-

• ' ] —^—TTT-T— (a) Poll or heajl taxes are levied in many other states. Those City OPlown. thirty days. ii. listed here, nowever, provide thdt payment of the poll tax All except certain minor elections. . ' ',. . is a prerequisite for voting. Must have been citizen five years. ' ' ;•. (b) Must pay all poll taxes owed for the twcyears next preced Under 1949 act, all voters must re-registerand pass literacy ing election at which person offers to' Vote. Persons who test. .Those failing test mpy qualify by answering 10 of 30 have honorably ser%'ed in the military service of .the United oral questions prescribed by law. .. • - ' ,. • States while the United States is engaged in hostilities, For aJl state and federal Sections. 5>,'« whether war is declared or not, are exempt from payment, Township. • '• • of poll taxes. , Municipality, four months. (c) Registration is permanent unless removed for cause, Literacy test required but exception allowed if person can' (d)' Conditioned uix>n voting and continued residence.. .pass certain specified requirements.* r-i'*',- (e) Except for irrigation district elections. , In dty or town. (0 Must have been citizen ninety days. For vote on bond issues or special assessment^nly.' »«•

CONSTITUTIONS AND ELECTIONS 85 ^QbALIFICATIONSFOR VOTING-Continued .r-

1 s- •, • •.. • - .^- . r • » Type Coverage "^ y.

• * Perma^ Periodic 1 « , AU Some AU Somt AU 5ofn# elec- elec areas areas • . areas or«(W Freaueney tions tioas Stale • r • (c) : : .... ' •••• •••# (e) '...V

• .... • • • • ..:. i(h) *r «• • • • ' i . ."'...-. . . i .Connecticut * .... • .... • • • • ••»•••" • .... • ,,, . Georgia • ...... lUlnols • .... .(k)- . :*• 4 years .{h)r. Iowa • • • • ^ "W • (h) • • • • • • rt '.Kansas • ...... J... Kentucky / .•*••- •.••••' :' •' • ••••*••• '••; X 4 years • ....

f ... • «• '•' !!;; • .... .»•••• • • • • • ;.' Michigan V* ' • .:;:," : ..... Minnesota (c) .... ••••/. .... (s) , .Mississippi ir 4 years • .... Missouri • ..;. (h). .... • *" if 6 years .... . (h) • ...... ' .,••.,• ...... • .New Hampshire • .... • ..... • • ...... New Mexico •k Annual .... • North Carolina , "WC • • •' • , • •. • * k ' . .North Dalcota ,... • * • • ^K : -k : ••, ..;.. ; • .... (Ohio (u) ...... Oklahoma (V) .... • .... Pennsylvania . • *•'• • • ••'• • -.,,. * ...... '.r.v • k- • - ..i'. •• if' • • ...... South Carolina ...... '.... .South Dakota ir X » ..... • .... Decennial • .... Xy) ^ (y) (y) • • • • ••••.' ....1. .Teixas . • .... (h) ...... '...... Utah. • • J (aa) (y) ' Annual • .... , -a (d) (e) .... • • :(ab) ...... Every gen. elec. *

• • • • (ad) .... (d) • ...... , Guam (af) •

• ' • • • • , •••• •••• ...... Virgin Islands

(a) Ministers of the Goepel and teachers In public schools may (z) Ownership of property Is an alternative to literacy. . vote after six month*'residence. - (y) Constitution provides for registration In citlei< over 10.000. (r) Assessed upon citizens 21 to 60 years of age except those ' but no system exists.' PoU tax receipts determine eligibility spedfically exempted., of voters aged 21 to 60 years; exemption certificates for (s) Registration is for all elections .of state and'connty. but those over 60 in cities over 10,000, and certain others. . voter must be registered in municipality also to vote in (x) Must owe no past due taxes. municipal elections.-< ' - (aa) Except in some cities, (t) A peraon who,became entitled to vote after January 1, (ab) AU elections except special elections. 1922. must be able except for physical dlaabillty, to read (ac) Precinct. and write English. (ad) Municipal election. ' , (u) Except school district elections. (ae) English or Hawaiian language. ^ / •• (v) Re-r^ster in two years if not voting within that time. (af). Name subject to removal from registration list after failure (w) Six months If previously an elector or native of U. S. . to vote in a general electioa. 0^

86 THE BOOK OF THE STATES GENERAL ELECTIONS IN 1956 Other Slate legislators United States elections • ' Date of peruntdge '' Congress' for . general, elections ,, , r—'^^ . ^——*- . slate State in 1956 State offiters to be elected Senate House Senate House officers Alabama Nov. 6 2 Members of Supreme Court, President None None Yes Yes No of Public-Service Commission . Arizona...... Nov. 6 Governor, Attorney General, Secretary 100 100 Yes Yes No of State, ^ Judge of Supreme Court, • Treasurer, Auditor, Superintendent of Public Instruction Arkansas...... '.. Nov. 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Attorney General, so 100 Yes-. Yes No h^ •-, _ Secretary of State, Chief Justice of .• ' Supreme Court, 1 Judge of Supreme f- Court, Treasurer, Auditor, Land Commissioner ; • California. Nov. 6 None v • • 50 100 Yes YeJ • No Colorado. Nov. 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Attorney General, 51 100 • '^es Yes No Secretary of State, 2 Judges.of Supreme . Court, Treasurer, Auditor, 2 Regents of University of Colorado Connecticut...... Nov. 6 None 100 100 Yes . Yes No Delaware Nov. 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Treasurer, . 41 100 - .No , Yes No Auditor, Insurance Commissioner J''. . Florida..'...... Nov. 2 Governor, Attorney General, Secretary 50 100 Yes Yes No of State, 4 Justices of Supreme Court, ... • • Treasurer, Comptroller, Commissioner' of Agriculture, 3 Railroad and Public Utilities Commissioners, Superintendent . ' ' of Public Instruction Geor^a. Nov; 6 Chief Justice of Supreme Court, Presiding • 100 100 Yes , Yes No Justice of Supreme Court, 2 Judges of Court of Appeals Idaho ...... ;... Nov. 6 : None—. . 100 100 Yes Yes No . .Illinois Nov. 6 Govemor^Lt. Governor, Attorney General, 100 100 Yes Yes No w> Secretary of State, Treasurer, Auditor, Clerlc-of Supreme Court Indiana Nov. 6 Goviemor, Lt. Governor, Attorney General, 50 100 Yes Yes No . ,' V Sda'etary of State, 3 Judges of Supreme fCourt, Treasurer, Auditor, 2 Judges of Appellate Court, Reporter of Supreme' '.and,Appellate Courts, Superintendent of I Public Instruction ' Iowa Nov. 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Attorney General, SO 100 •.Yes Yes No Secretary of State, Treasurer, Auditor, Secretary of Agriculture, 1 Commerce •, • Commissioner Kansas Nov. 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Attorney General, 100 100 Y^s Yes No Secretary of State, Treasurer, Auditor, 3.Justices of Supreme Court, Superinten dent of Public Instruction, Commissioner of Insurance, State Printer Kentucky.._'...... !.. Nov. 6 1 Justice of Court of Appeals None None Yes^ . Yes No Louisiana....; .. April 17 Grovemor, Lt. Governor, Attorney General, 100 100 No No • Nov. ' ' Secretary of State, Treasurer, Auditor, (a) Commissioner of Agriculture and Immi gration, Registrar of State Land Office, Superintendent of Public Education Maine...... Sept. 10 Governor _ 100 100 No Yes No*^ Maryland...... Nov. S None None None Yes Yes No ' Massachusetts...... Nov. 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Attorney General, 100 100 No Yes No Secretary of Commonwealth, Treasurer- ' - ' . .. Receiver General, Auditor Michigan Nov. 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Attorney General, 100 > 100 No Yes No Secretary of State, Treasurer, Auditor General Minnesota Nov. 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Attorney General, None 100'^ No Yes No ^ ' Secretary of State, Treasurer, 2 Justices ^ of Supreme Court, 1 member of Railroad ^ . and Warehouse' Commission

•V (J*>.

•6'^ CONSTITUTIONS AND ELECTIONS 87 GENERAL JELE^GTIONS IN 1956—Ctontinu^ Other State legislators United States elections DaUqf peruntage Congress for . A • • - A . * gtturat elections / 1 state state . in 1956 State officers to he elected Senate House Senate House officers Mississippi. Nov. 6 None None None No Yea No'

• - • Missouri..., Nov. 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Attorney General, SO SO, Yea Yea No Secretaiy of State, Treasurer, Auditor - . *•• Montana.., Nov. 6 Governor, Attorney General, Secretary of '50 100 • No • Yea No'"' • State, Treasurer, Auditor, 2 Justices of Supreme Court, Cleric of Supreme Court, 1 member of Railway and Public Service .'Commission, Superintendent of Public Instruction Nebraska. Nov. 6 Governor. Lt. Governor, Attorney General, 100(b) No Yes. No Secretary of State, Treasurer,. Auditor, 1 , Railway Commissioner, 2 members of State Board of Education ' Nevada..., Nov. 6 1'Justice of Supreme Court, 1 Regent of •47. - 100 Yes Yes ' No University of Nevada £?»-. New Hampshire. NoV. 6 •Governor, Members of Executive Council 100 100 Yes Yes No New Jersey...... Nov. 6 None None None, No Yes . No New Mexico..... Nov. 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Attorney General, 100 100 No Yes No Secretary of State, Treasurer, Auditor,. 1 •Justice of Supreme Court, Commissioner of Public Lands, 1 Corporation Com missioner, Superintendent of Public Instruction . ir New Yorlt...... Nov. 6 None • 100 100 Yea Yea No North Carolina. Nov. 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Attorney, General,. 100 100 Yea Yea . No Secretary of State, some Justices of Su preme Court, Treasurer, Auditor, Com missioner of Agriciulture, Commissioner of Insurance, Commissioner of Labor, , Superintendent of Public Instruction ' North Daicota.... Nov. 6 Governor, Attorney General, Secretary of 50 100 Yea Yes No State, Treasurer, Auditor, Commissioner of Agriculture and Labor, Commissioner of Insurai^ce, 1 Public Service Commis sioner, Tax Commissioner, Superintendent of Public Instruction, 1 Jud^e of Supreme Court Ohio ... Nov. 6- . Governor, Attorney General, Secretary of 100 100 Yea Yes No State, Treasurer, Auditor Oklahoma...... Nov. 6 3 Judges of Supreme Court. 1 Judge of SO 100 Yea Yes r. No CrimL: al Court of Appeals, 1 Corporation Commjsioner Oreipn.".. Nov. 6 Attorney General, Secretary of State, SO 100 , Yes' Yes No .. Treasurer, 4 Justices of Supreme Court Pennsylvania ; Nov. 6 Treasurer, Auditor General, 1 Judge of 50 100 Yes Yes No Supreme Court Rhode Island Nov. 6 ' Governor, Lt. Governor, Attorney General, '/f10o0 100 No" Yea No Secretary of State, General Treasurer • ff-. South Carolina Nov. 13 None.. • : -• so 100 , Yes Yea No . South Dakota.,.".... Nov. 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Attorney. General. 100 100 Yes Yes No Secretary of State, Treasuier. Auditor. Commissioner of School and Public Lands, . 1 member of Public Utilities Commission, Superintendent of Public Instruction, 1 Judge of Supreme Court Tennessee.. Nov. 6 1 Member of Public Service Commission 100 100 No Yes No -: Texas.;..... Nov. 6 Governor, Lt. Govemor.^Attomey General, so 100 No Yes No ^ Treasurer, Comptroller of Public Accounts, Comniissioner of General Land Office, Commissioner of Agriculture, 1 member of Railroiad Commission, 3 Justices of Su preme Court, 1 Judge of Court of Criminal Appeals . .

a? 88 , . • THE BOOK OF THE STATES " " ~;;- ;-GENERAL ELECTIONS IN 19^^ \

^ •'..',• • " •'•••' Other State legislators United^tates elections • • Dale of Percentage -Congress • for general elections • ^ ' ,—• -*^—: ^ , '—^'^.—'-—\ state State in 1956 - ' State officers to he elected , Senate House Senate House officers Utah....; Nov. 6 Governor, Attorney General, Secretary of 52 100 Yes Yes No . . State, Treasurer. Auditor, I Justice of . Supreme Court • . Vermont;...,...... Nov. 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Attorney, General, 100 100 Yes Yes No Secretary of State, Treasurer,, .Auditor •Virginia.....;..-.'.... Nov. 6 I^one . None None No Yes No' » Washington: Nov. 6 Governor, Lt. Governor, Attorney General, SO 100 • Yes Yes. No : ' . . 'Secretary of State, Justices of Supreme- '' • (Court, •yteasurer, .Auditor. Insurance Coin- ' »•- . • , , miisionar Commissioner of Public Lands, ' , Superirftendent'of P.tiblic Instruction • . , West Virginia '...:'. Nov. 6 Governor. Attorney General, Secretary of SO 100 ,No Yes No • • . , '. . ^ • State, Treasurer, Auditor, GommisiSioner . ' . • ' , of Agriculture, Superintendent of Schools ^ Wisconsin.... Nov. 6 Governor. Lt. Governor, Attorney General, 50 " 100 Yes : Yes April Secretary of State, Tredsurer - .' (c), •'•'•'*-' •* • , •'',•, Wyoming.. ;.. Nov. 6 None 100 100 No Yes No ; Alaska...... Oct. 9' Attorney General, Highway Engineer SO 100 No Yes(d) No -Guam .,...'.. Nov. 14 None . ' 100(b) No • No ' No. Hawaii.... Nov. 6 None '" ' 53 100 No Yes(d) No

«?• • . . •• ' • • • '• .•••••• • ' • - •" PuSrtoRIco.. Nov, 6 Governor 100 100 No Yes(d) No ' ;Virgin Islands Nov. 6 None . • 100(b) No No No

(a) State officers elected in November are members of Board • . (c) Justice of Supreme Court to be elected, of Education, members of Public Service Commission and Jus- .(d) Alaska and Hawaii each elect a Delegate to the United ^ ticesof Supreme Court.'Senators and Representatives to United .States Congress. Puerto Rico el6cts a Resident Commissioner} States Congress are also to be elected at that timei who sits in the House'of Representatives. •' (b) Unicameral legislature. *• ,

''^^ffmi-

'^^y^-'^'^-'Xj-.x*^,^ r*- / CONSTITUTIONS AND ELECTIONS: 89 . r- PRIMARY ELECTIONS IN THE STATES

Voters recive ' ballots of • Date df , ; •• : , Nomination Date 6f_ Date of. fun-off primary All parties ofof Presidential Slate primary—195 if 19S6 Participating' One" party candidates*... . ^ PfffffUfy Alabama .....'...... May 1 May 29 Yes CP(a) No Arizona... Sept. 11 No Yea P No Arkansas ...... July 31 (b) Aug. 14 Yes CP No California None No Yea P June 5 Colorado. ; .;....;... Sept. fl • No . Yes P No . Connecticut Sept. 5(c) . No Yes X No Delaware...... ;... Aug. 18 No • Yes CP No Florida May 8 . May 29 Yes p May 29 Georgia ..../ ..:. (d) ' — .(d) Yes. CP(a) No Idaho...... Aug;.14 • No Yea P No» • Illinois April 10 No Yes P April '10 Indiana... :.....;,..... None No Yes . .-c : Mays Iowa June 4 No Yes •:.X No : > Kansas , Aug. 7 " No Yes CP(e) No- .• Kentuc^...... ; Aug. 4 • No Yes P No •• Louisiana , Jan. 17 Feb. 21 Yes. P No P ' •T^ Maine. '.. . .. June 18 •No. Yes X No '. Maryland ; None No ..Yes May 7 Massachusetts. Sept..18 No-, Yes April 24 Michigan ; Aug; 7 No . Yes ^y CP No- "1 ' •• Minnesota ...... ;...;;...... Sept. 11 - No- , • Yes p Mar. ^ Mississippi...... ;...; Aug. 28, Sept. 18(g) Yea- p No Missbu^.. .;. Aug. 7 No Yes p No Montana.... ;;. 1. ... June S No . Yes ••' f ^' • June S

Nebraska . May IS. •. No , •. Yea p May 15 Nevada...... Sept. 4 No' Yea p No New Hampshire. Sept. 11 No Yes p Mar. 13 New Jersey.; c April 17 No Yea p No

New Mexico...... *;....;...... May 8 No •. Yes • p No " New York ...... ,...... ;.. None No Yes c June 5 North Carolina...... ;...:;... May 26 June 23 (g) Yes p No North Dakota./.: ;... June26 , No Yea p No • • . Ohio.i., ..;....• May 8 No Yes p Mays Oklahoma'. ;.. July 3 July 24. Yea p No Oregon ;. May 18 No Yes p May 18 Pennsylvania...... April 24 No Yes p April 24 Rhode Island..:...... Not Set - No • ' •Yes p . No : South Carolina June 12 June 26, Yes p • No South-Dakota... i. •• June S No Yes CP June 5 Tennessee..; , Aug. 2 No Yea CP No . ' •' - Texas :...... ,.•.. July 28 (h) Aug.'25 (g) Yes CP(a) No Utah.... Sept. 4 No Yea C No Vermont,. , .^ Sept. 11 No Yes P.. \ No Virginia ...... ;. None No Yea CP No Washington... Sept. 11 , No Yes p No West Virginia.... .; May 8 . No Yes p No . Wisconsin .; Sept. 11 No YVS p April 3 Wyoming...... » None •,No Yes p No , ••. • ^' . , ' Alaska...;...... '. April 24 No "Yes p April 24 Hawaii. ,.. • Oct. 6 No Yes p No •

• *Abbreviationa:, P—jflirect primary; C—convention; CP— (c) Incuml)ent party;'Sept. 7 for other partiea.' some candidates in di/ect primary, some in convention; X— (d) Date set by party authority. combination of direct primary and convention; NA—informa (e) .Nominations may also be by nomination papers. tion not available. (f) Except."minority". parties which-select candidates for (a) Usually Democratic party nominates in primary and general election by convention. >. Republican party in convention. . fg) Run-off primary if necessary. fb) Preferential primary. , • (h) Democratic only. -.

.4' •

'*;•. •fi'-

90 . • . THE BOOK OF THE STATES / VOTING STATISTICS: SELECTED DATA ON PERSONS REGISTERED AND VOTING BY STATE ' . . •• . ••• •_• r- • ' • ' ' . [ , —1^— r-. : r—: : — _ • . . ''$!'•' Voting for Governor _r • •- •. Registered , —^^-^ — " , '• *; > General Primary {Si)- State '.,''.' Number . Year ' Year '• election election, cC Alabama.. .; (b) .... 1954 333.089 594,381 fi»^' Arizona...... 307,545 1954 1954 243,970 289.487 Arkansas .~ ...... S32,162(c) 1953 1954 335,125 ^ 324,599 California....;... '...:...... < 5.885,237 .1954 1954 4,030,368 3.042.677 Colorado 737,027 1954 1954 .489,540 188.564 Connecticut 1.185.234 .1952 1950 878,735 . (d) Delaware... NA ;... 1952 170,749 NA Florida. ; ...... 1,093,735 -1954 1954 357.621. 694,521 Georgia...... ! l,273,793(e) 1954 1954: 391.626 646,235- ' -Idaho .; 330,0OO(e) 1952 1954 '228.685 129,223 .. lUinois ...... v..... (b) .:.. 1952 4,415.864 1.984,755 Indiana...... ,: 2,424,469 1952 1952 1,931,869 (d) ' Iowa...... (b) .... 1954 848,591 320,984 Kansas :... (b) 1954 622,633 331,976 Kentucky r (b) / ... .r 1951 634,359 410,859 Louisiana ..:...... ,...... 1.056,511 1952 1952 123,681 785,045 Maine..... ;'..•...... 480,658 1954 1954 248,971 114,273 Maryland...... : 1,092,730 1954' .1954 700,484 406,732 Massachusetts ..;...... 2,523,414 1954 1954 1.942,071 604,795. Michigan...... (b) .... 1954 2,187.027 426,680 Minnesota..... (b) ...'. 1954 1,151.417 579.439 Mississippi..; .; ...... :...... Cb) 1951 43,422" 407,774 Missouri i.. (b) 1952 1,870,999 962.371 . Montana. 304,053 1952 1952 146.252 v 263.792 Nebraska... (b) '.;... 1954. 414,841 225,667 Nevada....; •...-..... 108.373 1954 1954 78.462 36,705(g) New Hampshire... >.. 327,329 1954 • •• 1954 194,631 88,704 New-Jersey...... *?>...... ,..; 2,744.165 1952 • 1949 1.414.527 704.869 NewMexico... ^ . 361.919 1954. 1954 193,956 90,526 NewYork ...; 6,214,366 1954 1954 5,241,17.7 (d) North Carolina (b) .... 1952 1,179,635 564,505 . North Dakota..... ,...... ,. .. (b) 1954 193,501. 159,367^ Ohio 2.914.355 1954 1954 2,597,790 739,093 Oklahoma....; (b) ^ 1.954 609,194 577.919 Oregon.... 819,539 1954 1954 566,701 325,833 Pennsylvania. . 5,154,734 . 1954 1954 3,720,457 1,537,099 Rhode Island...... 447,249 1952 1952 409.689 ..... South Carolina 567.467 1950 1950 50.642 336,329 SouthDakota. 330,000(e) 1954 , 1954 236,255 133,679 Tennessee...... (b) .... 1954 706,830(0 322,591 , •Texas. (b) •19*54 620,558 1,350,757 Utah (b) , V ..... 1952 327,704 • 153,513 • Vermont...... ; ^: ,. 201,000 1952 1952 150.862 * 73,253 Virginia...... :...... 827,835 . 1955 1953 412,457 •••• Washington...... 1,392,594 1952 1952 1.078.497 703.359 West Virginia... 1.176.428 . 1952 1952 882,527 572,02(6 Wisconsin ;. .; (b) 1954 ' 1,158,666 "557,741 Wyoming... (b) .... 1950 .96,959 65,911 '^ NA—Figures not available: ' i (d) Candidates for Govemornominated at party conventione. >. » (a) Includes figures only for initial primary elections^not ' (e) Estimate. run-off primaries. ' . . (f) Democratic primary only; no gubernatorial candidate (b) Registration not required or no central records maintained. '• in Republican primary. (c) For 1954 primary election; 1954 registration for general (h) No Republican primary as only one candidate filed, election, S61.007. I