BAB IV Kesimpulan

4.1 Kesimpulan

Berdasarkan hasil analisis secara mendalam terhadap tindakan Donald

Trump yang merespon aksi anti-Muslim melalui yang dilakukan oleh Jayda

Fransen yang merupakan seorang wakil pemimpin partai sayap kanan , secara tidak langsung hal tersebut berdampak terhadap peningkatan di AS, di mana peningkatan Islamophobia tersebut termasuk ke dalam peningkatan pada klaster pertama, klaster kedua, klaster ketiga, klaster keempat, dan klaster kelima.

Peningkatan dalam Islamophobia tersebut diukur dengan melihat dari jenis klaster yang dicetuskan oleh S. Sayyid: Klaster pertama, di mana ada manifestasi

Islamophobia melalui serangan terhadap orang-orang Muslim yang mencakup melakukan pelecehan, mendorong, meneriaki, dan menarik jilbab dari wanita

Muslim; Klaster kedua, terjadi serangan terhadap properti yang dianggap terkait dengan Muslim: masjid, kuburan, tempat bisnis; Klaster ketiga, ada Islamophobia yang diwakili oleh tindakan intimidasi seperti kampanye atau iklan yang memperingati akan bahayanya Islam; Klaster keempat, perilaku pelecehan, penindasan, lelucon yang melewati batas, dan penilaian kinerja di mana mereka yang dianggap Muslim dikenakan perlakuan atau komentar yang merugikan.

Klaster kelima, bentuk Islamophobia ini dapat diartikulasikan di situs-situs kebencian internet, surat kabar, majalah, atau media lainnya.

79

Hal ini bisa terjadi karena Trump, menurut teori psikoanalisis, memiliki konflik internal di mana ia tidak bisa menyeimbangkan antara id, ego, dan superego-nya sehingga tindakan yang dilakukannya berdasarkan hanya dari keinginannya saja. Ia tidak mempertimbangkan konsekuensi baik yang positif atau pun negatif yang dapat terjadi. Oleh karena itu ia memiliki kepribadian yang tidak sehat, dan tergolong ekstrem. Selain itu, sebagai presiden, sudah seharusnya Trump dapat menempatkan diri sebagai tokoh yang baik bagi masyarakat, sebagai tokoh panutan, dan tidak memanipulasi masyarakatnya. Namun yang dilakukannya bertentangan dengan semua itu. Karena dengan merespon konten anti-Muslim yang diunggah dengan cara melakukan retweet pada konten tersebut, secara tidak langsung Trump telah mempromosikan kejahatan kebencian terhadap puluhan juta pengikutnya di akun Twitter-nya tersebut. Trump melakukan hal tersebut diduga karena memiliki strategi politik, supaya ia dapat menyebarkan kebencian terhadap Muslim sehingga ia dapat menutup total seluruh Muslim untuk memasuki AS, itulah kampanye dari Trump yang paling banyak menuai kontroversi. Tindakan ini kemudian akan membentuk pandangan negatif terhadap

Muslim dan Islam, serta peningkatan Islamophobia di AS.

4.2 Saran

Penelitian ini memiliki kekurangan dan belum komprehensif, karena itu bagi peneliti selanjutnya penulis menyarankan untuk mengkaji lebih banyak sumber mau pun referensi yang terkait, serta melakukan wawancara dengan sumber yang kompeten yang dapat membantu mempermudah proses penelitian, agar hasil penelitian dapat menjadi lebih lengkap lagi.

80

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Buku Djelantik, Sukawarsini, 2010. TERORISME: Tinjauan Psiko-Politis, Peran Media, Kemiskinan, dan Keamanan Nasional. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia Jacqui Ewart, Halim Rane dan John Martinkus, 2014. Media Framing of the Muslim World, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. Mahmood, Mamdani, 2005. Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, the Cold War, and the Roots of Terror, Three Leaves Press. Rivers, William L, Jay W. Jensen, Theodore Peterson, 2003. Media Massa dan Masyarakat Modern, Edisi Kedua, Jakarta: Kencana Todd H. Green, 2015. The Fear of Islam. An Introduction to Islamophobia in the West, Fortress Press. Wajahat Ali, Eli Clifton, Matthew Duss, dkk, 2011. Fear, Inc.: The Roots of the Islamophobia Network in America. Washington, D.C.: Center for American Progress.

Website “A Brief History of Twitter”, Adsoup, https://adsoup.com/a-brief-history-of-twitter/ “Anti Muslim”, Southern Poverty Law Center, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting- hate/extremist-files/ideology/anti-muslim “Britain First leader and deputy leader jailed for hate crimes”, BBC News, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-43320121 “Donald Trump retweets far-right group's anti-Muslim videos”, BBC News, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-42166663 “Explained:How Twitter Shapes Public Opinion”, Cyberpsychology, https://cyberpsychology.in/explained-twitter-shapes-public-opinion/ “Id, Ego, Superego: Psikoanalisis kepribadian Sigmund Freud”, Kompasiana, https://www.kompasiana.com/ghusyarahimapramudhitan/552fa1546ea834 a8048b4586/id-ego-superego-psikoanalisis-kepribadian-sigmund-freud “Pengertian Radikalisme, Sejarah, Ciri-Ciri, Penyebab Radikalisme”, maxmonroe.com, https://www.maxmanroe.com/vid/sosial/pengertian- radikalisme.html

81

“Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality”, Lumen, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless- psychology/chapter/psychodynamic-perspectives-on-personality/ “The Class Structure in the U.S.”, Lumen, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-sociology/chapter/the-class- structure-in-the-u-s/ ABC News/Washington Post Poll: Views of Islam", ABC News, http://a.abcnews.go.com/images/US/ht_cordoba_house_100908.pdf Abdul Moten, “The West, Islam And The Muslim : Islamophobia And Extremism”, Searcct.gov, http://www.searcct.gov.my/publications/our- publications?id=42 Abdul Rashid Moten, “The West, Islam And The Muslim : Islamophobia And Extremism”, Searcct.gov, http://www.searcct.gov.my/publications/our- publications?id=42 Abigail Hauslohner, “Discrimination against Muslims is increasing in U.S., Pew study finds”, , https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/discrimination-against- muslims-is-increasing-in-us-pew-study-finds/2017/07/25/dfa52756-717a- 11e7-9eac-d56bd5568db8_story.html?utm_term=.9fe3bd26ccf0 Amanda MacArthur, “The Real History of Twitter, In Brief”, Lifewire, https://www.lifewire.com/history-of-twitter-3288854 Andrew Buncombe, “ one year on: How the Twitter President changed social media and the country's top office”, Independent, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/the- twitter-president-how-potus-changed-social-media-and-the-presidency- a8164161.html Andrew Buncombe, “Islamophobia even worse under Trump than after 9/11 attacks, says top Muslim activist.”, Independent, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump- islam-muslim-islamophobia-worse-911-says-leader-a8113686.html Basit Mahmood, “You might be surprised Trump retweeted Britain First – but as a Muslim who grew up in Luton, I'm not”, Independent, https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/donald-trump-britain-first-retweet- muslim-luton-far-right-racism-us-president-islamophobia-a8082506.html Bernard Lewis, “The Roots of Muslim Rage”, The Atlantic, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1990/09/the-roots-of- muslim-rage/304643/ Brandon Weber, “Study: When Trump tweets about Muslims, hate crimes increase”, Big Think, https://bigthink.com/brandon-weber/dog-whistles-indeed- twitter-encourages-hate-crimes-study-shows

82

Brendan Cox, “Back to top by retweeting Britain First, Trump offends a decency he cannot understand”, Muslim Institute, https://musliminstitute.org/freethinking/politics/retweeting-britain-first- trump-offends-decency-he-cannot-understand Brian Klaas, “A short history of President Trump’s anti-Muslim bigotry”, The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/03/15/short-history- president-trumps-anti-muslim-bigotry/ Carly Cassella, “Trump's Tweets Are Highly Correlated With Anti-Muslim Hate Crimes, Study Finds”, Science Alert, https://www.sciencealert.com/trump- tweet-islam-highly-correlated-anti-muslim-hate-crime-study Catherine Lizette Gonzalez, “Trump Tweets Anti-Muslim Videos, World Calls Him Out”, Colorlines, https://www.colorlines.com/articles/trump-tweets-anti- muslim-videos-world-calls-him-out Catherine Lucey and Jill Lawless, “Trump’s Muslim retweets draw fire from US and abroad”, Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/trumps-muslim- retweets-draw-fire-from-us-and-abroad/2017/11/29/19166c60-d52c-11e7- 9ad9-ca0619edfa05_story.html?utm_term=.4836ef8006cf CNN Library, “ISIS Fast Facts”, CNN, https://edition.cnn.com/2014/08/08/world/isis-fast-facts/index.html Daisy Grewal, “Do Trump Tweets Spur Hate Crimes?”, Scientific American, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/do-trump-tweets-spur-hate- crimes1/ Daniel Funke, “Here’s where those Islamophobic videos Trump shared came from”, Poynter, https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2017/heres-where- those-islamophobic-videos-trump-shared-came-from/ Daniella Peled, “Who Is Jayda Fransen - the anti-Muslim, 'Britain First' Extremist Who Trump Retweeted?”, Haaretz, https://www.haaretz.com/world- news/europe/.premium-meet-the-anti-muslim-extremist-who-trump- retweeted-1.5627250 Elizabeth Landers, "Spicer: Tweets are Trump's official statements", CNN, https://edition.cnn.com/2017/06/06/politics/trump-tweets-official- statements/index.html Ghanim Khalil, “Islamophobia and President Trump,” VCI, https://veteranschallengeislamophobia.org/islamophobia-and-president- trump/ Glenn Kessler; Salvador Rizzo; Meg Kelly, "President Trump has made more than 10,000 false or misleading claims", The Washington Post,

83

https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/29/president-trump- has-made-more-than-false-or-misleading-claims/ Jack Sommers, “Who Is Jayda Fransen? The Notorious Islamophobe Whose Warnings About Islam Donald Trump Retweeted”, Huffington Post, https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/who-is-jayda-fransen-britain- first_uk_/ Jackie Calmes, “Donald Trump: Life Before The Presidency”, Miller Center, https://millercenter.org/president/trump/life-presidency Jill Lawless, "Trump's Muslim retweets draw fire from US and abroad", The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/trumps-muslim- retweets-draw-fire-from-us-and-abroad/2017/11/29/19166c60-d52c-11e7- 9ad9-ca0619edfa05_story.html?utm_term=.4836ef8006cf Joana Slater, “Trump enters dangerous ground with anti-Muslim retweets”, The Global and Mail, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/us- politics/trump-retweets-series-of-anti-muslim-videos/article37122423/ Joe Jenkins, “Islamophobia and Its Impact in the United States”, Human Right First, https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/blog/islamophobia-and-its-impact- united-states Joe Jenkins, “Islamophobia and Its Impact in the United States”, Human Right First, https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/blog/islamophobia-and-its-impact- united-states “Fact-Checking Donald Trump on Islam & Muslims”, MPAC, https://www.mpac.org/blog/updates/fact-checking-donald-trump-on-islam- muslims.php Jon Henley, “Videos tweeted by Trump: where are they from and what do they really show?", , https://www.theguardian.com/us- news/2017/nov/30/videos-tweeted-by-trump-where-are-they-from-and- what-do-they-really-show Jordan Hollinger, “Trump, social media and the first Twitter-based Presidency”, Diggit Magazine, https://www.diggitmagazine.com/articles/Trump- Twitter-Based-Presidency Linda Qui,"Fact-Checking President Trump Through His First 100 Days", The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/29/us/politics/fact- checking-president-trump-through-his-first-100-days.html Lizzie Dearden, “Britain First leaders jailed: Police release mugshots of Jayda Fransen and because of impact on community”, Independent, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/britain-first-leaders-jayda- fransen-paul-golding-jailed-mugshots-police-muslim-hate-crime-kent- a8246571.html

84

Makini Brice, Michael Holden, “Trump criticized in Britain and U.S. for sharing anti-Muslim videos”, Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa- trump-twitter/trump-criticized-in-britain-and-u-s-for-sharing-anti-muslim- videos-idUSKBN1DT1TI Manju Manglani, “Study reveals how Twitter shapes public opinion”, Solicitors Journal, http://solicitorsjournal.cyberduck.net/news/business- strategy/study-reveals-how-twitter-shapes-public-opinion Massoud Hayoun, “Muslim Americans See A Major Spike In Hate Crimes—And Political Participation”, Pacific Standard, https://psmag.com/social- justice/muslim-americans-see-a-major-spike-in-hate-crimes-and-political- participation Matthew Mientka, “How Twitter Shapes Public Opinion: Early Leads By Big Groups Usually Win, Especially In Politics”, Medical Daily, https://www.medicaldaily.com/how-twitter-shapes-public-opinion-early- leads-big-groups-usually-win-especially-politics-270942 Max Bearak, “The murky origins of the ‘Britain First’ videos Trump retweeted”, The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/11/29/the- murky-origins-of-the-britain-first-videos-trump- retweeted/?utm_term=.419b4da313c2 Max Ehrenfreund, "The real reason Donald Trump is so rich", The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/ Michael Johnatan, “Strategi Politik”, Kompasiana, https://www.kompasiana.com/michjo/5a6da2dbcf01b4792b7bace4/strategi -politik Michelle Ye Hee; Glenn Kessler; Meg Kelly, "President Trump has made 1,318 false or misleading claims over 263 days", The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact- checker/wp/2017/10/10/president-trump-has-made-1318-false-or- misleading-claims-over-263-days/?utm_term=.e75d7ce7f598 Nida Khan, “Calculated Anti-Muslim Tweets”, US.News, https://www.usnews.com/opinion/civil-wars/articles/2017-11-30/donald- trump-furthers-islamophobia-by-retweeting-anti-muslim-propaganda Niraj Chokshi, “Facebook Blocks Britain First, a Far-Right Anti-Muslim Group Promoted by Trump”, The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/14/world/facebook-ban-britain- first.html Peter Baker and Eileen Sullivan, “Trump Shares Inflammatory Anti-Muslim Videos, and Britain’s Leader Condemns Them”, The New York Times,

85

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/29/us/politics/trump-anti-muslim- videos-jayda-fransen.html Prof. Dr. Idrisa Pandit, Special Issue "Anti Muslim Racism and the Media", Religions, https://www.mdpi.com/journal/religions/special_issues/- media#info Rafi Saumi Rustian, “Apa itu media sosial?”, Unpas, http://www.unpas.ac.id/apa- itu-sosial-media/ Renee Ghert-Zand, “British Jews say ‘no thanks’ to nationalist group’s support”, The Times of Israel, http://www.timesofisrael.com/british-jews-say-no- thanks-to-nationalist-groups-support/ Rokia Hassanein, “Making America Hate Again’ – The Correlation Between Trump’s Anti-Muslim Tweets And Hate Crimes”, American United, https://www.au.org/blogs/wall-of-separation/making-america-hate-again- the-correlation-between-trumps-anti-muslim Sarah Wildman and Jen Kirby, “Trump retweeted anti-Muslim propaganda videos from a British hate group”, Vox, https://www.vox.com/policy-and- politics/2017/11/29/16714788/trump-retweet-britain-first-islamophobia Sarah Wildman, “Trump retweeted anti-Muslim propaganda videos from a British hate group”, Vox, https://www.vox.com/policy-and- politics/2017/11/29/16714788/trump-retweet-britain-first-islamophobia Sean Morrison, “Far right Britain First leader shares fake video of 'London Muslims celebrating Paris terror attack”, Evening Standard, https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/paul-golding-shared-video- falsely-claiming-muslims-celebrated-paris-terror-a3520926.html Shadi Hamid, “Does ISIS really have nothing to do with Islam? Islamic apologetics carry serious risks.”, The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2015/11/18/does- isis-really-have-nothing-to-do-with-islam-islamic-apologetics-carry- serious-risks/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.1c564626d82a Sharon Coen, “Six ways Twitter has changed the world”, The Conversation, http://theconversation.com/six-ways-twitter-has-changed-the-world-56234 Terry Collins, "First Trump administration tweets come from @realDonaldTrump", CNET, https://www.cnet.com/news/president- obama-twitter-donald-trump-hillary-clinton-twitter-inauguration/ The U.S. Political System”, Lumen, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless- sociology/chapter/the-u-s-political-system/ W. Paul Smith, “Terrorism Fears Don’t Justify Islamophobia”, Human Rights Watch, https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/03/14/terrorism-fears-dont-justify- islamophobia

86

Yousef Bin Ahmed Al-Othaimeen, “Anti-Muslim Policies Help ISIS With Its Goal”, Time, http://time.com/4699591/isis-far-right-islamophobia/ Yuriy Gorodnichenko, Tho Pham, dkk, “Social media, sentiment and public opinions: Evidence from #Brexit and the #USElection”, Voxeu, https://voxeu.org/article/social-media-sentiment-and-public-opinions

Artikel Jurnal Considine, C. The racialization of islam in the united states: Islamophobia, hate crimes, and “Flying while brown”. Religions, 8(9), 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel8090165 Farah Elahi and Omar Khan, “Islamophobia: Still a Challenge for Us All”, Runnymede: London, 2017. https://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/Islamophobia%20Report%20201 8%20FINAL.pdf Gabriel Greenberg, Peter Gottschalk, Islamophobia: Making Muslims the Enemy, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2007. Hillquit, Morris. Radicalism in America. Reprinted in The Socialist World (Chicago), v. 1, no. 4 (Oct. 15, 1920), hlm 18-19 S. Sayyid, “A Measure of Islamophobia”, Islamophobia Research and Documentation Project. Volume 2, No. 1, Spring 2014. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/30269423.pdf

Thesis Rahel de Vrien, 2016. Tesis: “Twitter, the public sphere, and the third American presidential debate of 2016”. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam

87