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BAB IV Kesimpulan 4.1 Kesimpulan Berdasarkan Hasil Analisis Secara BAB IV Kesimpulan 4.1 Kesimpulan Berdasarkan hasil analisis secara mendalam terhadap tindakan Donald Trump yang merespon aksi anti-Muslim melalui Twitter yang dilakukan oleh Jayda Fransen yang merupakan seorang wakil pemimpin partai sayap kanan Britain First, secara tidak langsung hal tersebut berdampak terhadap peningkatan Islamophobia di AS, di mana peningkatan Islamophobia tersebut termasuk ke dalam peningkatan pada klaster pertama, klaster kedua, klaster ketiga, klaster keempat, dan klaster kelima. Peningkatan dalam Islamophobia tersebut diukur dengan melihat dari jenis klaster yang dicetuskan oleh S. Sayyid: Klaster pertama, di mana ada manifestasi Islamophobia melalui serangan terhadap orang-orang Muslim yang mencakup melakukan pelecehan, mendorong, meneriaki, dan menarik jilbab dari wanita Muslim; Klaster kedua, terjadi serangan terhadap properti yang dianggap terkait dengan Muslim: masjid, kuburan, tempat bisnis; Klaster ketiga, ada Islamophobia yang diwakili oleh tindakan intimidasi seperti kampanye atau iklan yang memperingati akan bahayanya Islam; Klaster keempat, perilaku pelecehan, penindasan, lelucon yang melewati batas, dan penilaian kinerja di mana mereka yang dianggap Muslim dikenakan perlakuan atau komentar yang merugikan. Klaster kelima, bentuk Islamophobia ini dapat diartikulasikan di situs-situs kebencian internet, surat kabar, majalah, atau media lainnya. 79 Hal ini bisa terjadi karena Trump, menurut teori psikoanalisis, memiliki konflik internal di mana ia tidak bisa menyeimbangkan antara id, ego, dan superego-nya sehingga tindakan yang dilakukannya berdasarkan hanya dari keinginannya saja. Ia tidak mempertimbangkan konsekuensi baik yang positif atau pun negatif yang dapat terjadi. Oleh karena itu ia memiliki kepribadian yang tidak sehat, dan tergolong ekstrem. Selain itu, sebagai presiden, sudah seharusnya Trump dapat menempatkan diri sebagai tokoh yang baik bagi masyarakat, sebagai tokoh panutan, dan tidak memanipulasi masyarakatnya. Namun yang dilakukannya bertentangan dengan semua itu. Karena dengan merespon konten anti-Muslim yang diunggah Jayda Fransen dengan cara melakukan retweet pada konten tersebut, secara tidak langsung Trump telah mempromosikan kejahatan kebencian terhadap puluhan juta pengikutnya di akun Twitter-nya tersebut. Trump melakukan hal tersebut diduga karena memiliki strategi politik, supaya ia dapat menyebarkan kebencian terhadap Muslim sehingga ia dapat menutup total seluruh Muslim untuk memasuki AS, itulah kampanye dari Trump yang paling banyak menuai kontroversi. Tindakan ini kemudian akan membentuk pandangan negatif terhadap Muslim dan Islam, serta peningkatan Islamophobia di AS. 4.2 Saran Penelitian ini memiliki kekurangan dan belum komprehensif, karena itu bagi peneliti selanjutnya penulis menyarankan untuk mengkaji lebih banyak sumber mau pun referensi yang terkait, serta melakukan wawancara dengan sumber yang kompeten yang dapat membantu mempermudah proses penelitian, agar hasil penelitian dapat menjadi lebih lengkap lagi. 80 DAFTAR PUSTAKA Buku Djelantik, Sukawarsini, 2010. TERORISME: Tinjauan Psiko-Politis, Peran Media, Kemiskinan, dan Keamanan Nasional. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia Jacqui Ewart, Halim Rane dan John Martinkus, 2014. Media Framing of the Muslim World, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. Mahmood, Mamdani, 2005. Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, the Cold War, and the Roots of Terror, Three Leaves Press. Rivers, William L, Jay W. Jensen, Theodore Peterson, 2003. 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Website “A Brief History of Twitter”, Adsoup, https://adsoup.com/a-brief-history-of-twitter/ “Anti Muslim”, Southern Poverty Law Center, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting- hate/extremist-files/ideology/anti-muslim “Britain First leader and deputy leader jailed for hate crimes”, BBC News, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-43320121 “Donald Trump retweets far-right group's anti-Muslim videos”, BBC News, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-42166663 “Explained:How Twitter Shapes Public Opinion”, Cyberpsychology, https://cyberpsychology.in/explained-twitter-shapes-public-opinion/ “Id, Ego, Superego: Psikoanalisis kepribadian Sigmund Freud”, Kompasiana, https://www.kompasiana.com/ghusyarahimapramudhitan/552fa1546ea834 a8048b4586/id-ego-superego-psikoanalisis-kepribadian-sigmund-freud “Pengertian Radikalisme, Sejarah, Ciri-Ciri, Penyebab Radikalisme”, maxmonroe.com, https://www.maxmanroe.com/vid/sosial/pengertian- radikalisme.html 81 “Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality”, Lumen, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless- psychology/chapter/psychodynamic-perspectives-on-personality/ “The Class Structure in the U.S.”, Lumen, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-sociology/chapter/the-class- structure-in-the-u-s/ ABC News/Washington Post Poll: Views of Islam", ABC News, http://a.abcnews.go.com/images/US/ht_cordoba_house_100908.pdf Abdul Moten, “The West, Islam And The Muslim : Islamophobia And Extremism”, Searcct.gov, http://www.searcct.gov.my/publications/our- publications?id=42 Abdul Rashid Moten, “The West, Islam And The Muslim : Islamophobia And Extremism”, Searcct.gov, http://www.searcct.gov.my/publications/our- publications?id=42 Abigail Hauslohner, “Discrimination against Muslims is increasing in U.S., Pew study finds”, The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/discrimination-against- muslims-is-increasing-in-us-pew-study-finds/2017/07/25/dfa52756-717a- 11e7-9eac-d56bd5568db8_story.html?utm_term=.9fe3bd26ccf0 Amanda MacArthur, “The Real History of Twitter, In Brief”, Lifewire, https://www.lifewire.com/history-of-twitter-3288854 Andrew Buncombe, “Donald Trump one year on: How the Twitter President changed social media and the country's top office”, Independent, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/the- twitter-president-how-potus-changed-social-media-and-the-presidency- a8164161.html Andrew Buncombe, “Islamophobia even worse under Trump than after 9/11 attacks, says top Muslim activist.”, Independent, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump- islam-muslim-islamophobia-worse-911-says-leader-a8113686.html Basit Mahmood, “You might be surprised Trump retweeted Britain First – but as a Muslim who grew up in Luton, I'm not”, Independent, https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/donald-trump-britain-first-retweet- muslim-luton-far-right-racism-us-president-islamophobia-a8082506.html Bernard Lewis, “The Roots of Muslim Rage”, The Atlantic, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1990/09/the-roots-of- muslim-rage/304643/ Brandon Weber, “Study: When Trump tweets about Muslims, hate crimes increase”, Big Think, https://bigthink.com/brandon-weber/dog-whistles-indeed- twitter-encourages-hate-crimes-study-shows 82 Brendan Cox, “Back to top by retweeting Britain First, Trump offends a decency he cannot understand”, Muslim Institute, https://musliminstitute.org/freethinking/politics/retweeting-britain-first- trump-offends-decency-he-cannot-understand Brian Klaas, “A short history of President Trump’s anti-Muslim bigotry”, The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/03/15/short-history- president-trumps-anti-muslim-bigotry/ Carly Cassella, “Trump's Tweets Are Highly Correlated With Anti-Muslim Hate Crimes, Study Finds”, Science Alert, https://www.sciencealert.com/trump- tweet-islam-highly-correlated-anti-muslim-hate-crime-study Catherine Lizette Gonzalez, “Trump Tweets Anti-Muslim Videos, World Calls Him Out”, Colorlines, https://www.colorlines.com/articles/trump-tweets-anti- muslim-videos-world-calls-him-out Catherine Lucey and Jill Lawless, “Trump’s Muslim retweets draw fire from US and abroad”, Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/trumps-muslim- retweets-draw-fire-from-us-and-abroad/2017/11/29/19166c60-d52c-11e7- 9ad9-ca0619edfa05_story.html?utm_term=.4836ef8006cf CNN Library, “ISIS Fast Facts”, CNN, https://edition.cnn.com/2014/08/08/world/isis-fast-facts/index.html Daisy Grewal, “Do Trump Tweets Spur Hate Crimes?”, Scientific American, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/do-trump-tweets-spur-hate- crimes1/ Daniel Funke, “Here’s where those Islamophobic videos Trump shared came from”, Poynter, https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2017/heres-where- those-islamophobic-videos-trump-shared-came-from/ Daniella Peled, “Who Is Jayda Fransen - the anti-Muslim, 'Britain First' Extremist Who Trump Retweeted?”, Haaretz, https://www.haaretz.com/world- news/europe/.premium-meet-the-anti-muslim-extremist-who-trump- retweeted-1.5627250 Elizabeth Landers, "Spicer: Tweets are Trump's official statements", CNN, https://edition.cnn.com/2017/06/06/politics/trump-tweets-official- statements/index.html Ghanim Khalil, “Islamophobia and President Trump,” VCI, https://veteranschallengeislamophobia.org/islamophobia-and-president- trump/ Glenn Kessler; Salvador Rizzo; Meg Kelly, "President Trump has made more than 10,000 false or misleading claims", The Washington Post, 83 https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/29/president-trump- has-made-more-than-false-or-misleading-claims/ Jack Sommers, “Who Is Jayda Fransen? The Notorious Islamophobe Whose Warnings About Islam Donald Trump Retweeted”, Huffington Post, https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/who-is-jayda-fransen-britain-
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