The Inventory of Historic Battlefields – Battle of Harlaw The Inventory of Historic Battlefields is a list of nationally important battlefields in Scotland. A battlefield is of national importance if it makes a contribution to the understanding of the archaeology and history of the nation as a whole, or has the potential to do so, or holds a particularly significant place in the national consciousness. For a battlefield to be included in the Inventory, it must be considered to be of national importance either for its association with key historical events or figures; or for the physical remains and/or archaeological potential it contains; or for its landscape context. In addition, it must be possible to define the site on a modern map with a reasonable degree of accuracy. The aim of the Inventory is to raise awareness of the significance of these nationally important battlefield sites and to assist in their protection and management for the future. Inventory battlefields are a material consideration in the planning process. The Inventory is also a major resource for enhancing the understanding, appreciation and enjoyment of historic battlefields, for promoting education and stimulating further research, and for developing their potential as attractions for visitors. Designation Record and Full Report Contents Name - Context Alternative Name(s) Battlefield Landscape Date of Battle - Location Local Authority - Terrain NGR Centred - Condition Date of Addition to Inventory Archaeological and Physical Date of Last Update Remains and Potential Overview and Statement of Cultural Association Significance - Commemoration and Inventory Boundary Interpretation Historical Background to the Battle Select Bibliography - The Armies - Information on Sources and - Numbers Publications - Losses - Full Bibliography - Action - Primary Sources - Aftermath and - Cartographic and Consequences Illustrative Sources Events and Participants - Secondary Sources Inventory of Historic Battlefields HARLAW Alternative Names: None 24 July 1411 Local Authority: Aberdeenshire NGR centred: NJ 753 243 Date of Addition to Inventory: 21 March 2011 Date of last update: 14 December 2012 Overview and Statement of Significance The Battle of Harlaw is significant as one of the bloodiest medieval battles within Scotland. It is also one of a number of battles between forces serving the Stewart dynasty, as rulers of Scotland from the lowlands, against the Lords of the Isles, the major power in northern Scotland. It is held of particular importance in the Aberdeen area, as the retreat of the MacDonald forces after Harlaw saved the city, and many of the city’s important residents were killed at Harlaw in its defence. The Battle of Harlaw was one of the bloodiest battles of the Medieval period in Scotland. The MacDonald army under the command of Domhnall MacDonald, the Lord of the Isles, was advancing on Aberdeen to defend his control over the Earldom of Ross. The Earl of Mar, Alexander Stewart, was sent by his uncle, the governor Duke of Albany, to stop them. The outcome of the battle was militarily inconclusive, and both sides claimed victory despite each having suffered heavy losses. The consequence of the battle was to halt MacDonald’s advance towards Aberdeen and bring his campaign to an end. The Duke of Albany quickly seized a firm grip on the Earldom of Ross and the Lord of the Isles, who had been the chief internal threat to Stewart control of Scotland, was forced to relinquish his claim in the Treaty of Lochgilphead in 1412. Robert, the Duke of Albany, was left in control of Scotland as governor for the imprisoned James I. Inventory Boundary The Inventory boundary defines the area in which the main events of the battle are considered to have taken place (landscape context) and where associated physical remains and archaeological evidence occur or may be expected (specific qualities). The landscape context is described under battlefield landscape: it encompasses areas of fighting, key movements of troops across the landscape and other important locations, such as the positions of camps or vantage points. Although the landscape has changed since the time of the battle, key characteristics of the terrain at the time of the battle can normally still be identified, enabling events to be more fully understood and interpreted in their landscape context. Specific qualities are described under physical remains and potential: these include landscape features that played a significant role in the battle, other physical remains, 1 Inventory of Historic Battlefields such as enclosures or built structures, and areas of known or potential archaeological evidence. The Inventory boundary for the Battle of Harlaw is defined on the accompanying map and includes the following areas: Lands adjacent to and to the north of Harlaw. The probable location of MacDonald’s camp. The hill slopes to the north of Inverurie. The direction of the advance of the Earl of Mar’s army uphill from Inverurie. The Pley Fauld and adjacent lands. The former location of memorial cairns which has high potential to contain further burials. The terrain of the plateau and its slopes and the views out from the higher ground. This landscape feature is key to understanding the restricted nature of the battleground and the limited views from MacDonald’s initial deployment of the advancing army. 2 Inventory of Historic Battlefields Historical Background to the Battle The battle was fought between Domhnall MacDonald, with an army of somewhere between 6,000 and 10,000 Highlanders and Islanders, and the Earl of Mar, with an army of 1,500 to 2,000. Domhnall’s army were encamped at the northern end of a plateau of high ground north of Inverurie. On the night of 23 July 1411, the Earl of Mar mustered an army of men drawn from Buchan, Angus and Kincardineshire at Inverurie; there was also a small group of burgesses from Aberdeen under Provost Robert Davidson. In the early dawn on 24 July they moved up onto the plateau, probably where the village of Balhalgardy now stands. The vanguard of Mar’s army advanced, to be met halfway by a charge of Islesmen that pushed them back substantially; according to the 16th century ballad of the battle, Mar’s men were pushed back three acres or more. Sir James Scrymgeour led a counter-charge of Mar’s cavalry, which relieved the pressure on the schiltrons but resulted in the deaths of several of the cavalry including Scrymgeour. From that point, it was a long and bloody infantry action that seems to have lasted for the entire day. Fighting would have broken off at intervals because of the sheer physical effort involved, but by the end of the day, neither side had made a breakthrough and had taken heavy casualties. Later historians writing of the battle describe the battle ending as darkness fell. Mar apparently remained on the field with his surviving men, while Domhnall withdrew towards Inverness; Mar seems not to have been aware of the Islesmen’s withdrawal and was surprised to find them gone the next morning. Hector Boece (a 16th century Scottish philosopher who wrote The History of the Scottish People in 1527) suggested that both sides withdrew at the end of the fighting, with Domhnall retiring completely while Mar remained in the area. Whether this was the real situation or not, Domhnall withdrew having lost around 900 men including his main captain, Hector Maclean of Duart, and having inflicted around 600 casualties on Mar’s better-armoured men. It has long been celebrated as a defeat for the Lord of the Isles and a famous victory for the men of the north-east. However, the casualty rate for the Islesmen were around 9-15% (900 casualties from his army of 6-10,000, depending on the historical source), while the rate for Mar was between 30 and 40% (600 casualties from an army of 1,500-2,000) and included many of the leading nobility of the area. The impact of the battle was undoubtedly far worse for Mar and his men than for Domhnall, who had lost Maclean of Duart but no other significant figures. In contrast, Mar’s losses included the Sheriff of Angus, the Constable of Dundee, the Provost of Aberdeen and many of the nobility of eastern Scotland. The Armies There is very little detail about the armies. Donald’s men were from the Highlands and Islands and will have had variable levels of armour, many of the foot soldiers probably having little armour at all. The higher ranks will have been better armoured, but the likelihood is that the army as a whole would have been quite lightly armoured. The army was essentially an infantry army with little, if any, cavalry. While several sources at an earlier stage talk about the army having archers, there is nothing in the accounts that suggests the 3 Inventory of Historic Battlefields presence of archers in the battle. As this was four years before Agincourt and came in the wake of Scottish disasters such as Dupplin Moor, Halidon Hill and Neville’s Cross, all of which were largely won through the use of the bow, it seems likely that archers would have been mentioned had they played a major role in the battle. In contrast, the Earl of Mar’s men consisted of knights and men-at-arms, who will have been quite heavily armoured; various secondary sources consider that Mar was confident in the difference in armour levels to feel that the difference in numbers would be outweighed. There is no mention of units of archers, which the circumstances probably explain. Mar’s force was raised in a hurry to protect Aberdeen and Scotland did not have the tradition of expertise archery that England had. Numbers MacDonalds: The army of the Lord of the Isles was said to be 10,000 strong at the hosting in Ardtornish.