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This Thesis Has Been Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Postgraduate Degree (E.G This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: • This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. • A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. • This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. • The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. • When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Situating Strangers Understanding Hindu Community Life in Lusaka Joan Haig Ph.D. The University of Edinburgh 2010 Declaration I hereby certify that this thesis is entirely my own work. Some portions have previously been submitted for publication, copies of which are in Appendix D. Date Abstract This thesis explores the complex identities of the Hindu community of Lusaka, Zambia. It argues that current theories in migration and diaspora studies are not sufficient for understanding such groups in post-colonial Africa. The thesis proposes that we should revisit ‘forgotten’ literature, on immigrants as ‘stranger’ communities, that originates from Georg Simmel’s 1908 essay, ‘The Stranger’. Such work, which this thesis terms ‘stranger theory’, usefully contributes to more contemporary approaches by enabling a comprehensive assessment of a community’s position and how that position changes over time. Stranger theory is used in this thesis to situate Lusaka’s Hindus (and Zambian Hindus more generally) as ‘organic’ members of the nation, whose relationships with wider society are characterised by both ‘nearness’ and ‘remoteness’. The thesis first describes the emergence of a Zambian Hindu ethnic identity during colonial and immediate postcolonial (post-1964) periods focussing on migration and settlement patterns, immigrant networks and the emergence of cultural associations. A theme running throughout the thesis is that the ‘plural society’ of the colonial era (a society consisting of separate, racially-categorised groups with limited interaction) has persisted in Zambia in a postcolonial form, and that this is a useful way of understanding the position of the Hindu community in Zambia today. Following the historical discussion is an analysis of how the contemporary city of Lusaka is experienced by its Hindu residents, through mapping out spaces, social structures and practices that remain unique to Lusaka’s Hindus. Lusaka’s Hindu community is presented as both cohesive and fragmented; the thesis goes on to analyse the ways in which community identity itself is frequently broken down and reconfigured by its members. Zambia’s Hindus comprise diverse sets and subgroups of immigrants with uneven and ‘flexible’ approaches to, and experiences of, migration, citizenship and belonging, rather than embodying a single, quantifiable ‘diaspora’ entity. Yet, in local terms, Hindus in Lusaka are often treated as part of a general ‘Indian’ group; indeed, the thesis shows how Hindus’ relationships with other groups in Zambia emphasise the ‘stranger’ dimension of the community’s position in society. Finally, the thesis asserts that Zambian Hindu ‘twice migrants’—those who migrate onwards to new destinations—reinforce the existence and identities of the ‘home’ community in Zambia. Indeed, these twice migrants must be considered as African and Zambian transnational migrants as well as part of a South Asian ‘diaspora’. Methodologically, the thesis is driven by situational analysis, and brings two separate versions of this approach (from Sociology and Anthropology) together, drawing on data collected in Zambia between 2006 and 2008. Acknowledgements Lawrence: natotela, zicomo, dhanyawaad, aabhaar, thank you. I would like to thank my whole family for helping and supporting me in various ways along the way. This includes Andrew and Adrian: thank you for being as helpful as a toddler and infant could be. Much of my writing was done at my family home in Spain, where my parents provided me with peace and time: without this my thesis would not have taken shape. My friends in Scotland and across Zambia offered me advice, hospitality and great encouragement – many thanks. I have been influenced academically by many people in the course of this work, including a wonderful network of researchers in Zambia (Giacomo Macola and Marja Hinfelaar stand out here). Of course, I am most deeply indebted to my PhD supervisors, Sara Rich Dorman and James Kennedy, who have guided my research and writing and supported my interests since we met in 2003. My PhD was funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, and a preliminary visit to Zambia was funded by the University of Edinburgh Development Trust: my thanks to these bodies and to staff at Edinburgh’s Graduate School of Social and Political Science for helping me through these applications and providing administrative support. Finally, I would like to express sincere gratitude to the many individuals and families who took part in my research. It has been my goal to interpret your words and actions with care, and to show the importance and diversity of your ideas, memories and feelings. Table of Contents List of Maps, Figures and Tables ...................................................................................................... iii Glossary of Foreign Terms Used ....................................................................................................... v List of Abbreviations......................................................................................................................... vii Maps..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….ix 1. Situating Strangers: Literature in the Study of Hindu Life in Lusaka .................................... 1 Section 1. Thesis Aims and Structure ...................................................................................... 3 Section 2. Situational Analysis: Defining Hindu Life in Lusaka as a ‘Social World’ .......... 5 Section 3. Constructing Zambian Hindu Ethnicity: Practice and Structure ..................... 9 Section 4. Ethnic Adaptation in a Post-Colonial Plural Society ........................................ 15 Section 5. Ethnic Fragmentation ............................................................................................ 21 Section 6. Generations and Migrant Waves ......................................................................... 24 Section 7. Letting ‘The Stranger’ Back In: A Contribution to Diaspora Theory .............. 31 Conclusion and Synopsis ......................................................................................................... 40 2. The Tyranny of Strangers: Research Methods and Ethics ..................................................... 45 Section 1. Considering and Avoiding ‘Tyranny’ in Research............................................. 48 Section 2. Five Challenges in Researching Hindu Community Life in Lusaka ................ 53 Wrapping Up/Writing Up ....................................................................................................... 79 3. Constructing Zambian Hindu Ethnicity .................................................................................... 81 Section 1. Early Signs of Ethnic Solidarity: The Hindu Network ...................................... 83 Section 2. Preparing the Grounds for Ethnicity: Spatial Segregation .............................. 92 Section 3. A House for Hindus: Building Ethnic Representation ...................................... 98 Section 4. New Politics, New Immigrants, and Hindu Ethnic Tension........................... 109 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 116 4. Mandirs, Mandals, Markets, and Malls: Mapping Contemporary Hindu Life in Lusaka .. 119 Section 1. Being at Home in the City: Creating Safe Spaces ............................................ 121 Section 2. Going Out to the Indoors: Visiting Quasi-Private Spaces............................... 138 Section 3. Being a Stranger in the City: Perceiving Outside Spaces ............................... 152 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 164 5. Open Discourse, Silent Voices and the Elephant in the Room: Fragmentation in Lusaka’s Hindu Community ............................................................................................................... 167 Section 1. Open Discourse: Generation ............................................................................... 168 Section 2. Silent Voices: Gender ........................................................................................... 185 Section 3. The Elephant in the Room: Caste ....................................................................... 193 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 209 6. The ‘Kakawallahs’ versus the ‘Expatias’: Subgroup Distinctions and Ethnic Transformation ...................................................................................................................
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