Networked Politics Reader

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Networked Politics Reader Networked Politics Reader Work in Progress Barcelona seminar for an inquiry into political organisation in an era of movements and networks. NETWORKED-POLITICS: A READER OF WORK IN PROGRESS. Contents 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE INQURY AND ITS FOUR LINES OF RESEARCH AND OUTLINE OF SEMINAR PROGRAMME 2. THE INSTITUTIONS LINE OF INQUIRY i. Democracy, Citizens’ Participation and Social Transformation, by Joan Subirat. ii. Modernising Public Administration from the Left , by Quim Brugue 3. THE MOVEMENT LINE OF INQUIRY i. A first map of issues issues, by Macro Berlinguer ii. Report of Bolgnia meeting, by Marco Berlinguer iii. Problemas de la politica autonoma: pensando el pasaje de lo social a lo politico, by Ezequiel Adamovsky iv. About networks (and social movements?) by Joan Subirats v. Networks, swarms, microstructures, by Brian Holmes vi. Social forums and their margins: networking logistics and the cultural politics of autonomus space, by Jeffrey S. Juris 4. THE POLITICAL PARTIES PARTIES, REPRESENTATION LINE OF INQUIRY i. Rethinking political parties in an era of movements and networks, by Hilary Wainwright ii. Brief report of Manchester workshop for the ‘inquiry in rethinking political organisation in an era of movements and networks’ iii. Are there lessons to be learnt from the experience of the German green-alternative left?, by Frieder Otto Wolfe. iv. The left parties in government: the Norwegian case, by.Asbjorn Wahl v. Lula’s lament, by Hilary Wainwright 5. TECHNO-POLITICAL TOOLS LINE OF INQUIRY. i. Hot issues/questions on techno-political tools by Mayo Fuster ii. Free/Open sourced politics, starting points & proposals, by Jaume Naulart iii. Cathcart’s List : A brief review of current movements and trends in information politics. Jamie King; iv. The Dilemmas of an inevitable relationship: democratic innovation and the technologies of information and communication, by Joan Subirat v. Useful references. Networked politics: A reader of work in progress 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE INQUIRY AND ITS FOUR LINES OF RESEARCH 1 Networked politics: A reader of work in progress INTRODUCTION: NETWORKED POLITICS: AN INQUIRY INTO RETHINKING POLITICAL ORGANISATION IN AN AGE OF MOVEMENTS AND NETS Welcome to a space where people from different generations and political histories are sharing ideas and experiences with the aim of reinventing democracy in a context where traditional forms of democracy are exhausted. Networked Politics is a contribution to the continuing debates and practical experiments concerning new forms of political organization. It’s purpose is to help the activists who act in movements, collectives, associations, parties, trade unions to develop a deeper understanding of the innovations of which we are all a part. Some of us are from the movements of the late 60s and 70s, aware that our ideas at that time became in part – against our intention – resources for the renewal of capitalism but at the same time we are insistent that these movements, feminism especially, generated an unrealised potential towards rethinking politics. Some of us are shaped by intense involvement in the movements unleashed in Seattle and continuing into the 21^st century, aware that our activism is merely the surface expression of a far deeper popular disaffection for which we have not yet found the cultural tools to reach or the sufficiently innovative ways to organise. Some of us are from political parties, believing in the need to engage with institutional politics but fully aware, against the traditional assumptions of left politics, that parties can only be one actor amongst many and indeed the very nature of a party needs to be radically rethought. And most of us try to make transformative values part of the way we live, the way we work, the way we organise. We try to pre-figure our vision of a different world in present-day experiments in new systems of collaboration and creativity. We aim to make this project exactly such an experiment. We start from a common recognition of the crisis of existing political institutions and also from a belief in the enormous potential that exists in diverse forms of resistance both visible and beneath the surface, for creating alternative worlds. But what also motivates our collaboration is a cautiousness and an anxious curiosity as we come up against the problems of creating sustained forces, agencies or subjects of social change. With these thoughts in mind, we have initiated an inquiry based on four lines of research: * The innovations and problems arising from movements: their development in practice of a new approach to knowledge, new forms of action and organisation; * The process of renewal taking place in political parties of the left and more generally with attempts at transformative forms of the political representation; * Public institutions in the net society: the ambivalences, dangers and opportunities of the emergence of multi-level political 2 Networked politics: A reader of work in progress systems and the idea of the governance; * The New techno–political tools made possible by the revolution in information technology and their potentialities for transformative thought, action and communication. Many people are working on these issues. You will find many of these people here. Around this search we are creating a loose and worldwide community of activist researchers to share resources, compare experiences, debate ideas. We will use this wiki to allow collaborative writings and open discussions. We promote the cooperative production of a glossary or dictionary of new words (or old words with new meanings) emerging out of the search for new kinds of political organisation. We will encourage debates on “hot issues” emerging from practical experience and reflection. A central resource in our collaboration is also a web-bibliography e- library: articles, papers but also accessible transcripts from seminars, dossiers of interviews from the frontline of political innovation and its difficulties. Share your work; make use of ours; stimulate collective reflection. The basic language is English, but the contributions can be offered in other languages as well. Networked Politics is an open project promoted by Transfrom! Italia (www.transform.it), Transnational Institute (www.tni.org) – New Politics, and Institut de Govern the Polítiques Públiques – IGOP (igop.uab.es) and developed in cooperation with Euromovements (www.euromovements.info) Introducing the E-library http://www.networked-politics.info/library One of the aims of the Networked Politics inquiry is to create a community for sharing and exchange reflections. In order to facilitate this process and to make the access to web-bibliography resources easier we are developing an online e-library. The “Networked Politics E-library” is an open and collaborative online space for the storing and sharing of bibliographic resources. Its main goals are to create a meeting point between different disciplines and analytical approaches and to create a multilingual communication channel between different regions of the world on themes connected to rethinking political organization, including: the organizational innovations arising from movements; new forms of political representation; public institutions in the net society: and debates about techno–political tools. 3 Networked politics: A reader of work in progress What could you do with it? The e-library allows you to consult, read and downloud bibliographic materials. At the e-library there are different search channels: you can search by keywords, by author, by theme, by title.). And the e-library also enables you to uploud texts, that is to introuce texts to the e-library and share it with the others. And not just text, but also multi-media materials, such as: photos, recorded interviews, etc. The e-library has being designed to be as easy and intuitive usable as possible. 4 Networked politics: A reader of work in progress 2. THE INSTITUTIONS LINE OF INQUIRY 5 Networked politics: A reader of work in progress ELEMENTS OF INSTITUTIONAL CRISIS AND TRANSFORMATION Jon Subirat “Today, political leaders throughout Europe are facing a real paradox. On the one hand, Europeans want them to find solutions to the major problems confronting our societies. On the other hand, people increasingly distrust institutions and politics or are simply not interested in them” White Paper on European Governance, EU Commission, Brussels, 2001, p.1 From an institutional point of view, we are facing grave and diverse problems: - Disproportion between the remits and formal powers of the institutions and their real capacities for transformation and change. - An economy and market that have “escaped” from political and institutional control. - Obsolescence of the political bases of the nation state. - Electoral legitimacy every x number of years, its legitimacy daily questioned through the “media”. - Institutions with borders, politics without borders. - Growing confusion and polemic between legitimacy and legality. - Emphasis from the institutions on the unique prominence of channels of representative democracy, failing to consider the growing number of people who do not use these channels, because of indifference, legal incapacity, or because they see that it doesn’t change anything in their lives. - Biased use (unidirectional, hierarchical, controlling) of technologies in order to maintain their hegemony. The crisis of the institutions and the administration, and the need to transform or reform them has become a cliché.
Recommended publications
  • Libertarian Marxism Mao-Spontex Open Marxism Popular Assembly Sovereign Citizen Movement Spontaneism Sui Iuris
    Autonomist Marxist Theory and Practice in the Current Crisis Brian Marks1 University of Arizona School of Geography and Development [email protected] Abstract Autonomist Marxism is a political tendency premised on the autonomy of the proletariat. Working class autonomy is manifested in the self-activity of the working class independent of formal organizations and representations, the multiplicity of forms that struggles take, and the role of class composition in shaping the overall balance of power in capitalist societies, not least in the relationship of class struggles to the character of capitalist crises. Class composition analysis is applied here to narrate the recent history of capitalism leading up to the current crisis, giving particular attention to China and the United States. A global wave of struggles in the mid-2000s was constituitive of the kinds of working class responses to the crisis that unfolded in 2008-10. The circulation of those struggles and resultant trends of recomposition and/or decomposition are argued to be important factors in the balance of political forces across the varied geography of the present crisis. The whirlwind of crises and the autonomist perspective The whirlwind of crises (Marks, 2010) that swept the world in 2008, financial panic upon food crisis upon energy shock upon inflationary spiral, receded temporarily only to surge forward again, leaving us in a turbulent world, full of possibility and peril. Is this the end of Neoliberalism or its retrenchment? A new 1 Published under the Creative Commons licence: Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works Autonomist Marxist Theory and Practice in the Current Crisis 468 New Deal or a new Great Depression? The end of American hegemony or the rise of an “imperialism with Chinese characteristics?” Or all of those at once? This paper brings the political tendency known as autonomist Marxism (H.
    [Show full text]
  • Battle for Workers Rights in Australia by Aggie Mccallum
    Socialist Fight Issue No. 5 Winter 2010-11 Price: Concessions: 50p, Waged: £2.00 Only a United Anti-cuts Campaign based on strikes and occupations will defeat the Coalition assault Contents Page 2: Editorial: Only a United Anti-cuts Campaign based on strikes and occupations will defeat the Coalition assault. Page 5: Three days in the life of an Unemployed Workers Centre. Page 6: Ireland on the Rack: Defend the welfare state, de- fend the Republican Prisoners By AJ Byrne. Page 7: After the Irish bailout: The financial wolf pack tar- gets new victims By Nick Beams. Page 8: Ireland: The Creepy Millionaires’ Budget By Michael Taft. Page 9: Jimmy Reid: “It cannae be Lenin — he’s deid” Obitu- ary By Tony Fox. Page 12: The Jerry Hicks Campaign: Good Trot, Bad Trot and Trot in the Middle By Gerry Downing. Page 14: Obama’s America: The Furlough—Intent and Im- pact By Jake Cooper. Page 16: Mumia Abu-Jamal, on Pennsylvania's death row for 29 years By Dave Lindorfff. Page 18: Class Struggle in Zimbabwe by Ady, RIL - FI (Zimbabwe). Page 20: Trotskyist Turn in Nepal? By Rajesh Tyagi (New Wave). Page 20: Comment on the above By Ret Marut. Page 21: Women's Oppression: Two opposing views of the sex industry. Page 24: Letters pages. Page 28: Dubstep rebellion - the British banlieue comes to Millbank By Paul Mason Page 29: The Recession and Theories of Imperialism: It has to be Lenin! By Ret Marut. Page 31: Debating the Thermidor: “Me No Dirty Commie” By Gerry Downing. Page 33: Ark Tribe….Battle for Workers Rights in Australia By Aggie McCallum.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenger Party List
    Appendix List of Challenger Parties Operationalization of Challenger Parties A party is considered a challenger party if in any given year it has not been a member of a central government after 1930. A party is considered a dominant party if in any given year it has been part of a central government after 1930. Only parties with ministers in cabinet are considered to be members of a central government. A party ceases to be a challenger party once it enters central government (in the election immediately preceding entry into office, it is classified as a challenger party). Participation in a national war/crisis cabinets and national unity governments (e.g., Communists in France’s provisional government) does not in itself qualify a party as a dominant party. A dominant party will continue to be considered a dominant party after merging with a challenger party, but a party will be considered a challenger party if it splits from a dominant party. Using this definition, the following parties were challenger parties in Western Europe in the period under investigation (1950–2017). The parties that became dominant parties during the period are indicated with an asterisk. Last election in dataset Country Party Party name (as abbreviation challenger party) Austria ALÖ Alternative List Austria 1983 DU The Independents—Lugner’s List 1999 FPÖ Freedom Party of Austria 1983 * Fritz The Citizens’ Forum Austria 2008 Grüne The Greens—The Green Alternative 2017 LiF Liberal Forum 2008 Martin Hans-Peter Martin’s List 2006 Nein No—Citizens’ Initiative against
    [Show full text]
  • Risk Profiles 2011 Update
    Risk profiles 2011 update We have developed formal processes to enable us to deploy our resources more effectively. This includes the generation of risk profiles to inform our audit strategy. These profiles bring together various different pieces of information relating to parties’ financial characteristics, level of compliance with statutory obligations and scale of operation. Similar profiles are developed for accounting units with either income or expenditure over £100,000. Last year we undertook a review of our pilot of profiling, which led to some minor changes to our policy Prioritising our regulatory activity . This review process means that the update of profiles was delayed until now. From 2012 onwards, profiles will be updated annually in October after we have received all statement of accounts over £250,000. Returns data 2007 - 2010 Next update October 2012 Find out more about our policy and risk profiles on our website at: http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/party-finance/enforcement/risk-profiles Key Financial risk This indicates the financial scale, cash flow and past accounting accuracy of the party. We weight these indicators to produce criteria a rating of A, B or C for each party. A rating of ‘C’ may indicate, for instance, a party with high levels of debt that has had its Profiled A-C recent statements of accounts qualified by an auditor. A ‘B’ rating may be a relatively high-income party with no material inaccuracies in its recent accounts. An ‘A’ rating will indicate a low-income party. Compliance risk criteria This indicates a party’s level of compliance with their statutory obligations over a period of three years.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Space Four
    using space four mujinga oct09 2 35 space“ – a gallery putting on exhibi - sizeable swathe of said young peo - tions and performances wherever it ple, but fellow !WOWOW! member can beg and borrow space – is called Gareth Pugh has achieved even more „The Centre of the Universe“. While fame as a fashion designer. Stone re - Discontents modesty may be in short supply, hu - counts a group of models arriving for mour is not. Stone laughs at the proj - a fitting only to be told by a policeman ect having a „musical director“ and as that they‘d got the wrong building be - for his title, „I haven‘t thought of one cause „only homeless people live SWOMP - Amsterdam 4 ostentatious enough to give myself there“. There aren‘t many fashion de - yet. But as much as it’s tongue in signers feted by Vogue who live in cheek it’s also a recognition of the squats. So is there something odd fact that we‘re serious about what about seeing his friend’s designs on In the news 9 we‘re doing.“ Beyonce and co? „I think it’s amazing, that’s exactly what he wanted to This seriousness also informs his rea - achieve and he’s worked tirelessly to SquatMeetUp Report - Bristol 10 sons for squatting. Amid the romantic do it. I think this idea of defining an zeal is a more political motivation – underground as something which a the desire for „art to be able to exist in minority of people can appreciate is its own context, without the primary quite an elitist idea anyway.“ The shape left by its absence 14 aim of commodifying its output.
    [Show full text]
  • Wallerstein - the World Social Forum : Great Success, Shaky Future, Passé ?
    World Social Forum Critical Explorations World Social Forum Critical Explorations Jai Sen and Peter Waterman editors Volume 3 in the Challenging Empires series New Delhi 2012 World Social Forum : Critical Explorations Volume 3 in the Challenging Empires series Edition 1.0 New Delhi, 2012 ISBN : 978-81-904808-2-6 OpenWord is about open publication, and sees itself as a contribution to the wider struggle for making knowledges open for people across cultures and languages and on as many and as wide platforms as possible. We outline our intentions and framework in a statement of our License Policy on one of the following pages; please read that. In general, we want to make our work open for re-use and sharing. In this book, there are two broad categories of essays : Open and Restricted. You are free to re-use – for non-commercial purposes only - all those essays that have the OpenWord logo on their opening page. For all the others, please consult our website http://www.openword.in. In all cases, please make your work available to others just as we are doing to you, and please acknowledge your source and the respective authors. Editors : Jai Sen and Peter Waterman Associate Editor : Madhuresh Kumar Content Editors : Parvati Sharma, Vipul Rikhi, and Jai Sen Design : OpenWord (free to be reproduced in any form) Layout : Nishant Published by : A-3 Defence Colony New Delhi 110 024, India [email protected] www.openword.in About the Book “Be the change you want to see in the world.” (Mahatma Gandhi, activist and philosopher from India, 1869-1948, internationally respected for his doctrine of non-violence) Our world is today at a time of enormous change.
    [Show full text]
  • Hidden Histories of Resistance
    Hidden Histories In essence, without squatting we would have remained isolated as gay men living in our individual shabby bedsit or flats or of Resistance The Diverse Heritage of Squatting in England houses. Squatting enabled us to come together collectively to break down that isolation and produced some of the most productive political campaigning and radical theatre, not to mention a shot at non-bourgeois, non-straight ways of living. – Ian Townson text liberated from the landlords at crimethinc.com by oplopanax publishing Over the past few years, there has been a push to criminalize squatting across Western Europe. But in a time of increasing economic instability, can governments succeed in suppressing squatting? What is at stake here? This article reviews the background and contemporary context of squat- ting in England, beginning after the Second World War and comparing the current movement to its counterparts on mainland Europe. It touches on many stories: migrants squatting to build a life safe from fascist attacks, gay activists finding spaces in which to build up a scene, vibrant and insurgent squatted areas, single-issue campaigns occupying as a direct action tactic, and anti-capitalist groups setting up social centers. We hope this text will help those in present-day struggles to root themselves in the heritage of previous movements. Online version with photos and video available at cwc.im/uksquat The UK Social Centre Network (in 2006) has warned that “Britain is now at the centre of a perfect storm of housing problems. High and rising rents, the cripplingly high costs of getting on the housing ladder, and the lowest peacetime building figures since the 1920s have all combined with a prolonged economic downturn to increase the pressure on families.” Another commentator ends a long analysis by sug- gesting that we will soon be witnessing the return of slums in the UK.
    [Show full text]
  • (Self-)Reflexivity and Repetition in Documentary
    Kent Academic Repository Full text document (pdf) Citation for published version UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis, UNSPECIFIED. DOI Link to record in KAR https://kar.kent.ac.uk/87147/ Document Version UNSPECIFIED Copyright & reuse Content in the Kent Academic Repository is made available for research purposes. Unless otherwise stated all content is protected by copyright and in the absence of an open licence (eg Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher, author or other copyright holder. Versions of research The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users are advised to check http://kar.kent.ac.uk for the status of the paper. Users should always cite the published version of record. Enquiries For any further enquiries regarding the licence status of this document, please contact: [email protected] If you believe this document infringes copyright then please contact the KAR admin team with the take-down information provided at http://kar.kent.ac.uk/contact.html Subjectivity, (Self-)reflexivity and Repetition in Documentary Silke Panse PhD-Thesis 2007 Film Studies School of Drama, Film and the Visual Arts University of Kent Canterbury Abstract This thesis advances a deterritorialised reading of documentary on several levels: firstly, with respect to the difference between non-fiction and fiction, allowing for a fluctuation between both. As this thesis examines the movements of subjective documentary between self-reflexivity and reflexivity, it argues against an understanding of reflexivity as something that is emotionally distanced from its object and thus relies on a strict separation from both the subject and what it documents, such as for instance the stable irony in many found footage or mock-documentaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Socialist Workers Party Records
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf1k40019v No online items Register of the Socialist Workers Party records Finding aid prepared by Hoover Institution Archives Staff Hoover Institution Archives 434 Galvez Mall Stanford University Stanford, CA, 94305-6010 (650) 723-3563 [email protected] © 1998, 2016 Register of the Socialist Workers 92036 1 Party records Title: Socialist Workers Party records Date (inclusive): 1928-1998 Collection Number: 92036 Contributing Institution: Hoover Institution Archives Language of Material: English Physical Description: 135 manuscript boxes, 1 oversize box(57.8 linear feet) Abstract: Correspondence, minutes, resolutions, theses, and internal bulletins, relating to Trotskyist and other socialist activities in Latin America, Western Europe, Iran, and elsewhere, and to interactions of the Socialist Workers Party with the Fourth International; and trial transcripts, briefs, other legal documents, and background materials, relating to the lawsuit brought by Alan Gelfand against the Socialist Workers Party in 1979. Most of collection also available on microfilm (108 reels). Creator: Socialist Workers Party. Access Collection is open for research. The Hoover Institution Archives only allows access to copies of audiovisual items. To listen to sound recordings or to view videos or films during your visit, please contact the Archives at least two working days before your arrival. We will then advise you of the accessibility of the material you wish to see or hear. Please note that not all audiovisual material is immediately accessible. Publication Rights For copyright status, please contact the Hoover Institution Archives. Preferred Citation [Identification of item], Socialist Workers Party Records, [Box no.], Hoover Institution Archives. Acquisition Information The Hoover Institution Archives acquired records of the Socialist Workers Party from the Anchor Foundation in 1992.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 a Provenance of Performance: Excavating New Art Histories
    1 A Provenance of Performance: Excavating new art histories through a consideration of re-enactment and the perspectives of the audience. Sarah Elizabeth Wishart Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds, School of English October 2018 2 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. © 2018 The University of Leeds Sarah Elizabeth Wishart “The right of Sarah Elizabeth Wishart to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.” 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To Jeremy Deller and Graeme Miller who created this obsession of mine in the first place, who were always helpful, considered and discursive, thank you so very much. To my supervisor: Professor Stephen Bottoms for all his work during this never-ending part- time PhD to get me one way or another to the finish line. Thank you. To all the audiences from the screenings, focus groups & the walkers: Your anonymity was guaranteed, so I can’t thank you by name, but thank you very much for all your time and effort. Without you, this wouldn’t have happened. For all other academic and practical kinds of help I had in undertaking this research, particularly from: ACME, Iain Aitch, Felicity Armstrong,
    [Show full text]
  • Crinew Music Re 1Ort
    CRINew Music Re 1 ort MARCH 27, 2000 ISSUE 659 VOL. 62 NO.1 WWW.CMJ.COM MUST HEAR Sony, Time Warner Terminate CDnow Deal Sony and Time Warner have canceled their the sale of music downloads. CDnow currently planned acquisition of online music retailer offers a limited number of single song down- CDnow.com only eight months after signing loads ranging in price from .99 cents to $4. the deal. According to the original deal, A source at Time Warner told Reuters that, announced in July 1999, CDnow was to merge "despite the parties' best efforts, the environment 7 with mail-order record club Columbia House, changed and it became too difficult to consum- which is owned by both Sony and Time Warner mate the deal in the time it had been decided." and boasts a membership base of 16 million Representatives of CDnow expressed their customers; CDnow has roughly 2.3 million cus- disappointment with the announcement, and said tomers. With the deal, Columbia House hoped that they would immediately begin seeking other to enter into the e-commerce arena, through strategic opportunities. (Continued on page 10) AIMEE MANN Artists Rally Behind /14 Universal Music, TRNIS Low-Power Radio Prisa To Form 1F-IE MAN \NHO During the month of March, more than 80 artists in 39 cities have been playing shows to raise awareness about the New Latin Label necessity for low power radio, which allows community The Universal Music Group groups and educational organizations access to the FM air- (UMG) and Spain's largest media waves using asignal of 10 or 100 watts.
    [Show full text]
  • Meaning in Movement
    MEANING IN MOVEMENT. AN IDEATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SHEFFIELD-BASED PROTEST NETWORKS CONTESTING GLOBALISATION AND WAR. VOLUME ONE Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD. Department of Politics, University of Sheffield. KEVIN GILLAN January 2006 ABSTRACT Since the late 1990s millions of people have been involved in political protest actions contesting globalisation and war. The two issues are interconnected by the continuing involvement of many of the same individuals, organisations and networks making political claims in opposition to relevant institutional actors. Social movements involved in these protests include a marked diversity of political worldviews. This thesis analyses the worldviews informing particular instantiations of those movements. Social movements must be understood as continuous, dynamic processes which, at times, occur as large-scale public events. Participants’ political beliefs are formed, tested and reconstituted in continuous debate and action with their peers and opponents. Meaning results from the interrelations between concepts in larger ideational structures. Interpreting the worldviews presented by social movements therefore involves piecing together various ideational elements into reasonably coherent, interlocking structures that make sense of the statements and behaviour of social movement participants. It is through extended participation within social movement groups that discursive processes can be observed. An ethnographic methodology therefore forms the empirical basis on which this thesis develops an
    [Show full text]