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Analiza Neolitske Stambene Arhitekture Sa Lokaliteta Crkvine

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Analiza Neolitske Stambene Arhitekture Sa Lokaliteta Crkvine Po{to je lokalitet bio ugro`en {irenjem Isto~nog Marija Marjanovi} i Milana Kosti} polja povr{inskog kopa Kolubara, izvr{ena su za{ti- tna arheolo{ka istra`ivanja na ovom lokalitetu od strane Republi~kog zavoda za za{titu spomenika Be- ograd i Zavoda za za{titu spomenika Valjevo. Isko- Analiza neolitske stambene pavanja su vr{ena u dve kampanje, tokom 2005. i 2006. godine, pod rukovodstvom arheologa Mirjane arhitekture sa lokaliteta Blagojevi}. Crkvine – Mali Borak U ovom radu analizirale smo stambene arhi- tektonske strukture u naselju na lokalitetu Crkvine – Mali Borak i karakteristike stambenih objekata. Pore|enjem arhitektonskih jedinica izdvojile smo tri grupe ku}a sli~nih karakteristika. Stoga se kao prob- lem istra`ivanja nametnulo definisanje tih grupa kao Analizirana je stambena arhitektura i organizacija mogu}a posledica socijalne i ekonomske organi- ku}a u naselju na lokalitetu Crkvine – Mali Borak. zacije naselja. Arhitektonske elemente ovog naselja Razli~iti elementi stambene arhitekture, kao {to su uporedile smo sa elementima karakteristi~nim za orijentacija, dimenzije, na~in izgradnje ku}a i sl. Vin~a-Plo~nik II fazu vin~anske kulture. upore|eni su sa arhitektonskim elementima karak- Kori{}ena je originalna terenska dokumentacija teristi~nim za Vin~a-Plo~nik II fazu vin~anske koju su ~inili: terenski dnevnik, foto dnevnik, teren- kulture. Izdvojene su tri grupe ku}a koje se mogu ske skice i situacioni planovi, na osnovu kojih su posmatrati kao izdvojene celine, kako po svom ras- prikupljene informacije o arhitektonskim jedinicama poredu, tako i po polo`aju u odnosu na ostale ku}e (RZZSK 2005). Raspolo`ivi podaci odnose se na u naselju. Ovo naselje ne odstupa u velikoj meri od dimenzije, orijentaciju, polo`aj stambenih objekata u istovremenih kasno neolitskih, odnosno rano eneo- naselju i karakteristike zidnog i podnog lepa. litskih naselja jugoisto~ne Evrope u pogledu polo`a- ja, tehnike izgradnje stambenih objekata i izbora materijala, ali je organizacija naselja specifi~na. Opis stambenih objekata na Ovakva organizacija verovatno je posledica velike lokalitetu transformacije kroz koju su pro{la dru{tva na ovom prostoru oko sredine petog milenijuma p.n.e., odno- Na lokalitetu Crkvine-Mali Borak konstatovano sno socijalne i ekonomske reorganizacije koju su je ukupno jedanaest stambenih objekata (tabela 1 i do`ivela dru{tva jugoisto~ne Evrope na prelazu iz slika 3). kasnog neolita u eneolit. Uvod Lokalitet Crkvine-Mali Borak se nalazio u op{ti- ni Lajkovac (geografske koordinate x = 7439.074, y = 4926.40 UTM), na visokoj re~noj terasi, izme|u reke Kladnice i Dubokog potoka, na nadmorskoj visini od 90 do 110 m. Zahvatao je povr{inu koja je Marija Marjanovi} (1990), Beograd, Poto~ka 8, bila prekrivena {umom, grmljem i niskim rastinjem, u~enica 3. razreda Filolo{ke gimnazije u Beogradu a u manjoj meri obradivom povr{inom i ku}nim parcelama. Severnu granicu lokaliteta ~inio je obod Milana Kosti} (1992), Zrenjanin, Sarajevska 12, re~ne terase i padina prema reci Kladnici, a ju`na i u~enica 2. razreda Zrenjaninske gimnazije zapadna granica su se prostirale oko asfaltnih puteva MENTOR: Uro{ Mati}, student II godine koji prolaze kroz Mali Borak. Ukupna povr{ina Filozofskog fakulteta u Beogradu naselja iznosi 8200 m2. 338 • PETNI^KE SVESKE 64 DEO III Tabela 1. Analizirane karakteristike stambenih objektata na lokalitetu Crkvine – Mali Borak ku}a Polo`aj u Orijentacija Dimenzije Karakteristike Karakteristike Pe}i/Jame Plastika naselju o~uvane zidnog lepa podnog lepa sa lepom podnice 1 Severna Istok-zapad 3.9´2.6 m Otisci kolja i Otisci oblica Jama sa Figurina grupa stubova lepom 2 Severna Severoistok- 6´4 m Jama sa Dve figurine grupa jugozapad lepom 3 Severna Istok-zapad 3´2 m Pe} grupa 4 Severna Severoistok- 5´3 m Pe}/Jama sa Amulet grupa jugozapad lepom (jastu ~astog oblika), `rtvenik, dve figurine 5 Centralni Sever-jug 8´5 m Otisci pru}a Otisci oblica Figurina objekat i greda (amulet valjkastog oblika) 6 Centralni Istok-zapad 5´3.5 m Otisci oblica Jama sa Amulet objekat lepom (valjkastog oblika) 7 Ju$na Sever-jug 3x4.20m Udubljenje za grupa stubove 8 Ju$na Severoistok-j 3x1-2m Otisci stubova Podni naboj grupa ugozapad 9 Ju$na Istok-zapad 1.20x0.80m grupa 10 Ju$na Severoistok-j 3x4.20m grupa ugozapad 11 Ju$na Severoistok-j 3x4.20m grupa ugozapad Slika 1. Podnica ku}e 1, Crkvine - Mali Borak (foto Vladimir Pecikoza) Figure 1. House floor of dwelling 1, Crkvine - Mali Borak (photo Vladimir Pecikoza) ZBORNIK RADOVA 2008 ARHEOLOGIJA • 339 Objekti su orijentisani severoistok-jugozapad lepa sa otiscima kolja, a u objektu pet otisci pru}a i (objekti 2, 4, 8, 10 i 11), zatim istok-zapad (objekti greda. Otisci drvene armature ukazuju da su ku}e 1, 3, 6 i 9), kao i sever-jug (objekti5i7). izgra|ene u tehnici pletera koja je ina~e karakteri- Ku}e se mogu svrstati u tri grupe na osnovu sti~na za naselja vin~anske kulture (Stevanovi} polo`aja u naselju (slika 3). U prvu grupu spadaju 1997: 337). Ova tehnika se sastoji u tome da se prvo stambeni objekti 1, 2, 3 i 4, koji su se nalazili na napravi skelet od drvenih stubova, koji se potom severu naselja. Objekti 2, 3 i 4 su na me|usobnom pove`e prepletenim pru}em i na kraju sa obe strane rastojanju od oko 6 m. Ju`no od njih, na rastojanju prema`e debelim slojem gline (Uzelac 1985: 25). 15-30 m, bila je izdvojena ku}a 1 (slika 1). Druga Na zidnom lepu se mogu uo~iti i otisci stubova, grupa ku}a nalazila se na jugu naselja i nju su. sa~i- kao {to je slu~aj sa tri polukru`na otiska pre~nika 30 njavali objekti 7, 8, 9, 10 i 11. Objekti 8, 9 i 10 su se cm, na me|usobnoj udaljenosti 1.50 m, u ku}i jedan nalazili na me|usobnom rastojanju od oko 3 m. i tri kru`na otiska, istog pre~nika, na udaljenosti od Zapadno od njih lociran je objekat 11 na udaljenosti 40 cm, u ku}i osam. od 15 m, a isto~no objekat 7, udaljen 30-40 m. Na Osim zidnog, konstantovane su i zone sa podnim rastojanju 100-140 m, izme|u ovih grupa nalaze se lepom ispod kojih se u objektima 1, 5, i 6 mogu uo- ku}e5i6. ~iti tragovi oblica. U ku}i jedan, oblice su bile {iroke Po svojim dimenzijama najve}i objekat je ku}a 5 8-10 cm i pore|ane na osnovi, severnim pravcem, sa (8´5 m), dok najmanje dimenzije ima o~uvani deo manjim devijacijama ka istoku. Neke su bile manjeg podnice, koji predstavlja ostatke ku}e 9 (1.20´0.80 pre~nika (5 cm) i razli~ite orijentacije (severoistok- m). Tri ku}e (7, 10, 11) su istih dimenzija (3´4.20), -jugozapad), kao {to je u ku}i 5 (slika 2). a dve (4 i 6) veoma sli~nih (5´3-3.50 m), ve}a je Nakon skidanja sloja lepa, u ku}i 8, prona|eni ku}a 2 (6´4 m). Dimenzije prve, tre}e i osme su komadi zidnog i podnog lepa. Struktura zemlje variraju od 3-3.90´1-2.60 m. ispod zidnog lepa ukazuje da se radi o podnom na- Ve}ina je imala pravougaonu osnovu, ali se kod boju. objekata 5, 10 i 11, zbog velike o{te}enosti, nije Jedini objekat u kome se mogu na}i udubljenja mogao odrediti oblik osnove. je ku}a 7. Jedno od njih se nalazi u sredi{njem delu Iako je u ku}ama prona|eno malo ostataka ovog objekta i udaljeno je od drugog 2 m. Pribli`no zidnog lepa, ipak su se na nekim komadima mogli su kru`nog oblika i pre~nika 35 cm. Verovatno su jasno videti otisci drvene gra|e – kolja, greda i predstavljala le`i{ta za drvene stubove. Njihova rela- pru}a. Tako je u objektu 1, otkriven fragment zidnog tivna dubina, merena od vrha o~uvanog dela do Slika 2. Otisci oblica na podnici ku}e 1, Crkvine – Mali Borak (foto Vladimir Pecikoza) Figure 2. Traces of round-timber of floor house of dwelling 1, Crkvine – Mali Borak (photo Vladimir Pecikoza) 340 • PETNI^KE SVESKE 64 DEO III U naselju su prona|ene dve pe}i, u ku}ama 3 i 4. Prva pe}, pre~nika oko 1.5 m, nalazi se zapadno od zone nekompaktnog, razorenog lepa, koja je za oko 10 cm na vi{oj koti u odnosu na osnovu pe}i. Sude}i prema situaciji uo~enoj na ovom mestu, mo`e se zaklju~iti da se radi o rasturenoj podnici ku}e koja je bila povezana sa podnicom pe}i. U centralnom delu ku}e 4 uo~avaju se tri sloja lepa, pore|ana jedan iznad drugog, svaki debljine 10-15 cm, koji su orijentisani u pravcu severoistok- -jugozapad. Ispod poslednjeg sloja lepa vidljivi su ostaci podnice pe}i, debljine oko 1 cm. Ne radi se o kaloti pe}i, jer je pe} starija od lepa koji ju je zat- varao. Mogu}e je da je skinut lep predstavljao obnov- ljenu podnicu ku}e koja je pucala zbog jame ispod nje. Pe} je svojom du`om stranom (2 m) orijentisana u pravcu istok-zapad, a kra}om (1 m) – sever-jug. Osnovu ~ini zape~eni premaz debljine 0.5´10 cm. Zbog velike o{te}enosti, nije se mogao odrediti oblik pe}i. Ispod nje se nalazila jama sa sitnim grumenjem lepa. Jame su se nalazile i ispod ku}a 1, 2 i 6, u njima je pronala`eno grumenje lepa, fragmenti kerami~kih posuda, `ivotinjskih kostiju, `rtvenika i antropomor- fnih figurina.
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