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DOWN to the WIRE TOM NAKASHIMA Building Fermilab'stevatron Accelerator BETTE REED Brought Science and Industry Together in a Unique Partnership

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DOWN to the WIRE TOM NAKASHIMA Building Fermilab'stevatron Accelerator BETTE REED Brought Science and Industry Together in a Unique Partnership . CONTENTS ~~sr~GrsAMO A PERIODICAL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS SPRING 1993 VOL. 23, NUMBER 1 FEATURES Editors RENE DONALDSON, MICHAEL RIORDAN 2 FROM THE EDITORS' DESK Executive Editor 3 WHO NEEDS SCIENCE? BILL KIRK Curiosity about the natural world, pursued for its own sake, has always Guest Editor been a wellspring of innovation. DAVID HITLIN Frederick Reines Editorial Advisory Board 6 LITTLE LINACS FIGHT CANCER Linear electron accelerators are used HITLIN JAMES BJORKEN, ROBERT N. CAHN, DAVID in medicine to treat millions of cancer STEWART C. LOKEN, RONALD RUTH patients every year. MARVIN WEINSTEIN, HERMAN WINICK John Ford Photographic Services 14 DOWN TO THE WIRE TOM NAKASHIMA Building Fermilab'sTevatron accelerator BETTE REED brought science and industry together in a unique partnership. Illustrations Judy Jackson TERRY ANDERSON, KEVIN JOHNSTON SYLVIA MACBRIDE, JIM WAHL 22 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AT SSRL From its inception, the Stanford Distribution Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory CRYSTAL TILGHMAN has worked closely with industry. Arthur Bienenstock The Beam Line is published quarterly by the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 29 MICROWAVE TUBES P.O. Box 4349, Stanford, CA 94309. FOR SCIENCE & INDUSTRY Telephone: (415) 926-2585 INTERNET: [email protected] High power microwave sources developed BITNET: BEAMLINE@SLACVM for particle accelerators have potential FAX: (415) 926-4500 in emerging technologies. SLAC is operated by Stanford University under contract applications with the U.S. Department of Energy. The opinions of the George Caryotakis authors do not necessarily reflect the policy of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. 35 WHERE ARE THEY NOW? Cover: An EGS4 computer simulation of a cancer-therapy Six former high energy physicists who are accelerator operating in the electron mode. An initial group of 100 electrons (blue lines), each of 20 MeV, strike a scattering making their mark in the world. foil (dark blue and green), then pass through an ion chamber. Some x rays (yellow lines) are produced, and the beam is David Hitlin and Michael Riordan shaped by a succession of collimators. This simulation was created by Alex Bielajew and George Ding of the National 42 CONTRIBUTORS Research Council of Canada. Printedon Recycled Paper4 44 DATES TO REMEMBER HE FIRSI I ticket and early ones in the sat.... There was National A cable an ti modationls the world' five millior In the proc| tivity like I materials sI that fast-fol industry to market cre< ventional I proton 4a: Ring .. ........b.. e...E r, Because electric current that flows conducting magnets, the technology through superconducting wire of manufacturing superconducting doesn't lose energy to resistance, wire and cable was still "exotic," as magnets made with such wire use Leon Lederman, who became less electric power to achieve the Director of Fermilab in 1978 after high magnetic fields required by par- Wilson resigned, has written. ticle accelerators. It does take energy "Somewhere between magic and to cool the magnets, however, so the witchcraft," is where University of net reduction in power use is less Wisconsin metallurgist David than 100 percent. Larbalestier places it. Shortly after Heike Kamerlingh Using his own brand of magic, Onnes discovered superconductiv- Wilson brought together his avail- ity in 1911, he also discovered the able sources of expertise in super- bane of superconducting materials: conducting technology for the task quenching. This phenomenon occurs of designing and making the wire Above: Charles Laverick, left, Argonne when a superconducting material and cable. Fermilab physicists Wil- National Laboratory, and William Fowler reaches a certain critical current, liam Fowler, Paul Reardon and Russ of Fermilab during a 1974 conference temperature or magnetic field; it sud- Huson and metallurgist Bruce Strauss on applications of superconductivity. denly "goes normal," that is, returns had gotten their feet wet in super- to its nonsuperconducting state, re- conducting technology by building leasing its stored energy-and some- magnets for the 15-foot bubble cham- times melts. His discovery of this ber. John Purcell, a physicist from phenomenon also quenched Kamer- Argonne National Laboratory lingh Onnes's enthusiasm for the brought to the project his experience practical uses of superconductivity. in building its 12-foot bubble cham- It was not until the late 1960s that ber. superconducting technology reached The Applied Superconductivity the stage where it began to interest Laboratory at the University of the builders of particle accelerators. Wisconsin gave Fermilab another entree into the field of supercon- ductivity. Attracted partly by the BETWEEN MAGIC wire-fabricating facilities designed AND WITCHCRAFT by specialist Remsbottom, Larbales- tier had come to Wisconsin from Many have credited Wilson with a Britain's Rutherford Laboratory, genius for bringing the right people- where he had worked on supercon- with the right skills and knowledge- ducting materials in the effort to together at the right time in order to understand how they work at a accomplish scientific goals that were, microscopic and molecular level. to say the least, challenging. He never "Larbalestier was our mentor in used this talent to better effect than superconductivity," says retired in the design and building of the Fermilab Associate Director J. Doubler. Ritchie Orr. "He made it his business In the mid- 19 70s, when physicists to understand how it really worked. " and engineers at Fermilab began try- Sixty years after Kamerlingh ing to design and build super- Onnes's disheartening discovery, 16 SPRING 1993 Engineer Willard Hanson and metallurgist Bruce Strauss test an early superconducting magnet. quenching still caused problems for magnet builders at Fermilab, explains physicist Alvin Tollestrup, who, along with Orr and Fermilab physi- cists Richard Lundy and Helen Edwards, received the 1989 National Medal of Technology for their con- tributions to the Tevatron. A super- conducting magnet uses coils of cable made of strands of superconducting wire to induce a magnetic field. The performance of a magnet made of such wire-its ability to reach and maintain a prescribed magnetic field without quenching-depends on right configuration, with the right approach had made enough progress many factors but fundamentally on materials on the surface of the strands to fix important wire and cable speci- the critical current of the supercon- and on the cable itself to achieve the fications. The cable would be a 23- ductor, that is, on the amount of highest critical current and appro- strand, flat, twisted "Rutherford current the wire can conduct, at its priate mechanical properties so that cable." The superconductor itself operating temperature and field, it can be wound into magnet coils. would be an alloy of 53.5 percent without quenching. Thus, says What kind of cable works best in niobium and 46.5 percent titanium, Tollestrup, the object of making su- superconducting magnets? Particle proportions chosen to be non- perconducting wire is to achieve accelerators have lived and died by proprietary and in the middle of the workable wire-that bends easily, the answer to that question. For range of proprietary alloys of the for example, and has precise dimen- years, magnet builders at Brookhaven various wire vendors. (Later research sions-with a high critical current. National Laboratory struggled to would show that the exact ratio of build superconducting magnets for niobium to titanium was not critical the ISABELLE collider using not flat in wire performance.) The work of IT'S NOT SO EASY cable but a braid of superconducting Fermilab physicists Fowler, Reardon wire. Many point to this choice of and Donald Edwards, metallurgist The would-be wire maker must com- braided cable as a fatal flaw that led Strauss, technical consultant Rems- bine the right alloy of the right su- to ISABELLE's demise when the De- bottom, and others ultimately pro- perconducting materials in the right partment of Energy withdrew fund- duced not simply a set of speci- configuration with a conventional ing for the project in 1983. fications for superconducting wire conductor, such as copper; then find These were problems that but a sort of "build-by-numbers" the right methods of heating and members of Wilson's Doubler group wire-making assembly, the so-called drawing the materials into wire, in took on in the early 1970s. "When it Fermilab Kit. order to achieve the requisite critical comes to making superconducting current and mechanical properties magnets," says metallurgist Strauss, that will allow the wire to be formed "a let's-try-it" approach works better BY THE TON? into cables. Finally, those materials than a theoretical one based on and methods must be adapted for calculations alone. If you think about As the needs of the magnet- mass-production of wire of uniform superconductivity too long, you'll development program increased, quality. The problem to solve in ca- realize it won't work. " By early 1975, Fermilab researchers began looking bling the wire is to find the right Fermilab's highly systematic and for manufacturers who could work number of strands of wire, in the tightly organized "let's-try-it" with them to supply large quantities BEAM LINE 17 produced since the beginning of time. Niobium is mined in only a few places on earth-Brazil, Canada and China. In the 1970s China was not a practical source, and the ores with the highest concentration came from Brazil. Most of Fermilab's niobium alloy came from Brazilian ores until climbing export taxes sent Wah Chang to Canadian sources. In the spring of 1974, Reardon, Above left: Each wire strand contained of superconducting wire and cable Strauss and contracts manager Ed- 2100 filaments of superconductor. The that would meet the specifications ward West made a trip, legendary in New England Electric Wire Company of the evolving magnet design. Fermilab lore, to the Northwest to wove the wire into 23-strand, flat Having previously served as buy niobium-titanium from Wah Rutherford cable which was wrapped in Kapton insulatingmaterial.
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