EXTRALIMITAL RECORD

Therecent occurrence of Garganey in North America and the Hawaiian Islands

Larry B. Spear, Moray J. Lewis, M. T. Myres, and Robert L. Pyle

Photographby Wayne Scott

and Gladkov 1967; Cramp 1977). Some high altitudes and "not necessarilyin dula) breedsbetween latitudes 40 ø- from northwesternRussia migrate touch with the Atlantic coast" of Africa. HE65øN,GARGANEY from the (ANASBritishQUERQUE- Isles and westward to northern Europe, and then The springmigration of the Garganey France east across Eurasia to northern southwardto Mediterranean w•ntering beginsin late February to early March Japan and Sakhalin Island (Dement'ev grounds.Others that breed in northern and peaks in March and April (De- and Gladkov 1976; Vaurie 1967; Russia, and winter in Africa, also fly ment'ev and Gladkov 1967; Cramp Kistchinski 1973; Cramp 1977; Figure considerable distances westward (Im- 1977). Most arrive on their breeding 1, this paper). The speciesis not known pekoven 1964, Dement'ev and Gladkov grounds by May. Each year Garganey to breed commonly in Kamchatka or 1967, Cramp 1977). Still othersbreed- overshootbreeding areas and appearat on the Chukchi Peninsula (Kistchinski ing in central Russia winter in India higher latitudes. 1973; Portenko 1981). Garganey winter (McClure 1974), and birds from north- Garganeyhave also been recorded in betweenlatitudes 15øSand 35øN, from eastern Asia winter in China or Indo- North America and the Hawaiian Is- western Africa east to southern Japan china (Dement'ev and Gladkov 1967). lands consistently for more than 25 and New Guinea, with stragglersto Arrival on African winteringgrounds years.Yet, a comprehensivesurvey has Australia and Micronesia (Marshall begins in early September (Cramp not been made. Here we have compiled 1949; Delacour 1956; Dement'ev and 1977). Evidencesuggests that Garganey North American and Hawaii records Gladkov 1967; Vaurie 1967; Frith migratingfrom Russiato westernAfrica throughMay 31, 1985, includingseven 1970). fly great-circle routes (=shortest dis- previously unpublished.We discount Garganeybegin fall migrationin late tance) over the Red Sea and the Sahara the possibility that many records rep- August,with peak departure in Sep- Desert (Moreau 1967). Moreau sug- resentescaped captives (see below, and tember (Impekoven 1964; Dement'ev gestedthat migrantsfrom Europefly at alsoMcCaskie 1975; Paxton et aL 1976;

Volume42, Number3 385 Figure1. Breedingranges (dotted shading) and winter ranges (lined shading) of Garganey(Eastern Hemisphere) and Blue-winged Teal (Western Hemisphere).Also shown are suspected routes of overshooting(dotted lines) and misorientation (dashed lines) of Garganey.Solid lines denote "normal" routesof migratingGarganey. Lines are drawnas great-circleroutes.

Palmer 1976; Ryan 1980; Todd 1981; yearsfrom 1957 to 1970, but have since Edward Island appeared to be paired and Edgell 1984), and interpret occur- been seenevery year. with female blue-winged that rencesin terms of dispersivebehavior Records from Alaska are concen- may also have been Garganey. and influenceby environmentalfactors. trated in May and June and from Au- Lack of Garganey sightings from gust through October, with only two continental North America during late Garganeyoccurrences in North recordsfor July and one for November summerthrough winter may alsohave America and Hawaii (Table 2). Hawaiian recordsare from resulted from confusion with Blue- Septemberthrough April (Table 3). Ex- wingedand Cinnamon teals,as not only We have found no record of a Gar- cept for one record in October, conti- female, but alsojuvenile and male Gar- ganeyin North America or Hawaii be- nental North American sightings are ganeyin basicplumage are difficultto fore 1957, but since then at least 136 from March through June (Table 4), distinguishfrom these other species•n havebeen seenon 86 occasionsthrough and, asnoted by Roberson(1984), dates correspondingplumages. Furthermore, May 31, 1985 (Table 1). Regions and of sightingsare later with increasinglat- male Garganeyare in basicplumage for numbers of Garganey are: Alaska is- itude (r = 0.760, df = 33, P < 0.001, about nine months eachyear. They un- lands,68; Hawaii, 28; North American Figure 2). Recordsfrom Barbadosand dergo prebasicmolt between late May Pacific coast, 12; North American in- Puerto Rico occurred in late summer and late July, and do not complete terior, 13; North American Atlantic or winter (Table 4). prealternate molt until early March coast, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Exceptfor the fall recordfrom British (Delacour 1956, Dement'ev and Glad- •slands,15. No recordsare known from Columbia, each of the 36 from conti- kov 1967). Excluding alternate-plum- Central or South America (Meyer de nental North America were of a single aged males, Garganey differ from the Schauensee1970; N.G. Smith and G. male in alternate (nuptial) plumage two North American speciesonly by the Stiles, pers. comm., 1985). A marked (Table 4). At least 56 percent were as- color of their upper wing coverts, increasein sightingsoccurred after the sociatedwith Blue-wingedTeal (A. dis- brownish (juveniles) to grayish(adults) early 1970's. Sightingsin Alaska oc- cors)or CinnamonTeal (A. cyanoptera), rather than bluish, a prominent white curred in 13 of 16 years'following the and on at least three occasionsGarga- terminal border on the secondaries,a first in 1968. In Hawaii these teal were ney participated in courtship displays bolder facial pattern, gray instead of seen in four different years between with Blue-wingedTeal. Femalesof the yellow legs,and a shorterbill (cf. Plate 1961 and 1968, were not seenagain un- North American speciesare difficult to XVIII in Vol. 2 of Delacour 1956, De- til 1976, but have since been seen in distinguishfrom the female Garganey ment'ev and Gladkov 1967; Wallace sevenoften years.Similarly, Garganey (Delacour 1956), and thus female Gar- and Ogilvie 1977).In Hawaii, wherethe were reported in continental North ganey may have gone unreported. Blue-wingedTeal also occurs,the two America and the Caribbeanin only four Males seen in Washington and Prince facial stripesof female-plumagedGar-

386 American Birds, Fall 1988 Table 1. Recordsof Garganeyin North America and Hawaii throughMay 31, 1985.

Alaska Islands Conttnental North America

Central Aleutians, Interior Western PribiloJ•, Hawaiian Pacific North Atlanttc Year Total Aleutians Middleton Is. Island• Coast America Coast*

1957 1 ..... 1 1960 1 ...... 1 1961 3 -- -- 1 1 1 -- 1963 1 -- -- 1 ------1967 1 -- -- 1 ------1968 4 1 -- 1 -- -- 2 1970 1 -- 1 ------1971 2 -- 1 -- -- 1 -- 1972 3 ------1 -- 2 1973 1 ------1 -- -- 1974 2 1 -- -- 1 -- -- 1975 3 1 1 -- 1 -- -- 1976 9 5 1 1 -- 1 1 1977 8 5 -- -- 1 2 -- 1978 9 2 -- 4 -- 1 2 1979 7 1 -- 2 2 1 1 1980 4 1 -- 1 1 1 -- 1981 4 -- -- 2 -- 2 -- 1982 6 -- 1 -- 1 3 1 1983 7 2 1 3 -- -- 1 1984 5 2 -- 2 1 -- -- 1985 4 -- -- 1 1 -- 2

Total 86 21 6 20 12 13 14

Stghtingsthat occurredat the samelocation during a contiguousfall-spring period are countedonly once. IncludesGulf of Mexico coast and Caribbean islands. ganeyserve as a goodfield mark for dis- that the birds had escapedfrom captiv- The possibilityof repeatsightings tinguishingthe two species(R.L. Pyle, ity. In westernCanada, Sugden(1963) pers. obs.;see also Wallace and Ogilvie checked with zoos and aviaries and Philopatry to wintering areas occurs 1977). found that Garganey had not been in in several anatid species (Mederios In Alaska and Hawaii, where other captivity there, and Macdonald (1978) 1958; Bellrose and Crompton 1970; blue-wingedducks are asrare asor rarer reachedsimilar conclusions.In Ontario, Raveling 1979; Limpert 1980). Even in than Garganey (Kessel and Gibson 20 Garganeyescaped from a game farm Hawaii, banding studiesrevealed that 1978; Pyle 1983), femalelike birds are in January 1983, but all except one Pintails(A. acuta)were not vagrantsbut more readily noticed than in continen- (killed by a truck) were recaptured(N. were returning in subsequent years tal North America. Fifteen of the 21 North, Canadian Wildl. Serv., pers. (Mederios 1958). Thus, some extralim- westernAleutian recordswere of groups comm.). F. Todd (pers. comm., 1978) ital recordsof Garganeyare suspectas (two or more), and often included fe- was not aware of Garganeyescapes on repeatsightings of the samebird (Tables male-plumagedbirds (Table 2). The sex the U.S. West Coast and believed most 2, 3, and 4). For example, the Long ratio of Garganeyseen during the spring captive waterfowl in the area were pin- Beach,California, sightingsoccurred at was even (n = 26). Six of the sevenrec- ioned. In 1968, however,one may have the same location (G. McCaskie, pers. ords from more eastern Alaska islands escapedfrom a New Hampshire game comm.). In addition, some Garganey were of singlebirds, and 80 percent of farm (D.W. Finch and R.O. Paxton, recordscould be repeat sightingsof the the springsightings were of males.Sev- pers.comm.). In summarizing the sub- samebird in differentplaces in the same enty percentof the recordsfrom Hawaii ject in continental North America, year. In general, however, the spacial were of singleGarganey (Table 3). Al- Ryan (1980) stated that "an unlikely and temporal pattern of sightingsin- though 54 percent of the birds seen in 10% or more (of all captives in North dicate the involvement of many birds. Hawaii were female-plumaged,68 per- America) would have had to escape, cent of the Garganeysighted in spring survive, and be seento account for all Waterfowlstudies and observereffort (March-April; n = 16) and collectedin the wild sightings." fall (n = 3) were males. Although the possibility of escapes Several ornithologistswere active in cannot be discounted, the above infor- the westernAleutians during the 1950s mation and the consistenttemporal and and 1960s (Gabrielson and Lincoln The possibilityof escape spacialspread of sightingsindicates that 1959; Kenyon 1961; Williamson 1969), the majority were wild birds. In our in- but investigationspeaked between 1974 Before treating Garganey from the terpretation of the data, we will not, and 1978 with activities of the Outer North American continent as wild however,place emphasison one or two Continental Shelf Environmental As- birds, we must examine the possibility particular recordsfrom a given area. sessmentProgram.

Volume 42, Number 3 387 Table 2. Garganey recordsfrom Alaska islandsthrough May 31, 1985.

Reglan/ Location Month/Date Year Number (Sex)b Source Western Aleutians

Shemya May 10-31 1977 3 (at least) AB • 31:1036, Gibson 1981 and (pers. comm.) Amchitka May 13 1968 2 (lm, lf) Williamson 1969 Buldir May 14-June3; one male 1974 up to 5 (2m, 3f); (lm; UAM AB 28:838, 935, Byrd et al. 1978, throughJune 16 2709)+ Gibson (pets.comm.) Amchitka May 17-18 1977 1 (m) Kesseland Gibson(unpubl.) Shemya May 17-30 1976 6 (3m, 3f); (lm; UAM AB 30:877, Byrd et al. 1978, Gib- 3448)+ son 1971 and (pers.comm.) Amchitka May 18-June 21; one male 1976 3 (2m, lf); (lm; UAM AB 30:877, Byrd et al. 1978, Kessel throughJuly 2 3544)+ and Gibson (unpubl.) Shemya May 20-22 1975 2 (lm, lf) AB 29:895, Byrd et al. 1976 Attu May 20-31 1980 3 AB 34:806 Buldir May 20-July 11 1976 1-4 AB 30:877, Byrd et al. 1976 Attu May 21-26 1977 2 (lm, lf) AB 31:1036,Gibson (pers. camm ) Attu May 23 1984 1 (f) Kesseland Gibson (unpubl.) Agattu May 28 1983 2 (lm, lf) Kesseland Gibson (unpubl.) Agattu June 13 1976 2 (lm, lf) Byrd et al. 1978 Buldir August 30-September24 1976 1 (f) AB 31:211, Byrd et al. 1978 Shemya August31-October 3 1977 1-8 (f); ( 1f; UAM 3607)+ AB 32:244, Kessel and Gibson 1978 Agattu September 1 1978 1 AB 33:205 Shemya September5-October 13 1978 up to 3(f)/day AB 33:205, Gibson 1981, and (pers comm.) Amchitka September10-October 4 1977 6 (f; all banded) AB 32:244, Kessel and Gibson 1978 Attu September 11-26 1979 up to 4/day AB 34:190, Gibson (pers.camm ) Attu September12-19; then at inter- 1983 l(f)/day AB 38:235, Gibson (pers.camm ) vals through November 3 Shemya September20-22 1984 1 (f) AB 39:91

Central Aleutians,PribilaJ3, Middleton Adak May 1-5 1983 2 (lm, If) AB 37:902 Adak May 20 1971 1 (m) AB 25:785, Byrd et al. 1974 Adak May 29 1970 1 (m) AFN a 24:634, Byrd et al. 1974 Adak May 31-June 12 1976 1 (m) AB 30:877, Byrd et al. 1978 Saint Paul August28 1975 1 (f) AB 30:110 Middleton September29 1982 1 (f) AB 37:213

"AB = American Birds.' AFN = Audubon Field Notes. o(m) = male-plumaged;(f) = female-plumaged,'(+} = specimencollected and sexed internally. UAM = Universityof AlaskaMuseum.

In Hawaii, waterfowl have been studied extensively since the early 1900s.The most thoroughinvestigatmn was probablya banding and census•ng study in 1949-1955; no small blue- winged ducks were seen (Medenos 1958).The firstGaganey record resulted from activities of several birders who observedwater birds consistentlybe- ginning about 1957 (Walker 1961) Other recordsduring 1963-1968 came from the Smithsonian Institution's Pa- cific Ocean BiologicalSurvey Program (Clapp and Pyle 1968). Effort in ob- serving water birds in Hawaii then waned until 1975, but has increasedto a new high because the activities of birders and an expandedU.S. Fish and 15 I 15 I 15 I 15 1 MARCH APRIL APRIL MAY MAY JUNE JUNE JULY Wildlife Servicestaff, supplemented by acquisition of water- habitat for Figure 2. Sightingsof Garganeyduring spring/summerin the North American continent.' refuges. slghtingdates are plotted relativeto latitude of respectivesightings. Dates of sightingsthat There is little doubt that observer ef- occurredover a period af daysare set at thefirst day. fort in the continental North America

388 AmericanB•rds, Fall 1988 Table 3. Garganeyrecords •,om Hawaiian Islands throughMay 31, 1985. Island(Location) Month/Date Year No. (Sex)b Source Oahu (Waipio) September12, 16 1981 I (f) A/V 36:222 Midway (SandIsland) September17 1963 2 (juvs., lm, lf; USNM Clapp and Woodward 1968 493451, 453452)+ Kure (Green Island) September30 1983 I (juv. f; BPBM AB 38:250, P. Pyle (unpubl 159738)+ data) Oahu (Kii Pond)½ October 22 1983 I (f) AB 38:360, 967, R. Pyle February 12, 23 1984 2 (lm, lf) (unpubl. data) March 10 1984 April 16 1984 I (m) Oahu (Waipio)½ November 4, 5, 15, 27 1979 2-4 (2m, 2f) AB 34:204, 309, 818, R. Pyle December 2 1979 (unpubl. data) March 17, 22 1980 April 2, 4 1980 Midway (Sand Island) November 1 1984 1 (f) AB 39:106 Hawmi (Waiakea Pond) November 8, 19, 23 1978 I (f) AB 33:219, Pyle 1979 January27 1979 AB 33:317, Pyle 1979 Oahu (Waipio) November 18 1978 1 (f) AB 33:219, Pyle 1979 Kaual (Hanalei Refuge) November 24- 1976 1 (f) AB 31:376, Zeillemaker 1977 December 1 Oahu (Waipio) December 13, 20 1980 1 (f) Stemmermann 1981, R. Pyle (unpubl. data) Oahu (Kii Pond) January5 1985 1 (m) AB 39:213 February 17 3 (lm, 2f) Oahu (Waipio) January 7 1978 1 (m) AB 32:402-403, 1058 March 12-13 Hawaft (Hilo) February 28 1961 I (m) Clapp and Pyle (1968) March 20 Maul (Kealia Pond) March 1 1983 1 (m) AB 37:341, R. Pyle (unpubl data) Oahu (Waipio) March 3 1968 1 (m) Clapp and Pyle 1968 Oahu (Kakuku) March 12, 23 1967 1 (m) Gauthey 1967, Clapp and Pyle 1968 Maul (Kanaha Pond) March 20 1981 2 (lm, lf) AB 35:865, R. Pyle (unpubl data) Oahu (Kii Pond) March 28 1979 1 (m) AB 33:808 Molokai (Kakahaia N.W.R.) April 12 1978 2 (in) AB 32:1058 a AB = American Birds. b(m) = male-plumage&09 = female-plumage&+ = specimencollected and sexed internally. USNM = U.S. National Museum, BPBM = BerniceP. Bishop Museum. ½Btrds sighted in fall arepresumed to besame birds sighted in winterand spring. has increasedseveral times over during tween Central Pacific islat:,: and in continental North America in spring the past two decades.In addition, ob- northeastern Asia, via the Near •*:iands, suggeststhat malesare notarriving from server effectiveness has increased in all would not be surprising;this •'oute is normal wintering grounds,but instead areasbecause of better field guides,bet- usedby other Palearctic species(Baker are coming from extralimital wintering ter accessto rural areas, and better op- 1953; Mayr 1953; Gibson 1981) that groundswhere they have not had an tics including especiallythe spotting also fly great circle courses (Cramp opportunityto pair. If Garganeyarrived scope. 1983). in spring after pairing on or enroute The pattern of Garganey sightingsin frcm normal wintering grounds, one Great-circleroutes, overshooting, and continental North America suggests would expect that females accompa- mrsorientation northward spring migration of birds nying them would be detectedocca- that arrived in the Western Hemisphere sionally. Overshooting of breeding grounds in fall or winter and became incorpo- Some Garganey have probably ar- may explainspring occurrences of Gar- rated into North American flyways. rived in continental North America via ganey in the Aleutian Islands (Figure Evidence includes fall records from the trans-Atlanticflight (seediscussion be- 1). The Near Islandsmay also provide Gulf of Alaska, British Columbia, and low), however, fall records from the an annual landfall for small numbers Caribbean islands, and the preponder- Gulf of Alaska and British Columbia migrating between southeasternand ance of males,which tend to be the pre- suggestthat some also arrive in conti- northeastern Asia (Gibson 1981), or dominant dispersing sex among Ana- nental North America via a Pacific even small groups returning from is- tidae (seereview by Greenwood 1980). route. The eastward movement of storm lands in the Central Pacific Ocean. The Although frequent occurrencesof fe- fronts over eastern Asia and the North temporal pattern of Garganey records maleswith malesin springare well doc- Pacific in fall (Miles et al. 1981) could in the Aleutiansand Hawaii suggestsfall umented in the western Aleutians, the facilitate this. Diversion by weather and springmovements. Movement be- completeabsence of recordsof females should, however, result in records of

Volume42, Number 3 389 Table 4. Garganeyrecords from continentalNorth America and Caribbeanislands through May 31, 1985. State--Provmce(Locatton) Month/Date Year No. (Sex)b Source

Pacific Coast

California (Long Beach) March 15 1972 1 (m)# AB • 28:852 April 4 1974 1 (m)# AB 28:851-852 March 19 1975 1 (m)*'# AB 29:741, McCaskie(pers. comm ) California (Lake Elsinore) March 21-April 1979 1 (m)*•# AB 33:805, McCaskie(pets. comm ) 4 Sinaloa, Mexico (Escuinapa March 22 1973 1 (m)*'# AB 30:819, Alden •ers. comm) Lagoons) California (Modoc N.W.R.) April 10-28 1985 1 (m) AB 39:345 Washington (Mount Vernon) April 27-30 1961 1 (m, f?)*'+ unpubl.c (UCDWM 1119) California (Lower Klamath N.W.R.) April 29 1982 1 (m)# AB 36:889 British Columbia (Sea and Iona Is- May 14-31 1977 1 (m)*'# AB 31:1038, Macdonald 1978 lands) British Columbia (Penticton) May23-24 1984 1 (m) AB 38:881,937 British Columbia (Iona Is.) June 8-12 1979 1 (m) AB 33:891 British Columbia (Port Alberni, O•ober 12 1980 1 (f) unpubl.a Vancouver Is.)

Interior

Kansas (Newton) March 29 1981 (m) Thompson et al. 1983 Tennessee(Memphis) April 1-5 1978 (m) AB 32:1018 Illinois (DuPage County) April 18-23 1982 (m)* AB 36:858,Peterjohn •ers. comm) Kansas (Oxford) April 21-May 1 1982 (m) Thompson et al. 1983 Oklahoma (Roger Mills Co.) May2 1979 (m)* Ross 1982 Colorado (Waterton) May 4 1980 (m)* AB 34:801,Justice •ers. comm)e Alberta (Galahad) May7 1977 (m)* Poll 1977 Oklahoma (Washita N.W.R.) May 15-18 1981 (m)* Klett 1982 Manitoba (St. Ambroise) May23 1971 (m)* AB 25:759, Koes 1971 Yukon (Old Crow Flats) May27 1976 (m) Mossop1976 •ers. comm.) Montana (Benton Lake N.W.R.) May27 1977 (m) AB 31:1014 Alberta (Strathmore) June 12-15 1982 (m)* AB 36:989f Alberta (Two Hills) June 22-24 1961 (m)* Sugden1963

Atlantic Coast, Caribbean islands,Gulf of Mexico Puerto Rico (Roosevelt Roads Naval January-March 1978 1 Raffaele1983, Wiley •ers. comm) Res.) January-March 1982 2 unpubl.g Alabama (Gulf Shores) March 11, 19 1968 1 (m)* AB 31:1011 North Carolina (Cape Hatteras) March 25, 30-31 1957 1 (m)* AFN a 11:334,Chamberlain 1957 Massachusetts(Marshfield) April 1-18 1978 1 (m) AB 32:978 Texas (Riviera) April 11-May 17 1985 1 (m)* AB 39:323 Delaware (Bombay Hook N.W.R.) April 24-May 5 1976 1 (m) AB 30:819 Quebec(Bergeronnes-Trois Pistoles) May 2, 4-6 1983 1 (m) AB 37:849,Gossefin •ers. comm) Massachusetts(Plum Island) May 4-25 1968 1 (m) AB 30:819,Paxton •ers. comm) May 11-17 1985 1 (m) AB 39:270 New Brunswick (St. John) May 4-19 1979 1 (m) AB 33:752 Prince Edward Island (Indian River) June(early), and 1972 1 (m, f?)* AB 30:819,Guignion •ers. comm) June 14, 22 Quebec (Isle Verte Bay) June28 1972 1 (m) unpublfi West Indies (Barbados) August29 1960 1 (f)+ (ANSP 169852) Bond 1965,Hutt & Robbins•ers comm.)

AB = American Birds; AFN = Audubon Field Notes. (m)= male-plumaged;(f) = female plumaged' + = sexconfirmed byexamination ofspecimen; •)) = maleaceompanied byfemale blue-winged duek,' * = withBlue-winged Teal,'# = withCinnamon Teal, ANSP = Academyof Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, UCDWM = Universityof California(Davis) Wildlife Museum. WhenSpear initially sighted this bird it swamwith 12-16 Blue-winged Teal on a pondin a dairypasture 5 km westof Mount Vernon. During the next few days it wasseen onthree diffkrent ponds' within a radiusof 2 km andwas accompanied bya femaleblue-winged on each occasion. Spear thought the duek was a hybridand collected, skinnedand preservedit on April 30, 1961. In 1978 it was identifed Shotby hunter,' wing sent to Canadian Wing Bee (analysis ofsamples provided byCanadian hunters) and subsequently identified byPierre Dupuis, CWS, Quebec' Regton Thewing was' of a juvenile(tertials and tertial coverts not yet replaced) showing smooth.feather tips'and no evidence ofunusual wear flora incidental break-off inpen-reared birds (P. Dupuis, pers.comm.). ThisGarganey courting a femaleblue-winged duck. A maleBlue-winged Teal a•z'ompanied the two but did not court the female (F. Justiee,pers. comm.). f Exhibitedcourtship displays (burping, backward head-stretch, andratsehe-call; seeLorenz 1970 including a courtship flight while assoeiated with eight male and one female Blue-wingedTeal (Lewis,pets obs.) Observedand identifedby JamesW. Wiley(J. W. Wiley,pers. comm.). Detailedfield notes by Austin Reed Canadian Wildlife Service, Quebec' (A. Reed, pers. commO.

390 AmericanBtrds, Fall 1988 groupsbecause Garganey generally tf Garganey were tncorporated tnto hgula, seePalmer 1976). Any or all of gratetn flocks(two or more;Dement'ev North American flyways, then those these factors mtght have affected the and Gladkov 1967). Furthermore,while sightedin the interior of the continent Garganey in ways that would lead to stormsmight divert them temporarily, could have wintered on either the Pa- increased dispersion to the Western thesestrong fliers would probably not cific or Atlantic slopes,and Garganey Hemisphere. be diverted as far as North America or sightedalong the Atlanticcoast of North Hawaii if theywere following the correct Americalikely wintered on the Atlantic orientation (Lack 1969; Bergman and slope after arrival via trans-Atlantic ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Donner 1971; Richardson 1976; Bing- flight (Figure 1). Among shorebirds, man et al. 1982; Wege and Raveling trans-Atlanticflight is most frequentin We are gratefulto the followingpeo- 1984).Another possiblemechanism for speciesthat, like the Garganey, have a ple for providing unpublished infor- amval in continental North America is strongeast-west component in fall mi- mation or directing us to publishedin- "normal" immigration from eastern gration (Nisbet 1959). These birds ap- formation: P. Alden, E.S. Baldrige, W Asta(as in the Pintail, seeHenny 1973), parentlyovershoot the coastsof Europe Banko, G.V. Byrd, P. Dupuis, D.W but again,group sightingscould be ex- and Africa and, helped by easterly Finch, R.A. Foster, D.D. Gibson, M pected. winds, make a landfall in the Americas Gosselin, H. Grunberg, D. Guignion, The lack of sightingsof groupssug- (Nisbet 1959; Eisenmann 1960). The M.B. Hutt, T.A. Imhof, F. Justice, D gestsmisorientation, the inability of an bird collected in late summer in the Mossop, N. North, R. Norton, R.O tndividual to follow the correct orien- West Indies and those seen in Puerto Paxton, B. Peterjohn,A. Petersen,A.R. tatton (DeSante 1983). Two forms of Rico may have made similar flights. Phillips,P.B. Pyle, A. Reed, M.B. Rob- mrsorientation, either "180 ø reverse bins, R. Ross, N.G. Smith, G. Stiles, mrsorientation" or "mirror image mis- P.D. Vickery, G. Watson, and J.W. orientation",were proposedas causing Factorsaffecting the frequency of Wiley. R.E. Cole identified the Wash- fall vagrancyby easternNorth Ameri- extralimital Garganeyrecords ington specimen.The manuscriptwas can speciesto westernNorth America much improved by the comments of (DeSante 1983), and vagrancyby sev- The effect of a vast increase in ob- D.W. Anderson,G. McCaskie, F. Todd, eral Asian species,also during fall (P. servereffort and expertisewas quite ev- and P.W. Woodward. Susan Goldhaber Pyle et al. 1983; Wingate 1983). It fol- ident in temporal patternsof extralim- kindly typed the final draft. lowsthat a Gaganeybeginning fall mi- ital Garganey sightingsafter the late gratton,on a great-circleroute oriented 1960s. The total absence of sightings 180ø in reverseof that required to take prior to 1957 is puzzling, however, be- LITERATURE CITED tt from eastern Asia to India, would be causethere was a good deal of previous enroute to the Aleutian Islands or the activity. This was especiallytrue in Ha- ALISON, R. M. 1977. Homing of subadult Oldsquaws.Auk 94:383-384. West Coast of North America (Figure waii, where waterfowl habitat is not ex- BAKER, R. H. 1953. Migrations of shore- 1). Mirror image misorientationcould tensive.We wonder if recentchanges in birds in the central Pacific. Proc. VII Pa- explain Hawaii sightings. Eurasian breedinggrounds might also cific Sci. Congr. 4:383-387. The evidencesuggests that after Gar- be a factor.A northern expansionof the BAUER, K. M., & U. N. GLUTZ VON ganey arrive in continental North Garganey'sbreeding range could result BLOTZHEIM. 1968. Handbuch der America they often migrate with Blue- in increased extralimital flights via Vogel Mitteleuropas. Vol. 2. Frankfurt mechanisms discussed above. am Main, Germany. wingedor Cinnamonteals, of whichthe BELLROSE, F. C. 1976. Ducks, geeseand breeding and wintering areas are of Historically,the breedingrange of the swans of North America. Stackpole, stmdar latitudes to those of Garganey Garganeyhas fluctuatedconsiderably, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. (Bellrose 1976; Figure 1, this paper). with rangecontraction or expansionin BELLROSE, F. C., & R. D. CROMPTON There is little available information on northern areaslasting from one to sev- 1970. Migrational behavior of Mallards spnngmigration routes of Blue-winged eral decades(Voous 1960; Dement'ev and Black Ducks as determined from and Gladkov 1967; Bauer and Glutz banding.Illinois Nat. Hist. Bull. 30:167- Teal, but fall migration routesare well 234. described(Bellrose 1976). Blue-winged von Blotzheim 1968; Parslow 1973; BERGMAN, G., & K. O. DONNER. 1971 Teal from as far west as Alberta move Cramp 1977). Explanations include Wind drift during springmigration of the east to Atlantic maritime states and displacementby droughtfrom southern Common Scoter (Melanitta nigra) and provinces.Their coursethen becomes breeding areas (Cramp 1977), and a the Long-tailed Duck (Clangula hye- south southeast across the western At- cessationof springhunting that allowed malis). Vogelwarte26:157-159. lanttc Ocean to wintering grounds on more birds to make breeding attempts BINGMAN, G., K. P. ABLE, & P. KER- LINGER. 1982. Wind drift, compensa- Caribbean islands and in South Amer- (Parslow 1973). A ban on springhunt- tion, and use of landmarks by nocturnal tca Othersmoving from the interior of ing did, in fact, go into effect in the bird migrants.Anim. Behar. 30:49-53 North America fly south to winter on Amur region of easternAsia in 1969 BLOHM, R. J. 1978. Migrational homing the Pacificslope from southernMexico (Kistchinski 1973). Kistchinski also of male Gadwalls to breeding grounds to Peru. Because anatids exhibit well- notes serious destruction of dabbling Auk 95:763-766. developedhoming to natal areas and duck habitat on Sakhalin Island during BOND, J. 1965. Tenth supplement to the check-list of birds of the West Indies the same period. An even more fun- prevtousbreeding locations(reviewed (1956). Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia. by Alison 1977; Blohm 1978; Green- damental factor, warming during the BYRD, G. V., D. D. GIBSON, & D. L wood 1980; Savard 1985), many Blue- current glacial period, was postulated JOHNSON. 1974. The birds of Adak Is- wingedTeal couldbe expectedto return as responsible for northern range ex- land, Alaska. Condor 76:288-300. to respectiveareas in spring.Therefore, pansionof the Tufted Duck (Athyafu- BYRD, G. V., J. L. TRAPP, & D. D. GIB-

Volume42, Number 3 391 SON 1978. New information on Asiatic KLETT, E. V 1982 A new bird for Okla- August 1978 through February 1979 birds in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. homa GarganeyBull OklahomaOrn 'Elepato 40 14 Condor 80:309-315. Soc. 15(2):9-10. PYLE, R. L. 1983. Checklistof the birds of CHAMBERLAIN, B. R. 1957. A Garganey KOES, R. F. 1971. The Garganey, a new Hawaii. 'Elepaio 44:47-58. Teal, a first for the Western Hemisphere, bird for Manitoba. Blue Jay 29:199-201. RAFFAELE, H. A. 1983. A guide to the at Hatteras. Chat 21:68-70. LACK, D. 1969. Drift migration: a correc- birds of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Is- CLAPP, R. B., & R. L. PYLE. 1968. Note- tion. Ibis 111:253-255. lands. Fondo Educativo Interamencano worthyrecords ofwaterbirds from Oahu. LIMPERT, R. J. 1980. Homing successof Incorporado. 'Elepaio 29:37-39. adult Buffieheadsto a Maryland winter- RAVELING, D. G. 1979. Traditional useof CLAPP, R. B., & P. W. WOODWARD. ing site.J. Wild. Manag. 44:905-908. migrationand winter roostsites by Can- 1968. New records of birds from the Ha- LORENZ, K. 1971. Comparativestudies of ada Geese.J. Wildl. Manag. 43:229-235 waiian Leeward Islands. Proc. U.S. Natl. the motor patterns of (1941). RICHARDSON, W. J. 1976. Autumn Mus. 124(3640): 1-39. In: Studies in and human behav- gration over Puerto Rico and the western CRAMP, S. (Ed.). 1977. Handbook of the ior, Vol. 2, (K. LORENZ, ed.), Harvard Atlantic,a radarstudy. Ibis 118:309-332 birds of Europe, the Middle East and Univ. Press,Cambridge, MA. ROBERSON, D. 1984. The changingsea- North Africa: the birds of the Western MacDONALD, B. A. 1978. Sighting of a sons. Am. Birds 38:877-882. Palearctic. Vol. 1. Oxford Univ. Press, Garganey at Iona Island. Discovery ROSS, R. 1982. PossibleGarganey Teal Oxford. (VancouverNat. Hist. Soc.)7:18-19. Roger Mills County, Oklahoma. Bull CRAMP. S. (Ed.). 1983. Handbook of the MARSHALL, J. T. 1949. The endemicavi- Oklahoma Orn. Soc. 15(1):7-8. birds of Europe, the Middle East and fauna of Saipan, Tinian, Guam and Pa- RYAN, R. 1980. Letters to the editor. Btrd- North Africa: the birds of the Western lau. Condor 51:200-221. ing 12:90. Palearctic.Vol. 3. Oxford Univ. Press, MAYR, E. 1953. On the origin of bird mi- SAVARD, J. L. 1985.Evidence of long-term Oxford. grationin the Pacific.Proc. VII Pacific pair bondsin Barrow'sGoldeneye (Bu- DELACOUR, J. 1956. The waterfowl of the Sci. Congr. 4:387-394. cephalaislandica). Auk 102:389-391 world. Vol. 2. Country Life, London. McCASKIE, G. 1975. The springmigration. STEMMERMANN, M. 1981. 1979 and DEMENT'EV, G. P., & N. A. GLADKOV. SouthernPacific Coast region. Am. Birds 1980 Waipio Christmas bird counts 1967. Birds of the Soviet Union. Vol. 4. 29:741. 'Elepaio42:19-22. IsraelProgram for ScientificTranslations, McCLURE, H. E. 1974. Migration and sur- SUGDEN, L. G. 1963.A Garganeyduck U.S. Dept. Int., Nat. Sci. Found., Wash- vival of the birds of Asia. Appl. Scientific the wild in Alberta. Blue Jay 21:4-5 ington. Res.Corp. of Thailand, Bangkok. THOMPSON, M. C., W. CHAMPENY, & DeSANTE, D. F. 1983. Annual variability MEDERIOS, J. S. 1958. Presentstatus of J. NEWTON. 1983. Records of the Gar- in the abundanceof migrant landbirds migratorywaterfowl in Hawaii. J. Wildl. ganeyin Kansas.Kansas Orn. Soc Bull on SoutheastFarallon Island, California. Manag. 22:109-117. 34:29-30. Auk 100:826-852. MEYER DE SCHAUENSEE, R. M. 1970. TODD, F. 1981. Waterfowl of the world EDGEL, M. C. R. 1984. Trans-hemispheric A guide to the birds of South America. ducks,geese, and swans.Sea World Press movements of Holarctic : the Livingston,Wynnewood, PA. San Diego, CA. Eurasian wigeon (.4nas penelope L.) in MILES, E., J. SHERMAN, D. FLU- VAURIE, C. 1967. The birds of the Palearc- North America. J. Biogeog. 11:27-39. HARTY, G. STEPHEN, S. TANAKA, tic fauna: a systematicreference to non- EISENMANN, E. 1960. Palearctic and M. ODA. 1981. Atlas of marine use Passeriformes.H. F. & G. Witherby, in eastern North America. Brit. Birds 53: in the North Pacific region.Univ. Calif. London. 136-139. Press. VOOUS, K. H. 1960. Arias of European FRITH, H. J. 1970. .In: A field MOREAU, R. E. 1967. Water-birdsover the birds. Nelson, London. guide to Australianbirds: Non-Passefi- Sahara. Ibis 109:232-259. WALKER, R. L. 1961. Field notes from is- formes.(P. SLATER, ed.), Rigby, Ade- MOSSOP, D. 1976. Annual report of game land of Hawaii. 'Elepaio22:7. laide. branch northern Yukon. Ornithological WALLACE, D. I. M., & M. A. OGILVIE GABRIELSON, I. N., & F. C. LINCOLN. data from north Yukon; 1976. Dept. 1977. DistinguishingBlue-winged and 1959. The birds of Alaska. Stackpole, Ren. Res., Yukon. Cinnamon Teals. Brit. Birds 70:290-294 Harrisburg, PA, and Wildl. Manage. NISBET, I. C. T. 1959. migrationin WEGE, M. L., & D. G. RAVELING. 1984 Inst., Wash., D.C. North America and its relation to trans- Flight speedand directionalresponses to GAUTHEY, F. R. 1967.Field trip to Waipio atlanticcrossings. Brit. Birds 52:205-215. wind by migratingCanada Geese. Auk Peninsulaand Kahuku to study shore- PALMER, R. S. 1976. Handbook of North 101:342-348. birds. 'Elepaio 17:106. American birds. Vols. 2 and 3. Yale Univ. WILLIAMSON, F. S. L. 1969. Studies of GIBSON, D. D. 1981. Migrant birds at She- Press,New Haven. the avifauna on Amchitka Island, Alaska mya Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. PARSLOW, J. 1973.Breeding birds of Brit- Amchitka Bioenv. Program. An. Prog Condor 83:65-77. ain and Ireland:a historicalsurvey. T. & Rep., June 1968-July 1969. Battelle GREENWOOD, P. J. 1980.Mating systems, A.D. Poyser,Ltd., Berkhamsted,U.K. Mem. Inst., ColumbusLab., U.S. Atomic philoparry and dispersalin birds and PAXTON, R. O., P. A. BUCKLEY, & En. Comm. Rep. BMI-171-125. mammals. Anim. Behav. 28:1140-1162. D. A. CUTLER. 1976. The springmi- • WINGATE, D. B. 1983. A record of the Si- HENNY, C. J. 1973. Drought displacement graffon.Hudson-Delaware region. Am. berian Flycatcher(Muscicapa sibtrtca) of North American Pintails into Siberia. Birds 30:819. from Bermuda: an extreme extra-lim•tal J. Wildl. Manag. 37:23-29. POLL, D. M. 1977. Alberta animal record vagrant.Auk 100:212-213. IMPEKOVEN, M. 1964. Zugwegeand Ver- card summary:May 1977. Edmonton ZEILLEMAKER, F. 1977. Kauai field notes, breitung der Knakente, Anas querque- Nat. 5(8): 19. September 1976-February 1977. 'Ele- dula;eine Analyse der europaischen Ber- PORTENKO, L. A. 1981. Birds of the paio 38:5. ingungsresulte.Orn. Beob. 61:1-34. Chukchi Peninsulaand Wrangel Island. --Point ReyesBird Observatory, KENYON, K. W. 1961. Birds of Amchitka Vol. 1. Amerind Publ. Co., New Delhi. StinsonBeach, CA 94970 (Spear), Island, Alaska. Auk 78:305-326. PYLE, P. B., D. F. DeSANTE, R. J. BOE- Department of BiologicalSciences, KESSEL, B., &D. D. GIBSON. 1978. Status KELHEIDE, and R. P. HENDERSON. and distribution of Alaska birds. Studies 1983. A Dusky Warbler (Phylloscopus Universityof Calgary,Calgary, in Avian Biol. No. 1. fuscatus)on SoutheastFarallon Island, Alberta T2N 1N4 (Lewis,Myres), KISTCHINSKI, A. A. 1973. Waterfowl in California. Auk 100:995-996. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, P.O. Box north-eastAsia. Wildfowl24:88-102. PYLE, R. L. 1979.Hawaii bird observations, 19000-A, Honolulu,HI 96817 (Pyle)

392 American Birds,Fall 1988