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Insight of Hybrid Technology in Cars

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Insight of Hybrid Technology in Cars INSIGHT OF HYBRID TECHNOLOGY IN CARS A TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT Submitted by R.PRAKASH (070111104031) in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Dr. MAHALIGAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY POLLACHI - 642003 ANNA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY COIMBATORE - 641047 OCT 2010 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE Certificated that this technical seminar report on ³INSIGHT OF HYBRID TECHNOLOGY IN CARS´is the bonafide work of R.PRAKASH (070111104031) who carried out the seminar under my supervision. SIGNATURE SIGNATURE Dr. I.RAJENDRAN Dr. I.RAJENDRAN HEAD OF DEPARTMENT, GUIDEHEAD OF DEPARTMENT Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Dr. Mahalingam College of Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering & Technology Engineering & Technology Pollachi ± 642003 Pollachi ± 642003 Submitted for the seminarheld on INTERNAL EXAMINAR ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO List of Figures v List of Tables vi 1 Introduction 1 2 Terminology 2 2.1 Hybrid electric vehicles classification 2 2.2 Plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) 4 3 History 5 3.1 Early days 5 3.2 Predecessors of current technology 6 3.3 Modern hybrids 7 4 Sales and rankings 12 5 Technology 13 5.1 Engines and fuel sources 13 5.2 Electric machines 15 6 Environmental impact 16 6.1 Fuel consumption 16 6.2 Noise 16 6.3 Pollution 17 7 Conclusion 18 8 References 19 iv LIST OF FIGURES FIG NO TITLE PAGE NO 1.1 Parallel system of Hybrid Car 2 1.2 Series system of Hybrid Car 3 v LIST OFTABLES TABLE NO TITLE PAGE NO 6.1 Economic and environmental performance 17 comparison among several popular Hybrid models available in the U.S. vi ABSTRACT Internal combustion engines produce appreciable emissions and are less efficient at part loads and on other hand an electrical drives have zero emissions, but also very limited range. It is thus logical to combine the best aspects of both and the result is a Hybrid vehicle. Optimum strategy would then be to use electric drive during slow moving city traffic, for acceleration and for hill climbing and IC engines at cruising speeds on highways. The presence of the electric powertrain is intended to achieve better fuel economy and better performance than a conventional vehicle. This would also result in reduced pollution in cities. vii INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of hybrid vehicle and electric vehicle which combines a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) propulsion system with an electric propulsion system. The presence of the electric powertrain is intended to achieve either better fuel economy than a conventional vehicle, or better performance. A variety of types of HEV exist, and the degree to which they function as EVs varies as well. The most common form of HEV is the hybrid electric car, although hybrid electric trucks (pickups and tractors) and buses also exist. Modern HEVs make use of efficiency-improving technologies such as regenerative braking, which converts the vehicle's kinetic energy into battery- replenishing electric energy, rather than wasting it as heat energy as conventional brakes do. Some varieties of HEVs use their internal combustion engine to generate electricity by spinning an electrical generator (this combination is known as a motor-generator), to either recharge their batteries or to directly power the electric drive motors. Many HEVs reduce idle emissions by shutting down the ICE at idle and restarting it when needed; this is known as a start-stop system. A hybrid-electric produces less emissions from its ICE than a comparably-sized gasoline car, as an HEV's gasoline engine is usually smaller than a pure fossil-fuel vehicle, and if not used to directly drive the car, can be geared to run at maximum efficiency, further improving fuel economy. 1 TERMINOLOGY TERMINOLOGY Hybrid electric vehicles classification Hybrid electric vehicles can be classified according to the way in which power is supplied to the drivetrain: In parallel hybrids, the ICE and the electric motor are both connected to the mechanical transmission and can simultaneously transmit power to drive the wheels, usually through a conventional transmission. Honda's Integrated Motor Assist (IMA) system as found in the Insight, CivicAccord, as well as the BAS Hybrid system found in the Chevrolet Malibu hybrids are examples of production parallel hybrids. Current, commercialized parallel hybrids use a single, small (<20 kW) electric motor and small battery pack as the electric motor is not designed to be the sole source of motive power from launch. Parallel hybrids are also capable of regenerative braking and the internal combustion engine can also act a generator for supplemental recharging. Parallel hybrids are more efficient that comparable non-hybrid vehicles especially during urban stop-and-go conditions and at times during highway operation where the electric motor is permitted to contribute. 2 In series hybrids, only the electric motor drives the drivetrain, and the ICE works as a generator to power the electric motor or to recharge the batteries. The battery pack can recharged from regenerative braking or from the ICE. Series hybrids usually have a smaller combustion engine but a larger battery pack as compared to parallel hybrids, which makes them more expensive than parallels. This configuration makes series hybrids more efficient in city driving. The Chevrolet Volt is a seriesplug-in hybrid, although GM prefers to describe the Volt as an electric vehicle equipped with a "range extending" gasoline powered ICE as a generator and therefore dubbed an "Extended Range Electric Vehicle" or E-REV. Power-split hybrids have the benefits of a combination of series and parallel characteristics. As a result, they are more efficient overall, because series hybrids tend to be more efficient at lower speeds and parallel tend to be more efficient at high speeds; however, the power-split hybrid is higher than a pure parallel. Examples of power-split (referred to be some as "series- parallel") hybrid powertrains include current models of Ford, General Motors, Lexus, Nissan, and Toyota. 3 Plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), also known as a plug-in hybrid, is a hybrid electric vehicle with rechargeable batteries that can be restored to full charge by connecting a plug to an external electric power source. A PHEV shares the characteristics of both a conventional hybrid electric vehicle, having an electric motor and an internal combustion engine; and of an all-electric vehicle, also having a plug to connect to the electrical grid. PHEVs have a much larger all-electric range as compared to conventional gasoline-electric hybrids, and also eliminate the "range anxiety" associated to all-electric vehicles, because the combustion engine works as a backup when the batteries are depleted. The Chevrolet Volt is a plug-in hybrid able to run in all-electric mode up to 40 miles. Chinese battery manufacturer and automaker BYD Auto released the F3DM PHEV-62 (PHEV-100 km) hatchback to the Chinese fleet market on December 15, 2008, for 149,800 yuan (US $22,000). General Motors expects to launch the 2011 Chevrolet Volt series plug-in by November 2010. 4 HISTORY HISTORY Early days The Lohner-Porsche Mixte Hybrid was the first gasoline-electric hybrid automobile. In 1900, while employed at Lohner Coach Factory, Ferdinand Porsche developed the Mixte, a 4WD series-hybrid version of "System Lohner-Porsche" electric carriage previously appeared in 1900 Paris World Fair. The Mixte included a pair of generators driven by 2.5-hp Daimler IC engines to extend operating range and it could travel nearly 40 miles on battery alone and it was presented in the Paris Auto Show in 1901. The Mixte broke several Austrian speed records, and also won the Exelberg Rally in 1901 with Porsche himself driving. The Mixte used a gasoline engine powering a generator, which in turn powered electric hub motors, with a small battery pack for reliability. It had a top speed of 50 km/h and a power of 5.22 kW during 20 minutes. George Fischer sold hybrid buses to England in 1901; Knight Neftal produced a racing hybrid in 1902. In 1905, H. Piper filed a US patent application for a hybrid vehicle. The 1915 Dual Power, made by the Woods Motor Vehicle electric car maker, had a four-cylinder ICE and an electric motor. Below 15 mph (24 km/h) the electric motor alone drove the vehicle, drawing power from a battery pack, and above this speed the "main" engine cut in to take the car up to its 35 mph (56 km/h) top speed. About 600 were made up to 1918. A Canadian company produced a hybrid car for sale in 1915. 5 The first gasoline-electric hybrid car was released by the Woods Motor Vehicle Company of Chicago in 1917. The hybrid was a commercial failure, proving to be too slow for its price, and too difficult to service. In 1931 Erich Gaichen invented and drove from Altenburg to Berlin a 1/2 horsepower electric car containing features later incorporated into hybrid cars. Its maximum speed was 25 miles per hour (40 km/h), but it was licensed by the Motor Transport Office, taxed by the German Revenue Department and patented by the German Reichs-Patent Amt. The car battery was re-charged by the motor when the car went downhill. Additional power to charge the battery was provided by a cylinder of compressed air which was re-charged by small air pumps activated by vibrations of the chassis and the brakes and by igniting oxyhydrogen gas. Predecessors of current technology In 1989, Audi produced its first iteration of the Audi Duo (the Audi C3 100 Avant Duo) experimental vehicle, a plug-in parallel hybrid based on the Audi 100 Avant quattro.
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