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Three Essays on Minority and Immigrant Outcomes in a New Era of Immigration Enforcement

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Three Essays on Minority and Immigrant Outcomes in a New Era of Immigration Enforcement Dissertation Three Essays on Minority and Immigrant Outcomes in a New Era of Immigration Enforcement Evidence from Los Angeles Ashley N. Muchow This document was submitted as a dissertation in June 2019 in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the doctoral degree in public policy analysis at the Pardee RAND Graduate School. The faculty committee that supervised and approved the dissertation consisted of Lynn Karoly (Chair), Robert Bozick, and Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes (outside committee member). PARDEE RAND GRADUATE SCHOOL For more information on this publication, visit http://www.rand.org/pubs/rgs_dissertations/RGSD428.html Published 2019 by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. R® is a registered trademark Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Abstract Toward the end of the 20th century, the U.S. witnessed a wave of immigration made up of both legal residents and a large undocumented population that have since settled, started families, and developed strong community ties. Modern immigration policy has concentrated heavily on enforcement in the absence of comprehensive immigration reform, and a growing body of research suggests these escalations may carry unintended social consequences. This dissertation consists of three interrelated studies that seek to disentangle the structural factors that affect levels of economic and social integration of minority and immigrant populations. Using data from Los Angeles, this dissertation focuses on two aspects of public life critical to productive and healthy living: the labor market and public safety. The first chapter considers how undocumented immigrants fare in the labor market. The second examines whether recent escalations in immigration enforcement influenced the willingness of Latino immigrants to engage with the police. Finally, the third chapter evaluates the effectiveness of community policing in reducing crime and increasing police engagement in predominately-Latino neighborhoods. Overall, this dissertation suggests that enforcement-focused immigration policy intensifies barriers to integration and may jeopardize public safety, but there are tools localities can use to improve conditions in affected communities. I find both real and perceived exclusions limit immigrants’ access to the formal labor market and law enforcement, and conclude with evidence of a promising approach to improve public safety in minority communities. These findings stress the need for federal immigration policies that balance enforcement with maintaining resident confidence in public institutions and encouraging the well-being and advancement of vulnerable populations. iii iv Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iii Figures........................................................................................................................................... vii Tables ............................................................................................................................................. ix Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... xi Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1. Exploring the Role of Legal Status on the Labor Market Outcomes of Immigrants in Los Angeles .............................................................................................................................. 5 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 6 1.2 Related Literature ............................................................................................................................... 7 1.2.1 Economic Assimilation of Immigrants ........................................................................................ 7 1.2.2 The Acquisition of Legal Status in Promoting Economic Assimilation ..................................... 9 1.2.3 The Role of Neighborhood Social Networks in Promoting Economic Assimilation ................ 10 1.3 Hypotheses ....................................................................................................................................... 12 1.4 Data .................................................................................................................................................. 14 1.4.1 Dependent Variables ................................................................................................................. 15 1.4.2 Key Independent Variables ....................................................................................................... 16 1.4.3 Sociodemographic Control Variables........................................................................................ 17 1.5 Methodology .................................................................................................................................... 19 1.6 Results .............................................................................................................................................. 23 1.7 Limitations ....................................................................................................................................... 29 1.8 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 30 Chapter 1 Appendix ................................................................................................................................ 34 Chapter 2. Immigration Enforcement Awareness and Community Engagement with Police ...... 35 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 36 2.2 Contextual Background ................................................................................................................... 38 2.3 Related Literature ............................................................................................................................. 40 2.4 Data .................................................................................................................................................. 43 2.4.1 LAPD Calls for Service ............................................................................................................. 44 2.4.2 Google Trends Index to Proxy for Public Immigration Enforcement Awareness ..................... 45 2.4.3 District-level Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics .............................................. 47 2.5 Methodology .................................................................................................................................... 49 2.6 Results .............................................................................................................................................. 52 2.6.1 Descriptive Characteristics ........................................................................................................ 52 2.6.2 Main Findings ........................................................................................................................... 55 2.6.3 Identification ............................................................................................................................. 58 2.6.4 Robustness Checks .................................................................................................................... 60 2.7 Heterogeneous Impacts: Calls for Domestic Violence .................................................................... 63 v 2.8 Political Context: The “Trump” Effect ............................................................................................ 66 2.9 Limitations ....................................................................................................................................... 68 2.10 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 68 Chapter 2 Appendices ............................................................................................................................. 70 Chapter 3. Community Policing in Latino Neighborhoods .........................................................
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