Evaluation of the Impact of Using Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions in City of Toronto’S Fleet Vehicles
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IE3.1 Attachment 1 Evaluation of the Impact of Using Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions in City of Toronto’s Fleet Vehicles Final Report Submitted to: City of Toronto Fleet Services Prepared by: University of Toronto January 22, 2019 Report Contributors Heather L. MacLean, Ph.D., P.Eng. Professor Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering University of Toronto I. Daniel Posen, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering University of Toronto Bradley A. Saville, Ph.D., P.Eng. Professor Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry University of Toronto Stu Porter, BSc. President Biofuels Consulting Canada Inc. Caroline Vanderghem, Ph.D. Postdoctoral Fellow Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry University of Toronto Baishali Dutta, Ph.D. Postdoctoral Fellow Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering University of Toronto Pei Lin Chu, MASc. Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry University of Toronto i Contents Report Contributors ......................................................................................................................... i List of Tables and Figures ................................................................................................................ vi Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... ix Acronyms and Abbreviations ...................................................................................................... 13 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 15 1.1 Petroleum Diesel ........................................................................................................... 16 1.2 Biodiesel ........................................................................................................................ 16 1.3 Renewable Diesel .......................................................................................................... 17 2 Biodiesel and HDRD Production and Properties ................................................................... 19 2.1 Biodiesel Detailed Overview ......................................................................................... 19 2.1.1 Biodiesel Production Pathways................................................................................. 19 2.1.2 Biodiesel Properties .................................................................................................. 20 2.2 HDRD Detailed Overview .............................................................................................. 21 2.2.1 HDRD Production Pathways ...................................................................................... 21 2.2.2 HDRD Properties ....................................................................................................... 21 2.3 Biodiesel and HDRD Cold Weather Properties ............................................................. 21 3 Fuel Standards ...................................................................................................................... 23 3.1 Canadian Diesel and Biodiesel Standards ..................................................................... 23 3.1.1 Petroleum Diesel and HDRD in CGSB Standards ...................................................... 23 3.1.2 HDRD in ASTM Standards ......................................................................................... 23 3.2 CGSB Biodiesel Standards ............................................................................................. 24 3.2.1 ASTM Biodiesel Standards ........................................................................................ 24 3.2.2 Reasons for Differences in Biodiesel Standards ....................................................... 24 3.2.3 Differences in Biodiesel Specification Limits between CGSB and ASTM .................. 25 ii 3.2.4 Description of Key Biodiesel Test Properties and Relationship to Engines .............. 26 3.2.5 Summary of Key Points related to Biodiesel Standards and Fuel Properties ........... 27 4 Cold Weather Operability and Cloud Point Blending ........................................................... 28 4.1 Biodiesel Cold Weather Operability and Blending (General) ....................................... 28 4.2 HDRD Cold Weather Operability and Blending ............................................................ 29 4.3 Cloud point blending ..................................................................................................... 29 4.3.1 Context for interpreting cloud point specifications.................................................. 29 4.3.2 Cloud Point Design Temperatures in Toronto .......................................................... 30 4.3.3 Biodiesel Cloud Point Blending for City of Toronto .................................................. 31 4.3.4 HDRD Cloud Point Blending ...................................................................................... 34 4.3.5 Combined Biodiesel/HDRD Cloud Point Blending .................................................... 37 4.4 City of Toronto Diesel Storage ...................................................................................... 37 4.4.1 City of Toronto Diesel Storage Turnover .................................................................. 38 4.4.2 TTC Diesel Storage Turnover ..................................................................................... 40 5 Biodiesel Blend OEM Engine Approvals ................................................................................ 44 5.1 General OEM Approvals ................................................................................................ 44 5.2 On-Road City of Toronto Vehicles ................................................................................. 45 5.3 Off-Road City of Toronto Vehicles and Equipment ...................................................... 50 5.4 TTC Vehicles and Equipment ........................................................................................ 50 5.5 Recommendations based on Analysis of Vehicle Fleets and Equipment ..................... 53 6 Biodiesel and renewable diesel adoption in North American jurisdictions ......................... 54 6.1 Cases of biodiesel blend use in North American jurisdictions...................................... 54 6.1.1 Ontario ...................................................................................................................... 54 6.1.2 Other Canadian and U.S. Jurisdictions. ..................................................................... 56 6.2 Cases of Renewable Diesel Use in North American Jurisdictions ................................. 56 iii 6.3 Summary of Previous Studies on Cold Weather Operability, Long Term Storage and Maintenance of Biodiesel Fleets and Gensets .......................................................................... 58 6.3.1 Cold weather operability, review of studies ............................................................. 58 6.3.2 Long Term Storage and Use of Biodiesel, review of studies .................................... 59 6.3.3 Maintenance ............................................................................................................. 59 6.3.4 Use and Storage of Gensets with Biodiesel .............................................................. 60 6.4 Summary of experience in Canadian and U.S. jurisdictions ......................................... 60 6.5 Lessons Learned Applicable to City of Toronto ............................................................ 61 7 Life Cycle-based Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Bio-based Diesel ........................................ 62 7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 62 7.2 Life Cycle Assessment of Bio-based Diesel ................................................................... 63 7.2.1 Goal and Scope ......................................................................................................... 63 7.2.2 System Boundary ...................................................................................................... 64 7.2.3 Impact Category ........................................................................................................ 65 7.2.4 Base Case Scenarios .................................................................................................. 65 7.2.5 Biodiesel LCA results ................................................................................................. 66 7.2.6 Biodiesel Blends ........................................................................................................ 69 7.2.7 HDRD results ............................................................................................................. 69 7.2.8 HDRD Blends ............................................................................................................. 72 7.2.9 Scenario Analyses for Biodiesel and HDRD LCAs ...................................................... 73 7.3 LCA and GHG Emissions Summary ................................................................................ 73 8 Vehicle Air Pollutant Emissions when Fueled with Bio-based Diesel ................................... 75 8.1 Biodiesel: Air Pollutant Emissions ................................................................................