2005 Emission Reduction Options for Heavy Duty Diesel Fleet Vehicles in the Lower Fraser Valley

Emission Reduction Options for Heavy Duty Diesel Fleet Vehicles in the Lower Fraser Valley Final Report Prepared For: Greater Vancouver Regional District 4330 Kingsway Burnaby, BC V5H 4G8 Prepared By: Levelton Consultants Ltd. #150 – 12791 Clarke Place Richmond, BC, V6V 2H9 W.C. Edwards, P.Eng. T.C. Trask, EIT J. Kazmi, Ph.D. G. Krstic, Ph.D. In association with: (S&T)2 Consultants Inc. 11657 Summit Crescent Delta, BC, V4E 2Z2 D.V. O’Connor, P.Eng. GS Gislason & Associates Ltd. 880 – 609 Granville Street Vancouver, BC, V7Y 1G5 ENVIRON International Corp. 101 Rowland Way, Suite 220, Novato, CA 94945-5010 October 17, 2005 File: 403-0630 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The study team extends its thanks and appreciation to many individuals and organizations that provided information and suggestions in the preparation of this study. We would like to thank Peter Rowe of the City of North Vancouver for assisting with coordinating contacts with members of the Fleet Managers Group, and the public and private organizations and their staff that responded to the survey conducted in the study. Also, the Coast Mountain Bus Company and TransLink assisted by providing many details on the bus fleet and guidance on future growth. TransLink provided access to data from the regional transportation model. ICBC and local governments are gratefully acknowledged for providing access to vehicle registration statistics that enabled analysis of the emissions from all heavy-duty diesel vehicles operating in the Lower Fraser Valley and an improved understanding of the characteristics of the current population of these vehicles. Thanks are also extended to the following individuals and organizations that provided survey data and other information for the study: • Terry Annis – City of Chilliwack • Curtis Rhodes – Corporation of Delta • John McQueen – Township of Langley • Peter Rowe – City of North Vancouver • Lyle Sullivan – District of Pitt Meadows • Neil Ferguson – City of Port Coquitlam • Ken Fryer – City of Richmond • Doug Manarin – City of Vancouver • Graham Bennet – City of White Rock • Eric Holmberg – Coast Mountain Bus Company • Ben Mikkelsen and Ben Townsend – BC Transit • Ed Johnston – Detroit Diesel-Allison British Columbia • Mark Brager – Orion Bus Industries • Jay Loder, Hardeep Mehrotara, Steve Heather, Philip Chamberlain and Pat Lilburn – Insurance Corporation of British Columbia. • Several private companies, which are not listed individually to protect the privacy of fleet information. Thanks are also extended to numerous other individuals with technology suppliers, fuel suppliers, government organizations and private companies that provided information for the study. Project Steering Committee The project steering committee members and their affiliations are as follows: Ali Ergudenler, John Newhook – Greater Vancouver Regional District Bob Smith (representing Hugh Sloan) – Fraser Valley Regional District Hu Wallis (Tony Wakelin)*, BC Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection Morris Mennell, Andrew Green (Martin Mullan)* - Environment Canada Curtis Rhodes, Peter Rowe – Municipal Fleet Operators Management Group of BC Sheri Plewes, Stephen Rees – Greater Vancouver Transportation Authority Ben Mikkelsen – BC Transit 403-0630 Emission Reduction Options for Heavy Duty i Diesel Fleet Vehicles in the Lower Fraser Valley Gerald Ertel – CPPI Sarah Smith, Clean Energy (Bruce Hodgins, Westport)* *Alternate member Funding Partners Funding for this project was provided by the following organizations: Greater Vancouver Regional District Clean Air Research Fund Environment Canada Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection Fraser Valley Regional District Grater Vancouver Transportation Authority Clean Energy 403-0630 Emission Reduction Options for Heavy Duty ii Diesel Fleet Vehicles in the Lower Fraser Valley DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by representatives of the Sponsors, but the interpretation of the results of this study, as expressed in the report, is entirely the responsibility of the consultant authors and does not imply endorsement of specific points of view by any or all of the Sponsors. The expressed recommendations and conclusions based on the findings are the opinion of the consultant authors of the study and may or may not be supported by the study sponsors. These study sponsors include • Environment Canada (Pacific & Yukon Region) • BC Ministry of Environment • Greater Vancouver Regional District • Greater Vancouver Transportation Authority • Fraser Valley Regional District • Clean Air Research Fund - Canadian Petroleum Products Institute (CPPI) • Clean Energy CPPI DISCLAIMER The Canadian Petroleum Products Institute (CPPI), one of the Sponsors, supports the study’s intent to provide guidance to the GVRD, its member municipalities, the Greater Vancouver Transportation Authority and others on: • the most promising option(s) to reduce emissions from their existing heavy-duty diesel vehicles, and • future purchases of fleet vehicles / engines and fuels. CPPI believes this report provides a valuable resource with technical and economic data on the attributes of some of the most relevant emission reduction options for decreasing emissions from the current HDDV fleet vehicles. During the course of the study, new methodologies were introduced to the scope of the study. CPPI has concerns about the methodologies used but wanted to maintain funding support of the study. CPPI wishes to express our appreciation for the opportunity to express our views in this disclaimer. CPPI does not endorse the analytical methodology used to estimate the potential health effects of air quality improvements and their deemed economic value. In addition, CPPI has concerns about the methodology that applies emission weighting factors designed to place a higher priority on some pollutants versus others. This methodology is embodied in the equation: Impact Weighted Emissions = 25*PM10 + NOx + VOC + CO/7 + 3*SOx. CPPI believes that air quality can have an impact on public health, but does not believe the science is sufficiently robust to try to quantify that impact or to quantify the importance of one specific pollutant versus another. CPPI is concerned that this equation may skew the analysis and result in misleading results that may not be in the best interests of improved air quality and may not be a cost effective response to reducing HDDV emissions in the GVRD. CPPI has summarized their concerns regarding this methodology in Appendix E and makes reference to a related report by epidemiologist, Dr. Suresh H. Moolgavkar, M.D., Ph.D to support this point of view. 403-0630 Emission Reduction Options for Heavy Duty iii Diesel Fleet Vehicles in the Lower Fraser Valley EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Emission inventories and forecasts prepared by the GVRD and FVRD show that motor vehicles are a significant source of air pollution in the Canadian Lower Fraser Valley (LFV) airshed and contribute to concerns about human effects associated with exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone. Emission standards for heavy-duty vehicles have not been reduced in the last decade to the same degree as light duty vehicles and, consequently, their proportional contribution to regional emissions has increased. Large reductions in emission standards for heavy duty diesel vehicles (HDDV) are occurring and scheduled for future years. New HDDVs must meet more stringent exhaust standards for combined emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in 2004. Further reductions in HDDV exhaust emission standards for NOx, particulate matter and VOC will be implemented beginning in 2007. Replacement of aging high-emitting diesel engines/vehicles with low-emitting engines/vehicles meeting the 2007 standards will result in large reductions in emissions. To enable implementation of the advanced catalytic emission controls needed to achieve the new emission standards, the sulphur content of diesel fuel in Canada will be reduced to not more than 15 ppm by 2006, from a current level near 300 ppm. The GVRD and its partner agencies recognize the importance of heavy-duty vehicle emissions in the airshed, and the need to investigate their effects and the means and costs of achieving emission reductions. There is evidence from studies in the Lower Fraser Valley and in other jurisdictions that exposure to diesel exhaust emissions can have significant effects on human health, with diesel particulate matter implicated in increased cancer risk, respiratory and cardiovascular illness and premature mortality. Fine particulate matter emitted from the vehicle and formed in the atmosphere from emitted gases can also contribute to degradation of visibility. Programs have been implemented in a number of jurisdictions in the United States and Europe targeted at reducing emissions from heavy duty diesel vehicles. HDDV VEHICLE PROFILE AND EMISSION TRENDS The GVRD backcast and forecast of the 2000 emission inventory estimates that onroad heavy duty diesel vehicles were responsible for 4.1% of the PM2.5 emitted in the Canadian LFV in 2000. The implementation of lower HDDV emission standards and ultra low sulphur diesel fuel (15 ppm) will reduce the contribution to regional emissions made by these vehicles from about 2% by 2010 and 1% by 2025. The share of smog precursor emissions from onroad HDDVs is forecast to decrease from 7.8% in 2000 to 4.1% in 2010 and 1 % in 2025. These trends are summarized in Table S-1 for the most significant common pollutants emitted by diesel engines. According to vehicle registration

Load more