Growth, mortality and yield-per-recruit of Copadichromis likomae (Cichlidae) in Lake Niassa, Mozambique
Item Type article
Authors Massinga, A.V.R.
Download date 24/09/2021 17:57:06
Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/32710 Revista de Investiga<;ao Pesqueira Maputo No. 21 (1992): 59- 68
Growth, Mortality and Yield-per-Recruit of Copadichromis likomae (Cichlidae) in Lake Niassa, Mozambique
by
ALFREDO V. R. MASSINGA
ABSTRACT
Analysis of the length-frequency data on Copadichromis likomae (Cichlidae) from Lake Niassa, Mozambique, suggests an asymptotic length of SLoo = 14 em associated with a K value of 0.93 year-1• Total and natural mortalities were estimated as 3.2 year-1 and 1.9 year-1, respectively. Yield per-recruit analysis suggests that E = 0.36 in this fishery.
RESUMO
A analise da distribui9ao da frequencia de comprimentos de Copadichromis likomae (Cichlidae) do lago Niassa, Mo9ambique, sugere urn comprimento assirnpt6tico SLoo = 14 em, associado a urn valor de K de 0,93 ano-1. As rnortalidades total e natural foram estirnadas como sendo 3,2 ano-1 e 1,9 ano-1, respectivarnente. A analise do produ9ao por recruta sugere uma taxa de explora<;ao E = 0,36 neste stock.
59 60
INTRODUCTION
Lake Niassa (i.e., Lake Nyasa or Malawi in English literature) is the most southerly and the least studied of the three largest great lakes of Africa. It is about 560 km long and has a greatest width of about75 km (Fig. 1). It lies between 9°30'S and 14°30'S at an altitude of about 500 m. The climate is tropical. However the lake lies far enough south of the Equator to experience marked seasonal variations in wind, temperature, and precipitation (Eccles, 1974). The lake occupies part of the southern end of the rift valley system and is to a large extent delimited by faults, particularly to the north and on the eastern (Mozamoique) coast. In these areas, the shores are steep and depths in excess of 200 m are found close inshore.
A large fraction ofthe information on growth
for African cichlid fishes refers to tilapias.
However, this group, commercially the most
important, represents only a small part of the Tanzania adaptive range covered by the Cichlidae
family as a whole. Another important group
of cichlids are the haplochromines, of which
several species are endemic to Lake Niassa
~
:::J (see revision of Eccles & Trewavas, 1989). o- Malawi They feed on zooplankton and some have a I .Q \ well-defined breeding season (Iles, 1971). \ E \ c Copadichromis likomae (Fig. 2) belongs to a I ..... \ 0 group of zooplankton-feeders known by the \._. ~ local fishers as "chisinga".
First described in the scientific literature by
lles (1960) as Haplochromis likomae, this
0 20 40 60 SO 100 km species is found inshore, over deep rocky
Fig. 1. Map of Lake Niassa (Malawi) showing sampling grounds throughout the year at all stages of area and area of origin of Copadichromis likomae (i.e., Likoma Island). growth. Iles (1971) described the growth of 61
several small zooplankton-feeding haplochromines
from Lake Niassa. However, taxonomic problems,
especially with young individuals (Lewis, 1982)
have made it difficult to obtain reliable demographic
information on many ofthe important cichlid species. Copadichromis likomae
Fig. 2. Copadichromis likomae Iles (1959) from ThefisheriesontheMozambicansideofLakeNiassa Lake Niassa (adapted from Eccles & Trewavas, 1989). are traditional, close inshore and mostly in shallow water. The fishers use several types of gears (traps, seines, lines and gillnets) to catch a variety of fish species. Few historic data on catches are available in Mozambique, but landings of a "Combinado Pesqueiro" (a small fishing enterprise) and of the cooperatives, together with records of effort, are now being recorded at Metangula (Fig. 1). Copadichromis likomae is caught primarily with
"chilimila" nets, a type of small purse seine (Fig. 3 ).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Catch and effort from the Combinado Pesqueiro and the fishing cooperatives were recorded daily. A modified chilimila net and two dugout canoes were used to sample the fish. In this process the net
is carried towards the shoal of fish by water currents; as the foot rope is hauled to the surface, the
net forms a deep narrow-mouthed bag enclosing part
or all of the shoal (Jackson et al., 1963). In the
modified net used here, the mesh size was uniformly
small at about25-mm stretched measure (the artisanal fishers use varying mesh sizes).
Sampling took place near Metangula, at intervals as regular as possible. From January 19 83 to December
1985 samples were taken more or less daily, as often
as the lake conditions allowed the boats to operate.
Overall an average of three or four samples were Fig. 3. Sketch showing the shape taken by the chilimila net in the water. taken per week. 62
Each sample was divided into species, and standard length was measured to the millimeter below.
In order to improve the interpretability of the data, an artificial year was created by regrouping the monthly samples of the three years into one. Also the data were regrouped into 7 .5-mm class intervals
(Table 1).
These data were used in conjunction with a modified Wetherall plot (Wetherall, 1986; Pauly, 1986) to obtain a preliminary estimate of the growth parameter Leo of the von Bertalanffy equation. A preliminary value ofK was estimated using the ELEFAN I program with the Loo value obtained from the Wetherall plot as input, and fixed values of the parameters WP (winter point) and C (amplitude of the seasonal oscillation), expressing the seasonality of growth (see Pauly, this vol.). Fig. 4 illustrates the seasonal cycle of surface temperature oscillations in Lake Niassa. Minimum temperature occurs in mid-August and hence WP = 0.63. The difference between highest and lowest
• 0 mean monthly temperature Is about 4 C; hence C was set at 0.4 (see Longhurst & Pauly, 1987).
Table 1. Length-frequency and ancillary data on C.likomae sampled from Jan. 1983 to Dec. 1985, regrouped in an artificial year, in classes of7.5-mm total length; lhe last column presents probabilities of capture (see text).
MI../month Jan Feb Mar Apr Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec p
48.75 1.4 2.0 4.8 18.2 39.8 0.002 56.25 7.2 7.8 41.4 2.7 23.4 8.4 67.2 88.2 213.9 0.020 63.75 10.4 15.2 93.8 2.1 45.0 253.4 144.0 145.6 133.9 0.044 71.25 26.1 32.7 60.3 2.1 68.1 504.0 59.7 73.8 45.3 0.052 78.75 34.9 53.9 66.5 13.5 73.7 207.6 440.8 74.3 44.4 26.9 0.081 86.26 51.0 29.4 33.6 12.6 171.6 588.9 551.1 123.0 32.7 93.6 0.151 93.75 76.8 9.4 48.4 4.0 74.8 1099.1 578.3 160.4 46.5 312.2 0.270 101.25 80.7 7.8 6.0 26.4 1598.7 389.4 169.2 115.2 622.5 0.515 108.75 82.9 3.8 1264.1 69.4 82.8 145.2 747.9 1.000 116.25 39.6 1.5 1354.5 5.1 42.9 34.8 198.6 1.000 123.75 7.4 3.3 560.3 2.9 13.5 5.4 6.2 1.000 131.25 3.6 28.8 2.1 6.0 2.1 1.000 138.75 0.2 0.1 2.2 0.1 1.000
suma 417 170 350 37 483 6702 2807 950 750 2443
a Adjusted to represent number of fish caught per haul.
Following the estimation of growth parameters, a standard length-converted catch curve was constructed using ELEFAN II; this was used only to correct for the effect of gear selection, which was performed using the appropriate routine of ELEFAN II. The approximate probabilities of capture resulting from this are given in Table 1. The corrected length-frequency data were then used 63
u 0
J F A M J J A s 0 N D Month Fig. 4. Average water temperature of Lake Niassa at 10-m depth. Based on Eccles (1974) and Degnbol & Mapila (1982).
for the final estimation of growth parameters and of Z. Then, yield-per-recruit analyses were performed, based on both the knife-edge assumption and the actual probabilities of capture.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Wetherall plot gives a value ofLoo close to 14 em SL which is compatible with the size ofthe largest fish sampled (see Table 1).
Fig. 5 illustrates the growth curve derived for C. likomae; from this, three age groups may be identified. Given the asymptotic length of SLoo = 14 em, K was estimated as 0.93 year-1, with C = 0.4 and WP = 0.63. This is consistent with the fact that the surface temperature starts to warm up only in September, then continues to increase until April when the southeasterly winds start to influence the thermal stratification by cooling the surface and inducing turbulence (Degnbol & Mapila 1982). Maximum mixing is achieved by early July. Stratification starts to build up again when the SE winds cease.
A comparison between data for the haplochromines and other cichlids shows that the values of K in the former group are relatively high, for their average value of about 0.70 year-1 is rarely equalled in the latter (Iles, 1971 and see Table 2). In general terms this indicates that haplochromines grow rapidly towards their maximum or asymptotic length; overall however their growth performance is low compared to the tilapias (Table 2). 64
Tweddle & Turner (1977) described the growth of Haplochromis mloto and suggested that strong variations of growth occur between years. Careful examination of their figure, reproduced here as
Fig. 6, suggests that these variations may in fact be due to seasonal growth oscillations, as considered in the present contribution. Tweddle & Turner ( 1977) state that "because ofpoor growth in the second year, it was not possible to calculate a von Bertalanffy growth curve following the method outlined by Ricker (1958) using the length at yearly intervals". However, using a fitting method which
E E
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"0 L.. 0 "0 c: 0 J F Month Fig. 5. Growth curve of Copadichromis likomae caught in Lake Niassa, as estimated using ELEFAN I. The 1 curve has the parameters SLoo = 14 em, K = 0.93 year , C = 0.4 and WP = 0.63 Table 2. Growth parameters of selected cichlid species, for comparison with C. likomae. cpb Speciesa Area TL00 (em) K Source Tilapia galilaea Lake Tiberias 36.0 0.55 2.85 lies (1971) Tilapia aurea Lake Tiberias 32.9 0.55 2.77 Iles (1971) Tilapia saka LakeNiassa 34.7 0.56 2.83 Iles (1971) Tilapia squamipinnis LakeNiassa 34.7 0.56 2.83 Iles (1971) Tilap ia zillii Egypt 28.1 0.50 2.60 Iles (1971) Tilapia mossam.bica Egypt 38.9 0.56 2.93 Iles(l971) Tristam.ella simonis Lake Tiberias 19.8 0.63 2.39 Iles (1971) Boulengerchromis microlepis L. Tanganyika 52.9 0.56 3.20 Iles (1971) Haplochromis virginalis LakeNiassa 12.1 0.78 2.06 Iles (1971) Haplochromis quadrimacu.latus LakeNiassa 19.0 0.65 2.37 Iles (1971) Haplochromis pleu.rostigmoides LakeNiassa 14.4 0.76 2.20 Iles (1971) Haplochromis mloto LakeNiassa 15.6C 0.52c 2.10 Tweddle & Turner (1977) Haplochromis anaphynnus LakeNiassa 19.6 0.671 2.41 Tweddle & Turner (1977) Copadichromis likomae LakeNiassa 17.3c 0.93 2.44 This study aN ames were not updated and thus Tilapia is used where Oreochromis would be more appropriate. bGrowth performance index: $=log K + 2 log Leo (Pauly & Munro, 1984); note relatively low values in haplochromines. 'l!ased on growth curve in Fig. 6 and the program of Gaschiitz et al. (1980), with C = 0.41 and R2 = 0.964. dcorresponding to SL = 140 mm 65 150 ..... E E 100 .&:; 0 Nomiosi 01 -c t:. South West Arm ~ Moldeco 50 • 0 Monkey Bay 0 • 1-- 0 Aug Dec Apr Aug Dec Apr Aug Dec Apr Aug Dec Apr Aug Month Fig. 6. Growth of Haplochromis mloto, as derived by plotting models against date (from Tweddle & Turner, 1977); note clear indication of seasonality of growth curve (see text). explicitly considers seasonal growth oscillation (i.e., that of Gaschtitz et al., 1980) to fit the data in Fig. 6leads to TLoo = 15.6 em, K = 0.52, C = 0.4 and a clear minimum in midyear, as for C.likomae. The The length-converted catch curve for C. likomae (Fig. 7) led to an estimate of Z = 3.2 year-1. The estimate of natural mortality obtained using the empirical equation of Pauly (1980) was 1.9 year-1, rounded up toM= 2 year-1 for all analysis below. This suggests that F = Z- M = 1.2 year-1, i.e., E = EfZ = 0.38. The yield-per-recruit and biomass-per-recruit analyses (Fig. 8) suggest, when one uses a realistic 0 selection ogive, that the value ofE corresponding to 00 ° a reduction of the stock of C. likomae to half its :~0 unfished biomass occurs atE= 0.36, corresponding to F = 1.1, and that yield-per-recruit is near its : ·r maximum at E = 0.5. Thus, the C. likomae stock 1.';------!---:------!---' reported upon here appears to be fished optimally. 0 2 Relative age (years- t0 J Fig. 7. Length-converted catch curve for C. The results of the yield-per-recruit analysis based on likomae in Lake Niassa, constructed according to Pauly (1990), i.e., accounting for seasonally the knife-edge assumption suggest that an increase of oscillating growth. 66 1.0 Assuming knife-- 0.9 ;t: edge selection :::ll :::ll -...... 0.8 (with L50=IOcm> u u 41) '\'\•-----Assuming knife 41) ..... edge selection ... 0.7 ...... 41) (with L 50=IOcm) Q) c. c. 0.6 Cll "0 Ill 0.5 0 '\.~---Using actual 41) E selection curve >. 0.4 0 41) :c > 0.3 Q) > .2 :;: -Q) a:: 0 0.1 a::Q) 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Exploitation rate Fig. 8. Yield-per-recruit and biomass-per-recruit analyses for C. likomae in Lake Niassa. Dots indicate present state of fishery. effort would increase yields, but as also shown in other contributions included in this volume, this is but a (dangerous) artifact. This preliminary assessment of the artisanal fishery near Metangula will have to be extended to other areas and species for verification. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many thanks are due to staff of the Combinado Pesqueiro for their willing help and collaboration in collecting samples. I am also grateful to Dr. Daniel Pauly of the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM, Manila, Philippines) for his help and advice given during the preparation of this paper. Finally, sincere thanks are due to all those who directly or indirectly contributed to make this work possible. REFERENCES DEGNBOL, P. AND S. MAPILA (1982)- Limnological observations on the pelagic zone of Lake MalaWi from 1970 to 1981./n Biological studies on pelagic ecosystem of Lake MalaWi. FI:DP!MLWn5/019. FAO Tech. Rep. 1: 5-48. ECCLES, D.H.; (1974)- An outline of the physical limnology of Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa). Limnol. Oceanogr. 19(5): 730-742. ECCLES, D.H. AND E. TREWAVAS (1989)- Malawian cichlid fishes: the classification of some haplochromine genera. Lake Fish Movies, Herten, Germany, 335 pp. GASCH0TZ, G., D. PAULY AND N. DAVID (1980)- A versatile BASIC program for fitting weight and seasonally oscillating length growth data. I.C.E.S. C.M. 1980/D:6, Statistics Cttee., 14 pp. ILES, T .D.; ( 1960) -A group of zooplankton feeders of the genus H aplochromis ( Cichlidae) in Lake Nyasa. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 13,2:257-280. ILES, T.D.; (1971)- Ecological aspects of growth in African cichlid fishes. J. Cons. ClEM 33(3): 363-385. JACKSON, P.B.N., T.D. ILES, D. HARDING AND G. FRYER (1963)- Report on the survey of northern Lake Nyasa, 1954-1955. Jt. Fish. Res. Organ. Government Printer, Zomba, Nyasaland, 171 pp. LEWIS, D.S.C.; (1982)- Problems of species definition in Lake Malawi cichlid fishes (Pisces: Cichlidae). Ichthyol. Bull. J.L.B. Smith Inst. Ichthyol., Special Publication 23. LONGHURST, A.R. AND D. PAULY (1987)- Ecology of tropical oceans. Academic Press, San Diego, California. 407 pp. PAULY, D.; (1980)- On the relationship between natural mortality, growth parameters and mean environmental temperature in 175 fish stocks. J. Cons. ClEM 39: 175-192. 68 PAULY, D.; (1986)- On improving operations and use ofELEFANprograms. Partlll. Correcting length-frequency data for effects of gear selection and/or incomplete recruitment. Fishbyte 4(2): 11-13. PAULY, D.; (1990) - Length-converted catch curves and the seasonal growth of fishes. Fishbyte 8(3): 33-38. PAULY, D. AND J.L. MUNRO (1984) - Once more on growth comparisons in fishes and aquatic invertebrates. Fishbyte 2(1): 21. RICKER, W.E.; (1958)-Handbook of computation for biological statistics offish populations. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 119: 300 pp. TWEDDLE, D. AND J.L. TURNER (1977)-Age, growth and natural mortality rates of some cichlid fishes of Lake Malawi. J. Fish Biol. 10: 385-398. WETIIERALL, J.A.; (1986) - A new method for estimating growth parameters from length frequency data. Fishbyte (4)1: 12-14.