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FIGURATIVE LANGUAGES in O HENRY's SHORT STORIES a THESIS By

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FIGURATIVE LANGUAGES in O HENRY's SHORT STORIES a THESIS By FIGURATIVE LANGUAGES IN O HENRY’S SHORT STORIES A THESIS By : VERONIKA ARITONANG REG. NO. 130705112 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2018 i UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA iii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA iv UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION I, VERONIKA ARITONANG DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCES IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THE THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHEDD ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ECKNOLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUMMITED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION. Signed : Date : February 8th, 2018 v UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION NAME : VERONIKA ARITONANG TITLE OF THESIS : FIGURATIVE LANGUAGES IN O HENRY’S SHORT STORIES QUALIFICATION : S-1/ SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA. Signed : Date : February 8th, 2018 vi UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENT There are so many steps had been done by the writer to make this thesis complete entitled Figurative Languages in O Henry’s Short Stories, and ready to be presented as a thesis of the first graduate. I have got so many helps and support from many people in doing this thesis from the beginning until the end. First and for most my thanks go to Jesus Christ, The Almighty God, for giving me blessings and helping me through the hard time in process of writing this thesis. My deepest and greatest gratitude thanks to my parents for believing in me; tugging, pushing, and nagging me all the time. Thank you for being the great parents who always support, care, and love me. For my brother and sisters, thank you for the time we have been through together. And I also thank the other family members for their helps, and always pray for me. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. as my supervisor for your kindness, patience, knowledge, and immense time for me to write and finish my thesis. And for Radmadsyah Rangkuti M.A., Ph. D. as my Co-Supervisor, I thank your suggestion and kindness to help me in writing this thesis. I address my high gratitude to the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S. and the Head of Department of English, Dr. Deliana, M. Hum.. And also, Bang Kibot, thank you so much for helping me in administration. Thanks to the fellow members of ‘TERRA’, Yuni, Taufik, Vani, and Rara for your support and suggestions and laughter for all the moments we had shared vii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA together. And the last, WINNER’s Jinu, Hoony, Mino, and Yoon, thank you for your music which is always with me all time. You support me mentally, guys. Really-really love you love you every everyday. Though I have done my best, I realize that this thesis is far from being perfect. However, I hope this thesis could give contribution to the linguistics study especially in the language use. Thank you very much. Medan, February 2018 Veronika Aritonang viii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bahasa kiasan yang digunakan dalam cerita pendek O Henry. Ada dua tujuan penelitian ini. Yang pertama adalah mencari tahu jenis bahasa kiasan yang digunakan dalam cerita pendek O Henry. Yang kedua adalah mencari tahu bahasa kiasan mana yang dominan dalam cerita pendek O Henry. Sumber data dari penelitian ini adalah cerita pendek O Henry berjudul The Little Match Girl, What You Want, The Gift of the Magi, dan Heart and Hands. Data dari penelitian ini adalah beberapa ungkapan dan kalimat yang ditulis dalam cerita pendek tersebut. Data kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Metode ini memberikan deskripsi yang cukup mengenai data faktual fenomena tersebut dan memberikan interpretasi logis dan rasional berdasarkan teori yang relevan. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada tiga belas jenis bahasa kiasan yang muncul dalam cerita pendek yang ditemukan dalam cerita pendek O Henry: pleonasm, simile, metafora, hiperbola, personifikasi, eufemisme, pengulangan, aprotonym, asyndeton, metonymy, litotes, retorika, dan elipsis. Di antara jenis bahasa kiasan tersebut, personifikasi menempati urutan pertama. Kata kunci: bahasa kiasan, cerita pendek, arti, pesan ix UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT This research is aimed at describing the figurative language used in O Henry’s short stories. There are two objectives of this research. The first is to find out the types of figurative language used in O Henry’s short stories. The second is to find out which figurative language is dominant in O Henry’s short stories. The data sources of this research were O Henry’s The Little Match Girl, What You Want, The Gift of the Magi, and Hearts and Hands. The data of this research were some phrases and sentences written in those short stories. The data were then analyzed using a descriptive qualitative method. It gave a sufficient description of the factual data of the phenomena and provided its logical and rational interpretation based on relevant theories. The research findings show that there are thirteen types of figurative language that appear in short stories found in O Henry’s short stories: pleonasm, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, personification, euphemism, repetition, aprotonym, asyndeton, metonymy, litotes, rhetoric, and ellipsis. Among those types of figurative language, personification ranks first. Keywords: figurative languages, short story, meaning, message. x UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENTS AUTHOR’S DECLARATION………………………………………………….v COPYRIGHT DECLARATION……………………………………………….vi ACKNOWLEDGMENT……………………………………………………….vii ABSTRAK…………………………...………………………………………..…ix ABSTRACT…...………………………………………………………………….x TABLE OF CONTENTS………..…………………...…………………………xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION………….………………...…………………...1 1.1 Background of the Study………………...………………..…...1 1.2 Problems of the Study…………………………………………4 1.3 Objectives of the Study………………………………………..5 1.4 Scope of the Study……………………………………….........5 1.5 Significances of the Study……………………………………..5 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LIERATURE……………………...……………..7 2.1 The Concept of Style ………………………...………………..7 2.2 The Concept of Stylistics ……………..………………………8 2.3 Figurative Languages………………………………………...10 2.4 Pragmatics……………………………………………………14 2.5 Review of Related Studies…………………………………...15 CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH………………………….....……18 3.1 Research Design………………………………………..…….18 3.2 Data and Source of Data…………………………………..…18 3.3 Data Collection Procedure…………………………..…........19 3.4 Step of the Research…………………………………........…19 3.5 Data Analysis………………………………………..……….19 CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS…………………………….…..20 xi UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.1 Analysis of The Little Match Girl…………………….………..20 4.1.1 Message in The Little Match Girl………………………….25 4.2 Analysis of What You Want……………..…..……………...…25 4.2.1 Message in What You Want……......…………………….....28 4.3 Analysis of The Gift of the Magi………..……………….…...29 4.3.1 Message in The Gift of the Magi……………………………34 4.4 Analysis of Hearts and Hands……………..……..………..….34 4.4.1 Message in Hearts and Hands……………………………...….39 4.5 Findings…….…………………………………….......………39 CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS………………….…..40 5.1 Conclusions……..………………………………….….……..40 5.2 Suggestions………..…………………………………..……..41 REFERENCES………………………..…………………………………...……42 APPENDIX xii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study People need language in their life to make good communication with other people, because people are a social human, therefore people can’t live without others. To build a good relationship with others, the people have to know how to make good communication with other people. In this case language has importance role to build good communication. It means that the speakers and the listener can understand each other. There are many kinds of language which people use to communicate and every country uses different language. Language is a system of communication in speech and writing used by people of a particular country (Oxford learner’s pocket dictionary: 247). According to Patrick Griffiths (2006:1), language is for communicating about the world outside of language. Language have more function for us, not only to communicate verbally, but also to express their feeling and ideas about spirit and give a predetermined from to all its system expression. Writing as one of artistic creation using language as media presentation. However, different form of language used in daily life, language in literatures has its own uniqueness. Languages in literature are the result of processing and expression of individual author. 1 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Jones (1968:1) defined literature is simply another way we can experience the world around us through our imagination. Literature in the broadest sense, includes all written materials. In general literature can be divided into: history books, philosophical works, novels, poems, plays, scientific articles, dictionaries, magazine, and school textbooks. Moreover, Jones states that, literature can be included into two different groups. In one group places
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