FIGURATIVE LANGUAGES in O HENRY's SHORT STORIES a THESIS By

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FIGURATIVE LANGUAGES IN O HENRY’S SHORT STORIES

A THESIS

By :

VERONIKA ARITONANG

REG. NO. 130705112

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2018

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, VERONIKA ARITONANG DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE

AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCES IS MADE

IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THE THESIS CONTAINS NO

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MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN

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Date : February 8th, 2018 v

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : VERONIKA ARITONANG

TITLE OF THESIS : FIGURATIVE LANGUAGES IN O HENRY’S

SHORT STORIES

QUALIFICATION : S-1/ SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR

REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSANDING

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THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

Date : February 8th, 2018

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

There are so many steps had been done by the writer to make this thesis complete entitled Figurative Languages in O Henry’s Short Stories, and ready to be presented as a thesis of the first graduate. I have got so many helps and support from many people in doing this thesis from the beginning until the end.

First and for most my thanks go to Jesus Christ, The Almighty God, for giving me blessings and helping me through the hard time in process of writing this thesis.

My deepest and greatest gratitude thanks to my parents for believing in me; tugging, pushing, and nagging me all the time. Thank you for being the great parents who always support, care, and love me. For my brother and sisters, thank you for the time we have been through together. And I also thank the other family members for their helps, and always pray for me.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. as my supervisor for your kindness, patience, knowledge, and immense time for me to write and finish my thesis. And for Radmadsyah Rangkuti M.A., Ph. D. as my Co-Supervisor, I thank your suggestion and kindness to help me in writing this thesis.

I address my high gratitude to the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, Dr.

Budi Agustono, M.S. and the Head of Department of English, Dr. Deliana, M.

Hum.. And also, Bang Kibot, thank you so much for helping me in administration.

Thanks to the fellow members of ‘TERRA’, Yuni, Taufik, Vani, and Rara for your support and suggestions and laughter for all the moments we had shared

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA together. And the last, WINNER’s Jinu, Hoony, Mino, and Yoon, thank you for your music which is always with me all time. You support me mentally, guys.

Really-really love you love you every everyday.

Though I have done my best, I realize that this thesis is far from being perfect. However, I hope this thesis could give contribution to the linguistics study especially in the language use. Thank you very much.

Medan, February 2018

Veronika Aritonang

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ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bahasa kiasan yang digunakan dalam cerita pendek O Henry. Ada dua tujuan penelitian ini. Yang pertama adalah mencari tahu jenis bahasa kiasan yang digunakan dalam cerita pendek O Henry. Yang kedua adalah mencari tahu bahasa kiasan mana yang dominan dalam cerita pendek O Henry. Sumber data dari penelitian ini adalah cerita pendek O Henry berjudul The Little Match Girl, What You Want, The Gift of the Magi, dan Heart and Hands. Data dari penelitian ini adalah beberapa ungkapan dan kalimat yang ditulis dalam cerita pendek tersebut. Data kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Metode ini memberikan deskripsi yang cukup mengenai data faktual fenomena tersebut dan memberikan interpretasi logis dan rasional berdasarkan teori yang relevan. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada tiga belas jenis bahasa kiasan yang muncul dalam cerita pendek yang ditemukan dalam cerita pendek O Henry: pleonasm, simile, metafora, hiperbola, personifikasi, eufemisme, pengulangan, aprotonym, asyndeton, metonymy, litotes, retorika, dan elipsis. Di antara jenis bahasa kiasan tersebut, personifikasi menempati urutan pertama.

Kata kunci: bahasa kiasan, cerita pendek, arti, pesan

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ABSTRACT This research is aimed at describing the figurative language used in O Henry’s short stories. There are two objectives of this research. The first is to find out the types of figurative language used in O Henry’s short stories. The second is to find out which figurative language is dominant in O Henry’s short stories. The data sources of this research were O Henry’s The Little Match Girl, What You Want, The Gift of the Magi, and Hearts and Hands. The data of this research were some phrases and sentences written in those short stories. The data were then analyzed using a descriptive qualitative method. It gave a sufficient description of the factual data of the phenomena and provided its logical and rational interpretation based on relevant theories. The research findings show that there are thirteen types of figurative language that appear in short stories found in O Henry’s short stories: pleonasm, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, personification, euphemism, repetition, aprotonym, asyndeton, metonymy, litotes, rhetoric, and ellipsis. Among those types of figurative language, personification ranks first.

Keywords: figurative languages, short story, meaning, message.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION………………………………………………….v COPYRIGHT DECLARATION……………………………………………….vi ACKNOWLEDGMENT……………………………………………………….vii ABSTRAK…………………………...………………………………………..…ix ABSTRACT…...………………………………………………………………….x TABLE OF CONTENTS………..…………………...…………………………xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION………….………………...…………………...1 1.1 Background of the Study………………...………………..…...1 1.2 Problems of the Study…………………………………………4 1.3 Objectives of the Study………………………………………..5 1.4 Scope of the Study………………………………………...... 5 1.5 Significances of the Study……………………………………..5 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LIERATURE……………………...……………..7 2.1 The Concept of Style ………………………...………………..7 2.2 The Concept of Stylistics ……………..………………………8 2.3 Figurative Languages………………………………………...10 2.4 Pragmatics……………………………………………………14 2.5 Review of Related Studies…………………………………...15 CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH………………………….....……18 3.1 Research Design………………………………………..…….18 3.2 Data and Source of Data…………………………………..…18 3.3 Data Collection Procedure…………………………..…...... 19 3.4 Step of the Research…………………………………...... …19 3.5 Data Analysis………………………………………..……….19

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS…………………………….…..20 xi

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.1 Analysis of The Little Match Girl…………………….………..20 4.1.1 Message in The Little Match Girl………………………….25 4.2 Analysis of What You Want……………..…..……………...…25 4.2.1 Message in What You Want……...... …………………….....28 4.3 Analysis of The Gift of the Magi………..……………….…...29 4.3.1 Message in The Gift of the Magi……………………………34 4.4 Analysis of Hearts and Hands……………..……..………..….34 4.4.1 Message in Hearts and Hands……………………………...….39 4.5 Findings…….……………………………………...... ………39 CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS………………….…..40 5.1 Conclusions……..………………………………….….……..40 5.2 Suggestions………..…………………………………..……..41

REFERENCES………………………..…………………………………...……42 APPENDIX

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

People need language in their life to make good communication with other people, because people are a social human, therefore people can’t live without others. To build a good relationship with others, the people have to know how to make good communication with other people. In this case language has importance role to build good communication. It means that the speakers and the listener can understand each other. There are many kinds of language which people use to communicate and every country uses different language.

Language is a system of communication in speech and writing used by people of a particular country (Oxford learner’s pocket dictionary: 247).

According to Patrick Griffiths (2006:1), language is for communicating about the world outside of language. Language have more function for us, not only to communicate verbally, but also to express their feeling and ideas about spirit and give a predetermined from to all its system expression. Writing as one of artistic creation using language as media presentation. However, different form of language used in daily life, language in literatures has its own uniqueness.

Languages in literature are the result of processing and expression of individual author.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Jones (1968:1) defined literature is simply another way we can experience the world around us through our imagination. Literature in the broadest sense, includes all written materials. In general literature can be divided into: history books, philosophical works, novels, poems, plays, scientific articles, dictionaries, magazine, and school textbooks. Moreover, Jones states that, literature can be included into two different groups. In one group places those writings that mainly present information. In the other place those that mainly entertain. Literatures prings from our inborn love of telling story, of arranging words in pleasing patterns, of expressing the words some special aspect of our human experience.

There are some materials of literature works such as drama, novel, poetry, and short story. All there are works of imagination or the capacity for invention.

There are many types of literary in our daily life. Drama is a composition of poem or prose that hoped can be describe the existence and the character through taking action or dialog that performed. Novel is a prose of writing that long and the content about series story life to bring out the character of the actor.

Poetry is a literature which rhythm, a rhyme, and couplet. Short story is the story less than 10,000 words to give singular image and focus on one actor in a situation. Short story is one of the literature forms that are a work of fiction that is usually written in prose, often in narrative format and usually focuses on only one incident, has a single plot, a single setting, a small number of character, and cover a short period of time, style. Some readers enjoy reading short story because the reader will finish reading short story in one time and she or he has done to understand about the contents.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA As the interprective dramatization of experience in metrical language, short story is an imaginative statement of feeling that feeling is created or imagined. Short story is a short piece of fiction aiming at unity of characterization, theme and effect. The modern English short story no longer attempt to make daily life more entertaining by inventing exotic plots. Instead, modern short story writers have tended to base their narratives on their own experience; here the focus is much more on the less spectacular aspects of life, on the significance underlying what is apparently trivial. The result of such perceptive writing is perfection of form, harmony of theme and structure, and precision of style to reveal the subtleties of the human mind and of human behavior.

Moreover, short story to shape one of literature that popular in society to convey to express it feeling or thought from the writer. Short story also used as one of material in reading comprehensive. Short story can be increase students reading comprehensive, even though in reading short story a reader should be know what the sense and the content in short story. Therefore, short story used figurative language a reader should be able understand the content and the message of short story.

Figurative language is a crucial to get a content of short story. With figurative language, short story can be more interesting, more beautiful, more alive and make clear of image. Although, there are variations of figurative language, have something (characteristic) common, namely figurative language that connects things by plugging in something else. The types of figurative 3

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA language are simile, metaphor, personification, allegory, metonymy, and others.

Figurative language can make attend other feeling from every stanza words. The choices include figurative language and the meaning more clearly. With figurative language, a man‟s letters can be deliver their feeling and their thought more simple and to be artistic.

Based on the explanation above, the researcher wants to analyze a short story by figurative language. So, the researcher chooses short story from O Henry.

O Henry, original name William Sidney Porter, American short-story writer whose tales romanticized the common place—in particular the life of ordinary people in New York City. Histories expressed the effect of coincidence on character through humor, grim ironic, and often had surprise endings, a device that became identified with his name and cost him critical favor when its vogue had passed.

1.2 Problems of the Study

According to the title of this proposal “Figurative Languages in O Henry’s

Short Stories”, the problems of this study are:

a. What are the figurative languages found in O Henry‟s short stories?

b. What figurative language is dominantly used in O Henry‟s short stories?

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1.3 Objectives of the Study

This thesis is also designed to achieve two objectives, they are:

a. To find out figurative language in O Henry‟s short stories.

b. To find out what figurative language is dominantly used in O Henry‟s

short stories.

1.4 Scope of the Study

Based on the background of the research, there is an interesting point of the topic to be analyzed. That is about language deviation, which is called figurative language. The figurative language in O Henry‟s The Little Match Girl,

What You Want, The Gift of the Magi, and Hearts and Hands are the main focus to be analyzed. The use of figurative language in the form of phrases and sentences in the short stories is the focus in this thesis. The figurative language that exists in short stories are identified and analyzed based on their types and how they are used in the short stories.

1.5 Significances of the Study

For those who have an interest in this topic, there are some significances:

a. This research can enrich the research in linguistics field, especially

stylistics and pragmatics, which becomes a bibliographical resource to the

next relevant type of research. 5

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA b. This research can give better understanding in the analysis of figurative

language in short stories. c. Hopefully, this research inspires other researchers to develop or to conduct

other‟s research in the same scope with different subjects.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1. The Concept of Style

The concept of style, as Enkvist quoted in Berhanu (1994:143) puts it, is not an easy concept to put it in concrete terms. He says, "First of all, the very concept of 'style' is notoriously slippery and difficult to codify into concrete terms that allow operational study." But here we will try to see how different authorities defined it in different manners.

Cuddon as cited in Assefa (1996:7) says, “Style is the characteristic manner of expression in prose or verse: how a particular writer says things. The analysis and assessment of style involves examinations of writer‟s choice of words, his figures of speech, the devices (rhetorical and other wise) the shape of his sentences, paragraphs, language, and the way in which he uses it.

M. H Abrams (1999:303) states that: “Style has traditionally been defined as the manner of linguistic expression in prose or verse—as how speakers or writers say whatever it is that they say. The style specific to a particular work or writer, or else distinctive of a type of writings, has been analyzed in such terms as the rhetorical situation and aim; characteristic diction, or choice of words; type of sentence structure and syntax; and the density and kinds of figurative language.”

Leech (1969) on his part defines style saying: “Style is the way in which something is spoken, written or performed”. Narrowly interpreted, it refers to word use, sentence structures and figures of speech. More broadly, style is

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA considered to be a manifestation of the person speaking or writing. He further refers to „style‟ as elocutio- a latin term which means style and also means lexis in

Greek. Elocutio is the style and diction of a language. For Leech and Short

(2007:10) the word “style” has a fairly uncontroversial meaning: it refers to the way in which language is used in a given context, by a given person, for a given purpose, and so on. But they feel that to be on the safest ground, it is better to think of style as „the linguistic characteristics of a particular text‟.

Leech and Short believe that “It is a selection from a total linguistic repertoire that constitutes a style”. Style can be applied to both spoken and written, both literary and nonliterary varieties of language but by tradition, it is particularly associated with written literary texts.

Leech and Short further state that “The distinction between what a writer has to say, and how it is presented to the reader, underlies one of the earliest and most persistent concept of style: that of style as the „dress of thought‟”. They add that although this metaphor of style as some kind of “adornment” or “covering” of thought or meaning is no longer widely current, it is implicit. In this view, which prevailed throughout the Renaissance period, devices of style can be catalogued.

The essayist or orator is expected to frame his ideas with the help of models, sentences and prescribed kinds of “figures” suitable to his mode of discourse.

2.2 The Concept of Stylistics

Different scholars tried to define Stylistics in different ways but with somewhat similar concepts. Paul Simpson (2004:2) puts it this way: “Stylistics is

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA a method of textual interpretation in which primacy of place is assigned to language. The reason why language is so important to stylisticians is because the various forms, patterns and levels that constitute linguistic structure are an important index of the function of the text. The text‟s functional significance as discourse acts in turn as a gateway to its interpretation. While linguistic features do not of themselves constitute a text‟s „meaning‟ an account of linguistic features nonetheless serves to ground a stylistic interpretation and to help explain why, for the analyst, certain types of meaning are possible. The preferred object of study in stylistics is literature, whether that can be institutionally sanctioned „literature‟ as high art or more popular „non-canonical‟ forms of writing.”

To Leech and Short “Stylistics is simply defined as the (linguistic) study of style, is rarely undertaken for its own sake, simply as an exercise in describing what use is made of language”. They are also of the view that we normally study style because we want to explain something, and in general, literary stylistics has, implicitly or explicitly, the goal of explaining the relation between language and artistic function.

Mick Short's definition of style as quoted in Berhanu underlines the interdisciplinary role of the subject and its relevance to the study of language and literature. He writes: "Stylistics is a linguistic approach to the study of literary texts. It thus embodies one essential part of the general course philosophy; that of combining language and literary study.”

Widdowson (1975:3) defines stylistics as “the study of literary discourse from a linguistic orientation”. He takes the view that what distinguishes stylistics

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA from literary criticism on the one hand and linguistics on the other is that it is a means of linking the two. He also proposes that stylistics occupies the middle ground between linguistics and literary criticism and its function is to mediate between the two. In this role, its concerns necessarily overlap with those of the two disciplines.

2.3 Figurative Languages

Most people think of language as a clear and literal vehicle for communicating ideas. However, misunderstandings arise and meanings shift are sometimes happened even when people use language literally. Words can have denotations or apparent meanings, and connotations, implied or hidden meanings.

Moreover, people often use words figuratively.

Figurative language is language using figures of speech; or in other words, language cannot be taken literally or should not be taken literally only. Giroux &

Williston (1974:10) stated that figurative language is language which departs from the straight-forward use of words. It creates a special effect, clarifies an idea, and making writing more colorful and forceful. In addition, Thompson (2001) stated that figurative language is a way of saying something other than using the literal meaning of words. Figurative language is not a device to state what is demonstrably untrue. Indeed it often states truth that more literal language cannot communicate. It calls attention to such truths; it lends its emphasis. There are many kinds of figurative expressions. Taylor (1981: 167) has classified figurative expressions into three groups. They are as follows:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1. Comparison and substitution: simile, metaphor, allusion, metonymy, analogy and allegory.

2. Representation by substitution: synecdoche, personification, symbol.

3. Contrast by discrepancy and inversion: overstatement, understatement, paradox

(oxymoron), irony.

Meanwhile, Little (1985:164-166) divides figurative language into three classifications, which are respectively based on comparisons, associations, and other figurative languages. They are as follows:

1. Based on Comparisons: simile, metaphor, personification, analogy, hyperbole.

2. Based on Association: metonymy, symbol.

3. Other Figurative Language Devices: apostrophe, irony.

In addition, even though more theoreticians have classified as many as 250 types of figure of speech, the concept and principle are almost the same. Each type of figurative language from those three groups of figurative expression is explained below: a) Simile

Simile is generally the comparison of two things essentially unlike, on the basis of a resemblance in one aspect. It is a figure in which a similarity between two objects is directly expressed, for example: Her eyes are like a diamond. b) Metaphor

Metaphor is an analogy identifying one object with another and ascribing to the first objects more quality than the second. Metaphor may be simple, that is, may occur in the single isolated comparison or a large metaphor may function as the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA controlling image of the whole work, for example: My love is the rose of my heart. c) Allusion

Allusion is defined as a reference to a famous historical, literary, mythological or biblical character or event commonly known, for example: It's his Achilles heel. d) Metonymy

Metonymy is the substitution of one term for another with which it is closely associated, for example: The White House has decided the new Constitutions. e) Analogy

Analogy is sustained simile or metaphor, like one state of affair to another in series of comparisons, or a word, thing, idea, or story, chosen for the purpose of comparison, which can help explain whatever it is similar to, for example: My girlfriend is a red rose. f) Allegory

Allegory is a figure of speech which lies somewhere between personification and metaphor. It is an abstraction represented in a concrete imagery, almost always in the form a humanized character, for example: The scales of justice; It's time to beat your swords into ploughshares. g) Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a figure of speech that a part refers to indicate a whole, for example: She was wearing cotton. h) Personification

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Personification as the arbitrage of human qualities to an inanimate object, for example: My room was happy to be cleaned. i) Symbol

Symbol is a trope that combines a literal and sensuous quality with an abstract or suggestive aspect but it is not literal meaning but use that meaning to suggest another. A symbol is something that is itself and also stands for a particular objective reality, for example: Some dirty dogs stole my wallet at the bus. j) Overstatement (Hyperbole)

Hyperbole means use of exaggerated terms for emphasis, for example: He is stronger than a lion. k) Understatement

Understatement is the presentation of a thing with under emphasis in order to achieve a greater effect. It is the opposite of hyperbole. Understatement is said to make the object to be less than it is, for example: We love the things we love for what they are. l) Paradox

Paradox occurs in a statement that at first strikes as self-contradictory but that on reflection makes some sense, for example: Light is the darkest thing in physics. m) Irony

Irony is a device based on the opposition of meaning to the sense (dictionary and contextual), for example: Clever bastard! Lucky devil! n) Pleonasm

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA A pleonasm is when one uses too many words to express a message. A pleonasm can either be a mistake or a tool for emphasis. For example: Black darkness and burning fire.

2.4 Pragmatics

One of the cores of an advertisement is the message. It can be in written forma (copies) or pictures. Message is what the advertiser expects or intends. It is the important point delivered from the copywriters to readers. If the message is not transmitted well, the communication process will be disturbed (Kotler,

1996:3). In determining the message or intended meaning of communication, pragmatics is applied.

Pragmatics studies the relation between language and context which is encoded in the structure of a language. Yule (1996: 3) states that pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (writer) and interpreted by a listener (reader). It has, consequently, more to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by themselves. It is also analyzing the relation between language and contexts which is representing the foundation for a record or report of understanding language, equally a study about language user‟s ability to connect and make compatible sentences and contexts precisely. Pragmatics encompasses speech act theory, conversational implicature, talk in interaction and other approaches to language behavior in philosophy, sociology, and linguistics.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Related to the objectives of the study, therefore, the analysis of speech act is relevant.

The term speech act does not refer simply to the act of speaking, but to the whole communicative situation, including the context of the utterance (that is, the situation in which the discourse occurs, the participants and any preceding verbal or physical interaction) and paralinguistic features which may contribute to the meaning of the interaction (Black, 2006:17), for example: “I will go to campus at

8.am”. In this utterance, the speaker has made an action of “promise” via language to go to the campus at 8 a.m.

All expressions of language must be viewed as acts. Austin (1962:32) distinguished three kinds of action within each utterance: locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.

2.5 Review of Related Studies

There are some related studies that become references to this study. The first is the thesis from Kartika Linda, entitled An Analysis of the Figures of Speech

Used in the Language of Body Care Advertisements on Television Programs

(1999, Petra Christian University). In her research, she used the theory of figures of speech by Perrine (1969), and she used the theory of television advertisement by Amstel and Kirk Patrick (1969). In the research questions, she wanted to know the types of figures of speech used in the language of body care advertisements, the figures of speech that were mostly used in the advertisements, and why these figures of speech were used in the advertisements.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA One study related to style is Zerihun Asfaw‟s (1983) M.A. thesis entitled

The Literary Styles of Haddis Alemayehu and Baalu Girma. He makes analysis on styles of six selected works of the two authors: Fiker Eskemekabir and

Wonjelegnaw Dagna by Haddis Alemayehu; Kadmas Bashager, Yehilina Dewil,

Yekeykokeb Tirri and Derasiew by Baalu Girma. In doing the analysis, he identifies some features which he believes are of prime importance in establishing the particular styles in the two authors. To this effect he describes the major literary devices and tries to bring out their functions in the total framework of the novels. For the analysis of style of the works of the two authors he focuses on four main features: figures of speech, syntactic patterns, sentence length and diction.

Another study is Assefa Zeru‟s (1996) MA thesis entitled: Literary Style and Historical Meaning: A Study of three Amharic Historical Novels. He makes analysis of style on three Amharic historical novels written by two authors:

Yohannes and Alula Aba Nega by Mamo Wudneh; Aba Kostir by Aberra Jembere.

For his analysis, Assefa focuses on language use such as rhetorical question, dialogue and repetition; figures of speech like simile and metaphor; narrative techniques particularly third person point of view, foreshadowing and flash back.

The current research is different from the both studies above. What makes this study different is that this study deals with figurative language in of O

Henry‟s short stories while those studies above deal with analysis of style on novels and advertisement. Basically, those previous studies are essentially included within the review of the theories that contribute a sort of understanding

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA for the researcher about the use of figurative language and speech act types in short stories.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1. Research Design

This study used descriptive qualitative design because this study focuses on the analysis or interpretation of the written material in context. The writer used descriptive research, applying the way to describe the types of figurative languages, meaning and message that find in O Henry‟s short stories. Based on the source of the data, this study also categorized as library research.

3.2 Data and Source of Data

Data are a piece of descriptive information which refers to, or represents condition, ideas or objects that exist in a variety of forms. Bungin (2001: 123) stated that data is material information about the object of the research.

Meanwhile, data source are classified into three kinds, including: person, place and paper.

The data of this study are all of figurative languages found in short stories written by O Henry. Meanwhile, the sources of all data are taken from short story with title, The Little Mach Girl, What You Want, The Gift of The Magi, Hearts and Hands. All of data source taken from the O Henry‟s short stories. The data for this study are every word and sentence in the four selected short stories by O

Henry.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3.3 Data Collection Procedure

There are three hundred and eighty kinds of O Henry‟s short stories but thewriter analyze four short stories of O Henry‟s short stories because availability inthe library just four short stories.

In collecting the data, the researcher used documentary method.

Documentary method is searching a data about things or variables in the form ofnotes, transcripts, book, magazine, meeting notes, agenda, etc.

3.4 Step of the Research

There are four steps used to complete this research:

1. Close reading the short stories by O Henry.

2. Identifying the types of figurative language in the short stories.

3. Classifying the types of figurative language in the short stories.

4. Analyzing the data and finding the figurative language used in the data.

3.5 Data Analysis

In analyzing the data that had been collected, the researcher used qualitative research analysis. As using this technique, the researcher collected the arranged and presented data. The researcher focused on the content analysis. The data were analyzed through the following procedure: reading, selecting the text, identification, classification, analyzing, deciding and drawing conclusion.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

From the process of reading, selecting and, identification the texts, the writer classifies 13 figurative languages from 4 short stories written by O Henry.

Meanwhile, the data presentation of figurative languages found in O Henry‟s short stories as follows:

4.1 Analysis of “The Little Match Girl” a. Pleonasm

A pleonasm is when one uses too many words to express a message. A pleonasm can either be a mistake or a tool for emphasis.

Datum 1

Most terribly cold it was it snowed and was nearly quite dark, and evening the last of year the year. (“The Little Match Girl”, 1st paragraph)

In expression “most terribly cold it was it snowed”, contains pleonasm because when it comes to snow, we can presume that it is cold, the addition of

“most terribly cold” is considered unnecessary.

Datum 2

Her little feet she had drawn close up to her, but she grew colder and colder.

(“The Little Match Girl” 2nd paragraph)

In expression “colder and colder”, contains pleonasm because it repeated the unnecessary word that if one of the word is omitted, it doesn‟t change the meaning.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Datum 3

The lights of the Christmas tree rose higher and higher. (“The Little Match Girl”

5th Paragraph)

In expression “higher and higher”, contains pleonasm because it repeated the unnecessary word that if one of the word is omitted, it doesn‟t change the meaning.

Datum 4

She took the little maiden on her arm and both flew in brightness and in joy so high, so very high and the above was neither cold, nor hunger, nor anxiety they were with God. (“The Little Match Girl” 6th paragraph)

In expression “in joy so high, so very high”, contains pleonasm because it repeated the unnecessary word that if one of the word is omitted, it doesn‟t change the meaning. b. Simile

Simile is a direct comparison of two things, which are unlike in their sense. Simile uses the word “like” or “as” to compare two explicitly unlike things as being similar.

Datum 5

She drew one out “Rischt!” how it blazed, how it burnt! It was a warm bright flame like a candle as she held her hands over it, it was a wonderful light. (“The

Little Match Girl” 3rd paragraph)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA This sentence is categorized into simile. Because in expression “it was a warm bright flame like a candle”, bright flame is compared with the candle by using the connection word “like”. It means to express the matches lighter.

Datum 6

There the wall became transparent like a veil. (“The Little Match Girl”

4thParagraph)

This sentence contains simile. In expression “There the wall became transparent like a veil”. The “wall became transparent” is compared with the veil by using the connection “like”.

Datum 7

The lights of the Christmas tree rose higher and higher, she saw them now as stars in heaven. (The Little Match Girl 5th Paragraph)

This sentence belongs to simile. Because the expressions “the light of the

Christmas tree” and “stars in heaven” are being compared by using the word “as”.

Datum 8

And the matches gave such a brilliant light that it was brighter than at noon-day.

(“The Match Girl” 6th Paragraph)

This sentence is a simile. In expressions “a brilliant light” and “noon-day” are being compared by using comparison “than”. It means to express a beautiful light of matches and the brightness of the matches. c. Hyperbole

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Hyperbole is a figure of speech, which involves an exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis.

Datum 9

She crept along trembling with cold and hunger a very picture of sorrow. (“The

Little Match Girl” 1st Paragraph)

This sentence is categorized into hyperbola. In expression “she crept along trembling with cold and hunger”, we know that it is not possible. The exaggeration of “she crept along trembling with cold and hunger” is simply for emphasis to describe this situation.

Datum 10

Thousands of lights were burning on the green breaches. (“The Little Match

Girl”5th Paragraph)

This sentence belongs to hyperbola. In sentence “thousands of lights were burning on the green breaches”, we know that it is not possible. The exaggeration of “thousands of lights” is simply for emphasis to describe a lot of lights were burning on the green. d. Personification

Personification is a figure of speech in which a thing, an idea or an animalist given human attributes. The functions of this figurative language are to make the picture more alive to give explanation clearly, and to make the reader more imaginative.

Datum 11

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA For above her she had only the roof through which the wind whistled. (“The

Little Match Girl”2nd Paragraph)

This sentence referred to personification. The sentence “through which the wind whistled”, the wind is interpreted as a human, the wind is non-human object and in function as to make the wind like alive by indicating a human. e. Euphemism

Euphemisms are polite, mild phrases which substitute unpleasant ways of saying something sad or uncomfortable.

Datum 12

A soul ascends to god. (“The Little Match Girl” 5th Paragraph)

This sentence is categorized into euphemism. The expression “a soul ascends to god”, it means to express that somebody was dead. This is a euphemism that sounds much nicer than the harsh truth of the situation. f. Repetition

Repetition is a figure of speech, which is used by written to repeat, several word in sentence. It can be a whole repetition or half repetition. Repetition consists of some expression like repetition of sound, or words.

Datum 13

And then above was neither cold, nor hunger, nor anxiety they were with God.

(“The Little Match Girl” 6th Paragraph)

This sentence contains repetition. In the expression “neither cold, nor hunger, nor anxiety they were with God”, it repeats some words to emphasis the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA content. The meaning of the sentence is a composure and happiness when the girl is dead. g. Aptronym

Aptronym is a figure of speech that to call name of person based on their occupation.

Datum 14

The little match girl. (“The Little Match Girl” in “Title of story”)

This girl referred to “The little match girl”, because she is a little girl that sale the matches. Therefore this expression called aptronym. From this expression, the reader was known if the girl profession is a seller matches.

4.1.1 Message in “The Little Match Girl”

From the short story “The Little Match Girl”. The end of this story is the happiness because the girl hands up God with her grandmother who loves her, although everybody doesn‟t know about it. And from this short story give information about the struggle in a file. Because in this story tell about a struggle from a little girl in the night charismas to meet the happiness. Somebody should fight in their life to achieve what their want. So, we must struggle in our life to achieve the goal although in the end God that establishes our fate.

4.2. Analysis of “What You Want” a. Pleonasm

A pleonasm is when one uses too many words to express a message. A pleonasm can either be a mistake or a tool for emphasis.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Datum 1

While he was bending with a scholarly stoop over the marked down miscellany of cast off literature old tom the caliph sauntered by. (“What You Want” 8th

Paragraph)

This sentence belongs to pleonasm. In expression “he was bending with a scholarly stoop over”, it means he very respect with the caliph. This sentence is categorized as pleonasm because to exaggerate the sentence. If one of the words is omitted, it doesn‟t change the meaning. b. Personification

Datum 2

And with the night came the enchanted glamor that belongs not to Arabia alone.

(“What You Want” 1st Paragraph)

This sentence is categorized into personification. The expression “with the night came the enchanted”, it means the night very beautiful. The night is interpreted as a human, the night is non-human object and this function is to give emphasis in this sentence to make the night like alive by indicating human.

Datum 3

His discerning eye, made keen by twenty years’ experience in the manufacture of laundry soap (save the wrappers!). (“What You Want” 8thParagraph)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The expression “His discerning eye” is personification because

„discerning‟ non-human. It means that she has an accuracy to observe. The word

„discerning‟ give emphasis in this sentence to make more alive, so that the reader can imagine the ability of this girl in observing something.

Datum 4

I see by your clothes and frazzled necktie that you are mighty poor; and you can't afford to turn down the offer. (“What You Want” 9th Paragraph)

This sentence contains personification. The expression “and frazzled necktie”, we know that necktie is non-human but the necktie equalized with human. This word used to emphasis this sentence so that seen the human more poor and distressing. The sentence means the people that she has seen used clothes and necktie so badly, the people were very poor.

Datum 5

Which is an eye expressive of cold and justifiable suspicion. (“What You Want”

10th Paragraph)

This sentence contains personification. In expression “an eye expressive of cold”, it means her eye sight is empty. The word „cold‟ is non-human the function of the word is to emphasis this sentence, so that the reader will imagine her expression in her sight. c. Metonymy

Metonymy is a figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name something else with which it is closely associated.

Datum 6

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA "Beat it," said he. "I don't want to buy any coat hangers or town lots in Hankipoo,

New Jersey. Run along, now, and play with your Teddy bear."(“What You Want”

8th Paragraph)

This sentence belongs to metonymy. “Teddy bear”, means a doll like bear and it call teddy bear. d. Asyndeton

Asyndeton is stylistic device used in literature and poetry to intentionally eliminate conjunctions between the phrases and in the sentence.

Datum 7

For in new Bagdad one, in order to survive, must suspect whosoever sit, dwells, drinks, rides, walks or sleeps in the adjacent chair, house, booth, seat, path or room. (What You Want” 10th Paragraph)

This sentence categorized into Asyndeton, because this sentence use some phrase and word that one sound, and the phrase and the word dissociated with the

“coma” not the conjunction.

4.2.1 Message in “What You Want”

From the short story “What You Want”. This is happy ending story. The story tells about someone that works to future time and to help other people. So, this story give information for us to work not just this time but also to future time and also give us information to help other people that poor. This message categorized a moral message because in this story convoyed about relationship among fellow being.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.3 Analysis of “The Gift of the Magi” a. Pleonasm

A pleonasm is when one uses too many words to express a message. A pleonasm can either be a mistake or a tool for emphasis.

Datum 1

A quick feminine change to hysterical tears and wail. (“The Gift of the Magi”

18th Paragraph)

This sentence referred to pleonasm. Because the expression “tears and wail” contains unnecessary words which if one of the words is omitted, it doesn‟t change the meaning. b. Simile

Simile is a direct comparison of two things, which are unlike in their sense. Simile uses the word “like” or “as” to compare two explicitly unlike things as being similar.

Datum 2

So now Della’s beautiful hair fell about her, rippling and shining like a cascade of brown waters. (“The Gift of the Magi” 7th Paragraph)

This sentence belongs to simile. The expressions “Della‟s beautiful hair” and “a cascade of brown waters” are being compared by using the word “like”.

Datum 3

Within forty minutes her head was covered with tiny, close lying curls that made her look wonderfully like a Coney Island chorus girl. (“The Gift of the Magi

10th Paragraph)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA This sentence is categorized into simile, because in expression „close lying curls that made her look wonderfully‟ compare with „a Coney Island chorus girl‟ by using word „like‟. It means she hides her lying although she is childish.

Datum 4

You’ve cut off your hair? ”asked Jim, laboriously, as if he had not arrived at that patent fact yet, even after the hardest mental labor. (“The Gift of the Magi” 15th

Paragraph)

This sentence contains simile. The expression “as if he had not arrived at that patent fact yet, even after the hardest mental labor”, is a simile because to equalize his expression when he ask with when he had not arrived at that patent fact yet even after the hardest mental labor. The comparison used in this sentence is the word “as”.

Datum 5

And then Della leaped up like a little singed cat and cried. (“The Gift of the Magi

20th Paragraph)

The expression “Della leaped up like a little singed cat and cried” belongs to simile because this expression compares between „Della‟ with „little singed cat‟ by using the word “like” which means Della leaped up quickly. c. Hyperbole

Hyperbole is a figure of speech, which involves an exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis.

Datum 6

You’ll have to look at time a hundred times a day now. (“The Gift of the Magi)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The sentence “You‟ll have to look at time a hundred times a day now” contains hyperbola because this sentence is an exaggeration. We know that it is not possible if we can look a hundred times in a day. This sentence is used to emphasize the sentence. e. Repetition

Datum 7

She stood by the window and looked out dully at a grey cat walking a grey fence in a grey backyard. (“The Gift of the Magi” 4th Paragraph)

This sentence contains repetition, this sentence repeat the word „grey‟. The word used to emphasizing the sentence, so that the reader will be interest.

Datum 8

It was not anger, nor surprise, nor disapproval, nor horror, nor any of the sentiments that she had been prepared for. (“The Gift of the Magi”

13thParagraph)

This sentence belongs to repetition. This sentence repeats some words to emphasizing the content of the sentence. The meaning of the sentence is to describe situation that someone just stay without expression in his face.

Datum 9

The magi as you know were wise men wonderfully wise men who brought gift to the Babe in the manger. (“The Gift of the Magi” 23rd Paragraph)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA This sentence referred to repetition, because in this sentence repeat the word „wise men‟. The sentence repeats the word to emphasizing the content in the sentence. f. Metaphor

Metaphor is an explicit or implicit comparison which is literally false.

Based on this theory, metaphor is comparison two thing directly without the word

„like‟ or „as‟.

Datum 10

Oh, and the next two hours tripped by on rosy wings. (“The Gift of the Magi”8th

Paragraph)

This sentence categorized into metaphor, because this sentence compare between a beauty shop with rosy without conjunction like or as. The meaning of this sentence is she can tripped in the shop because so many beauty things. g. Litotes

Litotes is a figure of speech which employs an understatement by using double negatives or in other words, positive statement is expressed by negating its opposite expressions.

Datum 11

Something just a little bit near to being worthy of the honor of being owned by

Jim. (“The Gift of the Magi”4th Paragraph)

This sentence is call litotes, because in this sentence used to humiliate. So, that the reader can imagine the girl is so humble. h. Rhetoric

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Rhetoric is a technique of using language effectively and persuasively in spoken or written form. It is an art of discourse, which studies and employs various methods to convince, influence or please an audience.

Datum 12

“You’ve cut off your hair?” (“The Gift of the Magi” 15th Paragraph)

This sentence referred to rhetoric because, the aim of this sentence is not to ask, but just to elucidate this sentence then actually Jim have known its answer for his question.

Datum 13

Don’t you like me just as well, anyway? (“The Gift of the Magi” 15thParagraph)

For this sentence categorized into rhetoric, because in the question “don‟t you like me just as well, anyway?” doesn‟t need an answer. Actually the reader knows the answer from the question.

Datum 14

Isn’t it a dandy, Jim? (“The Gift of the Magi”45th Paragraph)

This question doesn‟t need an answer because the questioner knows the answer, so this sentence belongs to rhetoric. i. Ellipsis

Ellipsis is a figure of speech that omit some part of a sentence or event that easy to filled or construed by the reader or listener.

Datum 15

You won’t mind, will you? (”The Gift of the Magi” 4th Paragraph)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA This sentence belong to ellipsis, because in sentence “you won‟t mind, will you?”, there is part of the sentence omitted to make the image more allure, but the reader was known the survival the sentence.

4.3.1 Message in “The Gift of the Magi”

The Gift of the Magi tells about a life one couple of married in poverty but they love each other. It can be seen from Dellas‟s sacrifice that sale her beautiful hair, to buy her husband gift. Thus is her husband also willing to sale his gold watch that had been his father‟s and his grandfather‟s, to buy her wife a gift. It proves that they love each other. From this story we can learn about how we love someone. The message convoyed is moral message, because in this story tell about a relationship between two people that loves and they willing sacrifice to make loves person happy. This story give information about a sacrifice for a person which is loved won‟t end. In this story happy ending because in the end they know if they mutually loves.

4.4. Analysis of “Hearts and Hands” a. Hyperbole

Hyperbole is a figure of speech, which involves an exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis.

Datum 1

The girl’s eyes, fascinated went back, widening a little to rest upon the glittering handcuffs. (“Hearts and Hands” 5th Paragraph)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA This sentence belongs to hyperbola. In sentence “The girl‟s eyes fascinated went back widening a little to rest upon the glittering handcuffs”, it means the girl has beautiful eyes that can make some people enchanted with his eyes. This sentence exaggerates to give emphasis this sentence, so that the reader will be interested and can imagine the girl with beautiful eyes.

Datum 2

Haven't you talked long enough? Take me in the smoker now, won't you? I'm half dead for a pipe. (“Hearts and Hands” 7th Paragraph)

This sentence contains to hyperbola. In expression “I‟m half dead for a pipe”, it means that Mr. Marshal is uncomfortable with the situation or the condition. We know that it is not possible. This sentence exaggerates to make the reader imagine the condition. b. Personification

Personification is a figure of speech in which a thing, an idea or an animal is given human attributes. The functions of this figurative language are to make the picture more alive to give explanation clearly, and to make the reader more imaginative.

Datum 3

The younger man roused himself sharply at the sound of her voice. (“Hearts and Hands” 3rd Paragraph)

This sentence belongs to personification. The expression “sharply at the sound of her voice”, it means her voices so hard thus the younger man get up because hearing this voice. The word „sharply‟ is non-human; it‟s used to

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA emphasis this sentence to be more alive, so that the reader can imagine the hard of the voice.

Datum 4

The glow faded from her cheeks. (“Hearts and Hands” 4th Paragraph)

This sentence contains personification. The expression “the glow faded from her cheeks”, it means the bliss of the girl lost and change sadness. „Glow‟ means bliss, thus are the word „glow‟ is non-human, and it is used to emphasis this sentence more alive.

Datum 5

The glum-faced man had been watching the girl's countenance with veiled glances from his keen, shrewd eyes. (“Heart and Hands” 4th Paragraph)

This sentence categorized into personification. The expression “glance from his keen”, it means that the man watching the girls so accurate and serious.

The word „keen‟ in non-human, thus are this word used to emphasis the sentence.

Datum 6

Her eyes were shining softly. (“Hearts and Hands”6th Paragraph)

This sentence is categorized into personification, because the „shining softly‟ is non-human, thus are the expression „her eyes were shining softly‟, it means her eyes are seen with faintly. This word used to give emphasis the sentence.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Datum 7

She began to speak truly and simply without the gloss of style and manner:

"Mamma and I spent the summer in Denver”. (“Hearts and Hands” 6th

Paragraph)

This sentence belongs to personification. The expression “without the gloss of style and manner”, it means the girl speak like common without arrogance. „Gloss‟ is non-human, this word is used to express this situation so that the reader can imagine the faced, style of the girl when she is speaking.

Datum 8

I think the air here agrees with me. (“Hearts and Hands”6th Paragraph)

This sentence referred to personification. The expression “air here agrees with me”, it means the air here is so good and supports to do something. The word

„air‟ is non-human, but the air interpreted as a human the word is used to make

„air‟ like alive by indicating a human. c. Metaphor

Metaphor is an explicit or implicit comparison which is literally false.

Based on this theory, metaphor is comparison two thing directly without the word

„like‟ or „as‟.

Datum 9

My butterfly days are over, I fear. (“Hearts and Hands” 6th Paragraph)

This sentence contains metaphor, because the word „butterfly‟ to express the day to work. The writer use this word make the sentence more alive, so that the reader can imagine this situation.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA d. Rhetoric

Rhetoric is a technique of using language effectively and persuasively in spoken or written form. It is an art of discourse, which studies and employs various methods to convince, influence or please an audience.

Datum 10

Don’t you ever recognize old friends when you meet them in the west? (“Hearts and Hands” 3rd Paragraph)

This sentence contains rhetoric. From this question the questioner don‟t need the answer, because the question just to give emphasizing.

Datum 11

Pretty young to hold an office like that, isn’t he? (“Hearts and hands” 10th

Paragraph)

This sentence contains rhetoric. From this question don‟t need an answer from the listener because this sentence just to emphasizing. e. Ellipsis

Ellipsis is a figure of speech that omits some part of a sentence or event that easy to filled or construed by the reader or listener.

Datum 12

A marshal ship isn’t quite as high a position as that of ambassador, but….

(“Hearts and Hands” 4th Paragraph)

This sentence categorized ellipsis, because part of this sentence omitted to give emphasizing for this sentence. Although part of sentence omitted the reader was known the survival this sentence, it make the reader more interest.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.4.1 Message in “Hearts and Hands”

From the short story “Hearts and Hands”, the end of this story is sad ending, because in the end they must be divorced. From this story give us information about a security or marshal has a good attitude, do good mission and also be able protect their society that weak. This message categorized moral message because this story convoyed message about someone or security have a good attitude.

4.5 Findings

As what has been mentioned in the first objective of this research, this research specifies its study by analyzing the types of figurative language. In this section, the researcher found that there are thirteen types of figurative language appearing in the short stories. Those figurative languages are rhetoric, asyndeton, litotes, metonymy, metaphor, repetition, ellipsis, aptronym, euphemism, personification, hyperbola, simile, and pleonasm. And as what mentioned in the second objective of this research, personification is dominantly used the short stories,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

This research investigates the figurative language occurred O Henry‟s short stories. Based on the findings and discussion in Chapter IV, some conclusions can be drawn related to the formulations of the problem and objectives of the study stated in Chapter I. The researcher formulates the conclusions as mentioned in the following points.

1. There are 13 figurative languages found in O Henry‟s short stories, they are pleonasm, simile, hyperbole, metaphor, metonymy, litotes, asyndeton, rhetoric, personification, euphemism, aptronym, ellipsis, and repetition.

2. Personification is dominant in these short stories, because there are 12 data of personification found in O Henry short story, simile 8 data, pleonasm 6 data, hyperbola 5 data, rhetoric 5 data, repetition 4 data, metaphor 2 data, ellipsis 2 data, metonymy 1 data, asyndeton 1 data, aptronym 1 data, euphemism 1, and litotes 1 data.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 5.2 Suggestions

Based on the conclusion above the writer was able to give suggestions, for the following suggestions:

1. For the students and the readers who are interested in analyzing literary works about short story, it is suggested to understand the figurative language contained in the short story before they understand the whole short story. By understanding the figurative languages it can help them easier to catch the real meaning and message in the short story.

2. For the further researcher, it is hoped this thesis can be used as a references to conduct another research on figurative language of different literature such as, poem, novel, song lyric or different short story.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA REFERENCES

Abrams, M.H. 1999. Glossary of Literary Terms: Seventh Edition. Cornell University.

Assefa, Zeru. 1996. Style and Historical Meaning of Three Amharic Historical Novels. Addis Ababa: AAU Libraries.

Austin, J.L. 1962. How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Berhanu, Matthews. 1994. English Poetry in Ethiopia: The Relevance of Stylistics in an EFL Context. Addis Ababa: AAU Libraries.

Black. E. 2006. Pragmatic Stylistic. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Griffiths, Patrick. 2006. An Introduction to English Sematic and Pragmatic. Edinburgh: University Press.

Jones, Edward. H. 1968. Outlines of Literature: Short Stories, Novel, And Poems. USA: The Macmillan Company.

Katz, Albert N. 1998. Figurative Language and Thought. New York: Oxford University Press.

Kennedy, X.J. 1991. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Fifth Edition. New York: Harper Collins Publisher.

Kerafe, Gorys. 2010. Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka.

Leech, G. 1969. A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry. London: Longman.

Leech, G. and Short, M.H. 2007. Style in Fiction: Second Edition. London: Pearson Education Limited.

Little, Graham. 1985. Approach to Literature: An Introduction to Critical Study of Content Method in Writing. Australia: Science Press, NSW.

Oxford Learner‟s Pocket Dictionary. 2008. Oxford University Press.

Perrine, L. 1969. Sound and Sense. New York: Harcourt, Brace &World Inc.

Simpson, P. 2004. Stylistics: A Resource Book for Students. London: Routledge.

Taylor, R. 1981. Understanding the Elements of Literature. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd. 42

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Widdowson, H. G. 1975. Stylistics and the Teaching of Literature. London.

Yule, G. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Zenebech, Zerfu. 2000. Stylistic Analysis in the Works of Kirk Franklin and Cece Winans. Addis Ababa: AAU Libraries.

Zerihun, Asfaw. 1983. The Literary Styles of Haddis Alemayehu and Baalu Girma. Addis Ababa: AAU Libraries.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA APPENDIX

THE LITTLE MATCH GIRL

It was terribly cold and nearly dark on the last evening of the old year, and the snow was falling fast. In the cold and the darkness, a poor little girl, with bare head and naked feet, roamed through the streets. It is true she had on a pair of slippers when she left home, but they were not of much use. They were very large, so large, indeed, that they had belonged to her mother, and the poor little creature had lost them in running across the street to avoid two carriages that were rolling along at a terrible rate. One of the slippers she could not find, and a boy seized upon the other and ran away with it, saying that he could use it as a cradle, when he had children of his own. So the little girl went on with her little naked feet, which were quite red and blue with the cold.

In an old apron she carried a number of matches, and had a bundle of them in her hands. No one had bought anything of her the whole day, nor had any one given here even a penny. Shivering with cold and hunger, she crept along; poor little child, she looked the picture of misery. The snowflakes fell on her long, fair hair, which hung in curls on her shoulders, but she regarded them not.

Lights were shining from every window, and there was a savory smell of roast goose, for it was New-year's eve - yes, she remembered that. In a corner, between two houses, one of which projected beyond the other, she sank down and huddled herself together. She had drawn her little feet under her, but she could not keep off the cold; and she dared not go home, for she had sold no matches, and could not take home even a penny of money. Her father would certainly beat her; besides, it was almost as cold at home as here, for they had only the roof to cover them, through which the wind howled, although the largest holes had been stopped up with straw and rags.

Her little hands were almost frozen with the cold. Ah! perhaps a burning match might be some good, if she could draw it from the bundle and strike it against the wall, just to warm her fingers.

She drew one out - "scratch!" how it sputtered as it burnt! It gave a warm, bright light, like a little candle, as she held her hand over it. It was really a wonderful light. It seemed to the little girl that she was sitting by a large iron stove, with polished brass feet and a brass ornament. How the fire burned! and seemed so beautifully warm that the child stretched out her feet as if to warm them, when, lo! the flame of the match went out, the stove vanished, and she had only the remains of the half- burnt match in her hand.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA She rubbed another match on the wall. It burst into a flame, and where its light fell upon the wall it became as transparent as a veil, and she could see into the room. The table was covered with a snowy white table-cloth, on which stood a splendid dinner service, and a steaming roast goose, stuffed with apples and dried plums. And what was still more wonderful, the goose jumped down from the dish and waddled across the floor, with a knife and fork in its breast, to the little girl. Then the match went out, and there remained nothing but the thick, damp, cold wall before her.

She lighted another match, and then she found herself sitting under a beautiful Christmas-tree. It was larger and more beautifully decorated than the one which she had seen through the glass door at the rich merchant's. Thousands of tapers were burning upon the green branches, and colored pictures, like those she had seen in the show-windows, looked down upon it all. The little one stretched out her hand towards them, and the match went out.

The Christmas lights rose higher and higher, till they looked to her like the stars in the sky. Then she saw a star fall, leaving behind it a bright streak of fire. "Some one is dying," thought the little girl, for her old grandmother, the only one who had ever loved her, and who was now dead, had told her that when a star falls, a soul was going up to God.

She again rubbed a match on the wall, and the light shone round her; in the brightness stood her old grandmother, clear and shining, yet mild and loving in her appearance.

"Grandmother," cried the little one, "O take me with you; I know you will go away when the match burns out; you will vanish like the warm stove, the roast goose, and the large, glorious Christmas-tree."

And she made haste to light the whole bundle of matches, for she wished to keep her grandmother there. And the matches glowed with a light that was brighter than the noon-day, and her grandmother had never appeared so large or so beautiful. She took the little girl in her arms, and they both flew upwards in brightness and joy far above the earth, where there was neither cold nor hunger nor pain, for they were with God.

In the dawn of morning there lay the poor little one, with pale cheeks and smiling mouth, leaning against the wall; she had been frozen to death on the last evening of the year; and the New-year's sun rose and shone upon a little corpse! The child still sat, in the stiffness of death, holding the matches in her hand, one bundle of which was burnt.

"She tried to warm herself," said some.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA No one imagined what beautiful things she had seen, nor into what glory she had entered with her grandmother, on New-year's day.

WHAT YOU WANT

Night had fallen on that great and beautiful city known as Bagdad-on-the-Subway. And with the night came the enchanted glamour that belongs not to Arabia alone. In different masquerade the streets, bazaars and walled houses of the occidental city of romance were filled with the same kind of folk that so much interested our interesting old friend, the late Mr. H. A. Rashid. They wore clothes eleven hundred years nearer to the latest styles than H. A. saw in old Bagdad; but they were about the same people underneath. With the eye of faith, you could have seen the Little Hunchback, Sinbad the Sailor, Fitbad the Tailor, the Beautiful Persian, the one-eyed Calenders, Ali Baba and Forty Robbers on every block, and the Barber and his Six Brothers, and all the old Arabian gang easily.

But let us revenue to our lamb chops.

Old Tom Crowley was a caliph. He had $42,000,000 in preferred stocks and bonds with solid gold edges. In these times, to be called a caliph you must have money. The old-style caliph business as conducted by Mr. Rashid is not safe. If you hold up a person nowadays in a bazaar or a Turkish bath or a side street, and inquire into his private and personal affairs, the police court'll get you.

Old Tom was tired of clubs, theatres, dinners, friends, music, money and everything. That's what makes a caliph - you must get to despise everything that money can buy, and then go out and try to want something that you can't pay for.

"I'll take a little trot around town all by myself," thought old Tom, "and try if I can stir up anything new. Let's see - it seems I've read about a king or a Cardiff giant or something in old times who used to go about with false whiskers on, making Persian dates with folks he hadn't been introduced to. That don't listen like a bad idea. I certainly have got a case of humdrumness and fatigue on for the ones I do know. That old Cardiff used to pick up cases of trouble as he ran upon 'em and give 'em gold - sequins, I think it was - and make 'em marry or got 'em good Government jobs. Now, I'd like something of that sort. My money is as good as his was even if the magazines do ask me every month where I got it. Yes, I guess I'll do a little Cardiff business to- night, and see how it goes."

Plainly dressed, old Tom Crowley left his Madison Avenue palace, and walked westward and then south. As he stepped to the sidewalk, Fate, who holds the ends of

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA the strings in the central offices of all the enchanted cities pulled a thread, and a young man twenty blocks away looked at a wall clock, and then put on his coat.

James Turner worked in one of those little hat-cleaning establishments on Sixth Avenue in which a fire alarms rings when you push the door open, and where they clean your hat while you wait - two days. James stood all day at an electric machine that turned hats around faster than the best brands of champagne ever could have done. Overlooking your mild impertinence in feeling a curiosity about the personal appearance of a stranger, I will give you a modified description of him. Weight, 118; complexion, hair and brain, light; height, five feet six; age, about twenty-three; dressed in a $10 suit of greenish-blue serge; pockets containing two keys and sixty- three cents in change.

But do not misconjecture because this description sounds like a General Alarm that James was either lost or a dead one.

Allons!

James stood all day at his work. His feet were tender and extremely susceptible to impositions being put upon or below them. All day long they burned and smarted, causing him much suffering and inconvenience. But he was earning twelve dollars per week, which he needed to support his feet whether his feet would support him or not.

James Turner had his own conception of what happiness was, just as you and I have ours. Your delight is to gad about the world in yachts and motor-cars and to hurl ducats at wild fowl. Mine is to smoke a pipe at evenfall and watch a badger, a rattlesnake, and an owl go into their common prairie home one by one.

James Turner's idea of bliss was different; but it was his. He would go directly to his boarding-house when his day's work was done. After his supper of small steak, Bessemer potatoes, stooed (not stewed) apples and infusion of chicory, he would ascend to his fifth-floor-back hall room. Then he would take off his shoes and socks, place the soles of his burning feet against the cold bars of his iron bed, and read Clark Russell's sea yarns. The delicious relief of the cool metal applied to his smarting soles was his nightly joy. His favorite novels never palled upon him; the sea and the adventures of its navigators were his sole intellectual passion. No millionaire was ever happier than James Turner taking his ease.

When James left the hat-cleaning shop he walked three blocks out of his way home to look over the goods of a second-hand bookstall. On the sidewalk stands he had more than once picked up a paper-covered volume of Clark Russell at half price.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA While he was bending with a scholarly stoop over the marked-down miscellany of cast-off literature, old Tom the caliph sauntered by. His discerning eye, made keen by twenty years' experience in the manufacture of laundry soap (save the wrappers!) recognized instantly the poor and discerning scholar, a worthy object of his caliphanous mood. He descended the two shallow stone steps that led from the sidewalk, and addressed without hesitation the object of his designed munificence. His first words were no worse than salutatory and tentative.

James Turner looked up coldly, with "Sartor Resartus" in one hand and "A Mad Marriage" in the other.

"Beat it," said he. "I don't want to buy any coat hangers or town lots in Hankipoo, New Jersey. Run along, now, and play with your Teddy bear."

"Young man," said the caliph, ignoring the flippancy of the hat cleaner, "I observe that you are of a studious disposition. Learning is one of the finest things in the world. I never had any of it worth mentioning, but I admire to see it in others. I come from the West, where we imagine nothing but facts. Maybe I couldn't understand the poetry and allusions in them books you are picking over, but I like to see somebody else seem to know what they mean. I'm worth about $40,000,000, and I'm getting richer every day. I made the height of it manufacturing Aunt Patty's Silver Soap. I invented the art of making it. I experimented for three years before I got just the right quantity of chloride of sodium solution and caustic potash mixture to curdle properly. And after I had taken some $9,000,000 out of the soap business I made the rest in corn and wheat futures. Now, you seem to have the literary and scholarly turn of character; and I'll tell you what I'll do. I'll pay for your education at the finest college in the world. I'll pay the expense of your rummaging over Europe and the art galleries, and finally set you up in a good business. You needn't make it soap if you have any objections. I see by your clothes and frazzled necktie that you are mighty poor; and you can't afford to turn down the offer. Well, when do you want to begin?"

The hat cleaner turned upon old Tom the eye of the Big City, which is an eye expressive of cold and justifiable suspicion, of judgment suspended as high as Haman was hung, of self-preservation, of challenge, curiosity, defiance, cynicism, and, strange as you may think it, of a childlike yearning for friendliness and fellowship that must be hidden when one walks among the "stranger bands." For in New Bagdad one, in order to survive, must suspect whosoever sits, dwells, drinks, rides, walks or sleeps in the adjacent chair, house, booth, seat, path or room.

"Say, Mike," said James Turner, "what's your line, anyway - shoe laces? I'm not buying anything. You better put an egg in your shoe and beat it before incidents occur to you. You can't work off any fountain pens, gold spectacles you found on the street, or trust company certificate house clearings on me. Say, do I look like I'd climbed

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA down one of them missing fire-escapes at Helicon Hall? What's vitiating you, anyhow?"

"Son," said the caliph, in his most Harunish tones, "as I said, I'm worth $40,000,000. I don't want to have it all put in my coffin when I die. I want to do some good with it. I seen you handling over these here volumes of literature, and I thought I'd keep you. I've give the missionary societies $2,000,000, but what did I get out of it? Nothing but a receipt from the secretary. Now, you are just the kind of young man I'd like to take up and see what money could make of him."

Volumes of Clark Russell were hard to find that evening at the Old Book Shop. And James Turner's smarting and aching feet did not tend to improve his temper. Humble hat cleaner though he was, he had a spirit equal to any caliph's.

"Say, you old faker," he said, angrily, "be on your way. I don't know what your game is, unless you want change for a bogus $40,000,000 bill. Well, I don't carry that much around with me. But I do carry a pretty fair left-handed punch that you'll get if you don't move on."

"You are a blamed impudent little gutter pup," said the caliph.

Then James delivered his self-praised punch; old Tom seized him by the collar and kicked him thrice; the hat cleaner rallied and clinched; two bookstands were overturned, and the books sent flying. A copy came up, took an arm of each, and marched them to the nearest station house. "Fighting and disorderly conduct," said the cop to the sergeant.

"Three hundred dollars bail," said the sergeant at once, asseveratingly and inquiringly.

"Sixty-three cents," said James Turner with a harsh laugh.

The caliph searched his pockets and collected small bills and change amounting to four dollars.

"I am worth," he said, "forty million dollars, but -"

"Lock 'em up," ordered the sergeant.

In his cell, James Turner laid himself on his cot, ruminating. "Maybe he's got the money, and maybe he ain't. But if he has or he ain't, what does he want to go 'round butting into other folks's business for? When a man knows what he wants, and can get it, it's the same as $40,000,000 to him."

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Then an idea came to him that brought a pleased look to his face.

He removed his socks, drew his cot close to the door, stretched himself out luxuriously, and placed his tortured feet against the cold bars of the cell door. Something hard and bulky under the blankets of his cot gave one shoulder discomfort. He reached under, and drew out a paper-covered volume by Clark Russell called "A Sailor's Sweetheart." He gave a great sigh of contentment.

Presently, to his cell came the doorman and said:

"Say, kid, that old gazabo that was pinched with you for scrapping seems to have been the goods after all. He 'phoned to his friends, and he's out at the desk now with a roll of yellowbacks as big as a Pullman car pillow. He wants to bail you, and for you to come out and see him."

"Tell him I ain't in," said James Turner.

THE GIFT OF THE MAGI

One dollar and eighty-seven cents. That was all. And sixty cents of it was in pennies. Pennies saved one and two at a time by bulldozing the grocer and the vegetable man and the butcher until one's cheeks burned with the silent imputation of parsimony that such close dealing implied. Three times Della counted it. One dollar and eighty-seven cents. And the next day would be Christmas.

There was clearly nothing left to do but flop down on the shabby little couch and howl. So Della did it. Which instigates the moral reflection that life is made up of sobs, sniffles, and smiles, with sniffles predominating.

While the mistress of the home is gradually subsiding from the first stage to the second, take a look at the home. A furnished flat at $8 per week. It did not exactly beggar description, but it certainly had that word on the look-out for the mendicancy squad.

In the vestibule below was a letter-box into which no letter would go, and an electric button from which no mortal finger could coax a ring. Also appertaining thereunto was a card bearing the name "Mr. James Dillingham Young."

The "Dillingham" had been flung to the breeze during a former period of prosperity when its possessor was being paid $30 per week. Now, when the income was shrunk to $20, the letters of "Dillingham" looked blurred, as though they were thinking seriously of contracting to a modest and unassuming D. But whenever Mr.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA James Dillingham Young came home and reached his flat above he was called "Jim" and greatly hugged by Mrs. James Dillingham Young, already introduced to you as Della. Which is all very good.

Della finished her cry and attended to her cheeks with the powder rag. She stood by the window and looked out dully at a grey cat walking a grey fence in a grey backyard. To-morrow would be Christmas Day, and she had only $1.87 with which to buy Jim a present. She had been saving every penny she could for months, with this result. Twenty dollars a week doesn't go far. Expenses had been greater than she had calculated. They always are. Only $1.87 to buy a present for Jim. Her Jim. Many a happy hour she had spent planning for something nice for him. Something fine and rare and sterling - something just a little bit near to being worthy of the honour of being owned by Jim.

There was a pier-glass between the windows of the room. Perhaps you have seen a pier-glass in an $8 Bat. A very thin and very agile person may, by observing his reflection in a rapid sequence of longitudinal strips, obtain a fairly accurate conception of his looks. Della, being slender, had mastered the art.

Suddenly she whirled from the window and stood before the glass. Her eyes were shining brilliantly, but her face had lost its colour within twenty seconds. Rapidly she pulled down her hair and let it fall to its full length.

Now, there were two possessions of the James Dillingham Youngs in which they both took a mighty pride. One was Jim's gold watch that had been his father's and his grandfather's. The other was Della's hair. Had the Queen of Sheba lived in the flat across the airshaft, Della would have let her hair hang out of the window some day to dry just to depreciate Her Majesty's jewels and gifts. Had King Solomon been the janitor, with all his treasures piled up in the basement, Jim would have pulled out his watch every time he passed, just to see him pluck at his beard from envy.

So now Della's beautiful hair fell about her, rippling and shining like a cascade of brown waters. It reached below her knee and made itself almost a garment for her. And then she did it up again nervously and quickly. Once she faltered for a minute and stood still while a tear or two splashed on the worn red carpet.

On went her old brown jacket; on went her old brown hat. With a whirl of skirts and with the brilliant sparkle still in her eyes, she cluttered out of the door and down the stairs to the street.

Where she stopped the sign read: 'Mme Sofronie. Hair Goods of All Kinds.' One Eight up Della ran, and collected herself, panting. Madame, large, too white, chilly, hardly looked the 'Sofronie.'

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA "Will you buy my hair?" asked Della.

"I buy hair," said Madame. "Take yer hat off and let's have a sight at the looks of it."

Down rippled the brown cascade.

"Twenty dollars," said Madame, lifting the mass with a practised hand.

"Give it to me quick" said Della.

Oh, and the next two hours tripped by on rosy wings. Forget the hashed metaphor. She was ransacking the stores for Jim's present.

She found it at last. It surely had been made for Jim and no one else. There was no other like it in any of the stores, and she had turned all of them inside out. It was a platinum fob chain simple and chaste in design, properly proclaiming its value by substance alone and not by meretricious ornamentation - as all good things should do. It was even worthy of The Watch. As soon as she saw it she knew that it must be Jim's. It was like him. Quietness and value - the description applied to both. Twenty- one dollars they took from her for it, and she hurried home with the 78 cents. With that chain on his watch Jim might be properly anxious about the time in any company. Grand as the watch was, he sometimes looked at it on the sly on account of the old leather strap that he used in place of a chain.

When Della reached home her intoxication gave way a little to prudence and reason. She got out her curling irons and lighted the gas and went to work repairing the ravages made by generosity added to love. Which is always a tremendous task dear friends - a mammoth task.

Within forty minutes her head was covered with tiny, close-lying curls that made her look wonderfully like a truant schoolboy. She looked at her reflection in the mirror long, carefully, and critically.

"If Jim doesn't kill me," she said to herself, "before he takes a second look at me, he'll say I look like a Coney Island chorus girl. But what could I do - oh! what could I do with a dollar and eighty-seven cents?"

At 7 o'clock the coffee was made and the frying-pan was on the back of the stove hot and ready to cook the chops.

Jim was never late. Della doubled the fob chain in her hand and sat on the corner of the table near the door that he always entered. Then she heard his step on the stair away down on the first flight, and she turned white for just a moment. She had a habit

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA of saying little silent prayers about the simplest everyday things, and now she whispered: "Please, God, make him think I am still pretty."

The door opened and Jim stepped in and closed it. He looked thin and very serious. Poor fellow, he was only twenty-two - and to be burdened with a family! He needed a new overcoat and he was with out gloves.

Jim stepped inside the door, as immovable as a setter at the scent of quail. His eyes were fixed upon Della, and there was an expression in them that she could not read, and it terrified her. It was not anger, nor surprise, nor disapproval, nor horror, nor any of the sentiments that she had been prepared for. He simply stared at her fixedly with that peculiar expression on his face.

Della wriggled off the table and went for him.

"Jim, darling," she cried, "don't look at me that way. I had my hair cut off and sold it because I couldn't have lived through Christmas without giving you a present. It'll grow out again - you won't mind, will you? I just had to do it. My hair grows awfully fast. Say 'Merry Christmas!' Jim, and let's be happy. You don't know what a nice- what a beautiful, nice gift I've got for you."

"You've cut off your hair?" asked Jim, laboriously, as if he had not arrived at that patent fact yet, even after the hardest mental labour.

"Cut it off and sold it," said Della. "Don't you like me just as well, anyhow? I'm me without my hair, ain't I?"

Jim looked about the room curiously.

"You say your hair is gone?" he said, with an air almost of idiocy.

"You needn't look for it," said Della. "It's sold, I tell you - sold and gone, too. It's Christmas Eve, boy. Be good to me, for it went for you. Maybe the hairs of my head were numbered," she went on with a sudden serious sweetness, "but nobody could ever count my love for you. Shall I put the chops on, Jim?"

Out of his trance Jim seemed quickly to wake. He enfolded his Della. For ten seconds let us regard with discreet scrutiny some inconsequential object in the other direction. Eight dollars a week or a million a year - what is the difference? A mathematician or a wit would give you the wrong answer. The magi brought valuable gifts, but that was not among them. This dark assertion will be illuminated later on.

Jim drew a package from his overcoat pocket and threw it upon the table.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA "Don't make any mistake, Dell," he said, "about me. I don't think there's anything in the way of a haircut or a shave or a shampoo that could make me like my girl any less. But if you'll unwrap that package you may see why you had me going a while at first."

White fingers and nimble tore at the string and paper. And then an ecstatic scream of joy; and then, alas! a quick feminine change to hysterical tears and wails, necessitating the immediate employment of all the comforting powers of the lord of the flat.

For there lay The Combs - the set of combs, side and back, that Della had worshipped for long in a Broadway window. Beautiful combs, pure tortoise-shell, with jewelled rims - just the shade to wear in the beautiful vanished hair. They were expensive combs, she knew, and her heart had simply craved and yearned over them without the least hope of possession. And now, they were hers, but the tresses that should have adorned the coveted adornments were gone.

But she hugged them to her bosom, and at length she was able to look up with dim eyes and a smile and say: "My hair grows so fast, Jim!"

And then Della leaped up like a little singed cat and cried, "Oh, oh!"

Jim had not yet seen his beautiful present. She held it out to him eagerly upon her open palm. The dull precious metal seemed to {lash with a reflection of her bright and ardent spirit.

"Isn't it a dandy, Jim? I hunted all over town to find it. You'll have to look at the time a hundred times a day now. Give me your watch. I want to see how it looks on it."

Instead of obeying, Jim tumbled down on the couch and put his hands under the back of his head and smiled.

"Dell," said he, "let's put our Christmas presents away and keep 'em a while. They're too nice to use just at present. I sold the watch to get the money to buy your combs. And now suppose you put the chops on."

The magi, as you know, were wise men - wonderfully wise men - who brought gifts to the Babe in the manger. They invented the art of giving Christmas presents. Being wise, their gifts were no doubt wise ones, possibly bearing the privilege of exchange in case of duplication. And here I have lamely related to you the uneventful chronicle of two foolish children in a flat who most unwisely sacrificed for each other the greatest treasures of their house. But in a last word to the wise of these days let it

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA be said that of all who give gifts these two were the wisest. Of all who give and receive gifts, such as they are wisest. Everywhere they are wisest. They are the magi.

HEARTS AND HANDS

At Denver there was an influx of passengers into the coaches on the eastbound B. & M. express. In one coach there sat a very pretty young woman dressed in elegant taste and surrounded by all the luxurious comforts of an experienced traveler. Among the newcomers were two young men, one of handsome presence with a bold, frank countenance and manner; the other a ruffled, glum-faced person, heavily built and roughly dressed. The two were handcuffed together

As they passed down the aisle of the coach the only vacant seat offered was a reversed one facing the attractive young woman. Here the linked couple seated themselves. The young woman's glance fell upon them with a distant, swift disinterest; then with a lovely smile brightening her countenance and a tender pink tingeing her rounded cheeks, she held out a little gray-gloved hand. When she spoke her voice, full, sweet, and deliberate, proclaimed that its owner was accustomed to speak and be heard.

"Well, Mr. Easton, if you will make me speak first, I suppose I must. Don't you ever recognize old friends when you meet them in the West?"

The younger man roused himself sharply at the sound of her voice, seemed to struggle with a slight embarrassment which he threw off instantly, and then clasped her fingers with his left hand.

"It's Miss Fairchild," he said, with a smile. "I'll ask you to excuse the other hand; "it's otherwise engaged just at present."

He slightly raised his right hand, bound at the wrist by the shining "bracelet" to the left one of his companion. The glad look in the girl's eyes slowly changed to a bewildered horror. The glow faded from her cheeks. Her lips parted in a vague, relaxing distress. Easton, with a little laugh, as if amused, was about to speak again when the other forestalled him. The glum-faced man had been watching the girl's countenance with veiled glances from his keen, shrewd eyes.

"You'll excuse me for speaking, miss, but, I see you're acquainted with the marshall here. If you'll ask him to speak a word for me when we get to the pen he'll do it, and it'll make things easier for me there. He's taking me to Leavenworth prison. It's seven years for counterfeiting."

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA "Oh!" said the girl, with a deep breath and returning color. "So that is what you are doing out here? A marshal!"

"My dear Miss Fairchild," said Easton, calmly, "I had to do something. Money has a way of taking wings unto itself, and you know it takes money to keep step with our crowd in Washington. I saw this opening in the West, and--well, a marshalship isn't quite as high a position as that of ambassador, but--"

"The ambassador," said the girl, warmly, "doesn't call any more. He needn't ever have done so. You ought to know that. And so now you are one of these dashing Western heroes, and you ride and shoot and go into all kinds of dangers. That's different from the Washington life. You have been missed from the old crowd."

The girl's eyes, fascinated, went back, widening a little, to rest upon the glittering handcuffs.

"Don't you worry about them, miss," said the other man. "All marshals handcuff themselves to their prisoners to keep them from getting away. Mr. Easton knows his business."

"Will we see you again soon in Washington?" asked the girl.

"Not soon, I think," said Easton. "My butterfly days are over, I fear."

"I love the West," said the girl irrelevantly. Her eyes were shining softly. She looked away out the car window. She began to speak truly and simply without the gloss of style and manner: "Mamma and I spent the summer in Denver. She went home a week ago because father was slightly ill. I could live and be happy in the West. I think the air here agrees with me. Money isn't everything. But people always misunderstand things and remain stupid--"

"Say, Mr. Marshal," growled the glum-faced man. "This isn't quite fair. I'm needing a drink, and haven't had a smoke all day. Haven't you talked long enough? Take me in the smoker now, won't you? I'm half dead for a pipe."

The bound travelers rose to their feet, Easton with the same slow smile on his face. "I can't deny a petition for tobacco," he said, lightly. "It's the one friend of the unfortunate. Good-bye, Miss Fairchild. Duty calls, you know." He held out his hand for a farewell.

"It's too bad you are not going East," she said, reclothing herself with manner and style. "But you must go on to Leavenworth, I suppose?"

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA "Yes," said Easton, "I must go on to Leavenworth." The two men sidled down the aisle into the smoker.

The two passengers in a seat near by had heard most of the conversation. Said one of them: "That marshal's a good sort of chap. Some of these Western fellows are all right."

"Pretty young to hold an office like that, isn't he?" asked the other.

"Young!" exclaimed the first speaker, "why--Oh! didn't you catch on? Say-- did you ever know an officer to handcuff a prisoner to his right hand?"

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA