DOCSLIB.ORG

Style, Colour and Historic Character in a Modern Chinese City - the Case of Harbin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Style, Colour and Historic Character in a Modern Chinese City - the Case of Harbin REGULATION OF URBAN CHARACTER: STYLE, COLOUR AND HISTORIC CHARACTER IN A MODERN CHINESE CITY - THE CASE OF HARBIN A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2013 By Zhenbo Yu School of Environment and Development University of Manchester LIST OF CONTENT LIST OF CONTENT ............................................................................................ 3 LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................. 9 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... 12 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................. 13 ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... 14 DECLARATION ................................................................................................. 15 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ............................................................................. 15 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................. 16 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 19 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH .................................................................................. 19 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................... 23 1.3 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS .............................................................................................. 23 CHAPTER 2 SENSE OF PLACE, CHARACTER AND DESIGN ............. 29 2.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 29 2.2 WHAT IS CHARACTER? ....................................................................................................... 29 2.2.1 Roots of Character .................................................................................. 30 2.2.2 Essences of Character ............................................................................. 32 2.2.2.1 Connection ..................................................................................... 32 2.2.2.2 Tangible configuration .................................................................. 34 2.2.3 Expression of Character .......................................................................... 35 2.3 COULD CHARACTER BE CHANGED? ............................................................................... 37 2.3.1 Designability ........................................................................................... 38 2.3.2 Acceptability ........................................................................................... 40 2.4 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................ 41 CHAPTER 3 REGULATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL PRACTICES ... 47 3.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 47 3.2 GLOBAL PLANNING FOR URBAN CHARACTER ............................................................ 47 3.3 CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL PRACTICES ................................................................... 49 3.3.1 Attitudes towards Conservation, Regeneration and New Development . 49 3.3.2 Principles and Guidance ......................................................................... 52 3.3.2.1 Principles ....................................................................................... 52 3.3.2.2 Guidance ........................................................................................ 53 3.3.3 Character Mapping, Zoning, and Statements .......................................... 54 3.3.4 Urban Coding Systems ........................................................................... 61 3 3.3.5 Components and Regulating Elements .................................................. 68 3.4 LESSONS AND EXPERIENCES ............................................................................................ 71 3.4.1 Planning Contexts .................................................................................. 71 3.4.2 Urban Coding System ............................................................................ 76 3.4.3 Components of Urban Character............................................................ 77 3.4.4 Contents of Regulation .......................................................................... 79 3.5 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................ 82 CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH METHOD AND CASE STUDY SELECTION87 4.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 87 4.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ...................................................................................................... 87 4.2.1 Aims and Objectives .............................................................................. 87 4.2.2 Conceptual Framework .......................................................................... 89 4.3 RESEARCH STRATEGIES .................................................................................................... 92 4.3.1 Documentary Analysis ........................................................................... 92 4.3.2 Case Studies ........................................................................................... 94 4.3.2.1 Selection of the case study city .....................................................94 4.3.2.2 Selection of urban sites ..................................................................95 4.3.3 In-depth Interviews ................................................................................ 97 4.3.4 Observations ........................................................................................ 102 4.4 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 102 CHAPTER 5 POLICY CONTEXT - NATIONAL AND LOCAL ............ 107 5.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 107 5.2 EVOLUTION OF CHINESE PLANNING CONTEXT ......................................................... 107 5.2.1 Before 1949: Chinese Cultures and European Theories ...................... 108 5.2.2 1949–1980s: Socialism in Functional and Physical Planning ............. 109 5.2.3 1980s–2000: Technical Planning .......................................................... 110 5.2.4 After 2000: Rapid Economic Growth and Complications .................... 112 5.3 CURRENT CHINESE PLANNING AND FRAMEWORKS ................................................ 113 5.3.1 The Government System ....................................................................... 113 5.3.2 Urban Planning System ......................................................................... 115 5.3.2.1 Urban planning administrative system ........................................ 116 5.3.2.2 Planning legislation system ......................................................... 118 5.3.3 Planning Policies about Urban Character ............................................ 120 5.3.3.1 Comprehensive planning .............................................................120 5.3.3.2 Detailed planning .........................................................................121 5.3.3.3 Planning related laws and regulations .........................................123 5.4 MAIN CONCERNS ABOUT EXISTING CHINESE POLICIES .......................................... 123 5.4.1 Misunderstandings about Urban Character .......................................... 124 5.4.1.1 The aesthetic mainstream of character ........................................124 5.4.1.2 Ambitions and political targets ....................................................125 5.4.2 Deficiencies in Chinese Planning Contexts ......................................... 126 4 5.4.2.1 Simplified ‗physical design‘ ........................................................ 126 5.4.2.2 Potential risks of zoning methods for conservation .................... 127 5.4.2.3 Ex-post regulation ....................................................................... 127 5.4.3 Discrete Hierarchy and Isolated Guidelines ......................................... 130 5.4.4 Incomplete Planning System ................................................................ 130 5.5 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 131 CHAPTER 6 HARBIN INTRODUCTION AND CASE STUDIES .......... 135 6.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 135 6.2 BACKGROUNDS OF HARBIN ........................................................................................... 135 6.2.1 Geographical Backgrounds ................................................................... 136 6.2.2 Policy Evolutions .................................................................................. 137 6.2.2.1 Russian intervention .................................................................... 137 6.2.2.2 Japanese intervention .................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Design Dimension of China's Planning System: Urban Design for Development Control
    International Planning Studies ISSN: 1356-3475 (Print) 1469-9265 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cips20 The design dimension of China's planning system: urban design for development control Fei Chen To cite this article: Fei Chen (2016) The design dimension of China's planning system: urban design for development control, International Planning Studies, 21:1, 81-100 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13563475.2015.1114452 © 2015 The Author(s). Published by Taylor & Francis. Published online: 18 Dec 2015. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=cips20 Download by: [University of Liverpool] Date: 18 December 2015, At: 05:28 INTERNATIONAL PLANNING STUDIES, 2016 VOL. 21, NO. 1, 81–100 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13563475.2015.1114452 The design dimension of China’s planning system: urban design for development control Fei Chen School of Architecture, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK ABSTRACT This paper investigates the design dimension of China’s legal planning framework. It aims to identify the design principles which have been followed in practice, those design elements which have been considered by designers and planners as part of development control, and the extent to which urban design outcomes have been adopted in specific legal plans. It examines 14 urban design cases from Nanjing which were produced in conjunction with the relevant legal plans between 2009 and 2013. The study suggests that in China, urban design has been facing a number of challenges, including limited coverage of design elements, inconsistencies in the design principles followed, an incompatibility between design outcomes and legal plans, and an underestimation of the role of urban design in the delivery process of development control.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Governance of Economic Upgrading Processes in China the Case of Guangzhou Science City
    Internationales Asienforum, Vol. 41 (2010), No. 1–2, pp. 57–82 Urban Governance of Economic Upgrading Processes in China The Case of Guangzhou Science City FRIEDERIKE SCHRÖDER / MICHAEL WAIBEL Introduction China’s export-oriented regions such as the so-called “factory of the world” – the Pearl River Delta1 (PRD) in south China – have been particularly affected by the global financial and economic crisis. Thousands of migrants mostly working in the low value-added manufacturing sector were laid off due to the closure of plants virtually overnight. However, the crisis hit the region in the middle of a deliberately planned economic upgrading process encouraging the shift of its economic structure from labor-intensive manu- facturing towards higher value-added services and high-tech2 industries. This upgrading process is embedded in the national “Plan for the Reform and Development of the Pearl River Delta (2008 to 2020)” initiated by the National Reform and Development Commission. Hereby, national and provincial governments are seeking to build up a more advanced industrial system by prioritizing the development of modern service industries such as _______________ 1 The PRD is variously defined. In our paper we use this term to include the cities of Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Dongguan, Foshan, Zhongshan, Zhuhai, as well as parts of Huizhou and Zhaoqing. This priority development area was designated as “Pearl River Delta Open Economic Region” by the State Council of People Government of China in the mid-1980s (Philipps & Yeh, 1990). The inclusion of the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macao in this spatial entity is commonly referred to as the so- called “Greater Pearl River Delta”.
    [Show full text]
  • Wang, Weikai (2020) the Discourse, Governance and Configurations of Polycentricity in Transitional China: a Case Study of Tianjin
    Wang, Weikai (2020) The discourse, governance and configurations of polycentricity in transitional China: a case study of Tianjin. PhD thesis. https://theses.gla.ac.uk/81666/ Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] The Discourses, Governance and Configurations of Polycentricity in Transitional China: A Case Study of Tianjin Weikai Wang BSc, MSc Peking University Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Philosophy School of Social and Political Sciences College of Social Science University of Glasgow September 2020 Abstract Polycentricity has been identified as a prominent feature of modern landscapes as well as a buzzword in spatial planning at a range of scales worldwide. Since the Reform and Opening- up Policy in 1978, major cities in China have experienced significant polycentric transition manifested by their new spatial policy framework and reshaped spatial structure. The polycentric transformation has provoked academics’ interests on structural and performance analysis in quantitative ways recently. However, little research investigates the nature of (re)formation and implementation of polycentric development policies in Chinese cities from a processual and critical perspective.
    [Show full text]
  • China's Master Planning System in Transition Case Study on Beijing
    Gu Chaolin, Yuan Xiaohui and Guo Jing, China’s master planning system in transition: case study of Beijing, 46th ISOCARP Congress 2010 China’s master planning system in transition Case study on Beijing Gu Chaolin Yuan Xiaohui Guo Jing 1. Introduction Ever since China reformed and opened up to the world in 1978, there were immense changes taken place in structure and system framework of society, economy and space. The service industry has entered the fast development track and the economic structure is speedily adjusting. Millions of farmers left their land to look for new development. In this period, industrialization and urbanization kept pushing forward. Thus, the conflicts between rural and urban development deteriorated and social migration is increasing. The largest dualistic economy entity in the world is changing. During this period, resource consumption increases rapidly in volume and environmental pressure continues to increase. In fact, China’s urban planning system play an important role for its development and growth as well as resource and environmental problems. This paper will discuss the great changes of the China’s urban planning system and have a Beijing case study during that time. In general, Urban planning in China first 30 years used the former Soviet Union urban planning model according to the planned economy system. Urban planning is implementation in space of the state economic development plans. The second 30 years exploring national conditions of the socialist market economic system in urban planning. Traditional urban planning system is broken and the new planning system also can not copy urban planning system from the European market economy countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Planning in China Shanghai: City Planning ''With a Human Face'
    Urban Planning in China Shanghai: City Planning ”With a Human Face” The Case of the Gubei Pedestrian Promenade (GPP): The Pedestrianisation of a Densely Populated Area Brigitte Bertoncello, Lély Tan, Jian Zhuo To cite this version: Brigitte Bertoncello, Lély Tan, Jian Zhuo. Urban Planning in China Shanghai: City Planning ”With a Human Face” The Case of the Gubei Pedestrian Promenade (GPP): The Pedestrianisation of a Densely Populated Area. China perspectives, Hong Kong : French Centre for Research on Contemporary China, 2017. hal-02088276 HAL Id: hal-02088276 https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02088276 Submitted on 2 Apr 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License China Perspectives 2017/1 | 2017 Urban Planning in China Shanghai: City Planning “With a Human Face” The Case of the Gubei Pedestrian Promenade (GPP): The Pedestrianisation of a Densely Populated Area Brigitte Bertoncello, Lély Tan and Jian Zhuo Translator: Peter Brown Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/7225 ISSN: 1996-4617 Publisher Centre d'étude français sur la Chine contemporaine Printed version Date of publication: 1 March 2017 Number of pages: 87-96 ISSN: 2070-3449 Electronic reference Brigitte Bertoncello, Lély Tan and Jian Zhuo, « Shanghai: City Planning “With a Human Face” », China Perspectives [Online], 2017/1 | 2017, Online since 01 March 2018, connection on 01 March 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Redevelopment in Shenzhen, China Neoliberal Urbanism, Gentrification, and Everyday Life in Baishizhou Urban Village
    DEGREE PROJECT IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT, SECOND CYCLE, 30 CREDITS STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2019 Urban Redevelopment in Shenzhen, China Neoliberal Urbanism, Gentrification, and Everyday Life in Baishizhou Urban Village JOHAN BACKHOLM KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT Urban Redevelopment in Shenzhen, China Neoliberal Urbanism, Gentrification, and Everyday Life in Baishizhou Urban Village JOHAN BACKHOLM Master’s Thesis. AG212X Degree Project in Urban and Regional Planning, Second Cycle, 30 credits. Master’s Programme in Sustainable Urban Planning and Design, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. Supervisor: Kyle Farrell. PhD Fellow, Division of Urban and Regional Studies, Department of Urban Planning and Environment, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. Examiner: Andrew Karvonen. Associate Professor, Division of Urban and Regional Studies, Department of Urban Planning and Environment, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. Author contact: [email protected] Stockholm 2019 Abstract Urban redevelopment is increasingly used as a policy tool for economic growth by local governments in Chinese cities, which is taking place amid rapid urbanization and in an expanding globalized economy. Along with the spatial transformation, urban redevelopment often entails socioeconomic change in the form of processes of gentrification,
    [Show full text]
  • Tomorrow's Eco-City in China
    School of Environmental Science Department of Geography and Planning Tomorrow’s Eco-city in China Improving Eco-City Development though a Culture of Collaborative Communication Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Xinkai Wang May 2018 Abstract The delivery of Chinese eco-cities has met certain challenges in plan-making and the subsequent implementation of planning documents. Meanwhile, communicative and collaborative planning has been advocated as a method that can assist in decision-making and facilitating urban development in China. In the development of the ‘eco-city’, communicative and collaborative planning has met certain barriers to implementation, and has thus played a limited role in the planning system. This research aims at examining whether a communicative turn has occurred in the delivery of eco-cities with regard to sustainable development in China, discusses how communicative and collaborative planning could help to improve the development of Chinese eco-cities, and examines the methods that can achieve this. To provide an update on the difficulties of communication and collaboration in planning work, the development programmes of the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city and the Shanghai Dongtan Eco-city are reviewed and compared. The Tianjin Eco-city was approved by central government as one of several pilot areas for developing eco-cities; the Dongtan Eco-city was suspended and failed to achieve its original vision. Data and evidence was collected from the planning documents in both Tianjin and Dongtan, and combined with data collected from interviews with 12 key persons who directly engaged in the delivery of the eco-city programme in China.
    [Show full text]
  • Contemporary Urban Design in Chinese Cities
    Contemporary Urban Design in Chinese Cities Tingwei Zhang, PhD Professor, Department of Urban Planning and Policy Director, Asia and China Research Program, GCI University of Illinois at Chicago Background: China’s urbanization and the demand for urban space Many scholars have listed China’s rapid urbanization one of the world’s most important events in the 21st century. China’s urbanization has four notable characteristics: huge population base; a fluctuating trajectory; rapid growth since the 1980s; and an uneven distribution pattern. These characteristics should be attributed largely to China’s history, culture norms, and urban policies after 1949 when the communist party won the civil war and took over the power. With a total population of 1.34 billion and an urban population of 711 million in 2012, China is the largest country in the world in terms of population. However, urban population was less than 20% before the 1980s. The 2012 urbanization level was 52.6%, comparing to the level of 39.1% in 2002, showing an increase of urban population of 13.5%, or at a growth rate of 34.5% in 10 years. The population size and the rapid increase of urban residents make urban development a priority on government agenda. (Fig. 1) The increased urban population are distributed unevenly across the nation, as well as the urbanization process took place unevenly over the last 60 years. Most of the urban residents and economic activities were concentrated in the east coast region, and rapid urban population increase was recorded in the reform era after the 1980s. (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • China's New Urban Space Regulation Policies: a Study of Urban Development Boundary Delineations
    sustainability Article China’s New Urban Space Regulation Policies: A Study of Urban Development Boundary Delineations Zhuzhou Zhuang 1, Kaiyuan Li 2, Jiaxun Liu 1, Qianwen Cheng 1, Yu Gao 1, Jinxia Shan 1, Lingyan Cai 1, Qiuhao Huang 1,2,*, Yanming Chen 1,2 and Dong Chen 1 1 Department of Geographic Information Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China; [email protected] (Z.Z.); [email protected] (J.L.); [email protected] (Q.C.); [email protected] (Y.G.); [email protected] (J.S.); [email protected] (L.C.); [email protected] (Y.C.); [email protected] (D.C.) 2 Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-25-8968-1182 Academic Editor: Tan Yigitcanlar Received: 30 August 2016; Accepted: 21 December 2016; Published: 29 December 2016 Abstract: China’s rapid urbanisation has led to ecological deterioration and reduced the land available for agricultural production. The purpose of this study is to develop an urban development boundary delineation (UDBD) model using the high-tech manufacturing area of Xinbei in the District of Changzhou as a case study, and by applying remote sensing, GIS, and other technologies. China’s UDBD policies are reviewed, spatiotemporal changes since 1985 are documented, and future expansion is modelled to 2020. The simulated urban-growth patterns are analysed in relation to China’s policies for farmland preservation, ecological redlines protection areas, and housing developments. The UDBD model developed in this study satisfies regional farmland and ecological space protection constraints, while being consistent with urban development strategies.
    [Show full text]
  • Shanghai: Urban Planning Styles in Evolution
    China Perspectives 2008/4 | 2008 The City, Laboratory of the New China Shanghai: Urban Planning Styles in Evolution. Emergence of a “Harmonious Urbanisation”? Nicolas Douay Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/4731 DOI: 10.4000/chinaperspectives.4731 ISSN: 1996-4617 Publisher Centre d'étude français sur la Chine contemporaine Printed version Date of publication: 1 December 2008 Number of pages: 16-25 ISSN: 2070-3449 Electronic reference Nicolas Douay, « Shanghai: Urban Planning Styles in Evolution. », China Perspectives [Online], 2008/4 | 2008, Online since 01 December 2011, connection on 28 October 2019. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/4731 ; DOI : 10.4000/chinaperspectives.4731 © All rights reserved Special feature s e v Shanghai: Urban Planning i a t c n i e Styles in Evolution h p s c r Emergence of a “harmonious urbanisation”? e p NICOLAS DOUAY Since the 1950s, Shanghai has undergone major changes, reflected in the practice of urban planning, which has been influenced by different Western theories. Strategic and collaborative currents as well as the concept of sustainable development have helped reformulate urban planning styles. Does this renewal mean the emergence of an original model of Chinese urban planning, notably with the concept of harmonious urbanisation? he rural exodus has caused Chinese cities to swell The article begins with a presentation of the traditional plan - from 77 million inhabitants in 1953 to 190 million in ning model, then considers strategic and collaborative influ - T 1980, to 470 million in 2000, and to 650 million ences before examining whether a new Chinese approach is today, if the floating population of some 150 million migrant emerging with the concept of harmonious urbanisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Planning Chinese Cities: the Limits of Transitional Institutions1
    PLANNING CHINESE CITIES: THE LIMITS OF TRANSITIONAL INSTITUTIONS1 Yehua Dennis Wei2 Department of Geography University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee Abstract: China’s economic reform is a gradual and exploratory process, which has stimu- lated the dramatic growth and restructuring of the Chinese cities, but has also made urban master plans quickly outdated and unable to function effectively to guide the development of cities. Through a case study of Hangzhou, the paper argues that the gradual and exploratory nature of China’s reform is incompatible with the nature of the urban master plan, which requires a blue- print and the ability to project the future. Rather than guiding development and policies, urban master plans often lag behind reforms initiated at the national and local levels, and have to be revised constantly to follow the new direction of the reforms. Consequently, Chinese cities are in chaos, and much development and new construction lacks proper planning guidance. The paper argues that problems with Chinese cities and planning are related to the incompatible rela- tionship between the nature of urban planning and that of transitional institutions. This dilemma was intensified by the disruption of planning during the Cultural Revolution, problems with planning education, and the slowness in reforming planning systems in China. The analysis high- lights the broad transitional contexts underlying urban planning, and the responses of planers to growth and change. The paper also discusses the need for further reform of Chinese institutions and planning systems. [Key words: transitional institutions, transitional cities, urban growth, China.] INTRODUCTION Scholars heatedly debate the spatial ramifications of reforms in China.
    [Show full text]
  • Revisiting the Form of Chinese Traditional Capital Cities
    UHPH_14: Landscapes and ecologies of urban and planning history | 75 Revisiting the Form of Chinese Traditional Capital Cities Diane Brand The University of Auckland [email protected] Ngoc Minh Nguyen Victoria University of Wellington [email protected] A widely accepted assumption concerning the form of Chinese traditional cities is that they are derived from Confucian Cosmology and Fengshui theory, thus making them full of myth and symbolism. In this paper, we attempt to build three arguments based on political economic perspectives. Firstly, borrowing Kevin Lynch’s definitions (1981), we argue that the ideal form of Chinese traditional cities is a mechanical, functional model rather than a magical one. Secondly, by examining historical maps of various capital cities, we suggest that the form-evolution as well as distribution of Chinese cities can be better classified according to the relationship between the tributary mode of production (TMP) and the petty capitalist mode of production (PCMP). Thirdly, we argue that it is possible to use our classification and analysis to examine the form of current Chinese cities as the nature of the Chinese political economy remains relatively unchanged. We have succeeded at identifying a dynamic consistent pattern of change in Chinese city form over history as the interaction between TMP and PCMP. Social and physical forms are the result of a polarized society and an uncompleted public sphere interface between the state and the citizenry, with a consequent inequality in urban development in modern times. Keywords: Chinese capital cities, Chinese city forms, traditional planning and design, Chinese political economy. In UHPH_14: Landscapes and ecologies of urban and planning history, Proceedings of the 12th conference of the Australasian Urban History / Planning History Group, edited by Morten Gjerde and Emina Petrović (Wellington: Australasian Urban History / Planning History Group and Victoria University of Wellington, 2014).
    [Show full text]