DOCSLIB.ORG

Runoff and Sediment Production in Oak Forests of the Sierra Madre Oriental, Mexico

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Runoff and Sediment Production in Oak Forests of the Sierra Madre Oriental, Mexico Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Forestales Vol. 9 (48) DOI: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29298/rmcf.v8i48.121 Article Runoff and sediment production in oak forests of the Sierra Madre Oriental, Mexico Alberto Vázquez Alvarado1 Azalea Judith Ortiz Rodríguez1,2 Álvaro Gerardo Palacio Aponte1 Carlos Alfonso Muñoz Robles1,3* 1Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades. Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. México. 2Centro de Geociencias. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México. 3Instituto de Investigaciones de Zonas Desérticas. Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. México. *Autor por correspondencia; correo-e: [email protected] Abstract: In natural conditions, undisturbed forest soils have high infiltration rates and runoff and erosion are relatively low, but these may be modified after burning. Infiltration capacity and soil aggregate stability tend to decline in soils of burned areas, which make them prone to increased infiltration and soil erosion. In this study, the effect of three post-fire conditions (high and moderate fire severity and unburnt) on hydrological and erosional properties was evaluated using rainfall simulation in oak forests of Sierra Madre Oriental, Mexico. Additionally, soil surface properties affecting runoff and sediment production were identified by means of regression trees. Average runoff, peak runoff and sediment production were greater in high fire severity plots than in moderate severity and unburned plots. Soil surface roughness, slope, litter cover and stone fragments cover were the main surface characteristics that influenced runoff in the studied burned areas. It can be concluded that fire severity and soil surface characteristics are fundamental variables to consider for a better understanding of hydrological surface processes in forests affected by wildland fires. These results can be used to identify priority mitigation and restoration areas in the region. Key words: Runoff, soil erosion, wildland fire, infiltration, fire severity, rainfall simulation. Vázquez et al., Runoff and sediment production… Fecha de recepción/Reception date: 12 de octubre de 2017 Fecha de aceptación/Acceptance date: 16 de mayo de 2018 Introduction In most forest ecosystems, fire is a natural disturb factor which, also, is a basic element that helps in its structural formation (Turner and Dale, 1988). However, human influence in the modification of fire regimes has fostered environmental problems such as biological diversity loss, soil degradation and alteration of the hydrologic cycle (Doerr et al., 2006). Fire modifies some properties of the soil, of which, physical in particular, are one of the factors that favor the increase of runoff and erosion in forests and scrublands (Shakesby, 2011). One of the ways to evaluate the impact of a fire is by estimating its severity, which indicates the degree of change in soil properties and the loss of vegetation and organic matter (Keeley, 2009). Therefore, the changes in the hydrological response of the soil caused by the amount of heat released during the fire have a direct relationship with the differences observed in the severity of the fire (Vieira et al., 2015). High severity is related to the consumption and partial or total destruction of organic matter, which reduces the amount of vegetation and superficial soil cover (Keeley, 2009). This reduction exposes the soil to the effects of the kinetic energy of the raindrops, decreases the stability of the soil aggregates and can cause hydrophobicity (Robichaud et al., 2016), which increases runoff and erosion. The effects of fires in the soil persist depending on certain factors such as the capacity of vegetation recovery, the post-fire weather conditions, the availability of sediments for transport and the morphology of the hillsides (Vieira et al., 2015). Changes in infiltration, runoff and erosion as a consequence of forest fires have been studied mostly in pine forests and shrubs in the United States of America and Mediterranean regions of Spain and Portugal. In general terms, soils affected by fires reduce their infiltration capacity and, therefore, increase runoff (Ferreira et al., 2005); thus, the soils of burned areas Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Forestales Vol. 9 (48) are more prone to water erosion in the rainy seasons following fires (Johansen et al., 2001). The increase in runoff and erosion as a consequence of a fire is verified in greater magnitude during the first years, and most of the studies record that erosion rates take between three and nine years to return to the pre-fire condition (Robichaud et al., 2000). However, the hydrodynamic properties of the soil and its relation to the severity of fires have not been studied extensively in other countries and ecosystems (Shakesby, 2011). For Mexico, there are few published works that relate to the subject, and have focused on the relationships between prescribed burns and runoff in Chihuahua pine forests (Alanis et al., 2000) and the effects of the severity of fires in the hydrophobicity and stability of soil aggregates (Jordán et al., 2011). This lack of research highlights the great gap in the knowledge of the impacts of fires on hydrological and erosion processes in Mexico. For this reason, the aim of this work was to analyze the effect of the severity of forest fires (moderate and high severity, as well as unburned areas used as reference) in the medium term (<3 years since the fire) in the hydrological (average run-off and maximum run-off) and erosion response (sediment production) by rainfall simulation tests with high intensity in two holm oaks of the Sierra Madre Oriental of San Luis Potosí. The null hypothesis is that the runoff and sediment production are modified according to the severity of fire, and that, to a greater severity, runoff and sediment production increase with respect to the unburned areas. Materials and Methods Study area and site selection The study area comprised the central part of the ecological corridor of the Sierra Madre Oriental, within the state of San Luis Potosí, corresponding to the Alaquines and Lagunillas municipalities (Figure 1). These municipalities are located in an area of high risk of fires, according to the Ley para la Prevención y Manejo Integral e Institucional de los Incendios Vázquez et al., Runoff and sediment production… Forestales para el Estado de San Luis Potosí (Law for the Prevention and Integral and Institutional Management of Forest Fires for the State of San Luis Potosí). Figure 1. Location of the study sites (black rectangles) within the Ecological Corridor of the Sierra Madre Oriental in the state of San Luis Potosí, Mexico (shaded area). The physiography is mostly represented, by mountain ranges, and in smaller proportion by canyons, valleys and plains whose altitude varies between 250 and 1 800 m. The geological conformation of the main substrates is constituted by limestone rocks that have given rise to karstic geoforms as a consequence of the dissolution of such rocks. The prevailing climates in the study area according to the Köppen classification modified by García (1973), are the warm sub-humid (A) C (Wo), with average annual precipitation between 800 and 1 200 mm and average annual temperature between 22 and 24 °C; and the semi-warm sub-humid climate (A) C (W2), with annual average Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Forestales Vol. 9 (48) precipitation between 1 200 and 1 500 mm and average annual temperature between 18 and 22 °C. The main types of vegetation are the oak forest, the submontane scrub and the low and medium deciduous and subdeciduous forests. Agriculture and livestock are practiced extensively and sugarcane is the first crop in the region (Rzedowski, 2006). The hydrological response and the production of sediments were characterized in two sites burned with a time from the fire less than three years until the time of measurements. Both sites were located in soils of the Leptosol type and with similar characteristics in terms of topography and vegetation (Table 1). Table 1. Characteristics of the study sites. Feature Site1 Site 2 Altitude (m) 1 100 1 300 Slope (%) 32.0 26.0 Slope facing SE S Soil texture* Clay loam Gross clay Oak forest Oak forest Type of vegetation and dominant species (Quercus polymorpha Schltdl. & Cham.) (Quercus germana Schltdl. & Cham) Time since the fire occurred (months) 10 31 *Soil texture is corresponding to the classification system of the International Society (1929). At each site, areas with three post-fire conditions were visually identified according to Odion and Hanson (2006): (1) high severity, where woody vegetation was burned by more than 80 %, (2) severity moderate, where the fire affected between 40 % and 80 % of the woody vegetation and (3) areas with minimal evidence of fire or without burning, where the woody vegetation was affected in less than 10 %. Vázquez et al., Runoff and sediment production… Condition of the soil surface and rain simulations Five areas of each post-fire condition were selected within each site to establish rainfall simulation plots and to evaluate runoff and sediment production. Prior to the rain simulation tests, the proportion (%) of the coverage of plants, mulch and rock fragments that covered each rain simulation plot was estimated visually, and the sum of all these components represented the total coverage. Each plot was photographed and the coverage of each component in the cabinet was verified by digital classification. The roughness of the surface was measured with a 3 mm metal chain arranged along the simulation plot (Saleh, 1993) and the slope with a portable Petrul level. Two samples of surface soil (0-5 cm) adjacent to each rainfall simulation plot were taken to determine moisture content, apparent density (g cm-3) with the test-tube method and fractions (%) of sand, silt and clay by granulometric analysis with the pipette method. All rainfall simulations were carried out in the spring of 2014, when the humidity above the ground in its upper layer was <8% (w/w).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Place Names: an Analysis of Published Materials
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 319 675 SO 020 925 AUTHOR Anderson, Paul S. TITLE Seeking a Core of Wo' -'d Regional Geography Place Names: An Analysis of Published Materials. PUB DATE 14 Oct 89 NOTE 18p.; Paper presentel at the Annual Meeting of the National Council for Geographic Education (Hershey, PA, October 11-14, 1989). Updated April 1990. PUB TYPE Speeches/Conference Papers (150) -- Reference Materials - Geographic Materials (133) -- Information Analyses (070) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Elementary Secondary Education; *Geographic Location; *Geography Instruction; *Minimum Competencies; *Physical Geography IDENTIFIERS Place Names ABSTRACT Knowing place names is not the essence of geography, but some knowledge of names of geographical locations is widely considered to be basic information. Whether used in general cultural literacy, lighthearted Trivial Pursuit, educational sixth grade social studies, or serious debates on world events, place names and their locations are assumed to be known. At the college level of world regional geography courses, five books with lists of place names are in print by geographers: Fuson; MacKinnon; Pontius and Woodward; DiLisio; and Stoltman. Those five sources plus place name lists by P.S. Anderson and from Hirsch reveal similarities and diversities in their content. A core list of place names is presented with several cross-classifications by region, type of geographic feature, and grade level of students. The results reveal a logical progression of complexity that could assist geography educators to increase student learning and avoid duplication of efforts. There will never be complete agreement about any listing of the core geographical place names, but the presented lists are intended to stimulate discussion along constructive avenues.
    [Show full text]
  • Central Region of the Sierra Madre Oriental Executive Summary
    CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PROGRAMME FOR THE CENTRAL REGION OF THE SIERRA MADRE ORIENTAL EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Climate change poses a growing threat to Mexico’s ecosystems and communities. Cou- pled with climate variability and socio-economic factors, such as changes in land use, it has adverse effects on ecosystems and livelihoods in rural communities. Regional and local planning tools are therefore required to implement climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies. One example is the Central Region of the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range (RCSMO, for its initials in Spanish), whose biodiversity-rich ecosystems are vulnerable to climate change. This has an impact on local communities, because their livelihoods depend pri- marily on the area’s natural resources. Hence it is vitally important to assess the resilience of the ecosystems and the ability of local communities to cope with the effects of climate change. In 2010, the National Commission of Natural Protected Areas (CONANP) responded by developing the Climate Change Strategy for Protected Areas (ECCAP). The Climate Change Adaptation Programme for the Central Region of the Sierra Madre Oriental (PACC-RCSMO) is an essential part of this project. The area of intervention is ap- proximately 2.15 million hectares, covering parts of the states of Tamaulipas, San Luis Po- tosí, Hidalgo, Puebla and Veracruz and portions of three major river basins� which drain into the Gulf of Mexico (Pánuco, San Fernando-Soto la Marina and northern Veracruz). Four natural protected areas (NPAs) were established in the RCSMO region. Three of them are federal NPAs and the fourth NPA is set to be declared.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Economic Adjustment Plan for Building Disaster Resilient Communities US Department of Commerce – Economic Development Administration Grant No
    Lower Rio Grande Valley Regional Economic Adjustment Plan For Building Disaster Resilient Communities US Department of Commerce – Economic Development Administration Grant No. 08-79-04390 Prepared for: Lower Rio Grande Valley Development Council Hurricane Dolly July 23, 2008 Prepared by: Program Manager: Daniel O. Rios, PE Senior Project Manager: Sharlotte L. Teague, PE Project Engineer: Mardoqueo Hinojosa, PE Engineering Assistant: Ryan Hall, EIT In association with: 2012 Bickerstaff Heath Delgado Acosta, LLP Civil Systems Engineering, Inc. Guzman & Muñoz Engineering and Surveying, Inc. L&G Consulting Engineers, Inc. Olivarri & Associates, Inc. Rigcatco Consulting TEDSI Infrastructure Group, Inc. September 28, 2012 LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL Regional Economic Adjustment Plan for Building Disaster Resilient Communities September 2012 LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL Regional Economic Adjustment Plan for Building Disaster Resilient Communities EDA Grant No. 08-79-04390 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY……………………………………………………………… e1~e6 SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND ………………………….………..………………………..……… -1 1.2 PLAN FRAMEWORK………..…………..……….………………………………….-1 1.3 OBJECTIVES IMPLEMENTED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLAN … -2 1.4 TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF RURAL AFFAIRS………………………………. -2 SECTION 2 BASELINE CONSIDERATIONS 2.1 PROJECT STUDY AREA………...…..…………………….……..……. -3 2.2 JURISDICTIONAL INTEREST AND COOPERATION……………..… -4 2.3 OVERSIGHT, INPUT, AND EXPECTATIONS …………………...…… -5 2.3(a) Plan Development Oversight / Team…………………………...……
    [Show full text]
  • Fundamental Biogeographic Patterns Across the Mexican Transition Zone: an Evolutionary Approach
    Ecography 33: 355Á361, 2010 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06266.x # 2010 The Author. Journal compilation # 2010 Ecography Subject Editor: Douglas A. Kelt. Accepted 4 February 2010 S YMPOSIUM ON Fundamental biogeographic patterns across the Mexican Transition Zone: an evolutionary approach Juan J. Morrone J. J. Morrone ([email protected]), Museo de Zoologı´a ‘‘Alfonso L. Herrera’’, Depto de Biologı´a Evolutiva, Fac. de Ciencias, Univ. Nacional Auto´noma de Me´xico (UNAM), Apartado postal 70-399, 04510 Mexico, D.F., Mexico. B IOGEOGRAPHIC Transition zones, located at the boundaries between biogeographic regions, represent events of biotic hybridization, promoted by historical and ecological changes. They deserve special attention, because they represent areas of intense biotic interaction. In its more general sense, the Mexican Transition Zone is a complex and varied area where Neotropical and Nearctic biotas overlap, from southwestern USA to Mexico and part of Central America, extending south to the Nicaraguan lowlands. In recent years, panbiogeographic analyses have led to restriction of the Mexican Transition Zone to the montane areas of Mexico and to recognize five smaller biotic components within it. A cladistic biogeographic analysis challenged the hypothesis that this transition zone is biogeographically divided along a north-south axis at the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, as the two major clades found divided Mexico in an east-west axis. This implies that early Tertiary geological events leading to the convergence of Neotropical and Nearctic elements may be younger (Miocene) B than those that led to the east-west pattern (Paleocene). The Mexican Transition Zone consists of five biogeographic OUNDARIES provinces: Sierra Madre Occidental, Sierra Madre Oriental, Transmexican Volcanic Belt, Sierra Madre del Sur, and Chiapas.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Traverse Across the Sierra Madre Oriental Fold-Thrust Belt in East-Central Mexico: Alternative Interpretation and Reply
    Structural traverse across the Sierra Madre Oriental fold-thrust belt in east-central Mexico: Alternative interpretation and reply Alternative interpretation JOSE F. LONGORIA The University of Texas at Dallas, Programs in Geosciences, Box 830688, Richardson, Texas 75083-0688 INTRODUCTION The geology of Mexico is enigmatic mainly because of the lack of For example, in his sections a and c, the lithic package overlying the field work addressing basic aspects of geological research, including re- Las Trancas is referred to as the "Tamaulipas Formation" [sic !]. On the gional stratigraphy and paleogeographic analysis, which are fundamental basis of pioneering studies by Segerstrom (1956,1961a, 1961b, 1962), as to unraveling the structure and tectonics of the Mexican Cordillera. In my well as my own regional studies (Longoria, 1975,1984a, 1984b), there are opinion, it is necessary to have a proper stratigraphic framework before the no outcrops of Tamaulipas Limestone to the west or the east of the "El structure of the Sierra Madre Oriental can be correctly balanced. Although Doctor bank"; instead, a near time equivalent of it, the Santuario, was Suter's paper (1987) represents an excellent attempt to display the geologic defined by Segerstrom in 1961 to include those carbonate rocks. Substitu- complexity of part of the Sierra Madre Oriental, there are basic strati- tion of the Tamaulipas for the Santuario should be documented in com- graphic and structural aspects that deserve further treatment because they parative field studies of both stratotypes and should follow the precepts may yield an alternative interpretation to Suter's structural analysis, as established by the North American Stratigraphic Code (North American well as to his attempt to extrapolate the surface features to the basement.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity and Management of the Madrean Archipelago: the Sky
    This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Errors identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. The Madrean Sky Island Archipelago: A Planetary Overview Peter Warshall 1 Abstract.-Previous work on biogeographic isolation has concerned itself with oceanic island chains, islands associated with continents, fringing archipelagos, and bodies of water such as the African lake system which serve as "aquatic islands". This paper reviews the "continental islands" and compares them to the Madrean sky island archipelago. The geological, hydrological, and climatic context for the Afroalpine, Guyana, Paramo, low and high desert of the Great Basin, etc. archipelagos are compared for source areas, number of islands, isolating mechanisms, interactive ecosystems, and evolutionary history. The history of scientific exploration and fieldwork for the Madrean Archipelago and its unique status among the planet's archipelagos are summarized. In 1957, Joe Marshall published "Birds of the American Prairies Province of Takhtajan, 1986) Pine-Oak Woodland in Southern Arizona and Ad­ and western biogeographic provinces, a wealth of jacent Mexico." Never surpassed, this elegant genetically unique cultivars in the Sierra Madre monograph described the stacking of biotic com­ Occidental, and a myriad of mysteries concerning munities on each island mountain from the the distribution of disjuncts, species "holes," and Mogollon Rim to the Sierra Madre. He defined the species II outliers" on individual mountains (e.g., Madrean archipelago as those island mountains Ramamoorthy, 1993). The northernmost sky is­ with a pine-oak woodland. In 1967, Weldon Heald lands are the only place in North America where (1993), from his home in the Chiricahuas, coined you can climb from the desert to northern Canada the addictive phrase-"sky islands" for these in­ in a matter of hours (Warshall, 1986).
    [Show full text]
  • CDR Data Management Plan: Data Survey and System Design
    Final Report CDR Data Management Plan: Data Survey and System Design Submitted to the Texas General Land Office by The University of Texas at Austin Center for Space Research Work leading to the report received funding from the Texas General Land Office through GLO Contract No. 18-229-000-B854. October 2020 Table of Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 4 Prologue .......................................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 1. Survey of Data for Response, Recovery and Mitigation ............................................ 10 Geodetic Control .................................................................................................................................... 13 Bathymetry .............................................................................................................................................. 14 Topography ............................................................................................................................................. 15 High-Resolution Baseline Imagery ......................................................................................................... 16 Hydrography ........................................................................................................................................... 18 Soils .......................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Warshall (1994)
    This file was created by scanning the printed publication. l Errors identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. f:~~ United States ~.~flWJ" .,.} Department of Biodiversity and \'''',,;,..• .-.1' (I Ag ricultu re Forest Service Management of the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Madrean Archipelago: Experiment Station The Sky Islands of Fort Collins, CO 80526 Southwestern United States and General Technical Northwestern Mexico Report RM-GTR-264 September 19-23, 1994 Tucson, Arizona USDA Forest Service July 1995 General Technical Report RM-GTR-264 Biodiversity and Management of the Madrean Archipelago: The Sky Islands of Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico September 19-23, 1994 Tucson, Arizona Technical Coordinators: Leonard F. DeSano Peter F. Ffolliott Gerald J. Gottfried University of Arizona Robert H. Hamre Carleton S. Edminster Alfredo Ortega-Rubio Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Experiment Station del Noroeste Page Design: Carol LoSapio Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Sponsors: Rocky Mountain Forest and Range School of Renewable Natural Resources Experiment Station University of Arizona U.S. Department of Agriculture Tucson, Arizona Fort Collins, Colorado The Madrean Sky Island Archipelago: A Planetary Overview Peter Warshall 1 Abstract.-Previous work on biogeographic isolation has concerned itself with oceanic island chains, islands associated with continents, fringing archipelagos, and bodies of water such as the African lake system which serve as "aquatic islands". This paper reviews the "continental islands" and compares them to the Madrean sky island archipelago. The geological, hydrological, and climatic context for the Afroalpine, Guyana, Paramo, low and high desert of the Great Basin, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrology, Articles 60 -119 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962
    Short Papers in Geology and Hydrology, Articles 60 -119 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH 1962 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 450-C ScientiJSc notes and sammarier of invertigationr prepared 6y members oJ the Geologic and Water Resources Divisions in the Jields of geology, hydro logy, and allied sciences UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1962 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. FOREWORD This collection of 60 short papers on subjects in the fields of geology, hydrology, and related sciences is the second of a series to be released during the year as chapters of Professional Paper 450. The papers in this chapter report on the scientific and economic results of current work by members of the Geologic and Water Resources Divisions of the United States Geological Survey. Some of the papers announce new discoveries or present observations on problems of limited scope; other papers draw conclusions from more extensive or continuing investigations that in large part will be discussed in greater detail in reports to be published in the future. Chapter A of this series, to be published later in the year, will present a synopsis of results from a wide range of work done during the present fiscal year. THOMASB. NOLAN, Director. CONTENTS Page Foreword------------------------------- 111 GEOLOGIC STUDIES Economic geology 60. Eocene topography of the central East Tintic Mountains, Utah, by Hal T. Morris and James A. Anderson-------- Cl 61. A rare sodium niobate mineral from Colorado, by Raymond L.
    [Show full text]
  • Discovering Diverse Mexico: a Culture Box Adventure!
    Discovering Diverse Mexico: A Culture Box Adventure! Fulbright-Hays Seminar ABROAD in Mexico and Colombia, 2012 AUTHOR & SCHOOL: ERIN SHEPHERD, ROSEDALE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, HILLSBORO, OREGON SUBJECT AREA: ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS, SOCIAL STUDIES, ART RD GRADE LEVEL: 3 GRADE TIME FRAME: APPROXIMATELY 15 SESSIONS, 45 MINUTES EACH Shepherd – Discovering Diverse Mexico p. 2 Discovering Diverse Mexico: A Culture Box Adventure! Erin Shepherd Established Goals/Content Standards CCSS ELA Standards 3.RL.2 Recount stories, including fables, folktales, and myths from diverse cultures; determine the central message, lesson or moral and explain how it is conveyed through key details in the text. 3.W.7 Conduct short research projects that build knowledge about a topic. 3.W.8 Recall information from experiences or gather information from print and digital resources; take brief notes on sources and sort evidence into provided categories. 3.W.2 Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey ideas and information clearly. 3.W.3 Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, descriptive details, and clear event sequences. 3.SL.1 Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grade three topics and texts, building on other’s ideas and expressing their own clearly. 3.SL.4 Report on a topic or text, tell a story, or recount an experience with appropriate facts and relevant, descriptive details, speaking clearly and at an understandable pace. Oregon Social Studies Standards 3.7 Use a simple grid system, symbols, and other information to locate physical and political features of places on maps and globes.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology of the Huizachal Redbeds, Sierra Madre Oriental, Mexico. Robert Burnley Mixon Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1963 Geology of the Huizachal Redbeds, Sierra Madre Oriental, Mexico. Robert Burnley Mixon Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Mixon, Robert Burnley, "Geology of the Huizachal Redbeds, Sierra Madre Oriental, Mexico." (1963). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 819. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/819 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been 63—6223 microfilmed exactly as received MESON, Robert Burnley, 1931- GEOLOGY OF THE HUIZACHAL REDBEDS, SIERRA MADRE ORIENTAL, MEXICO. Louisiana State University, Ph.D., 1963 Geology University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan GEOLOGY OF THE HUIZACHAL REDBEDS, SIERRA MADRE ORIENTAL, MEXICO A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geology by^' Robert B^ Mixon B„S«, University of Alabama, 1953 M.S., Louisiana State University, 1958 January, 1963 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer expresses his sincere appreciation to Grover E. Murray, Boyd Professor of Geology, Louisiana State University, for his aid and encouragement in the preparation of this paper; to Teodoro Dxaz G., District Geologist, North­ eastern Mexico, Petroleos Mexicanos for familiarization with the stratigraphic succession of southwestern Tamaulipas and southern Nuevo Leon; and to geology students Wesley Colvin, Louisiana Polytechnic Institute, D.
    [Show full text]
  • Trees for Development
    Trees for Development: Merging Environmental Restoration and Poverty Alleviation Objectives via Reforestation in Veracruz, Mexico Ingrid Haeckel Department of Geography and the Environment University of Texas at Austin December 10, 2009 CRP 386: Intro to Geographic Information Systems Ingrid Haeckel - Trees for Development: Reforestation in Veracruz - CRP 386 Fall 2009 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Reforestation is gaining attention throughout the world, and particularly the tropics, as a climate change mitigation strategy, as well as an opportunity to restore degraded areas and ecosystem services that have been lost or diminished. The economic incentives provided by emerging carbon markets have led many to speculate that reforestation could provide synergistic environmental and development benefits in developing countries. In Mexico, reforestation has emerged as a major environmental policy goal, highlighted by the launch in 2007 of a new forestry program, Pro-Árbol. Pro-Árbol merges goals of environmental restoration with poverty alleviation and aspires to create economic development by fostering a sustainable forestry sector. Within Mexico, Veracruz has been identified as one of the states with most success in meeting this goal. This project examines whether the objectives to reduce poverty and marginalization in critical environmental areas were targeted through reforestation funding during 2007-2009. Suitable areas based on marginalization, indigenous population, soil degradation, and hydrological service and biodiversity conservation areas are then ranked to prioritize municipalities for future reforestation funding. The 2007-2009 Pro-Árbol reforestation results indicate subsidies are being applied in marginalized areas; however, environmental objectives need more attention. Women were underrepresented among accepted project applicants and it is unclear to what extent indigenous communities have participated.
    [Show full text]