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AZIZ SANCAR:“WHATEVERYOUDO, Chemistry with Tomas Lindahl Andpaul Modrich

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AZIZ SANCAR:“WHATEVERYOUDO, Chemistry with Tomas Lindahl Andpaul Modrich CATALYZER THE FIRST ISSUE OF CATALYZER MAGAZINE 15/07/2020 AZIZ SANCAR: “WHATEVER YOU DO, DO IT WELL AND WORK HARD!” Aziz Sancar was influenced by a chemistry teacher in high school and it was at that time his relationship with the subject began. Prof. Mehmet Öztürk says that Sancar gets his work discipline from his ©wikipedia father and his intelligence from his mother. While he had his heart set on studying chemistry, at the insistence of his friends he enrolled in the medical faculty, where he was afraid of failure as a student from the southeast. For this reason he studied day and night and took part in no social activities and even though he loved football he didn’t go to a single match. Sancar says that the three key qualities a successful scientist should have are knowledge-based creativity, industriousness, and perseverance in the face of failure. Sancar says there may be two he had expected to receive an reasons when the Nobel Prize award. He answered that his in Medicine or Chemistry is work deserved a Nobel Prize and shared among people. The first he’d thought that if a Nobel Prize is that these people have made were to be given one day for DNA indistinguishable contributions to repair then they would give it to the same subject. him, adding that what he cared about was his contribution to The second is that they science rather than winning a contributed to the same subject, prize, and that he had always but each independently to its subfields. Aziz Sancar belongs trusted himself and his work. in the second category, because Sancar donated the prize money there are five important to Carolina Türk Evi (Turkish mechanisms of DNA repair: House), where young people direct repair (repair with photolyase), nucleotide excision visiting from Turkey can stay and repair, base excision repair, that also functions as a Turkish repair of interstrand cross-links, cultural center. He donated and double-strand break repair. his Nobel medal to Anıtkabir, the mausoleum of Atatürk, the The fifth mechanism previously founder and first president of received a prize, while the other the Republic of Turkey. He stated four received the 2015 Nobel that this was completely natural Prize. Sancar was deemed and the medal was in the right worthy of the Nobel Prize for place, because it was given not to his work on direct repair and him but to the Republic of Turkey nucleotide excision, Lindahl for and Atatürk and it was won due Aziz Sancar shared the 2015 Nobel Prize in his work on the base excision to them. Chemistry with Tomas Lindahl and Paul Modrich. mechanism, and Modrich for his work on the mechanism of DNA Bilim ve Teknik (Science and Technology mismatch repair. magazine), June 2016 Sancar was frequently asked if Özlem Ak INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD MAGAZINE / ISTANBUL - TURKEY 2020 NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY 2019: LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES ©Illustrations: Muhammed Ali Bayam Muhammed Ali ©Illustrations: Akira Yoshino M. Stanley Whittingham John B. Goodenough PAGE - 2 John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley ergy. Conventional batteries are place of the titanium disulfide Whittingham, and Akira Yoshino based on reversible/irreversible cathode, he doubled the poten- were awarded the 2019 Nobel chemical reactions that quickly tial difference between the two Prize in Chemistry for develop- deteriorate in capacity over electrodes, making them far ing lithium-ion batteries, used time. Whittingham used lithium more practical for real-world worldwide to power everything metal at the anode, which has applications. from portable electronics to the greatest electrochemical electric cars. The development potential and provides the larg- Yoshino replaced the highly of these batteries is the basis est specific energy per weight. reactive lithium metal in the of our ‘new rechargeable world’ The cathode was made of lay- anode with petroleum coke, a and has the greatest impact on ered titanium disulfide material, material having naturally occur- the modern life of every one of with gaps between the layers ring layers within its structure us on the planet. More powerful, at the molecular level that can that could provide high enough safer, and lighter rechargeable host (intercalate) lithium ions. A stability for a battery by housing batteries are key to the growth battery with a potential slightly lithium ions. He used cobalt ox- of the electric car industry in the larger than two volts was ide as a cathode material, which future. Many people hope that constructed using a permeable also has a layered structure lithium-ion battery technology membrane separator between and could house lithium ions. will not only meet our energy anode and cathode. However, With this design on the market storage needs for this type of the charging/discharging cycles since 1991, Yoshino created the application but also reduce produce unwanted needle-like first safe and stable lithium-ion batteries. The rechargeable battery he developed had a high capacity and was remarkably stable; it could be charged and recharged for many cycles be- ©iStock fore its performance deteriorat- ed. Today, a typical lithium-ion battery consists of lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) or lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) as the cathode material, a graphitic carbon electrode as the anode, and lithium salt in an organic solvent between them as the electrolyte. Lithium-ion batteries are cur- rently considered to be the best type of rechargeable battery. However, there is still a lot of ongoing research focusing on finding ways to improve their performance. Smaller, safer, and lightweight batteries with higher energy and fast-charging capacity have been essential for the miniaturization of portable electronics and the growth of the electric car industry. climate change by replacing whiskers or dendrites on the Most battery experts think that burning fossil fuels as an ener- anode that could penetrate the perfect energy storage is yet to gy source. These batteries also separator and cause the battery come. Some approaches to im- possess the ability to store sig- to short circuit. These failures proving the current lithium-ion nificant energy from renewable can lead to fires and even explo- battery technology include sources such as solar, wind, and sions, making their use in many replacing lithium in the Li-ion hydroelectric. applications impossible. technology with magnesium or sodium. In addition, there are The charge and discharge Based on Whittingham’s work, many great innovative ideas cycles in lithium-ion batteries, Goodenough tried to develop such as Li-air or Zn-air batter- which were first proposed by a better cathode material to ies on the horizon. Whittingham, simply depends create powerful lithium-ion on the movement of lithium ions batteries that would have a back and forth between the an- higher potential. By using cobalt ode and cathode to produce en- oxide as the layered material in Ümit Demir CATALYZER PAGE - 3 INTERNATIONAL CHEMISTRY OLYMPIAD MAGAZINE / ISTANBUL - TURKEY 2020 ©iStock A BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY In 1807, the Swedish chemist acids had the same chemicals to synthesize new organic in Britain. He synthesized his Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1779- in the same proportions. molecules having important first dye, magenta, in 1858, and 1848) called substances that Justus von Liebig (1803-1873) properties. Adolph Wilhelm after returning to Germany he melt and substances that burn, and Wöhler encountered Hermann Kolbe (1818-1884) developed several violets. Other when heated, inorganic and some similar situations. Their was the first chemist to make chemists in Germany produced organic, respectively. Although analyses of various organic an organic compound, acetic natural dyes from easily it was recognized that new compounds revealed that acid, from chemical elements. available chemicals, obtaining compounds could be produced different substances had the Nitrocellulose, also known as a red dye called alizarin in 1869 from organic sources, until same chemical formulas. It was guncotton, was synthesized by and indigo in 1880. These dyes as early as the beginning of Berzelius who named these accident by Christian Schönbein form the basis of the German the 19th century it was widely pairs isomers. (1799-1868) in 1846. This chemical industry. Moreover, thought that organic compounds very explosive chemical was these dyes had an important could not be synthesized from As a young chemist, Louis discovered when his wife’s impact on biology, leading to the inorganic sources. It was Pasteur (1822-1895) unraveled apron, with which he was wiping discovery that coloring bacteria/ astonishing when Friedrich the mystery of the two types up a spilled mixture of acids, cells with dyes made invisible Wöhler (1800-1882) heated a of tartaric acid that behaved exploded and vanished in a puff structures visible. classified inorganic compound, differently in 1844. He of smoke. When people tried ammonium cyanate, and painstakingly separated the to manufacture it in quantity, Another British chemist, obtained an organic substance, two crystals and discovered there were many fatalities. In Alexander Parkes (1813- urea, in 1828. Although it is now that while one group polarized the same year, a marginally 1890) succeeded in converting widely accepted that ammonium light the way tartaric acid from safer explosive, nitroglycerine, nitrocellulose to a nonexplosive but still quite flammable cyanate is not purely inorganic, grapes did, the others polarized was discovered. Eventually both material, celluloid, in 1865, Wöhler is generally regarded as it in the opposite direction. He chemicals were tamed into which was the first plastic. This the first chemist to synthesize realized that the two types of cordite and dynamite. Thus, the was improved by an American organic material from an polarization canceled each modern age of high explosives inventor, John Wesley Hyatt, who inorganic source. other out in the lab-made started. was searching for a replacement compound.
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