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Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfur Bacteria

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Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfur Bacteria What if sulfur bacteria are present in filter can remove substances in addition to If you have any questions, please contact a Why Does My Water Smell Like the well, the water distribution system, hydrogen sulfide gas, it is difficult to predict its licensed well contractor, a reputable water Rotten Eggs? or the water softener? service life. Some large carbon filters have been treatment company, or a well specialist at known to last for years, while some small filters one the following offices of the MDH: HYDROGEN SULFIDE • Have the well and distribution system disinfected may last for only weeks or even days. MDH District Offices by flushing with a strong chlorine solution AND • Install an oxidizing filter, such as a (shock chlorination) as indicated in the “Well 625 North Robert Street Disinfection” fact sheet from the Minnesota “manganese greensand” filter. SULFUR BACTERIA This option is effective for hydrogen sulfide P. O. Box 64975 Department of Health (MDH). Sulfur bacteria St. Paul, Minnesota 55164-0975 can be difficult to remove once established in a levels up to about 6 mg/L. Manganese greensand IN WELL WATER 651/ 201-4600 or 800/383-9808 well. Physical scrubbing of the well casing, use filters are often used to treat iron problems in of special treatment chemicals, and agitation of water. The device consists of manganese the water may be necessary prior to chlorination greensand media, which is sand coated with 705 Fifth Street Northwest to remove the bacteria, particularly if they are manganese dioxide. The hydrogen sulfide gas in Bemidji, Minnesota 56601 associated with another type of bacteria known the water is changed to tiny particles of sulfur as 218/308-2100 as “iron bacteria.” Contact a licensed well it passes through the filter. The filter must be contractor or a Minnesota Department of Health periodically regenerated, using potassium 320 West Second Street (MDH) well specialist for details. permanganate, before the capacity of the Duluth, Minnesota 55802 greensand is exhausted. 218/723-4642 • If the bacteria are in water treatment devices, • Install an oxidation-filtration system. such as a water softener, contact the 1505 Pebble Lake Road manufacturer, the installer, or the MDH for This option is effective for hydrogen sulfide levels Fergus Falls, Minnesota 56537 information on the procedure for disinfecting the up to and exceeding 6 mg/L. These systems treatment devices. utilize a chemical feed pump to inject an 218/332-5150 oxidizing chemical, such as chlorine, into the What if hydrogen sulfide gas water-supply line prior to a storage or mixing 3333 West Division Street tank. When sufficient contact time is allowed, is in the groundwater? St. Cloud, Minnesota 56301 the oxidizing chemical changes the hydrogen 320/223-7300 The problem may only be eliminated by drilling a sulfide to sulfur, which is then removed by a particulate filter, such as a manganese greensand well into a different formation capable of 1400 East Lyon Street producing water that is free of hydrogen sulfide gas filter. Excess chlorine can be removed by activated carbon filtration. Marshall, Minnesota 56258 or connecting to an alternate water source, if 507/537-7151 available. However, there are several options available for treatment of water with hydrogen 18 Wood Lake Drive Southeast sulfide gas. Other related references that are Rochester, Minnesota 55904 available from the MDH include: • Install an activated carbon filter. 507/285-7289 This option is only effective for low hydrogen Well Disinfection sulfide levels, usually less than 1 milligram per Visit the MDH Well Management Section web site at: Iron Bacteria in Well Water www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/wells liter (mg/L).* The gas is trapped by the carbon until the filter is saturated. Since the carbon Sulfate in Well Water To request this document in another format, call 651/201-4600 or Well Owner’s Handbook TDD through the Minnesota Relay Service at 1/800/627-3529 and ask for 651/201-4600. * One mg/L is one thousandth of a gram in a liter of Well Management Section water, which is approximately equal to 1 part per IC# 141-0645 origs\hydrosulfide wells-brochure 6/18/07R Environmental Health Division million (ppm). One ppm is approximately equal to Printed on recycled paper. one drop of the substance in 10 gallons of water. HYDROGEN SULFIDE AND SULFUR Are there other problems associated with sulfur How can I find the source of a hydrogen sulfide What can I do about a problem water heater? BACTERIA IN WELL WATER bacteria or hydrogen sulfide? problem, and what can I do to eliminate it? Unless you are very familiar with the operation and Yes. Sulfur bacteria produce a slime and can The odor of hydrogen sulfide gas can be detected in maintenance of the water heater, you should promote the growth of other bacteria, such as iron water at a very low level. Smell the water coming contact a water system professional, such as a Hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) can occur in wells bacteria. The slime can clog wells, plumbing, and out of the hot and cold water faucets. Determine plumber, to do the work. anywhere in Minnesota, and gives the water a irrigation systems. Bacterial slime may be white, which faucets have the odor. The “rotten egg” characteristic “rotten egg” taste or odor. This grey, black, or reddish brown if associated with smell will often be more noticeable from the hot • Replace or remove the magnesium anode. brochure provides basic information about iron bacteria. Hydrogen sulfide gas in water can water because more of the gas is vaporized. Your Many water heaters have a magnesium anode, hydrogen sulfide gas and sulfur bacteria and cause black stains on silverware and plumbing sense of smell becomes dulled quickly, so the best which is attached to a plug located on top of the discusses actions that you can take to minimize fixtures. It can also corrode pipes and other metal time to check is after you have been away from water heater. It can be removed by turning off their effects. components of the water distribution system. your home for a few hours. You can also have the the water, releasing the pressure from the water water tested for hydrogen sulfide, sulfate, sulfur heater, and unscrewing the plug. Be sure to plug What causes hydrogen sulfide gas to form in What are the sources of hydrogen sulfide in bacteria, and iron bacteria at an environmental the hole. Removal of the anode, however, may groundwater? well water and the water distribution system? testing laboratory. The cost of testing for hydrogen significantly decrease the life of the water heater. Decay of organic matter such as vegetation, or Hydrogen sulfide gas can result from a number of sulfide ranges from $20 to $50 depending on the You may wish to consult with a reputable water chemical reactions with some sulfur-containing different sources. It can occur naturally in type of test. heater dealer to determine if a replacement anode groundwater. It can be produced by certain “sulfur minerals in the soil and rock, may naturally create made of a different material, such as aluminum, hydrogen sulfide gas in groundwater. As bacteria” in the groundwater, in the well, or in the • If the smell is only from the hot water faucet the can be installed. A replacement anode may water distribution system. It can be produced also groundwater moves through soil and rock problem is likely to be in the water heater. provide corrosion protection without contributing by sulfur bacteria or chemical reactions inside formations containing minerals of sulfate, some of to the production of hydrogen sulfide gas. water heaters. In rare instances, it can result from these minerals dissolve in the water. A unique • If the smell is in both the hot and cold faucets, • Disinfect and flush the water heater with a pollution. The source of the gas is important when group of bacteria, called “sulfur bacteria” or but only from the water treated by a water chlorine bleach solution. Chlorination can kill considering treatment options. “sulfate-reducing bacteria” can change sulfate and softener and not in the untreated water the sulfur bacteria, if done properly. If all bacteria other sulfur containing compounds, including problem is likely to be sulfur bacteria in the are not destroyed by chlorination, the problem Are sulfur bacteria or hydrogen sulfide natural organic materials, to hydrogen sulfide gas. water softener. may return within a few weeks. harmful? In most cases, the rotten egg smell does not relate How is hydrogen sulfide gas produced in a • If the smell is strong when the water in both the • Increase the water heater temperature to to the sanitary quality of the water. However, in water heater? hot and cold faucets is first turned on, and it 160 degrees Fahrenheit (71 degrees Celsius) rare instances the gas may result from sewage or A water heater can provide an ideal environment diminishes or goes away after the water has run, for several hours. This will destroy the sulfur other pollution. It is a good idea to have the well for the conversion of sulfate to hydrogen sulfide or if the smell varies through time the problem bacteria. Flushing to remove the dead bacteria tested for the standard sanitary tests of coliform gas. The water heater can produce hydrogen sulfide is likely to be sulfur bacteria in the well or after treatment should control the odor problem. bacteria and nitrate. Sulfur bacteria are not harmful, gas in two ways - creating a warm environment distribution system. but hydrogen sulfide gas in the air can be where sulfur bacteria can live, and sustaining a reaction between sulfate in the water and the water • If the smell is strong when the water in both the CAUTION: Increasing the water heater temperature can hazardous at high levels.
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