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Linux Boot Loaders Compared
Linux Boot Loaders Compared L.C. Benschop May 29, 2003 Copyright c 2002, 2003, L.C. Benschop, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Per- mission is granted to make verbatim copies of this document. This is version 1.1 which has some minor corrections. Contents 1 introduction 2 2 How Boot Loaders Work 3 2.1 What BIOS does for us . 3 2.2 Parts of a boot loader . 6 2.2.1 boot sector program . 6 2.2.2 second stage of boot loader . 7 2.2.3 Boot loader installer . 8 2.3 Loading the operating system . 8 2.3.1 Loading the Linux kernel . 8 2.3.2 Chain loading . 10 2.4 Configuring the boot loader . 10 3 Example Installations 11 3.1 Example root file system and kernel . 11 3.2 Linux Boot Sector . 11 3.3 LILO . 14 3.4 GNU GRUB . 15 3.5 SYSLINUX . 18 3.6 LOADLIN . 19 3.7 Where Can Boot Loaders Live . 21 1 4 RAM Disks 22 4.1 Living without a RAM disk . 22 4.2 RAM disk devices . 23 4.3 Loading a RAM disk at boot time . 24 4.4 The initial RAM disk . 24 5 Making Diskette Images without Diskettes 25 6 Hard Disk Installation 26 7 CD-ROM Installation 29 8 Conclusions 31 1 introduction If you use Linux on a production system, you will only see it a few times a year. If you are a hobbyist who compiles many kernels or who uses many operating systems, you may see it several times per day. -
Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98SE, and Windows ME Courtesy of Nashville Home Linux Solutions
Important information for users of Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98SE, and Windows ME courtesy of Nashville Home Linux Solutions FACT: As of July 2006, Microsoft has officially ended support for Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98SE, and Windows ME (Millennium Edition). What does this mean for you? Microsoft©s end-of-support announcement means that users of Windows 95, 98, and ME will no longer receive security updates, bug fixes, and other patches for their computer©s operating system. It also means that future releases of Microsoft software (such as Media Player, Internet Explorer, and Outlook Express) will no longer support these operating systems. Users of these versions of Windows will not benefit from enhanced features and security in these new versions. Why should I be concerned? Windows 95, 98, and ME are based around the DOS operating system, an inherently insecure operating system. Users of DOS-based Windows will become increasingly at risk for viruses, spyware, malware, and system intrusions as new holes and exploits are discovered in these operating systems and the older software that runs on them. In addition, software vendors (including makers of anti-virus and other security products) will be phasing out support for these operating systems now that Microsoft has ended its support. If you are connecting your DOS-based Windows operating system to the Internet, you need to take action to secure your computer. What are my options? If you would like to continue to operate on your current hardware, you have a few options available to you: 1. Upgrade Windows Microsoft©s only currently-available Windows workstation operating system is Windows XP (Home or Professional). -
CS 151: Introduction to Computers
Information Technology: Introduction to Computers Handout One Computer Hardware 1. Components a. System board, Main board, Motherboard b. Central Processing Unit (CPU) c. RAM (Random Access Memory) SDRAM. DDR-RAM, RAMBUS d. Expansion cards i. ISA - Industry Standard Architecture ii. PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect iii. PCMCIA - Personal Computer Memory Card International Association iv. AGP – Accelerated Graphics Port e. Sound f. Network Interface Card (NIC) g. Modem h. Graphics Card (AGP – accelerated graphics port) i. Disk drives (A:\ floppy diskette; B:\ obsolete 5.25” floppy diskette; C:\Internal Hard Disk; D:\CD-ROM, CD-R/RW, DVD-ROM/R/RW (Compact Disk-Read Only Memory) 2. Peripherals a. Monitor b. Printer c. Keyboard d. Mouse e. Joystick f. Scanner g. Web cam Operating system – a collection of files and small programs that enables input and output. The operating system transforms the computer into a productive entity for human use. BIOS (Basic Input Output System) date, time, language, DOS – Disk Operating System Windows (Dual, parallel development for home and industry) Windows 3.1 Windows 3.11 (Windows for Workgroups) Windows 95 Windows N. T. (Network Technology) Windows 98 Windows N. T. 4.0 Windows Me Windows 2000 Windows XP Home Windows XP Professional The Evolution of Windows Early 80's IBM introduced the Personal PC using the Intel 8088 processor and Microsoft's Disk Operating System (DOS). This was a scaled down computer aimed at business which allowed a single user to execute a single program. Many changes have been introduced over the last 20 years to bring us to where we are now. -
The Linux Startup Process
The Linux startup process Jerry Feldman <[email protected]> The Linux Expertise Center Hewlett-Packard Company Document produced via OpenOffice.org Overview ● The Linux boot process – GRUB. This is the default for X86/Linux – LILO – Other boot loaders ● The Linux Operating modes – Single-user mode – Multi-user mode. ● Run Levels – What are run levels – What are the Linux standard run levels – How Linux manages run levels 2 The Linux Boot process ● The PC boot process is a 3-stage boot process that begins with the BIOS executing a short program that is stored in the Master Boot Record (MBR) of the first physical drive. Since this stage 1 boot loader needs to fit in the MBR, it is limited to 512 bytes and is normally written in assembly language. There are a number of boot loaders that can load Linux. ● GRUB and LILO are the most commonly used ones on X86 hardware. ® ® ● EFI is used on the Intel Itanium family. 3 The GRand Unified Bootloader The GRand Unified Bootloader (GRUB) is default boot loader on most distributions today. It has the capability to load a number of different operating systems. 1.The stage 1 boot resides in the MBR and contains the sector number of the stage 2 boot that is usually located in the /boot/grub directory on Linux. 2.The stage 2 boot loader presents a boot menu to the user based on /boot/grub/grub.conf or menu.lst. This contains a boot script. It is the stage2 loader actually loads the Linux kernel or 4 other OS. -
Linux Booting Procedure How Linux Boot?
Linux Booting Procedure How Linux boot? 2 What is “boot”? • boot (n.) [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot 4 Brief etymology[2] • Phrase “pull oneself up by one’s bootstraps” • Misattributed (at latest in 1901!) to “The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen” (1781, Rudolf Erich Raspe) : The baron pulls himself out of a swamp by his hair (pigtail). • The use of this phrase is found in 1834 in the U.S. • “[S]omeone is attempting or has claimed some ludicrously far-fetched or impossible task” • In the 20th century, the “possible bootstrap[3] task” meaning has appeared • “To begin an enterprise or recover from a setback without any outside help; to succeed only on one's own effort or abilities” 5 [2] http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pull_oneself_up_by_one%27s_bootstraps [3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrapping Bootstrapping (in Computer) • The process of loading the basic software (typically, operating systems) into the main memory from persistent memory (HDD, flash ROM, etc.) • “Boot” is an abbreviation for “bootstrap(ping)” Boostrapping Code 6 System startup Booting sequence 1. Tern on 2. CPU jump to address of BIOS (0xFFFF0) 3. BIOS runs POST (Power-On Self Test) 4. Find bootale devices 5. Loads and execute boot sector form MBR 6. Load OS 5 BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) BIOS refers to the software code run by a computer when first powered on The primary function of BIOS is code program embedded on a chip that recognises and controls various devices that make up the computer. BIOS on board BIOS on screen 6 How computer startup? Booting is a bootstrapping process that starts operating systems when the user turns on a computer system A boot sequence is the set of operations the computer performs when it is switched on that load an operating system 4 Boot loader MBR (Master Boot Record) OS is booted from a hard disk, where the Master Boot Record (MBR) contains the primary boot loader The MBR is a 512-byte sector, located in the first sector on the disk (sector 1 of cylinder 0, head 0) After the MBR is loaded into RAM, the BIOS yields control to it. -
Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide
Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide July 31, 2021 Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide Copyright © 2004 – 2021 the Debian Installer team This manual is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License. Please refer to the license in Appendix F. Build version of this manual: 20210730. i Contents 1 Welcome to Debian 1 1.1 What is Debian? . 1 1.2 What is GNU/Linux? . 1 1.3 What is Debian GNU/Linux? . 2 1.4 What is the Debian Installer? . 3 1.5 Getting Debian . 3 1.6 Getting the Newest Version of This Document . 3 1.7 Organization of This Document . 3 1.8 About Copyrights and Software Licenses . 4 2 System Requirements 5 2.1 Supported Hardware . 5 2.1.1 Supported Architectures . 5 2.1.2 CPU, Main Boards, and Video Support . 6 2.1.2.1 CPU . 6 2.1.2.2 I/O Bus . 6 2.1.3 Laptops . 6 2.1.4 Multiple Processors . 6 2.1.5 Graphics Hardware Support . 6 2.1.6 Network Connectivity Hardware . 7 2.1.6.1 Wireless Network Cards . 7 2.1.7 Braille Displays . 7 2.1.8 Hardware Speech Synthesis . 7 2.1.9 Peripherals and Other Hardware . 7 2.2 Devices Requiring Firmware . 7 2.3 Purchasing Hardware Specifically for GNU/Linux . 8 2.3.1 Avoid Proprietary or Closed Hardware . 8 2.4 Installation Media . 8 2.4.1 CD-ROM/DVD-ROM/BD-ROM . 9 2.4.2 USB Memory Stick . -
Installing Fedora the Installation • Choosing How to Install Fedora
CHAPTER 3 IN THIS CHAPTER • Before You Begin Installing Fedora the Installation • Choosing How to Install Fedora This chapter shows you how to get a basic installation of • Step-by-Step Installation Fedora up and running. You will learn how to start installa- tion, as well as specify certain configuration options during • Logging In and Shutting the install. Before you even insert the disc, we will take a Down look at some considerations you need to think about that • Reference will affect how you install Fedora. It is impossible to take you through every single variation of the install, but you will get a step-by-step guide of a typical installation, includ- ing how to log in to your new system and shut down or reboot the system. Before You Begin the Installation Installing a new operating system is a major event and you should make sure that you have properly thought through what is going to take place. The first thing you should consider is how the hardware will be affected by the soft- ware that you propose to install. Although Fedora runs well on an extremely wide variety of hardware, it is worthwhile checking out your hardware components because there may be a banana peel waiting for you to slip up on. The following sections provide some areas for you to investigate and think about, and may even save you hours of frustra- tion when something goes wrong. The sections are designed to complement the ideas and checklists presented in Chapter 2, “Preparing to Install Fedora.” You start by researching and documenting your hardware. -
Unit 5 Windows 2000/XP History, and Data Management
Unit 5 Windows 2000/XP History, and Data Management Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved. Microsoft Windows98 Microsoft WindowsMe Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional Microsoft WindowsXP 2 Windows 2000/XP or Windows 9x (95/98/Me)? Windows 9x Windows 2000/XP Runs on today’s Runs on “nearly any hardware, doesn’t run old hardware” well or at all on marginal hardware Secure, more difficult to Open, easy to configure configure Supports lots of Device support somewhat devices limited, so far 3 Windows XP or Windows 9x? If you need: Choose: Reliable, solid security Windows 2000/XP “Crash-proof” system Windows 2000/XP Support for older/slower Windows 9x machines Easy setup and configuration Windows 9x Support for that older scanner, Windows 9x CD Writer, NIC, Video, etc. 4 The Windows Business Consumer Universe 1990 Windows 3.1 Windows NT 3.51 Windows for Workgroups Windows NT 4 Windows 95 Windows 98 Windows 2000 Windows Me Today Windows XP Pro/Home 5 The Windows Business Consumer Universe 1990 Windows 3.1 Windows NT 3.51 Windows for Workgroups Windows NT 4 Windows 95 Windows 98 Windows 2000 Windows Me Today Windows XP Pro/Home 6 The TheWindows Windows Business Universe Consumer Universe 1990 Windows 3.1 Windows NT 3.51 Windows for Workgroups Windows NT 4 Windows 95 Windows 98 Windows 2000 Windows Me Today Windows XP Pro/Home 7 Windows XP Flavors • Windows XP Professional • Windows XP Home • Windows 2003 Server • Windows 2003 Enterprise Server • Windows 2003 Datacenter Server 8 Windows Package Types • Upgrade • Full Version -
Operating System and Device Driver Support for 2004 HP Compaq Business Desktop Computers with the Intel 915 Chipset
Operating System and Device Driver Support for 2004 HP Compaq Business Desktop Computers with the Intel 915 Chipset HP PSG Business PC Group June 2004 (revised 1/25/05) Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 2 Acronyms used .................................................................................................................................... 3 Preinstalled operating system availability by model.................................................................................. 4 Device driver availability by device class................................................................................................ 6 Audio ............................................................................................................................................. 6 Graphics......................................................................................................................................... 6 Networking ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Wireless LAN .................................................................................................................................. 7 Modems......................................................................................................................................... -
Microsoft Windows for MS
Month Year Version Major Changes or Remarks Microsoft buys non-exclusive rights to market Pattersons Quick & Dirty Operating System from December 1980 QDOS Seattle Computer Products (Developed as 86-DOS) (Which is a clone of Digital Researches C P/M in virtually every respect) Microsoft buys all rights to 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products, and the name MS-DOS is July 1981 86-DOS adopted for Microsoft's purposes and IBM PC- DOS for shipment with IBM PCs (For Computers with the Intel 8086 Processor) Digital Research release CP/M 86 for the Intel Q3 1981 CP/M 86 8086 Processer Pre-Release PC-DOS produced for IBM Personal Mid 1981 PC-DOS 1.0 Computers (IBM PC) Supported 16K of RAM, ~ Single-sided 5.25" 160Kb Floppy Disk OEM PC-DOS for IBM Corporation. (First August 1982 PC-DOS 1.1 Release Version) OEM Version for Zenith Computer Corporation.. (Also known as Z-DOS) This added support for September 1982 MS-DOS 1.25 Double-Sided 5.25" 320Kb Floppy Disks. Previously the disk had to be turned over to use the other side Digital Research release CP/M Plus for the Q4 1982 CP/M Plus Intel 8086 Processer OEM Version For Zenith - This added support for IBM's 10 MB Hard Disk, Directories and Double- March 1983 MS-DOS 2.0 Density 5.25" Floppy Disks with capacities of 360 Kb OEM PC-DOS for IBM Corporation. - Released March 1983 PC-DOS 2.0 to support the IBM XT Microsoft first announces it intention to create a GUI (Graphical User Interface) for its existing MS-DOS Operating System. -
L38 Ñ Windows XP
History History (cont.) (Timeline from www.cgonline.com) 10/81 — IBM PC (“Personal Computer”) 10/88 — OS/2 1.1 (Windows-like GUI, end and PC-DOS 1.0 of collaboration when IBM gets upset with Microsoft for improving Windows) 3/83 — Microsoft MS-DOS 2.0 (hard disk, file system) 5/90 — Windows 3.0 (big success!) 11/83 — Windows announced (vaporware!) 4/92 — Windows 3.1 (bug fixes etc.) 11/84 — MS-DOS 3.1 10/92 — Windows for Workgroups 3.1 (adds networking, but fails in market) 11/85 — Windows 1.0 (tiled windows, doesn’t do well in market) 5/93 — Windows NT 3.1 (visually like Windows 3.1, but stable 32-bit platform) 4/87 — IBM & Microsoft OS/2 1.0 (next generation, DOS-like command lines) 11/93 — Windows for Workgroups 3.11 (precursor to Windows 95) 12/87 — Windows/386 (uses 80386’s virtual memory to allow safe “preemptive” 5/94 — MS-DOS 6.22 (DOS final version) multitasking) 9/94 — Windows NT 3.5 6/95 — Windows NT 3.51 (faster) 1 Fall 2002, Lecture 38 2 Fall 2002, Lecture 38 History (cont.) What is Windows XP? 8/95 — Windows 95 (originally Windows I 32/64 -bit preemptive multitasking 4.0) (long file names, plug and play operating system for AMD K6/7, Intel hardware, taskbar and Start menu, IA32/64 and later microprocessors HUGE success in market!) ● Replaces Windows 95/98/Me as well as Windows NT/200 7/96 — Windows NT 4.0 (Windows 95 GUI, first successful version of NT) I Key goals 6/98 — Windows 98 (Windows 95 + ● security, reliability, ease of use Internet Explorer 4.0, success in market) ● Windows and POSIX compliance ● high performance, extensibility 2/00 — Windows 2000 (Windows NT 4.0 + plug and play, DirectX, USB, etc.) ● portability, international support 9/00 — Windows Me (Millennium Edition) I Various versions: XP Personal, XP (Windows 98 + IE 5.0, media support, Professional, XP Server last version in Windows 9x line) I Uses a micro-kernel architecture 9/01 — Windows XP (combines Windows ● Subsystems to provide OS personalities 2000 and ME, but based on NT/2000) for Win32, POSIX, etc. -
MICROSOFT WINDOWS Early Versions Main Articles: Windows 1.0
MICROSOFT WINDOWS Early versions Main articles: Windows 1.0, Windows 2.0, and Windows 2.1x Windows 1.0, the first version, released in 1985 The history of Windows dates back to September 1981, when Chase Bishop, a computer scientist, designed the first model of an electronic device and project "Interface Manager" was started. It was announced in November 1983 (after the Apple Lisa, but before the Macintosh) under the name "Windows", but Windows 1.0 was not released until November 1985.[5] Windows 1.0 achieved little popularity and was to compete with Apple's own operating system. Windows 1.0 is not a complete operating system; rather, it extends MS-DOS. The shell of Windows 1.0 is a program known as the MS- DOS Executive. Components included Calculator, Calendar, Cardfile, Clipboard viewer, Clock, Control Panel, Notepad, Paint, Reversi, Terminal and Write. Windows 1.0 does not allow overlapping windows. Instead all windows are tiled. Only modal dialog boxes may appear over other windows. Windows 2.0 was released in December 1987 and was more popular than its predecessor. It features several improvements to the user interface and memory management.[citation needed] Windows 2.03 changed the OS from tiled windows to overlapping windows. The result of this change led to Apple Computer filing a suit against Microsoft alleging infringement on Apple's copyrights.[6][7] Windows 2.0 also introduced more sophisticated keyboard shortcuts and could make use of expanded memory. Windows 2.1 was released in two different versions: Windows/286 and Windows/386. Windows/386 uses the virtual 8086 mode of Intel 80386 to multitask several DOS programs and the paged memory model to emulate expanded memory using available extended memory.