6 MIR Parametry 33 6.1 Nízkoúrovňové Parametry

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6 MIR Parametry 33 6.1 Nízkoúrovňové Parametry VYSOKÉ UČENÍ TECHNICKÉ V BRNĚ Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE Brno, 2018 Bc. Vítězslav Král VYSOKÉ UČENÍ TECHNICKÉ V BRNĚ BRNO UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY FAKULTA ELEKTROTECHNIKY A KOMUNIKAČNÍCH TECHNOLOGIÍ FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMMUNICATION ÚSTAV TELEKOMUNIKACÍ DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS URČOVÁNÍ OBDOBÍ VZNIKU INTERPRETACE ZA POMOCI METOD PARAMETRIZACE HUDEBNÍHO SIGNÁLU RECOGNIZING THE HISTORICAL PERIOD OF INTERPRETATION BASED ON THE MUSIC SIGNAL PARAMETERIZATION DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE MASTER'S THESIS AUTOR PRÁCE Bc. Vítězslav Král AUTHOR VEDOUCÍ PRÁCE Ing. Tomáš Kiska SUPERVISOR BRNO 2018 Diplomová práce magisterský navazující studijní obor Audio inženýrství Ústav telekomunikací Student: Bc. Vítězslav Král ID: 164599 Ročník: 2 Akademický rok: 2017/18 NÁZEV TÉMATU: Určování období vzniku interpretace za pomoci metod parametrizace hudebního signálu POKYNY PRO VYPRACOVÁNÍ: Shrňte dosavadní poznatky z oblasti srovnávání zvukových nahrávek v oblasti tzv. „Music information retrieval“. Dále analyzujte interpretace z hlediska tempa, dynamiky a barvy zvuku. Implementujte systém, který za pomoci metod strojového učení a korelační analýzy vybere takové hudební parametry, které mají největší schopnost diferencovat období vzniku jednotlivých interpretací. DOPORUČENÁ LITERATURA: [1] SCHEDL, M.; GOMÉZ, E; URBANO, J. Music Information Retrieval: Recent Developments and Applications. Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval, 2014: s. 127-261, DOI: 978-1-60198-807-2. [2] MÜLLER, M. Fundamentals of Music Processing: Audio, Analysis, Algorithms, Applications [online]. Springer International Publishing Switzerland, 2015, 483 s. ISBN 978-3-319-21945-5. Termín zadání: 5.2.2018 Termín odevzdání: 21.5.2018 Vedoucí práce: Ing. Tomáš Kiska Konzultant: prof. Ing. Jiří Mišurec, CSc. předseda oborové rady UPOZORNĚNÍ: Autor diplomové práce nesmí při vytváření diplomové práce porušit autorská práva třetích osob, zejména nesmí zasahovat nedovoleným způsobem do cizích autorských práv osobnostních a musí si být plně vědom následků porušení ustanovení § 11 a následujících autorského zákona č. 121/2000 Sb., včetně možných trestněprávních důsledků vyplývajících z ustanovení části druhé, hlavy VI. díl 4 Trestního zákoníku č.40/2009 Sb. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, Vysoké učení technické v Brně / Technická 3058/10 / 616 00 / Brno ABSTRAKT Cílem této diplomové práce je shrnout dosavadní poznatky z oblasti srovnávání zvu- kových nahrávek a implementovat vyhodnocovací systém pro určení období vzniku za pomoci metod parametrizace hudebního signálu. V první části této práce jsou popsány reprezentace, jakých hudba může nabývat. Dále je uveden průřez parametrů, které mo- hou být z hudebních nahrávek extrahovány a poskytují informaci o dynamice, tempu, barvě či časovém vývoji hudební nahrávky. V části druhé je popsán vyhodnocovací systém a jeho jednotlivé dílčí bloky. Vstupními daty pro tento vyhodnocovací systém je vytvo- řená databáze, čítající 56 zvukových nahrávek první věty Beethovenovy páté symfonie. Poslední kapitola je věnována shrnutí dosažených výsledků. KLÍČOVÁ SLOVA klasifikace, parametry hudebních nahrávek, selekce parametrů, SFFS, statistická analýza, získávání informací z hudby ABSTRACT The aim of this semestral work is to summarize the existing knowledge from the area of comparison of musical recordings and to implement an evaluation system for determining the period of creation using the music signal parameterization. In the first part of this work are describe representations which can music take. Next, there is a cross-section of parameters that can be extracted from music recordings provides information on the dynamics, tempo, color, or time development of the music’s recording. In the second part is described evaluation system and its individual sub-blocks. The input data for this evaluation system is a database of 56 sound recordings of the first movement of Beethoven’s 5th Symphony. The last chapter is dedicated to a summary of the achieved results. KEYWORDS classification, features selection, musical features, music information retrieval, SFFS, statistical analysis KRÁL, Vítězslav. Určování období vzniku interpretace za pomoci metod parametrizace hudebního signálu. Brno, 2017, 72 s. Diplomová práce. Vysoké učení technické v Brně, Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, Ústav telekomunikací. Vedoucí práce: Ing. Tomáš Kiska Vysázeno pomocí balíčku thesis verze 2.63; http://latex.feec.vutbr.cz PROHLÁŠENÍ Prohlašuji, že svou diplomovou práci na téma „Určování období vzniku interpretace za pomoci metod parametrizace hudebního signálu“ jsem vypracoval samostatně pod ve- dením vedoucího diplomové práce a s použitím odborné literatury a dalších informačních zdrojů, které jsou všechny citovány v práci a uvedeny v seznamu literatury na konci práce. Jako autor uvedené diplomové práce dále prohlašuji, že v souvislosti s vytvořením této diplomové práce jsem neporušil autorská práva třetích osob, zejména jsem nezasáhl nedovoleným způsobem do cizích autorských práv osobnostních a/nebo majetkových a jsem si plně vědom následků porušení ustanovení S 11 a následujících autorského zá- kona č. 121/2000 Sb., o právu autorském, o právech souvisejících s právem autorským a o změně některých zákonů (autorský zákon), ve znění pozdějších předpisů, včetně možných trestněprávních důsledků vyplývajících z ustanovení části druhé, hlavy VI. díl 4 Trestního zákoníku č. 40/2009 Sb. Brno . ................................... podpis autora PODĚKOVÁNÍ Rád bych poděkoval vedoucímu diplomové práce panu Ing. Tomáši Kiskovi za odborné vedení, konzultace, trpělivost a podnětné návrhy k práci. Brno . ................................... podpis autora Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication Brno University of Technology Purkynova 118, CZ-61200 Brno Czech Republic http://www.six.feec.vutbr.cz PODĚKOVÁNÍ Výzkum popsaný v této diplomové práci byl realizován v laboratořích podpořených z pro- jektu SIX; registrační číslo CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0072, operační program Výzkum a vývoj pro inovace. Brno . ................................... podpis autora OBSAH Úvod 12 1 Získávání informací z hudebních nahrávek 13 1.1 Motivace . 13 1.2 Historie MIR . 13 2 Reprezentace hudby 14 2.1 Reprezentace notovým zápisem . 14 2.1.1 Notová osnova . 14 2.1.2 Noty a pomlky . 15 2.1.3 Notový klíč . 15 2.1.4 Předznamenání . 16 2.2 Zvuk . 16 2.2.1 Tónové třídy . 17 3 Zpracování audio signálu 18 3.1 A/D převodník . 18 3.2 Formáty audio záznamu . 20 4 Základní parametry hudby 22 4.1 Barva zvuku . 22 4.1.1 Hudební pohled . 22 4.1.2 Technický pohled . 22 4.2 Dynamika . 23 4.2.1 Hudební pohled . 23 4.2.2 Technický pohled . 24 4.3 Tempo . 26 4.3.1 Hudební pohled . 26 4.4 Ladění . 28 4.4.1 Hudební pohled . 28 4.4.2 Technický pohled . 28 5 Synchronizace audio nahrávek 29 5.1 Chroma parametr . 29 5.2 Dynamické borcení časové osy . 30 5.2.1 Základní princip DTW . 30 5.2.2 Deformační cesta . 31 6 MIR parametry 33 6.1 Nízkoúrovňové parametry . 33 6.1.1 Nízkoúrovňové parametry časové oblasti . 33 6.1.2 Nízkoúrovňové parametry frekvenční oblasti . 34 6.2 Parametry popisující barvu zvuku . 35 6.2.1 Parametry popisující křivku počátků zvukových událostí . 35 6.2.2 Parametry popisující rozložení energie ve spektru . 36 6.2.3 Drsnost spektra . 36 6.2.4 Parametry spektrálního rozložení . 37 6.2.5 Melovské kepstrální koeficienty . 38 6.3 Parametry popisující dynamiku hudební nahrávky . 39 6.3.1 Efektivní hodnota signálu . 39 6.3.2 Segmentace signálu . 39 6.3.3 Parametr nízké energie . 39 6.4 Parametry popisující tempo hudební nahrávky . 39 6.4.1 Detekce počátku zvukové události . 39 6.4.2 Hustota zvukových událostí . 40 6.4.3 Fluktuace tempa . 40 6.4.4 Tempo . 40 6.4.5 Metrický centroid . 40 6.4.6 Metrická síla . 40 7 Statistické parametry 41 7.1 Střední hodnota . 41 7.2 Směrodatná odchylka . 41 7.3 Rozptyl . 41 7.4 Kvantily . 41 7.4.1 Medián . 41 7.4.2 Kvartil . 42 7.4.3 Mezikvartilové rozpětí . 42 7.4.4 Percentil . 42 7.4.5 Mezipercentilové rozpětí . 42 8 Databáze interpretací 43 8.1 Rozbor skladby . 43 8.1.1 První věta (Allegro con brio)................... 43 8.2 Databáze . 44 8.3 Výběr úseků k analýze . 44 9 Vyhodnocovací systém 46 9.1 Předzpracování dat . 47 9.2 Výběr stejných úseků . 47 9.3 Výpočet parametrů . 48 9.4 Výběr parametrů . 49 9.4.1 Metoda mRMR . 50 9.4.2 Metoda SFFS . 50 9.5 Klasifikace . 51 9.5.1 Křížová validace . 51 9.5.2 Klasifikační stromy . 51 9.6 Statistická analýza . 51 9.6.1 Přesnost . 52 9.6.2 Spearmanův test pořadové korelace . 52 9.6.3 Vzájemná informace . 52 10 Výsledky 54 10.1 Individuální analýza parametrů . 54 10.2 Kombinace parametrů . 56 11 Závěr 58 Literatura 60 Seznam symbolů, veličin a zkratek 63 Seznam příloh 64 A Obsah přiloženého CD 65 B Databáze nahrávek 66 C Notový zápis prvního úseku 68 D Notový zápis druhého úseku 70 SEZNAM OBRÁZKŮ 2.1 Obrázek notové osnovy . 14 2.2 Obrázek notových klíčů . 16 3.1 Příklad záznamového řetězce . 18 4.1 Spektrum tónu 퐶1 klavíru . 23 4.2 Křivky stejné hlasitosti převzato z [13]. 26 5.1 Zobrazení příkladů porušení podmínek deformační cesty . 32 6.1 Amplitudová obálka audio signálu . 33 9.1 Blokové schéma vyhodnocovacího systému . 46 9.2 Grafické znázornění vzájemné informace . 53 SEZNAM TABULEK 2.1 Tabulka hodnot not a jejich značek . 15 2.2 Tabulka hodnot pomlk a jejich značek . 15 2.3 Tabulka tónových tříd . 17 3.1 Tabulka vzorkovacích kmitočtů . 19 3.2 Tabulka dynamických rozsahů pro různé bitové hloubky . 20 4.1 Tabulka hudebních dynamik . 24 4.2 Tabulka příkladů zvuků a jejich hodnot . 25 4.3 Tabulka temp a jejich hodnoty v BPM . 27 4.4 Tabulka jazzových tempových změn . 27 9.1 Přehled statistických parametrů . 49 10.1 Tabulka výsledků individuální analýzy všech parametrů prvního úseku.
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