Organizing and Displaying Data and Statistical Analyses So That These May Efficiently and Effectively Conveyed to an Audience

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ChapterNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Organizing and © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Displaying LLC ©Data Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR5 DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Learning Objectives © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The main goal NOTof this FOR chapter SALE is to ensureOR DISTRIBUTION that you understand the most common approaches to organizing and displaying data and statistical analyses so that these may efficiently and effectively conveyed to an audience. © Jones & BartlettThis chapter Learning, will prepare LLC you to: © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Employ techniques for displaying data and statistical analyses in tables and graphs • Choose the best format to display data and statistical analyses © Jones & Bartlett Learning, •LLC Accurately interpret data and© Jonesstatistical & analyses Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONpresented in a graph or tableNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Key Terms © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Bar chart Percentile NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Boxplot Pie chart Frequency distribution Scatterplot Histogram Stem and leaf plot © Jones & BartlettLine chart Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 75 06/06/16 6:42 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

76 CHAPTER FIVE ● Organizing and Displaying Data © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTINTRODUCTION FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ●●

Nurses in practice, administration, and research must present data or statistical analyses to accomplish a variety of purposes—you may need © Jones & Bartlettto make Learning, a case for LLC changes in practice or promote© Jones the use & of Bartlett resources Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE forOR a DISTRIBUTIONparticular initiative, or perhaps you needNOT to convince FOR SALE a patient OR DISTRIBUTION that their behavior is leading to poor health outcomes. Visual repre- sentations of data and analyses are an essential component of dissemi- nation whether you are preparing a written report for your institution, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, givingLLC an oral presentation with© Jones visual aids,& Bartlett or writing Learning, a manuscript LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONfor publication. Following dataNOT collection FOR SALEand analysis, OR DISTRIBUTIONwhat you have are a bunch of numbers and characters; it is important to be able to communicate the most salient aspects of the data to others. Similarly, as you are reading reports, you need to determine if the researcher made a defensible choice in the data analysis and presentation, and © Jonesbe able & to Bartlett understand Learning, a table or graph LLC in the report. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORIf the SALEnumber ORof data DISTRIBUTION values is small, it may be easy to interpretNOT the FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION data set using language only; that is, we simply explain in writing or a verbal report what our findings are. However, if the data set is large or complex, it can be very challenging to figure out what the data have to © Jones & Bartlettsay. Learning, Imagine that LLC you have two data sets: one© with Jones measurements & Bartlett on Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORinfant DISTRIBUTION mortality from 20 countries, and one withNOT measurements FOR SALE from OR DISTRIBUTION 200 countries. Which one will be easier to understand? So, how can the nurse represent data and analyses concisely, accurately, and clearly? One important approach is to use tables, graphs, and charts. The old adage “a picture is worth a thousand words” is also © Jones & Bartlett Learning, trueLLC for data points and statistics.© Jones A graph & Bartlettor table depicting Learning, the data LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONoften tells the story in a moreNOT compelling FOR SALE fashion OR than DISTRIBUTION words alone. However, data presentations can be clean and clear or muddy and misleading depending upon the quality of our choices for display or the decisions of the researcher. In deciding what techniques to use for © Jonesdata display, & Bartlett we must Learning, ask ourselves LLC two important questions. The© Jones first & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTquestion FOR SALE is, “When OR should DISTRIBUTION we use a graph or table?” Graphs andNOT tables FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION are likely to be useful when there is a large amount of, or complex, information to report. The second question is, “What is the best type of graph or table to display our data?” Sometimes, a simple bar chart may be adequate to present data. In other cases, displays that are more © Jones & Bartlettcomplex Learning, are needed LLC to communicate precisely© with Jones the audience. & Bartlett Data Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 76 06/06/16 6:42 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

Introduction 77 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTdisplays FOR SALEshould ORfit with DISTRIBUTION the level of measurement and variableNOT type FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION and account for the audience characteristics. Do you recall the different levels of measurement and types of variables we discussed in Chapter 3? Whether a variable is measured at the © Jones & Bartlettnominal, Learning, ordinal, LLC interval, or ratio level will, ©in Jonespart, determine & Bartlett what Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE presentationOR DISTRIBUTION methods you will choose. SupposeNOT we collectFOR dataSALE on theOR DISTRIBUTION gender of subjects. Gender is measured at the nominal level of measurement. A simple bar chart or pie chart may be a good way to convey this information since there are likely to be a limited number of response categories. Now consider data on income of nurses. Income © Jones & Bartlett Learning, isLLC measured at the ratio level© of Jones measurement & Bartlett and the Learning, data values areLLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONnot limited to preset categories.NOT A FORsimple SALE bar chart OR or DISTRIBUTION pie chart will not be an appropriate display of these data because each income level reported by an individual subject will appear on the chart. Note that a bar or pie chart may be used if income measurements are categorized © Jonesinto a limited& Bartlett number Learning, of groups LLC(e.g., 0–$25,000, $25,001–$50,000,© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTand FOR ≥ $50,000). SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION As a nurse in a leadership role, you are expected to accurately interpret and decide on the best approach for displays of data. The goal of this chapter is to provide guidance on what factors to consider when choosing how to present your data and statistical analyses. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Case Study

© Jones & Bartlett Learning,A well-thought-outLLC analysis and© chart Jones can &make Bartlett all the Learning,difference on LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONthe impact your work has with anNOT audience. FOR In SALE 2009, theOR United DISTRIBUTION States began an incentive program to promote the use of electronic health records (EHR) that complied with criteria for meaningful use. In 2015, Eric Jamoom and Esther Hing at the National Center for Health Statistics ©reported Jones trends & Bartlett in health Learning, care systems LLC using electronic health records© inJones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTemergency FOR departments,SALE OR findingDISTRIBUTION that emergency departments aroundNOT the FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION country were increasingly able to meet the objectives for meaningful use of EHR systems. The line chart below displays the impact of the incentive © Jones & Bartlettprogram Learning, on the use LLCof EHR systems over 4 years. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 77 06/06/16 6:42 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

78 CHAPTER FIVE ● Organizing and Displaying Data © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION How might you use such a chart to display data from work that you doing right now? For example, tracking the influence of a new approach to fall prevention on number of falls before and after the intervention; © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC exploring trends in postoperative infections in a same-day surgery center; NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION or following a diabetic client’s hemoglobin A1C over time to illustrate their success with diet and exercise?

100 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 92.4 89.4 88.3 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 80 NOT FOR SALE OR87.0 DISTRIBUTION 82.4 65.1 61.6 60 55.2 61.1 62.6 47.0 48.9 44.6 44.3 42.9 40.3 © Jones &Percent Bartlett40 Learning,42.4 LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 38.6 33.9 39.9 NOT FOR SALE 28.0OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 31.5 33.0 29.0 20 28.4

0 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2007LLC 2008 2009 2010© Jones 2011 & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONRecording patient history Recording patientNOT problem FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION and demographic information list Ordering prescriptions Providing warnings of drug interactions Providing reminders for or contraindications guideline-based interventions © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONJamoom, E., & Hing, E. (2015). Progress NOTwith electronic FOR health SALE record OR adoption DISTRIBUTION among emergency and outpatient departments: United States, 2006–2011. National Center for Health Statistics Data Brief, 187.

One of the most common ways of presenting data is a frequency distribution, which shows the possible values of a variable and the © Jones & Bartlettcorresponding Learning, frequencyLLC of those values. ©The Jones simplest & Bartlettfrequency Learning, LLC distribution has two columns, one for data values and the other for NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 78 06/06/16 6:42 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

Grouping Data 79 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Table 5-1 Frequency Distribution of Number of Calls at an Emergency Room © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Number LLC of Calls Frequency© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 0 2 1 5 2 7 3 16 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 4 © Jones & Bartlett 1 Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

corresponding frequencies. TABLE 5-1 is an example frequency distri- © Jonesbution &displaying Bartlett the Learning, number of LLCcalls per night received at an© emer Jones- & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTgency FOR room SALE in a ORsingle DISTRIBUTION month. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The first column shows the number of calls received per night at an emergency room, ranging from zero to four calls. The second column shows how frequently an emergency room (ER) received the corresponding number of calls in one month. There were two nights when © Jones & Bartlettthe Learning,ER received no LLC calls and 16 nights when the© ERJones received & threeBartlett calls. Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORA DISTRIBUTIONfrequency distribution table can be extendedNOT FOR by adding SALE addi OR- DISTRIBUTION tional columns such as cumulative frequency and cumulative percentage. Cumulative frequency is the sum of frequency of the current category with that of previous categories, and cumulative percentage is © Jones & Bartlett Learning, theLLC ratio of cumulative frequency© Jones of the category& Bartlett of interest Learning, to the total LLC number of subjects. TABLE 5-2 shows the extended frequency distribu- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION tion table of Table 5-1. A frequency distribution can be either ungrouped or grouped. Our previous example was an ungrouped frequency distribution. If the data are measured at the categorical level, either nominal or ordi- © Jonesnal, an &ungrouped Bartlett frequency Learning, distribution LLC is the usual choice as© thereJones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTwill FOR be a SALE limited OR number DISTRIBUTION of category responses. TABLE 5-3 showsNOT aFOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION frequency distribution table for gender. If the variables are measured at the interval or ratio level of measurement, the choice of ungrouped or grouped frequency distribution © Jones & Bartlettdepends Learning, on the rangeLLC of the data values. If the© rangeJones of data& Bartlett values is Learning, LLC small, such as found in Tables 5-1 and 5-2, an ungrouped frequency NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 79 06/06/16 6:42 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

80 CHAPTER FIVE ● Organizing and Displaying Data © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Table 5-2 Extended Frequency Distribution of Number of Calls at an Emergency Room © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Cumulative© JonesCumulative & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALENumber OR ofDISTRIBUTION Calls Frequency FrequencyNOT FORPercentage SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

0 2 2 0.06

1 5 7 0.23 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 2 7 14 0.45 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 3 16 30 0.97

4 1 31 1.00

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALETable OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 5-3 Frequency Distribution Table for Gender Gender Frequency © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONMale 20 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Female 70 Trans 5 Total 95

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC distribution table may be still appropriate. If not, a grouped frequency NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION distribution may be a more efficient way of displaying the data. Suppose that you want to create a frequency distribution of mortality rates of 200 countries. The data will range over many different values and an ungrouped frequency distribution table would have to © Jonesbe quite & largeBartlett to display Learning, the data. LLC In this case, a grouped frequency© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTdistribution FOR SALE table OR will DISTRIBUTION show the data more concisely as the NOTdistinct FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION intervals of data values will be grouped to simplify the information about a variable. TABLE 5-4 shows a grouped frequency distribution table of mortality rates of 200 countries. © Jones & Bartlett ALearning, grouped frequency LLC distribution table is a© much Jones easier & way Bartlett to con- Learning, LLC vey information when the data set is large or complex, but we will NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 80 06/06/16 6:42 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

Graphs and Charts 81 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Table 5-4 Grouped Frequency Distribution Table of Mortality Rates © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Mortality LLC Rates (Death © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONper 1,000 Live Births) FrequencyNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

0–10 9 11–20 27 21–30 42 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 31–40 © Jones & 111Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 41 and aboveNOT FOR SALE11 OR DISTRIBUTION

lose individual data. For example, how would you answer the question, “Which of these countries have an infant mortality rate of 5 or © Jones6 deaths & perBartlett 1,000 liveLearning, births?” It LLC is impossible to answer that© quesJones- & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTtion FOR by lookingSALE atOR the DISTRIBUTION grouped frequency distribution table. WhileNOT aFOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION grouped frequency distribution provides good summative information on the data set, we lose information on individual data values. To create a frequency distribution in IBM SPSS Statistics software (“SPSS”), you will open Frequency.sav and go to Analyze > Descriptive © Jones & BartlettStatistics Learning, > Frequencies LLC as shown in FIGURE© 5-1 Jones. In the & Frequencies Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORbox, DISTRIBUTIONyou will then move a variable of NOTinterest—in FOR SALEthis case, OR DISTRIBUTION Frequency—into “Variable(s)” as shown in FIGURE 5-2. Clicking “Continue” and then “OK” will then produce the output, shown in FIGURE 5-3. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCWhich frequency distribution© Jones table is the& Bartlett best choice Learning, depends again LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONon how the data are being measuredNOT FOR and SALE the range OR of DISTRIBUTION values. If the range of data values is small, choosing an ungrouped frequency distribution table and retaining as much of the information as possible is probably best. If the data range is large or very complex, a grouped frequency distribution table will convey information in a more con- © Jonescise format & Bartlett even though Learning, some details LLC of the information will be© lost.Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION GRAPHS AND CHARTS ●●

© Jones & BartlettNurses Learning, using data LLC and statistics for practice, quality/process© Jones & Bartlett improve- Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORment, DISTRIBUTION research, and evidence-based practiceNOT may FORchoose SALE to convey OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 81 06/06/16 6:42 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

82 CHAPTER FIVE ● Organizing and Displaying Data © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Figure 5-1 ●● Selecting Frequencies in SPSS.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION information about data in graphs and charts that would be difficult or cumbersome to examine in text format. In fact, graphs and charts are the best method of describing data when the data set is large. Graphs and charts are visually impactful and, when well designed, can be © Jones & Bartlett Learning, easilyLLC understood. There are ©many Jones different & Bartlett types of graphs Learning, and charts LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONavailable, and we will now moveNOT to FOR a discussion SALE of OR how DISTRIBUTION to determine what graphs and charts is the best choice. A useful chart or graph should show the data or statistics in a meaningful, clear, and efficient manner. Poor choices may lead to ambigu- © Jonesous or &misleading Bartlett interpretations Learning, LLC of the data. Suppose we needed© Jones to & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTpresent FOR theSALE collected OR DISTRIBUTIONmeasurements of the weights of 100 patients.NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Since each patient will have different measurements in weight, choosing a pie chart as a description method will not display the data clearly, as shown in FIGURE 5-4. When there are many data values to display, seeing each data value as a separate category does not help © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 82 06/06/16 6:42 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

Graphs and Charts 83 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Figure 5-2 ●● Defining a variable frequency in SPSS.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION us understand the data. In the case of patient weights, the use of a histogram is a much better way to understand the data (FIGURE 5-5). There are many types of graphs and charts in SPSS, and we will explain how to create each with examples of variables. We also discuss © Jones & Bartlett Learning, theLLC appropriate levels of measurement© Jones for & eachBartlett graph Learning, and chart. Each LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONdata set used here is also includedNOT inFOR the online SALE resources OR DISTRIBUTION for this text, accessed using the code found in the front of this text.

Discrete© Jones &or Bartlett Categorical Learning, Data LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Bar charts and pie charts are two useful ways to represent discrete data (i.e., data that are categorical with fixed number of categories measured at the nominal or ordinal level). They are commonly used charts as they are easy to create, use, and interpret. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 83 06/06/16 6:42 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

84 CHAPTER FIVE ● Organizing and Displaying Data © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Figure 5-3 ●● Example output of frequency distribution table in SPSS.

Example output of frequency distribution table in SPSS. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Frequencies NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION [DataSetl] E:\20ll\StatBook_2011\Chapters\chapter 5\Frequency.sav

Statistics Frequency © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCN Valid 20 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Missing 0 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Frequency Cumulative © Jones & BartlettFrequency Learning, Percent LLC Valid Percent Percent © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Valid 0 3 15.0 15.0 15.0 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1 5 25.0 25.0 40.0 2 6 30.0 30.0 70.0 3 2 10.0 10.0 80.0 4 4 20.0 20.0 100.0 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, Total LLC20 100.0 100.0© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Bar Chart © Jones & Bartlett Learning, TheLLC bar chart is the most appropriate© Jones choice & Bartlett for variables Learning, measured LLC at NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONthe nominal and ordinal levelNOT of measurement FOR SALE and OR can DISTRIBUTIONbe used to display one or more variables. If a bar chart is used with the ordinal level of measurement, ordering the rank helps the reader in interpreting the chart (e.g., if discussing pressure ulcers, listing the measurements in © Jonesorder—stage & Bartlett I, stage Learning, II, stage III, stageLLC VI). A typical bar chart ©has Jones the & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTresponse FOR SALE categories OR on DISTRIBUTION the horizontal axis and the frequencies NOTof each FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION category on the vertical axis; this helps you discern much about the data, such as the most/least common category, the difference of one bar relative to the other, and changes in frequency over time. To create almost any chart or graph for a variable in SPSS, you will © Jones & Bartlettopen Learning, Location.sav LLC, go to Graph > Legacy Dialogues,© Jones and & Bartlettselect the Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 84 06/06/16 6:42 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

Graphs and Charts 85 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Figure 5-4 ●● Mistakenly used pie chart.

Weight © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 80 116 156 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT81 FOR11 SALE8 15 OR9 DISTRIBUTION 82 121 160 83 122 161 84 123 162 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett85 Learning,125 16 LLC3 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE 88OR DISTRIBUTION127 165 89 128 166 90 129 167 91 130 169 93 133 171 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 94 134 © Jones172 & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 95 135 NOT173 FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 97 136 174 99 138 175 102 140 184 105 141 186 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones106 &14 2Bartlett188 Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT10 7FOR14 SALE3 18 OR9 DISTRIBUTION 108 145 190 109 148 194 110 150 196 112 151 198 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett113 Learning,153 200 LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE 11OR4 DISTRIBUTION154 115 155

© Jonestype of & graph/chart Bartlett Learning,desired—in thisLLC case, Bar, as shown in FIGURE© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT5-6 FOR. In the SALE Bar Charts OR DISTRIBUTION box, you will leave “Simple” and “SummariesNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION for groups of cases” selected as default, and click “Define” as shown in FIGURE 5-7. In the Define Simple Bar box, you will then move the variable of interest—in this example, Location—into “Category Axis” as shown in FIGURE 5-8. Click “OK” to produce the output © Jones & Bartlett(FIGURE Learning, 5-9). LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 85 06/06/16 6:42 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

86 CHAPTER FIVE ● Organizing and Displaying Data © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Figure 5-5 ●● Histogram using the same data set as Figure 5-3.

Mean = 136.5 6 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesStd. dev. & = Bartlett33.767 Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTN FOR= 100 SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION4 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

3 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Frequency NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

0 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 80 100 120© 140 Jones 160 & Bartlett180 200Learning, 220 LLC Weight NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Note that a bar chart can also be created horizontally (i.e., the response categories on the vertical axis and the frequencies of each cat- © Jonesegory on & theBartlett horizontal Learning, axis). Additional LLC examples where a bar© chartJones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTcan FOR be handy SALE to presentOR DISTRIBUTION the data include ethnicity, insurance categoryNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION (Medicare/Medicaid), marital status, patient acuity, and gender.

Pie Chart © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC A pie chart is a circular chart where pieces within the chart represent NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION a corresponding proportion of each category, and it is an appropriate

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 86 06/06/16 6:42 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

Graphs and Charts 87 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Figure 5-6 ●● Selecting a bar chart in SPSS.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 87 06/06/16 6:42 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

88 CHAPTER FIVE ● Organizing and Displaying Data © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Figure 5-8 ●● Defining a variable in a bar chart in SPSS.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONchoice for nominal and ordinalNOT level FOR of measurement.SALE OR DISTRIBUTION A pie chart is simple to create, use, and understand, much like a bar chart when it is created for a single variable. Pie charts are very useful for visualizing the most commonly occurring class compared to the whole and the © Jonesrelative & size Bartlett of different Learning, classes. However, LLC it may be difficult to© comJones- & Bartlett Learning, LLC pare data across different pie charts. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION To create a simple pie chart for a variable in SPSS, you will open Ethnicity.sav and go to Graph > Legacy Dialogues > Pie, as shown in FIGURE 5-10. In the Pie Charts box, you will leave “Summaries for groups of cases” checked as default and click “Define” as shown © Jones & Bartlettin FIGURELearning, 5-11 .LLC In Define Pie box, you will© then Jones move &a variableBartlett of Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 88 06/06/16 6:42 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

Graphs and Charts 89 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Figure 5-9 ●● Example bar chart for nurses’ job location.

40 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 30 Count

20 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE10 OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

0 Rural Urban © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Area © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, interest,LLC Ethnicity, into “Define© Jones Slices by” & asBartlett shown in Learning, FIGURE 5-12 LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONClicking “OK” will then produceNOT theFOR output. SALE An OR example DISTRIBUTION output is shown in FIGURE 5-13.

Continuous Data © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTWhen FOR the SALE variable OR is DISTRIBUTIONcontinuous (i.e., interval and ratio), bothNOT bar FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION charts and pie charts become inefficient in displaying the collected data. It is important to show how the data are distributed with continuous data, since the data values can range differently, unlike with cat- © Jones & Bartlettegorical Learning, data. Better LLC choices for continuous variables© Jones are & histograms, Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORstem DISTRIBUTION and leaf plots, and boxplots. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 89 06/06/16 6:42 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

90 CHAPTER FIVE ● Organizing and Displaying Data © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Figure 5-10 ●● Selecting a pie chart in SPSS.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 90 06/06/16 6:42 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

Graphs and Charts 91 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Figure 5-12 ●● Defining a variable in a pie chart in SPSS.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning,Histogram LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION A histogram is similar to a bar chart in structure, which explains why histograms are often mistaken for bar charts. However, you can think of it as a graphical way of presenting information from a frequency distribution. It organizes a group of data points into a number of in- © Jonestervals, &and Bartlett the bar Learning,in a histogram LLC represents the frequency ©in Jonescor- & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTresponding FOR SALE intervals, OR notDISTRIBUTION in predefined limited numbers of categoriesNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION as with a bar chart. With a histogram, you can understand the general shape of the data distribution (i.e., what are the data trends) and the most commonly occurring data values. © Jones & Bartlett ToLearning, create a histogram LLC in SPSS, you will ©open Jones Age.sav & Bartlettand go to Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORGraph DISTRIBUTION > Legacy Dialogues > Histogram as shownNOT in FOR FIGURE SALE 5-14 .OR In DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 91 06/06/16 6:42 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

92 CHAPTER FIVE ● Organizing and Displaying Data © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Figure 5-13 ●● Example pie chart for nurses’ ethnicity.

18% 19% Ethnicity © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & BartlettCaucasian Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE ORAfrican-American DISTRIBUTION 14% Hispanic 23% Asian Native American © Jones & 8%Bartlett Learning, LLC Other © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR18% DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 92 06/06/16 6:42 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

Graphs and Charts 93 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Figure 5-15 ●● Defining a variable in a histogram in SPSS.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, theLLC Histogram box, you will then© Jones move a& variable Bartlett of interest, Learning, Age, into LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION“Variable” as shown in FIGURENOT 5-15 FOR. Clicking SALE “OK” OR will DISTRIBUTION then produce the output. An example output is shown in FIGURE 5-16. Note that a histogram can be obtained in other places, such as “Explore.”

Stem© Jones and &Leaf Bartlett Plot Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTStem FOR and SALE leaf plots OR areDISTRIBUTION good charts for showing the distributionNOT of FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION continuous data. These are similar to histograms, but have greater flex- ibility and display more information. In addition to the overall shape of distribution, a stem and leaf plot also shows information regarding © Jones & Bartlettindividual Learning, data LLCvalues. To create a stem and© leafJones plot &in BartlettSPSS, you Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORwill openDISTRIBUTION Satisfaction.sav and go to Analyze >NOT Descriptive FOR SALEStatistics OR > DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 93 06/06/16 6:42 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

94 CHAPTER FIVE ● Organizing and Displaying Data © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Figure 5-16 ●● Example histogram for nurses’ age.

30 Mean = 37.62 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ©Std. Jones Dev. = 10&.486 Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTN = 18 FOR9 SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC20 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION equency Fr © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR10 SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Explore as shown in FIGURE 5-17. In the Explore box, you will move a variable of interest, Job Satisfaction, into “Dependent List” as shown in FIGURE 5-18. Note that you can move the categorical variable into © Jones“Factor & List” Bartlett if you w Learning,ant to create separateLLC stem and leaf plots for© aJones cat- & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTegorical FOR variable;SALE OR this DISTRIBUTIONwill create separate plots for different categoriesNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION of the variable. Stem and leaf plot is checked as the default in “Plots” button, so clicking “OK” will then produce the output. FIGURE 5-19 is an example of a stem and leaf plot. © Jones & Bartlett AsLearning, you can see LLC in Figure 5-19, the variable,© Satisfaction, Jones & looks Bartlett simi- Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORlar on DISTRIBUTION both sides from the center and the actualNOT data FOR values SALE are shown. OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 94 06/06/16 6:42 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

Graphs and Charts 95 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Figure 5-17 ●● Selecting a stem and leaf plot in SPSS.

In this way, stem and leaf plots not only show the distribution, but also information about individual data values. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONBoxplot NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION A boxplot can be used to display more information than any other chart discussed so far in this chapter. It is a good choice for variables measured on the continuous scale and allows for comparisons across © Jonesgroups. & A Bartlettboxplot does Learning, not show LLC individual data values like© a stemJones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTand FOR leaf SALEplot, but OR does DISTRIBUTION display other information, such as theNOT overall FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION distribution, the center of the distribution, the quartile, and possible outliers. To create a boxplot in SPSS, you will open Heartrate.sav and go to © Jones & BartlettGraph Learning, > Legacy LLCDialogues > Boxplot as shown© Jones in FIGURE & Bartlett 5-20. In Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORthe Boxplot DISTRIBUTION box, you will leave “Simple” and “SummariesNOT FOR for SALE groups OR of DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 95 06/06/16 6:42 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

96 CHAPTER FIVE ● Organizing and Displaying Data © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Figure 5-18 ●● Defining a variable in a stem and leaf plot in SPSS.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORcases” DISTRIBUTION selected as default, and click “Define” asNOT shown FOR in FIGURE SALE 5-21 OR. DISTRIBUTION In the Define Simple Boxplot box, you will move a variable of interest, Heart Rate, into “Variable” and Gender into “Category Axis” as shown in FIGURE 5-22. Clicking “OK” will then produce the output. An example output is shown in FIGURE 5-23. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCA boxplot can be drawn both© Jones vertically, & Bartlett as shown Learning, in Figure 5-23, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONand horizontally. It is one ofNOT the importantFOR SALE charts OR used DISTRIBUTION to describe the data in exploratory data analysis. Interpretation of a boxplot is as follows. • The box in the plot contains the middle 50% of the data set. © JonesThe & middleBartlett line Learning, in the box represents LLC the 50th percentile,© the Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORexact SALE middle OR number DISTRIBUTION of the entire data set, while the upperNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION edge represents the 75th percentile and the lower edge represents the 25th percentile. • If the middle line is not exactly in the middle of the box, it is an © Jones & Bartlett Learning,indication thatLLC the data is not equally distributed© Jones in & both Bartlett sides Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONfrom the center. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 96 06/06/16 6:43 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

Graphs and Charts 97 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Figure 5-19 ●● Example stem and leaf plot for nurses’ job satisfaction.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 97 06/06/16 6:43 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

98 CHAPTER FIVE ● Organizing and Displaying Data © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Figure 5-21 ●● Selecting a simple boxplot in SPSS.

• The ends of the vertical lines, which are called “whiskers,” represent the minimum and maximum data values. The lower whis- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCker equals 1.5 times the© interquartile Jones & rangeBartlett (IQR) Learning, below the LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONfirst quartile (25th percentile),NOT FOR and the SALE upper OR whisker DISTRIBUTION equals 1.5 times the IQR above the third quartile (75th percentile). • Any data value outside of the whiskers is considered to be a possible outlier, which is defined as an unusual data value in the © Jonescurrent & Bartlett data set. Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORWe need SALE to give OR you DISTRIBUTION an explanation on percentile before NOTwe fin FOR- SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ish this discussion on boxplots. Percentile is a measure of location and tells us how many data values fall below a certain percentage of observations. For example, if you have were in the 75th percentile on © Jones & Bartlettan exam,Learning, then you LLC did better than 75% of the© other Jones people & takingBartlett that Learning, LLC exam. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 98 06/06/16 6:43 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

Other Graphs and Charts 99 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Figure 5-22 ●● Defining variables in a boxplot in SPSS.

There are other graphs and charts that may be useful for displaying © Jones & Bartlett Learning, data.LLC They include line chart© and Jones scatterplot. & Bartlett Line charts Learning, are used LLC to NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONexamine trends of variable oNOTver time, FOR and SALE scatterplots OR areDISTRIBUTION used to examine the relationship between variables.

Line Chart © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTLike FOR the SALEbar chart OR and DISTRIBUTION pie chart, the line chart is good choiceNOT for FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION displaying the frequency of categories. It is created by connecting dots, representing the data values of each category as shown in FIGURE 5-24. In this example, the horizontal axis represents “Month,” a categorical © Jones & Bartlettvariable, Learning, and the LLCvertical axis represents “Systolic© BloodJones Pressure,” & Bartlett a con- Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORtinuous DISTRIBUTION variable. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 99 06/06/16 6:43 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

100 CHAPTER FIVE ● Organizing and Displaying Data © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Figure 5-23 ●● Example boxplot for 174 patients’ heart rate.

150

0 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC male female NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Gender NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION A line chart is useful when trying to find and compare changes over time or when trying to define meaningful patterns of variables. To create a line chart in SPSS, you will open SBP.sav and go to Graph > Legacy Dialogues > Line as shown in FIGURE 5-25. In © Jonesthe Line & ChartsBartlett box, Learning, you will lea LLCve “Simple” and “Summaries© Jones for & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTgroups FOR of SALE cases” ORselected DISTRIBUTION as default, and click “Define” as shownNOT in FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION FIGURE 5-26. In the Define Simple Line box, you will then move a variable of interest, Systolic Blood Pressure, into “Variable” after clicking a radio button for “Other statistics” (e.g., mean) and Month into © Jones & Bartlett“Category Learning, Axis” LLCas shown in FIGURE 5-27. ©Clicking Jones “OK” & Bartlett will then Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORproduce DISTRIBUTION the output. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 100 06/06/16 6:43 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

Other Graphs and Charts 101 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Figure 5-24 ●● Example line chart for systolic blood pressure.

115

100 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 12345678910 11 12 13 14 15 16 181719 20 21 22 23 24 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Month NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning,Scatterplot LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Scatterplots are used when a researcher wishes to examine the relationship between two continuous variables—for example, age and systolic blood pressure. Relationships can be in either positive or negative directions. A positive relationship means that both vari- © Jonesables move & Bartlett in the same Learning, direction, LLC such as increased smoking and© Jones the & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTincreased FOR SALE probability OR ofDISTRIBUTION getting lung cancer, while a negative relationNOT FOR- SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ship means that the variables move in opposite directions, such as lower self-esteem and increased depression. FIGURE 5-28 shows an example of a scatterplot. © Jones & Bartlett ToLearning, create a scatterplot LLC in SPSS, you will open© WeightHeight.sav Jones & Bartlett and go Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORto Graph DISTRIBUTION > Legacy Dialogues > Scatter/Dot asNOT shown FOR in FIGURE SALE 5-29 OR. DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 101 06/06/16 6:43 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

102 CHAPTER FIVE ● Organizing and Displaying Data © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Figure 5-25 ●● Selecting a line chart window in SPSS.

Figure 5-26 © Jones & Bartlett●● Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALESelecting OR DISTRIBUTION a simple line chart window in SPSS. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 102 06/06/16 6:43 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

Presenting the Data in the Best Format 103 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Figure 5-27 ●● Defining a variable in a line chart in SPSS.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC In the Scatter/Dot box, you will leave “Simple Scatter” selected as default, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION and click “Define” as shown in FIGURE 5-30. In the Simple Scatterplot box, you will move an independent variable, Height, into “X Axis” and a dependent variable, Weight, into “Y Axis” as shown in FIGURE 5-31. Clicking “OK” will then produce the output. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION PRESENTING THE DATA IN THE BEST FORMAT ●●

© Jones & BartlettWe Learning,have discussed LLC many different methods© of Jones displaying & Bartlett data and Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORstatistical DISTRIBUTION analyses, and most of these tablesNOT and FORcharts SALEare easy OR to DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 103 06/06/16 6:43 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

104 CHAPTER FIVE ● Organizing and Displaying Data © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Figure 5-28 ●● Example scatterplot for a relationship between height and weight.

250.00

200.00 Weight in pounds in Weight © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 150.00 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

100.00 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 65.00 67.50 70.00 72.50 75.00 77.50 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Height in inchesNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

create, use, and understand. However, if any of these charts are not © Jones & Bartlett Learning, carefullyLLC designed they can present© Jones false & or Bartlett misleading Learning, information. LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONYou should consider four elementsNOT FORselecting SALE the best OR type DISTRIBUTION of graph or table for your data. First, you need to ask yourself whether you have chosen the most appropriate type of graph for the data. This means considering level of measurement and size and complexity of the data set. For example, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC you would not want to generate a histogram to display the data val- NOTues FOR on an SALE ethnicity OR variable DISTRIBUTION or a bar chart for sodium content NOTlevel of FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 100 patients. Second, you should make sure that you have provided enough information on each component of the graph. The title for the graphic should be descriptive and the variable(s) should be clearly © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 104 06/06/16 6:43 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

Presenting the Data in the Best Format 105 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Figure 5-29 ●● Selecting a scatterplot in SPSS.

Figure 5-30 ●● © Jones & BartlettSelecting Learning, a simple scatterplot LLC in SPSS. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 105 06/06/16 6:43 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

106 CHAPTER FIVE ● Organizing and Displaying Data © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Figure 5-31 ●● Defining variables in a scatterplot in SPSS.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, identified.LLC Third, make sure© that Jones the independent & Bartlett variable Learning, is placed LLC on the horizontal axis while the dependent variable is placed on the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONvertical axis. Reversed, the NOTgraph FORmay illustrate SALE ORa different DISTRIBUTION picture than what you want to show. Finally, you also have to ensure that the graph has been drawn on the proper scale, as it may show a different scenario than what it actually is occurring if it is incorrectly drawn. © JonesFIGURE & 5-32Bartlett is a perfect Learning, example LLC of how an inappropriately© scaled Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTgraph FOR can SALE be misleading. OR DISTRIBUTION While the data do not show a strongNOT rela FOR- SALE OR DISTRIBUTION tionship between the number of years worked at the current job and job satisfaction (as shown in the graph on the left), the graph on the right shows a very strong positive relationship due to the inappropri- © Jones & Bartlettately Learning, defined scale. LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 106 06/06/16 6:43 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

Presenting the Data in the Best Format 107 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Figure 5-32 ●● Example of data distortion.

Graphs and charts are a useful and efficient way of displaying data. When the table, graph, or plot is created carefully and appropriately, © Jones & Bartlettyour Learning, data will be LLC more clearly understood and© moreJones meaningful. & Bartlett The Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORcareful DISTRIBUTION nurse researcher, clinician, and leaderNOT should FOR keep SALE in mind OR DISTRIBUTION what each chart is good for and choose a chart accordingly. Bar charts and pie charts are good for displaying the frequency or percentage of given categories. Line charts are also good when the vari- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, ableLLC for the horizontal axis is© categorical. Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Histograms, stem and leaf plots, and boxplots are good for display- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONing the distribution of continuouslyNOT FOR measured SALE variables. OR DISTRIBUTION A histogram is similar to a bar chart in structure, but it is used to show the distribution of data values in a user-defined range. Stem and leaf plots show the same information as a histogram, but they show the actual data. A © Jonesboxplot & is Bartlett probably Learning,the chart with LLC the most information, as it© shows Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTinformation FOR SALE on potentialOR DISTRIBUTION outliers, the center values, and the 25thNOT and FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 75th percentiles. However, all of these charts can be easily manipulated to produce false information if they are not carefully designed. Therefore, we © Jones & Bartlettshould Learning, think carefully LLC about which type of graphs© Jones or charts & Bartlett will best Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 107 06/06/16 6:43 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

108 CHAPTER FIVE ● Organizing and Displaying Data © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTfit FOR the data, SALE be certain OR DISTRIBUTIONto include enough information on each NOTcompo FOR- SALE OR DISTRIBUTION nent of the graph so that readers can accurately interpret the display.

© Jones & BartlettCritical Learning, Thinking LLC Questions © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1. What are the purposes of constructing a graph or table to display information about a variable? 2. Levels of measurement are an important factor in determining which chart to use. Explain why this is the case. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONRefer to the graph on the nextNOT page FORfor questions SALE 3–5.OR DISTRIBUTION 3. Does this chart seem to be appropriate for this data? Why or why not? Explain your answer. 4. Is the title appropriately worded? 5. Is there any component of this chart that you think it is not © Jones &complete Bartlett or isLearning, confusing? Explain.LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Self-Quiz

© Jones & Bartlett Learning,1. True or false: LLC A histogram is useful when© Jones a researcher & Bartlett is trying Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONto display information about a categoricalNOT variable. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2. True or false: Bar charts and pie charts can convey similar types of information. 3. True or false: There is no chart that allows an investigator to identify possible outliers. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC4. Which of the following© isJones a good & example Bartlett of dataLearning, that can LLCbe NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONappropriately displayedNOT with FOR a line SALEchart? OR DISTRIBUTION a. Ethnicity b. Systolic blood pressure c. Income © Jones d.& AgeBartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR5. Which SALE of theseOR DISTRIBUTIONcharts allows a researcher to examine a possibleNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION relationship between two continuous variables? a. Histogram b. Bar chart c. Scatterplot © Jones & Bartlett Learning,d. Line chart LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 108 06/06/16 6:43 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.

Reference 109 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTREFERENCE FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ●●

Jamoom, E., & Hing, E. (2015). Progress with electronic health record adoption among emergency and outpatient department: United States, 2006–2011. © Jones & Bartlett Learning,National Center LLC for Health Statistics Data Brief, ©187. Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 109 06/06/16 6:43 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION.