© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ChapterNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Organizing and © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Displaying LLC ©Data Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR5 DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Learning Objectives © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The main goal NOTof this FOR chapter SALE is to ensureOR DISTRIBUTION that you un- derstand the most common approaches to organizing and displaying data and statistical analyses so that these may efficiently and effectively conveyed to an audience. © Jones & BartlettThis chapter Learning, will prepare LLC you to: © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Employ techniques for displaying data and statistical analyses in tables and graphs • Choose the best format to display data and statistical analyses © Jones & Bartlett Learning, •LLC Accurately interpret data and© Jonesstatistical & analyses Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONpresented in a graph or tableNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Key Terms © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Bar chart Percentile NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Boxplot Pie chart Frequency distribution Scatterplot Histogram Stem and leaf plot © Jones & BartlettLine chart Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 75 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 75 06/06/16 6:42 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION. 76 CHAPTER FIVE ● ORGANIZING AND DISPLAYING Data © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTINTRODUCTION FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ●● Nurses in practice, administration, and research must present data or statistical analyses to accomplish a variety of purposes—you may need © Jones & Bartlettto make Learning, a case for LLC changes in practice or promote© Jones the use & of Bartlett resources Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE forOR a DISTRIBUTIONparticular initiative, or perhaps you needNOT to convince FOR SALE a patient OR DISTRIBUTION that their behavior is leading to poor health outcomes. Visual repre- sentations of data and analyses are an essential component of dissemi- nation whether you are preparing a written report for your institution, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, givingLLC an oral presentation with© Jones visual aids,& Bartlett or writing Learning, a manuscript LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONfor publication. Following dataNOT collection FOR SALEand analysis, OR DISTRIBUTIONwhat you have are a bunch of numbers and characters; it is important to be able to communicate the most salient aspects of the data to others. Similarly, as you are reading reports, you need to determine if the researcher made a defensible choice in the data analysis and presentation, and © Jonesbe able & to Bartlett understand Learning, a table or graph LLC in the report. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORIf the SALEnumber ORof data DISTRIBUTION values is small, it may be easy to interpretNOT the FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION data set using language only; that is, we simply explain in writing or a verbal report what our findings are. However, if the data set is large or complex, it can be very challenging to figure out what the data have to © Jones & Bartlettsay. Learning, Imagine that LLC you have two data sets: one© with Jones measurements & Bartlett on Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORinfant DISTRIBUTION mortality from 20 countries, and one withNOT measurements FOR SALE from OR DISTRIBUTION 200 countries. Which one will be easier to understand? So, how can the nurse represent data and analyses concisely, accu- rately, and clearly? One important approach is to use tables, graphs, and charts. The old adage “a picture is worth a thousand words” is also © Jones & Bartlett Learning, trueLLC for data points and statistics.© Jones A graph & Bartlettor table depicting Learning, the data LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONoften tells the story in a moreNOT compelling FOR SALE fashion OR than DISTRIBUTION words alone. However, data presentations can be clean and clear or muddy and misleading depending upon the quality of our choices for display or the decisions of the researcher. In deciding what techniques to use for © Jonesdata display, & Bartlett we must Learning, ask ourselves LLC two important questions. The© Jones first & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTquestion FOR SALE is, “When OR should DISTRIBUTION we use a graph or table?” Graphs andNOT tables FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION are likely to be useful when there is a large amount of, or complex, information to report. The second question is, “What is the best type of graph or table to display our data?” Sometimes, a simple bar chart may be adequate to present data. In other cases, displays that are more © Jones & Bartlettcomplex Learning, are needed LLC to communicate precisely© with Jones the audience. & Bartlett Data Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 76 06/06/16 6:42 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION. Introduction 77 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTdisplays FOR SALEshould ORfit with DISTRIBUTION the level of measurement and variableNOT type FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION and account for the audience characteristics. Do you recall the different levels of measurement and types of vari- ables we discussed in Chapter 3? Whether a variable is measured at the © Jones & Bartlettnominal, Learning, ordinal, LLC interval, or ratio level will, ©in Jonespart, determine & Bartlett what Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE presentationOR DISTRIBUTION methods you will choose. SupposeNOT we collectFOR dataSALE on theOR DISTRIBUTION gender of subjects. Gender is measured at the nominal level of mea- surement. A simple bar chart or pie chart may be a good way to con- vey this information since there are likely to be a limited number of response categories. Now consider data on income of nurses. Income © Jones & Bartlett Learning, isLLC measured at the ratio level© of Jones measurement & Bartlett and the Learning, data values areLLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONnot limited to preset categories.NOT A FORsimple SALE bar chart OR or DISTRIBUTION pie chart will not be an appropriate display of these data because each income level reported by an individual subject will appear on the chart. Note that a bar or pie chart may be used if income measurements are categorized © Jonesinto a limited& Bartlett number Learning, of groups LLC(e.g., 0–$25,000, $25,001–$50,000,© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTand FOR ≥ $50,000). SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION As a nurse in a leadership role, you are expected to accurately inter- pret and decide on the best approach for displays of data. The goal of this chapter is to provide guidance on what factors to consider when choosing how to present your data and statistical analyses. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Case Study © Jones & Bartlett Learning,A well-thought-outLLC analysis and© chart Jones can &make Bartlett all the Learning,difference on LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONthe impact your work has with anNOT audience. FOR In SALE 2009, theOR United DISTRIBUTION States began an incentive program to promote the use of electronic health records (EHR) that complied with criteria for meaningful use. In 2015, Eric Jamoom and Esther Hing at the National Center for Health Statistics ©reported Jones trends & Bartlett in health Learning, care systems LLC using electronic health records© inJones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTemergency FOR departments,SALE OR findingDISTRIBUTION that emergency departments aroundNOT the FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION country were increasingly able to meet the objectives for meaningful use of EHR systems. The line chart below displays the impact of the incentive © Jones & Bartlettprogram Learning, on the use LLCof EHR systems over 4 years. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9781284097030_CH05_Pass02.indd 77 06/06/16 6:42 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION© Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend LearningNOT Company. FOR SALENOT FOR SALEOR ORDISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION. 78 CHAPTER FIVE ● ORGANIZING