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Distribution, Geochemistry, and Correlation of Pliocene Tephra in the Pajarito Plateau Giday Woldegabriel, Amanda P

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Distribution, Geochemistry, and Correlation of Pliocene Tephra in the Pajarito Plateau Giday Woldegabriel, Amanda P New Mexico Geological Society Downloaded from: http://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/58 Distribution, geochemistry, and correlation of Pliocene tephra in the Pajarito Plateau Giday Woldegabriel, Amanda P. Naranjo, and Melissa M. Fittipaldo, 2007, pp. 275-283 in: Geology of the Jemez Region II, Kues, Barry S., Kelley, Shari A., Lueth, Virgil W.; [eds.], New Mexico Geological Society 58th Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook, 499 p. This is one of many related papers that were included in the 2007 NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebook. Annual NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebooks Every fall since 1950, the New Mexico Geological Society (NMGS) has held an annual Fall Field Conference that explores some region of New Mexico (or surrounding states). Always well attended, these conferences provide a guidebook to participants. Besides detailed road logs, the guidebooks contain many well written, edited, and peer-reviewed geoscience papers. These books have set the national standard for geologic guidebooks and are an essential geologic reference for anyone working in or around New Mexico. Free Downloads NMGS has decided to make peer-reviewed papers from our Fall Field Conference guidebooks available for free download. Non-members will have access to guidebook papers two years after publication. Members have access to all papers. This is in keeping with our mission of promoting interest, research, and cooperation regarding geology in New Mexico. However, guidebook sales represent a significant proportion of our operating budget. Therefore, only research papers are available for download. Road logs, mini-papers, maps, stratigraphic charts, and other selected content are available only in the printed guidebooks. Copyright Information Publications of the New Mexico Geological Society, printed and electronic, are protected by the copyright laws of the United States. No material from the NMGS website, or printed and electronic publications, may be reprinted or redistributed without NMGS permission. Contact us for permission to reprint portions of any of our publications. One printed copy of any materials from the NMGS website or our print and electronic publications may be made for individual use without our permission. Teachers and students may make unlimited copies for educational use. Any other use of these materials requires explicit permission. This page is intentionally left blank to maintain order of facing pages. NewPLIOCENE Mexico Geological TEPHRA Society Guidebook, IN THE 58 thPAJARITO Field Conference, PLATEAU Jemez Mountains, 2007, p. 275-283. 275 DISTRIBUTION, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND CORRELATION OF PLIOCENE TEPHRA IN THE PAJARITO PLATEAU GIDAY WOLDEGABRIEL1, AMANDA P. NARANJO2, AND MELISSA M. FITTIPALDO1 1Earth Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545; [email protected] 2Waste Services Low-Level Waste Disposal, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545 ABSTRACT — The Pajarito Plateau, a deeply dissected east-tilted tableland capped by Quaternary Bandelier Tuff, occupies the western part of the Española Basin. Lava flows of variable compositions dominated the earliest volcanic eruptions in the area currently occupied by the plateau; however, small-volume pyroclastic deposits erupted in the southern and northeastern parts of the Jemez volcanic field during the late Miocene and Pliocene. A dozen proximal primary and reworked tephra units are inter- bedded within the Puye Formation in Ancho, Bayo, Rendija, Guaje, Sawyer, and Santa Clara Canyons. In Ancho Canyon at the southern part of the plateau, two primary tephra units are interbedded within pumice-bearing volcaniclastic sandstone below conglomerate of the Totavi Lentil at the base of the Pliocene Puye Formation that is capped by Pliocene basalt (3.04±0.5 Ma). In Bayo Canyon, primary pumice and vitric ash units occur at the base of the Puye Formation about 2 m above upper Miocene basalt (8.86±0.05 Ma). The vitric ash yielded an age of 5.3 Ma. None of the tephra units in Rendija, Guaje, and Santa Clara Canyons were dated but they mostly occur in the upper half of the Puye Formation above the conglomerate of the Totavi Lentil. Major element compositions of glass shards determined by electron microprobe analysis indicate that most tephra are low- and high-silica rhyolites except for a pumice unit that is rhyodacite to trachydacite in composition. The upper tephra units in Ancho and Bayo Canyons are chemically identical. Four of the tephra samples from Rendija and Guaje Canyons are chemically cor- relative and represent low-silica rhyolite, whereas three other samples have distinctive compositions of low- to high-silica rhyolite. The lower tephra in Ancho Canyon is chemically correlative to a bedded tuff in Guaje Canyon. Chemical correlation was also noted between Rendija and Santa Clara Canyon tephra units. Based on chemical similarities, most of the Pliocene tephra erupted from Tschicoma Formation centers in the northeastern part of the Jemez volcanic field. Stratigraphic relations and correlation suggest that the ages of tephra and sedimentary deposits of the Puye Formation generally increase southward. Preexisting structures and contemporaneous felsic and basaltic volcanism on the west and east sides of the plateau, respectively, dictated Pliocene sedimentation in the area currently defined by the plateau. Fluvial pumiceous sandstone and fanglomerate of dacite and basaltic rocks hosting the tephra represent at least three source areas that are dominated by these lithologic types. INTRODUCTION Small-volume tephra units of varying age, composition, and (Broxton and WoldeGabriel, 2007, unpubl. 40Ar/39Ar data). thicknesses commonly occur within the sedimentary sequence During the Plio-Pleistocene, silicic volcanism migrated north- of the Pliocene Puye Formation that are mostly exposed along ward to the central and eastern parts of the Jemez volcanic field fault scarps and canyon walls of the Pajarito Plateau. The pla- and small- to large-volume pyroclastic eruptions and lava flows teau, located between the Rio Grande and the Pajarito fault zone, related to the Tschicoma Formation and the Bandelier Tuff inun- is characterized by east-west-trending mesas that form the west- dated the area (Bailey et al., 1969; Smith et al., 1970; Gardner et ern part of the Española Basin of the Rio Grande rift in north al., 1986; Loeffler et al., 1988; Turbeville et al., 1989; Izett and central New Mexico (Fig. 1). The Quaternary Bandelier Tuff Obradovich, 1994; Gardner and Goff, 1996; Broxton et al., 2007). blankets the east-tilted mesas that are separated by east-trending According to Turbeville et al. (1989), at least 25 pyroclastic units deep canyons. Upper Oligocene to middle Miocene (25.5 -11.0 erupted from dacitic to rhyolitic lava domes of the Tschicoma Ma) volcanic activity in the southern and eastern Jemez volcanic Formation occur within the Puye Formation in the northern part field consisted mostly of lava flows. The earliest tephra units of the Pajarito Plateau. Minor basaltic tephra units erupted from related to Canovas Canyon Rhyolite in the southern Jemez vol- the Pliocene Cerros del Rio volcanic field located mostly to the canic field erupted in the late Miocene (9.63 Ma) (Smith et al., east of the plateau occur in the uppermost part of the Puye Forma- 1970; Gardner et al., 1986; Goff et al., 1990; WoldeGabriel et tion (Turbeville et al., 1989; Dethier, 1997). al., 2006). Additional tephra units of the Peralta Tuff Member This report describes the location and distribution of the major (7.06-6.15 Ma) related to Bearhead Rhyolite erupted in the same tephra layers interbedded within the Puye Formation in the cen- area during the waning stages of Keres Group volcanism (Gard- tral and northern parts of the Pajarito Plateau. Brief petrographic ner et al., 1986; Goff et al., 1990; Justet and Spell, 2001; Smith, descriptions and geochemical characteristics of discrete glass 2001). Pumice-rich, reworked tephra deposits also occur between shards of the various tephra units are also presented. Based on mafic lavas (10.1 Ma) at the top of the Lobato Basalt in Santa field and laboratory characteristics of the units, correlations are Clara Canyon Plateau, suggesting the presence of another upper established among the tephra units exposed from Ancho to Santa Miocene explosive volcanic center in the northeast part of the Clara Canyons (Fig. 1). The tephra stratigraphic markers pro- Jemez volcanic field (WoldeGabriel et al., 2006). Although most vided temporal and spatial constraints on the development of of the tephra units beneath the Pajarito Plateau are of early to late the Puye Formation. Moreover, the provenance, depositional Pliocene age, older tephra deposits that are temporally correlative environments, and tectonic activities during the deposition of the to the Peralta Tuff Member (7.06-6.15 Ma) were intersected in Puye Formation along the western part of the Española Basin, exploratory boreholes in the central part of the Pajarito Plateau currently occupied by the plateau are briefly highlighted. 276 WOLDEGABRIEL, NARANJO, & FITTIPALDO DISTRIBUTION OF TEPHRA AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS Although the tephra samples exhibited minor alteration, varia- tion diagrams of least mobile major element oxides (Al2O3, CaO, FeO, TiO2) were plotted to determine the range of composition and to check for correlation among the various tephra (Figs. 2, 3). Results from field studies and laboratory analyses of the various tephra are described by geographic locations
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