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The Strategic Importance of Persian Gulf Bridge in The

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The Strategic Importance of Persian Gulf Bridge in The ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻫﺎي ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎي اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ، دورهي 44، ﺷﻤﺎرهي 4، زﻣﺴﺘﺎن 1391 ﺻﺺ. 203-222 اﻫﻤﻴﺖ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋﻳﻚ ﭘﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس در ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ي ژﺋﻮاﻛﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ي آزاد ﻗﺸﻢ ∗ ﻋﻠﻲ وﻟﻴﻘﻠﻲزاده ـ اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎي ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﺮاﻏﻪ ﻳﺎﺷﺎر ذﻛﻲ ـ اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎي ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان ﭘﺬﻳﺮش ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ: 02/11/1389 ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ: 1390/01/31 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه اﻳﺪهي اﺣﺪاث ﭘﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺧﺎﻟﻖ ﻣﺰﻳﺖﻫﺎ و ﻓﺮﺻﺖﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪي آزاد ﻗﺸﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﺑﻪ دﻫﻪي 50 و زﻣﺎن اﻳﺠﺎد ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﻨﺪر آزاد ﺗﺠﺎري اﻳﺮان در ﺟﺰﻳﺮهي ﻗﺸﻢ ﺑﺎزﻣﻲﮔﺮدد. ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻲ، ﺑﻪﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲرﺳﺪ ﻃﺮح ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﭘﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس در آن زﻣﺎن ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﻗﺮاري ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﺳﺮزﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻴﺎن ﺟﺰﻳﺮهي ﻗﺸﻢ و ﺑﻨﺪرﻋﺒﺎس ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺮﻣﺰﮔﺎن ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ و ﺷﺎﻳﺪ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋﻳﻚ اﻳﻦ ﻃﺮح، در ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻛﻼن اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭻوﺟﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ اﻣﺮوز ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮد. ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ دورﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ از اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺟﺰﻳﺮه و ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪي آزاد ﻗﺸﻢ ﭘﺲ از ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداري از ﭘﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻲ اﺳﺖ، اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﻲ - ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ آزاد وﺟﻮد دارد، زﻣﻴﻨﻪﺳﺎز ﻧﻘﺶآﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ژﺋﻮاﻛﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻗﺸﻢ در ﻋﺮﺻﻪي رﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪاي در ﺣﻮزه ي ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. اﻫﻤﻴﺖ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع آﻧﺠﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﺟﻬﺎن اﻣﺮوز، وﺟﻬﻪ ي اﺻﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ در ﻋﺮﺻﻪي رﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ دوﻟﺖﻫﺎ، ﺑﺎ ﻧﻘﺶآﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد و ﺗﺠﺎرت آزاد، ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ـ ﻛﻪ از آن ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮان ژﺋﻮاﻛﻮﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﻳﺎد ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ـ و در ﺣﻮزهي ژﺋﻮاﻛﻮﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﺗﺮي ﺑﺎ دوﻟﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ از ﺗﻤﺎم ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞﻫﺎي ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺮزﻣﻴﻦ ﺧﻮد، ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ و اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﺣﻮزه ي ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎي ﺗﺠﺎري ـ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ آﻧﭽﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ، ﺳﺆال اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪي ژﺋﻮاﻛﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪي آزاد ﻗﺸﻢ ﻧﻘﺶآﻓﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟ در اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺗﻼش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪي اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﭘﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس در ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻗﺸﻢ و ﻧﻴﺰ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ژﺋﻮﭘﻠﻴﺘﻴﻜﻲ آن، اﻫﻤﻴﺖ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋﻳﻚ اﻳﻦ ﭘﻞ در دورﻧﻤﺎي ژﺋﻮاﻛﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪي آزاد ﻗﺸﻢ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد. ﻛﻠﻴﺪ واژهﻫﺎ: ﭘﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس، ﻗﺸﻢ، ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪي آزاد، ژﺋﻮاﻛﻮﻧﻮﻣﻲ. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ∗ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺌﻮل : E-mail: [email protected] 09141900441 204 ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻫﺎي ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎي اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ، دورهي 44، ﺷﻤﺎرهي 4، زﻣﺴﺘﺎن 1391 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ اﻳﺪهي اﺣﺪاث ﭘﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس ﻛﻪ ﻣﺰﻳﺖﻫﺎي ﭘﺮﺷﻤﺎري ﺑﺮاي اﻳﺮان و ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ در ﭘﻲ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ، ﺑﻪ دﻫﻪ ي 50 و زﻣﺎن اﻳﺠﺎد ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﻨﺪر آزاد ﺗﺠﺎري اﻳﺮان در ﺟﺰﻳﺮهي ﻗﺸﻢ ﺑﺎزﻣﻲﮔﺮدد.1 در اﻳﻦ راﺳﺘﺎ، ﻗﺮار ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻞ ﺳﻨﮕﻲ از ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ي "ﻻﻓﺖ" در ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ ي ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﺰﻳﺮه ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎﺣﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ـ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪود 2 ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ دارد ـ ارﺗﺒﺎط زﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻴﺎن ﻗﺸﻢ و ﺳﻮاﺣﻞ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ اﻳﺮان ﺑﺮﻗﺮار و ﺟﺰﻳﺮهي ﻗﺸﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﮔﺮدﺷﮕﺮي و ﺗﺠﺎري ﺑﺰرگ در دﻫﺎﻧﻪي ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس و ﺗﻨﮕﻪ ي ﻫﺮﻣﺰ ﻣﺒﺪل ﺷﺪ. ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻲ، ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲرﺳﺪ ﻃﺮح ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﭘﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس در آن زﻣﺎن، ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﻗﺮاري ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﺳﺮزﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺮهي ﻗﺸﻢ و ﺑﻨﺪرﻋﺒﺎس ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺮﻣﺰﮔﺎن، ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ و ﺷﺎﻳﺪ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋﻳﻚ اﻳﻦ ﻃﺮح در ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻛﻼن اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي، ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭻوﺟﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ اﻣﺮوز ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮد. در ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﺧﻮردن و آﻏﺎز ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ اﻳﻦ ﭘﺮوژه ي ﻋﻈﻴﻢ در 23 اﺳﻔﻨﺪ 89، ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ اﻳﺪهي اﺣﺪاث ﭘﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس، ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪي ﺗﺌﻮري را ﭘﺸﺖﺳﺮ ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ و ﺑﺎ اﺣﺪاث اﻳﻦ ﭘﻞ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺮار اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ 1392 ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ، ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ي آزاد ﻗﺸﻢ ﻣﻲرود ﺗﺎ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺛﻤﺮ هﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ اﻗﺪام، ﺑ ﻪﻋﻨﻮان "دروازه ي ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺗﺠﺎري اﻳﺮان" در آﺑﻬﺎي ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ي ﺷﺎﻳﺎن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ اﻳﻨﺠﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ي ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ و رﻗﺎﺑﺖﻫﺎي ژﺋﻮاﻛﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻜﻲ، اﺣﺪاث ﭘﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس اﻣﺎراﺗﻲﻫﺎ را ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﺸﺘﻲﻫﺎي 250 ﻫﺰار ﺗﻨﻲ در ﺑﻨﺎدر ﺟﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ و ﻓﺠﻴﺮه، ﮔﻮي ﺳﺒﻘﺖ را از اﻳﺮان رﺑﻮدهاﻧﺪ، ﻧﮕﺮان ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ. ﻫﻢاﻛﻨﻮن، ﺑﻨﺎدر ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ اﻳﺮان ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﺸﺘﻲ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ 100 ﻫﺰار ﺗﻦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. از اﻳﻦ رو، ﻛﺸﺘﻲﻫﺎي ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ اﻳﺮان، ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ﭘﻬﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي در ﺑﻨﺎدر ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ اﻳﺮان، راﻫﻲ اﺳﻜﻠﻪﻫﺎي اﻣﺎرات ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ را از آﻧﺠﺎ ﺑﺎر دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺸﺘﻲﻫﺎي ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ اﻳﺮان ارﺳﺎل ﻛﻨﻨﺪ و ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎي ﺻﺎدراﺗﻲ اﻳﺮان ﻧﻴﺰ، ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﺘﻲﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻي 100 ﻫﺰار ﺗﻦ، اﺑﺘﺪا راﻫﻲ اﻣﺎرات ﺷﺪه و از آﻧﺠﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم ﺻﺎدرات ﻣﺠﺪد اﻣﺎرات، راﻫﻲ ﻧﻘﺎط ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻬﺎن ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞﻫﺎ، اﺟﺮاي اﻳﻦ ﭘﺮوژه، ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﻬﺒﻮد 40 درﺻﺪي ﺳﺮﻋﺖ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ اﻳﺮان و از اﻳﺮان ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ي آزاد ﻗﺸﻢ ﺑﺮاي ﺻﺎدرات ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎزارﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ و ﻧﻴﺰ، ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﻳﻲ 30 درﺻﺪي در ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪي ورود ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ اﻳﺮان ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد؛ ﭼﺮا ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداري از اﻳﻦ ﭘﺮوژه، ﺑﺎرﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه در ﻗﺸﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ زﻳﺎد وارد ﻧﺎوﮔﺎن ﺣﻤﻞوﻧﻘﻞ ﺟﺎد هاي و رﻳﻠﻲ اﻳﺮان ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ و ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺻﺎدراﺗﻲ اﻳﺮان ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ از راه ﺑﻨﺎدر درﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪي آزاد ﻗﺸﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺎط ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ دﻧﻴﺎ ﺻﺎدر ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ (روزﻧﺎﻣﻪ ي دﻧﻴﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎد، 1389: 5). ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ اﺳﺎس، ﺳﺆال اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در دورﻧﻤﺎي ژﺋﻮاﻛﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ي آزاد ﻗﺸﻢ ﻧﻘﺶآﻓﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪي دﻳﮕﺮ، ﻫﺪف اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋﻳﻚ ﭘﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس در دورﻧﻤﺎي ژﺋﻮاﻛﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ي آزاد ﻗﺸﻢ اﺳﺖ. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ 1. ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدﻫﺎ در ﻣﻮرد اﺣﺪاث ﭘﻞ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﻧﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺮهي ﻗﺸﻢ و ﺳﺮزﻣﻴﻦ اﺻﻠﻲ، از ﺳﻮي ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن ﻣﺸﺎور ﻫﮕﺰا و وزارت راه و ﺗﺮاﺑﺮي (1366)، دوﻟﺖ ﺟﻤﻬﻮري ﺧﻠﻖ ﻛﺮه (1368)، ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺗﺎﻛﺮاف آﻟﻤﺎن (1371) و ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬاران اﺗﺮﻳﺶ (1385) اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ (ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪي ﺗﺠﺎرت اﻳﺮان، ت. م 90/10/27). اﻫﻤﻴﺖ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋﻳﻚ ﭘﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس در ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪي ژﺋﻮاﻛﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻜﻲ... 205 ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻈﺮي ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ژﺋﻮاﻛﻮﻧﻮﻣﻲ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻫﻤﻮاره ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦﻛﻨﻨﺪه ي ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ داﺧﻠﻲ و ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ دوﻟﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. اﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻛﻨﻮن در ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ رواﺑﻂ اﻧﺴﺎن و ﻓﻀﺎي ﭘﻴﺮاﻣﻮﻧﻲ او، ﻳﻌﻨﻲ در ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞﻫﺎي ژﺋﻮﭘﻠﻴﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪه دارد (ﻟﻮور و ﺗﻮال، 1381: 2 - 101). در واﻗﻊ، ﻧﻈﺎم ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﻮﻧﻲ، ﭘﺲ از ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻦ از ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ي ﭘﻴﮕﻴﺮي اﻳﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮژي در ﻫﻤﺎورديﻫﺎي ژﺋﻮﭘﻠﻴﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ، وارد دوران ﺟﺪﻳﺪي ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ژﺋﻮﭘﻠﻴﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﻣﻨﻌﻄﻒ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﻮرﻳﺖ ﻧﻘﺶآﻓﺮﻳﻨﻲ زﻳﺮﺑﻨﺎﻫﺎ و ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ (ﻣﺠﺘﻬﺪزاده، 1381: 1 - 130) ﻛﻪ از آن ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮان دوره ي ژﺋﻮاﻛﻮﻧﻮﻣﻲ در ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﺎد ﻣﻲﺷﻮد. ﻫﺪف اﺻﻠﻲ ژﺋﻮاﻛﻮﻧﻮﻣﻲ، ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﺮ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎ و دﺳﺖﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪرت ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ، ﺑﻠﻜﻪ دﺳﺖﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﻴﻼي ﺗﺠﺎري و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﺳﺖ (ﻋﺰّﺗﻲ، 1380: 112). ژﺋﻮاﻛﻮﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﻓﻦّ ﻣﺎﻫﺮاﻧﻪاي اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻴﺸﺒﺮد ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي در ﻋﺮﺻﻪي ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ و اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋﻳﻜﻲ در ﻓﻀﺎي ژﺋﻮاﻛﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻜﻲ، ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﻛﻠّﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ و ﺑ ﻪﻛﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﭘﺮﻣﺰﻳﺖﺗﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎ و ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴ ﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻬﻢ و ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻣﻠّﻲ را در ﻋﺮﺻﻪي ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪات ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ و ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ درآﻣﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ (Prohnitchi, 2003). ژﺋﻮاﻛﻮﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬار و ﻣﺼﺮفﻛﻨﻨﺪه را ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻲﺑﺮد؛ ژﺋﻮاﻛﻮﻧﻮﻣﻲ از ﺑﺮﺗﺮيﻫﺎي ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎي ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ و ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺳﺨﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﺪ؛ و ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ، در ﺟﻬﺖ اﺗّﺤﺎد ﺑﺮاي اﻣﻨﻴﺖ در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ دﺷﻤﻨﺎن ﻓﺮﺿﻲ، در اﺻﻞ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ژﺋﻮاﻛﻮﻧﻮﻣﻲ در اﻳﺠﺎد ﻳﻚ ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺖ ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﺿﻲ رادﻳﻜﺎﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ، آﻧﺎرﺷﻴﺴﻢ و ﺑﻲﻧﻈﻤﻲ، ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻫﻤﮕﻨﻲ، ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ، ﻗﺪرت اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي و رﺷﺪ ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎﺳﺖ ( Spark and .(Lawson, 2004 ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ آزاد ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪي آزاد، ﻣﺤﺪودهاي اﺳﺖ در داﺧﻞ ﻣﺮزﻫﺎي ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﻤﻮل ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ، ﺑ ﻪوﻳﮋه ﻣﻘﺮّرات ﮔﻤﺮﻛﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ (Öztürk, 2004: 112). اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺻﺮفﻧﻈﺮ از ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ي وﺟﻮدي، ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ و ﻛﺎرﻛﺮدﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ـ ﺗﺠﺎري آﻧﻬﺎ، از آن ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ و اﻗﺘﺪار ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ و دوﻟﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺰي را ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد اﺧﺘﺼﺎص ﻣﻲدﻫﻨﺪ و ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ـ ﻓﻀﺎ از ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردارﻧﺪ، ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎص ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎي ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ. در واﻗﻊ، اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﻪﺷﻜﻞ واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ـ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ داراي اﺧﺘﻴﺎرات وﻳﮋهاي در وراي اﺧﺘﻴﺎرات ﺳﺎﻳﺮ واﺣﺪﻫﺎ و ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎت ﻛﺸﻮرياﻧﺪ. ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ و اداري اﻳﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ، ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﻋﻤﺪه زﻳﺮ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪهي ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ؛ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎم ﻛﺸﻮري ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ ادارهي اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻧﻈﺎرت ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ و ﻣﻘﺮّرات و ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي و ﺗﺠﺎري و ﻣﺪﻧﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺑﺮ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ اﺳﺖ (ﺣﺎﻓﻆﻧﻴﺎ، 1381: 10 - 406). ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ آزاد ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً در ﻣﺴﻴﺮ آﺑﺮاهﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ و در ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت و ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻼت ﺑﻨﺪرﮔﺎﻫﻲ و ﻓﺮودﮔﺎﻫﻲ وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ (ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪي، 1369: 277). ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ آزاد ﺗﺠﺎري در راﺳﺘﺎي ﻫﺪف اﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪي ﻣﺒﺎدﻻت ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ و در اﻳﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ، ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن از ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺎن ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ و ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎي ﻓﺮاﻣﻠﻴﺘﻲ و ﭼﻨﺪﻣﻠﻴﺘﻲ، ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺬب ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪي آﻧﻬﺎ اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ و ﻫﻤﻪ ﻧﻮع ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻼت، ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﻣﻌﺎﻓﻴﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ 206 ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻫﺎي ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎي اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ، دورهي 44، ﺷﻤﺎرهي 4، زﻣﺴﺘﺎن 1391 ﻣﺪﻧﻲ، ﻛﺎرﮔﺮ و ﻧﻴﺮوي اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ارزان، زﻣﻴﻦ و اﺟﺎره ي ارزان، ﺗﻬﻴ ﻪي ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎت زﻳﺮﺑﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮق، آب و ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ و ﻏﻴﺮه را ﺑﺮاي آﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ (ﻫﻤﺎن: 277). در دﻧﻴﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎد، ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪي ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬاري ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ و ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ، ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ زﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﻔﺎدهي ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن داﺧﻠﻲ از ﭘﻮل ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﺑﺎزارﻫﺎي ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ، ﺣﻀﻮر در ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﺪرتﻫﺎي رﻗﻴﺐ در ﻋﺮﺻﻪي ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ، اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ي ﺻﺎدرات ﺑﺎ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ از رﺷﺪ و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪي ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺻﺎدراﺗﻲ، اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ واردات ارزي، ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻞّ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ي ﺑﻴﻜﺎري ﺑﺎ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻓﺮﺻﺖﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﻐﻠﻲ، ارﺗﻘﺎي ﺳﻄﺢ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﺎ وارد ﻛﺮدن ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪات ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﻓﻨﺎوريﻫﺎي ﻣﺪرن ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺘﻲ از ﺧﺎرج ﺑﻪ داﺧﻞ ﻛﺸﻮر، از ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ اﻫﺪاف اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ آزاد ﺑﻪﺷﻤﺎر ﻣﻲروﻧﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ، ﺑ ﻪﻛﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ آزاد در ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ي ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ، ﺑ ﻪوﻳﮋه از دﻳﺪ ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي رو ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ، ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻬ ﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ در روﻧﺪ ﻫﻤﮕﺮاﻳﻲ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺷﻤﺮده ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ (Arslan & Yapraklı, 2007: 170). در ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ، اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ، ﻛﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲداﻧﻨﺪ در ﺟﻬﺎن اﻣﺮوز، ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺧﻮد را از ﻧﻈﺮ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي، ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ و ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻬﺖدﻫﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ (Haywood, 2004). ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ آزاد، اﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ در ﻗﻴﺎس ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ و اﻫﺪاف ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮﺷﺎن ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﮕﻮن ﺷﻤﺮده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ؛ اﻣﺎ در ﻋﻤﻞ داراي اﺷﺘﺮاﻛﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻮده و ﻫﻤﻪ در داﺷﺘﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺆﻟّﻔﻪ ي اﺳﺎﺳﻲ، در ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻓﻀﺎي ﺑﺎز اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻫﻤﺴﻮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ در اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ آزاد اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎ، از آن ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان اﻫﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ در اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺧﻮد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ. اﻟﺒﺘّﻪ، ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪام از ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻬﺎن، ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺧﺎص ﺧﻮد، در ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ آزاد اﻫﺪاف ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮﺷﺎن ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ.
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