Effect of a Single Session of Intermittent Hypoxia On
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Hypothermia Brochure
Visit these websites for more water safety and hypothermia prevention in- formation. What is East Pierce Fire & Rescue Hypothermia? www.eastpiercefire.org Hypothermia means “low temperature”. Washington State Drowning When your body is exposed to cold tem- Prevention Coalition Hypothermia www.drowning-prevention.org perature, it tries to protect itself by keeping a normal body temperature of 98.6°F. It Children’s Hospital & tries to reduce heat loss by shivering and Regional Medical Center In Our Lakes moving blood from your arms and legs to www.seattlechildrens.org the core of your body—head, chest and and Rivers abdomen. Hypothermia Prevention, Recognition and Treatment www.hypothermia.org Stages of Hypothermia Boat Washington Mild Hypothermia www.boatwashington.org (Core body temperature of 98.6°— 93.2°F) Symptoms: Shivering; altered judg- ment; numbness; clumsiness; loss of Boat U.S. Foundation dexterity; pain from cold; and fast www.boatus.com breathing. Boat Safe Moderate Hypothermia www.boatsafe.com (Core body temperature of 93.2°—86°F) Symptoms: Semiconscious to uncon- scious; shivering reduced or absent; lips are blue; slurred speech; rigid n in muscles; appears drunk; slow Eve breathing; and feeling of warmth can occur. mer! Headquarters Station Sum Severe Hypothermia 18421 Old Buckley Hwy (Core body temperature below 86°F) Bonney Lake, WA 98391 Symptoms: Coma; heart stops; and clinical death. Phone: 253-863-1800 Fax: 253-863-1848 Email: [email protected] Know the water. Know your limits. Wear a life vest. By choosing to swim in colder water you Waters in Western Common Misconceptions Washington reduce your survival time. -
Human Physiology an Integrated Approach
Gas Exchange and Transport Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues 18 Lower Alveolar P Decreases Oxygen Uptake O2 Diff usion Problems Cause Hypoxia Gas Solubility Aff ects Diff usion Gas Transport in the Blood Hemoglobin Binds to Oxygen Oxygen Binding Obeys the Law of Mass Action Hemoglobin Transports Most Oxygen to the Tissues P Determines Oxygen-Hb Binding O2 Oxygen Binding Is Expressed As a Percentage Several Factors Aff ect Oxygen-Hb Binding Carbon Dioxide Is Transported in Three Ways Regulation of Ventilation Neurons in the Medulla Control Breathing Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, and pH Infl uence Ventilation Protective Refl exes Guard the Lungs Higher Brain Centers Aff ect Patterns of Ventilation The successful ascent of Everest without supplementary oxygen is one of the great sagas of the 20th century. — John B. West, Climbing with O’s , NOVA Online (www.pbs.org) Background Basics Exchange epithelia pH and buff ers Law of mass action Cerebrospinal fl uid Simple diff usion Autonomic and somatic motor neurons Structure of the brain stem Red blood cells and Giant liposomes hemoglobin of pulmonary Blood-brain barrier surfactant (40X) From Chapter 18 of Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, Sixth Edition. Dee Unglaub Silverthorn. Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 633 Gas Exchange and Transport he book Into Thin Air by Jon Krakauer chronicles an ill- RUNNING PROBLEM fated trek to the top of Mt. Everest. To reach the summit of Mt. Everest, climbers must pass through the “death zone” T High Altitude located at about 8000 meters (over 26,000 ft ). Of the thousands of people who have attempted the summit, only about 2000 have been In 1981 a group of 20 physiologists, physicians, and successful, and more than 185 have died. -
The Hazards of Nitrogen Asphyxiation US Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
The Hazards of Nitrogen Asphyxiation US Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board Introduction • Nitrogen makes up 78% of the air we breath; because of this it is often assumed that nitrogen is not hazardous. • However, nitrogen is safe to breath only if it is mixed with an appropriate amount of oxygen. • Additional nitrogen (lower oxygen) cannot be detected by the sense of smell. Introduction • Nitrogen is used commercially as an inerting agent to keep material free of contaminants (including oxygen) that may corrode equipment, present a fire hazard, or be toxic. • A lower oxygen concentration (e.g., caused by an increased amount of nitrogen) can have a range of effects on the human body and can be fatal if if falls below 10% Effects of Oxygen Deficiency on the Human Body Atmospheric Oxygen Concentration (%) Possible Results 20.9 Normal 19.0 Some unnoticeable adverse physiological effects 16.0 Increased pulse and breathing rate, impaired thinking and attention, reduced coordination 14.0 Abnormal fatigue upon exertion, emotional upset, faulty coordination, poor judgment 12.5 Very poor judgment and coordination, impaired respiration that may cause permanent heart damage, nausea, and vomiting <10 Inability to move, loss of consciousness, convulsions, death Source: Compressed Gas Association, 2001 Statistics on Incidents CSB reviewed cases of nitrogen asphyxiation that occurred in the US between 1992 and 2002 and determined the following: • 85 incidents of nitrogen asphyxiation resulted in 80 deaths and 50 injuries. • The majority of -
Clinical Management of Severe Acute Respiratory Infections When Novel Coronavirus Is Suspected: What to Do and What Not to Do
INTERIM GUIDANCE DOCUMENT Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infections when novel coronavirus is suspected: What to do and what not to do Introduction 2 Section 1. Early recognition and management 3 Section 2. Management of severe respiratory distress, hypoxemia and ARDS 6 Section 3. Management of septic shock 8 Section 4. Prevention of complications 9 References 10 Acknowledgements 12 Introduction The emergence of novel coronavirus in 2012 (see http://www.who.int/csr/disease/coronavirus_infections/en/index. html for the latest updates) has presented challenges for clinical management. Pneumonia has been the most common clinical presentation; five patients developed Acute Respira- tory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Renal failure, pericarditis and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) have also occurred. Our knowledge of the clinical features of coronavirus infection is limited and no virus-specific preven- tion or treatment (e.g. vaccine or antiviral drugs) is available. Thus, this interim guidance document aims to help clinicians with supportive management of patients who have acute respiratory failure and septic shock as a consequence of severe infection. Because other complications have been seen (renal failure, pericarditis, DIC, as above) clinicians should monitor for the development of these and other complications of severe infection and treat them according to local management guidelines. As all confirmed cases reported to date have occurred in adults, this document focuses on the care of adolescents and adults. Paediatric considerations will be added later. This document will be updated as more information becomes available and after the revised Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines are published later this year (1). This document is for clinicians taking care of critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory infec- tion (SARI). -
Absolute Measurements of Cerebral Perfusion and Oxygenation in Rats with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Bertan Hallacoglu1, Angelo Sassaroli1, Irwin H
Absolute measurements of cerebral perfusion and oxygenation in rats with near-infrared spectroscopy Bertan Hallacoglu1, Angelo Sassaroli1, Irwin H. Rosenberg2, Aron Troen2 and Sergio Fantini1 Tufts University Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, MA (1) and USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Boston, MA (2) Brain microvascular pathology is a common finding in Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. However, Figure 2 – Time traces of [Hb], [HbO2], [HbT], StO2 and SaO2 during the hypoxia and hypercapnia protocols 10 and 20 weeks after Figure 3 – Illustration of the differences in animal groups and the extent to which microvascular abnormalities cause or contribute to cognitive impairment is unclear. the start of folate deficient diet (blue and red lines represent the mean values for each dietary group, whereas, dashed lines indicate changes within each group between weeks 10 and 20 in Dietary vascular risk factors, including poor folate status are potentially modifiable predictors of cognitive the range corresponding to ± one standard error from the mean). A first striking result is the consistency of baseline values across cerebral tissue saturation (StO2) and concentration of impairment among older adults. Folate deficiency in rat impairs cognition and causes cerebral animals within a group (control or folate deficient), and the reproducibility of baseline values measured at weeks 10 and 20. hemoglobin ([HbT]), blood concentration of hemoglobin ([HbT]b), microvascular damage, without concomitant neurodegeneration [1]. We hypothesized that folate Absolute brain total hemoglobin concentration ([HbT]) and tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) are significantly reduced by folate and partial blood volume (Vb/Vt) Eq. (1). FD rats have deficiency might result in functional decrements in cerebral oxygen delivery and vascular reactivity. -
QUESTIONS ABOUT YOUR BREATHING Name:______Please Answer the Questions Below for ONLY the PATIENT Seeing the Doctor Today, Date of Birth:______You OR Your Child
QUESTIONS ABOUT YOUR BREATHING Name:_____________________________________ Please answer the questions below for ONLY THE PATIENT seeing the doctor today, Date of Birth:_______________________________ you OR your child. Today’s Date:_______________________________ 1. Have you/has your child had shortness of breath, 9. At what age did you/did your child start having coughing, wheezing (whistling in the chest) during the day? breathing trouble?_____________ r Yes r No 10. Do any blood relatives (parent, brother, sister, child) have: 2. Have you/has your child had breathing trouble at night r Asthma r Allergies or early in the morning r Yes r No 11. Do you or anyone in the family smoke? r Yes r No 3. Has breathing trouble kept you/kept your child from school/ work/normal activities? r Yes r No 12. Are you/is your child ever in smoky places? r Yes r No 4. Have you/has your child ever been to a doctor, urgent care, 13. Check any of the things that make your/your child’s emergency room or a hospital for breathing trouble? r Yes r No breathing worse, or tell us about others. 5. Do you/does your child get colds that settle in the chest, r Breathing in chemicals, dusts, fumes at work r Colds or flu r Strong odors, like cleaners or perfumes or coughing that lasts 10 days or more after a cold is gone? r Animals r Weather r Yes r No r Dust r Exercise 6. Have you/has your child ever needed steroid pills or syrup r Pollen and mold r Cigarette and other smoke (prednisone, prednisolone, prelone) for breathing trouble? r Medicines:___________________________________________ r Yes r No _______________________________________________________ If yes, how many times has this happened? ___________________ r Other things: 7. -
The Effect of Anemia on the Ventilatory Response to Transient and Steady-State Hypoxia
The effect of anemia on the ventilatory response to transient and steady-state hypoxia. T V Santiago, … , N H Edelman, A P Fishman J Clin Invest. 1975;55(2):410-418. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI107945. Research Article The effects of anemia upon the ventilatory responses to transient and steady-state hypoxia were studied in unanesthetized goats. Responses to transient hypoxia (inhalation of several breaths of nitrogen) were considered to reflect peripheral chemoreceptor and non-chemoreceptor influences of hypoxia upon ventilatory control. In all goats, severe anemia (hemoglobin 3.1-4.8 g/100ml) markedly heightened the responses to transient hypoxia (from a mean of 0.27 to a mean of 0.75 liter/min/percent fall in SaO2). This phenomenon was substantially reversed by alpha-adrenergic blockade (phenoxybenzamine, 5 mg/kg). In contrast, the ventilatory responses to steady-state hypoxia were unaffected by severe anemia. These data suggest that severe anemia enhances the peripheral chemoreceptor-mediated response to hypoxia through a mechanism involving the alpha-adrenergic system. It also appears that a ventilatory depressant effect of hypoxia which is not mediated by the peripheral chemoreceptors is also enhanced by severe anemia, thereby preventing an increase in the steady-state ventilatory response to hypoxia. Finally, experiments involving variation in oxygen affinity of hemoglobin suggested that O2 tension rather than O2 availability in arterial blood is the major determinant of peripheral chemoreceptor activity. Find the latest version: https://jci.me/107945/pdf The Effect of Anemia on the Ventilatory Response to Transient and Steady-State Hypoxia TEODORO V. SANTIAGO, NORMAN H. -
Respiration the Main Function of the Respiratory System Is Gas Exchange
Respiration The main function of the respiratory system is gas exchange. Gas exchange is achieved through a process called respiration, or breathing. The cardiovascular system and the respiratory system work together to accomplish respiration. External Respiration During external respiration, fresh oxygen from outside the body fills the lungs and alveoli, and carbon dioxide is transported from the body tissues to the lungs. For oxygen to reach the body’s tissues and carbon dioxide to leave the body, gas exchange must occur in the alveolar capillary membrane. The alveoli and the capillaries that surround them make up the alveolar (al-VEE-oh-lar) capillary membrane (Figure 9.5 in the textbook). The alveolar capillary membrane is built for gas exchange, as explained by Fick’s Law. Fick’s Law states that the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the capillaries and the alveolar sacs is proportional to the surface area (S.A.) of the lungs, the diffusion constant (D) of each gas, and the difference in partial pressure between each capillary and alveolar sac (P1-P2). According to this law, the diffusion of gases is also inversely related to the thickness of the tissues (T) involved. In simpler terms, thin-walled tissues allow for easier gas exchange. Diffusion = Therefore, oxygen easily diffuses across the membrane of the alveolar sacs and into the capillaries. Carbon dioxide passes from the capillaries into the alveolar sacs, where it can be expelled from the body via the lungs (Figure 9.5). How fast does gas exchange occur in the lungs? Faster than you might think. -
Breathing Air Quality, Sampling and Testing
Breathing Air Quality, Sampling and Testing Environmental Health Laboratory Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences School of Public Health University of Washington Funding and support from The State of Washington Department of Labor & Industries Safety & Health Investment Projects Medical Aid and Accident Fund Breathing Air Quality, Sampling, and Testing Environmental Health Laboratory Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences School of Public Health University of Washington Funding and support from The State of Washington Department of Labor & Industries Safety & Health Investment Projects Medical Aid and Accident Funds 1 University of Washington Environmental Health Laboratory Table of Contents Overview ...............................................................................1 Background ...........................................................................2 Regulated Components of Breathing Air ...............................7 Performance of Breathing Air Testing Kits ............................9 Laboratory Accreditation .....................................................18 Guidance Summary .............................................................19 Glossary ..............................................................................20 References ...........................................................................22 List of Tables Table 1. Breathing Air Quality Specifications ........................2 Table 2. Description of Kits Tested ........................................9 -
Diving Air Compressor - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Diving Air Compressor from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
2/8/2014 Diving air compressor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Diving air compressor From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A diving air compressor is a gas compressor that can provide breathing air directly to a surface-supplied diver, or fill diving cylinders with high-pressure air pure enough to be used as a breathing gas. A low pressure diving air compressor usually has a delivery pressure of up to 30 bar, which is regulated to suit the depth of the dive. A high pressure diving compressor has a delivery pressure which is usually over 150 bar, and is commonly between 200 and 300 bar. The pressure is limited by an overpressure valve which may be adjustable. A small stationary high pressure diving air compressor installation Contents 1 Machinery 2 Air purity 3 Pressure 4 Filling heat 5 The bank 6 Gas blending 7 References 8 External links A small scuba filling and blending station supplied by a compressor and Machinery storage bank Diving compressors are generally three- or four-stage-reciprocating air compressors that are lubricated with a high-grade mineral or synthetic compressor oil free of toxic additives (a few use ceramic-lined cylinders with O-rings, not piston rings, requiring no lubrication). Oil-lubricated compressors must only use lubricants specified by the compressor's manufacturer. Special filters are used to clean the air of any residual oil and water(see "Air purity"). Smaller compressors are often splash lubricated - the oil is splashed around in the crankcase by the impact of the crankshaft and connecting A low pressure breathing air rods - but larger compressors are likely to have a pressurized lubrication compressor used for surface supplied using an oil pump which supplies the oil to critical areas through pipes diving at the surface control point and passages in the castings. -
Effect of Dead Space on Breathing Stability at Exercise in Hypoxia Eric Hermand, François Lhuissier, Jean-Paul Richalet
Effect of dead space on breathing stability at exercise in hypoxia Eric Hermand, François Lhuissier, Jean-Paul Richalet To cite this version: Eric Hermand, François Lhuissier, Jean-Paul Richalet. Effect of dead space on breathing sta- bility at exercise in hypoxia. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 2017, 246, pp.26-32. 10.1016/j.resp.2017.07.008. hal-03189523 HAL Id: hal-03189523 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03189523 Submitted on 3 Apr 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Effect of dead space on breathing stability at exercise in hypoxia. 2 3 Eric Hermand1, François J Lhuissier1,2, Jean-Paul Richalet1 4 5 1Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire “Hypoxie et poumon”, EA2363, 6 Bobigny, France 7 2Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Avicenne, Service de Physiologie, 8 explorations fonctionnelles et médecine du sport, 93009 Bobigny, France 9 10 11 Corresponding author [email protected] (J.P. Richalet) [email protected] (E. Hermand) 12 13 Laboratoire “Hypoxie & poumon”, EA2363 14 74 rue Marcel Cachin 15 93017 Bobigny Cedex, FRANCE 16 Tel: +33148387758 / Fax: +33148388924 17 18 19 Word count for manuscript: 2946 20 21 22 Key words: Control of ventilation, hypoxia, exercise, periodic breathing, breathing 23 instability, dead space, alveolar ventilation 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Abstract 31 Recent studies have shown that normal subjects exhibit periodic breathing when submitted to 32 concomitant environmental (hypoxia) and physiological (exercise) stresses. -
Advice on Positional Asphyxia
POSITIONAL (OR RESTRAINT) ASPHYXIA FACTSHEET This factsheet should be provided to anyone undergoing physical intervention training. Its contents should be emphasised during training to remind learners of the dangers of certain kinds of restraint and signs of impending asphyxiation. INTRODUCTION Although uncommon, deaths can and do occur following the restraint. A particular risk occurs in certain kinds of restraint. These deaths have frequently been attributed to positional or restraint asphyxia. Staff who use physical interventions must be trained and made aware of the: ● mechanism of restraint ● potential dangers associated with certain restraints ● adverse effects of restraints ● early warning signs of potential harm WHAT IS POSITIONAL OR RESTRAINT ASPHYXIA? Positional or restraint asphyxia is where the subject’s body position during the restraint causes asphyxiation. There are a number of adverse effects, the more common of which include: ● inability or difficulty in breathing ● feeling sick or being sick ● developing swelling to the face and neck areas ● developing pinpoint-sized haemorrhages (small blood spots) to the head, neck and chest areas brought about by asphyxiation (petechiae) RESTRAINT AND BREATHING Being able to expand one’s chest is essential to breathing as this serves to draw air into the lungs. Minimal chest movement is needed during periods of inactivity or rest. However, following exertion or upset the body requires a great deal more oxygen and both the rate and depth of breathing increases so as to cater for this additional oxygen requirement. Increased lung inflation is achieved by way of increased muscle activity in the chest wall and abdomen as well as in the shoulders and neck.