CENSUS OF INDIA 1991

SERIES-23

TAMIL NADU

PART- XI

CENSUS ATLAS

Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu Registrar General of India (In charge of the census of India and vital statistics)

Office Address. 2A Manslngh Road New Deihl 110011, India

Telephone (91-11 )3383761 Fax. (91-11)3383145 Email. [email protected] Internet. http://www.censusmdia.net

Registrar General of India's publications can be purchased from the follOWing:

• The Sales Depot (Phone 338 6583) Office of the Registrar General of India 2-A Manslngh Road New Delhi 110011, India

• Directorates of Census Operations in the capitals of all states and union temtorles in India • The Controller of Publication Old Secretariat Civil Lines Deihl 110 054

• Kltab Mahal State Emporia Complex, Unit No.21 Baba Kharak Singh Marg New Delhi 110001 • Sales outlets of the Controller of Publication all over India

Census data available on floppy disks can be purchased from the follOWing: • Office of the Registrar General, India Data Processing Division 2nd Floor, 'E' Wing Pushpa Bhawan Madanglr Road New Deihl 110 062, India Telephone (91-11 )698 1558 Fax: (91-11 )6980295 Email: [email protected] net In

© Registrar General of India

The contents of this publication may be quoted citing the source clearly

• Maps in this Atlas are based upon Survey of India map with the permission of the Surveyor General of India.

• The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropnate base lme

• The interstate boundaries between Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya shown on thiS IS as interpreted from the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 but has yet to be verified • (£) Government oflndia Copyright, 1999 FOREWORD

It has been said that apart from the Survey of India and the Geological Survey of India, the Census of India has been perhaps the largest single producer of maps of the Indian sub-continent. The Census Organization has published Census Atlas volumes during 1961, 1971 and 1981. The Census Centenary Atlas was published during 1973 as a special project. Besides the Atlases, maps of districts, tahsifs, community developm~nt blocks and other administrative units showing basic amenities, population and infrastructure are being published regularly in each Census.

The idea of the Atlas was conceived for the first time at the 1961 Census and a special programme of the Census Atlas mapping was organized. In this programme, Census Atlases of States and Union Territories were brought out. This publication programme has been much appreciated by data users and academicians alike.

The present volume is part of jhe Census Atlas series of states and union territories. The list of tiUes of the maps has been generated on the basis of the tabulation plan for the 1991 Census. One hundred and twenty five themes were identified. The number of maps includDd in the Atlas Volumes varies from state to state to some extent depending upon the availability of data. The maps in the Atlas volumes portray different themes. There are maps of administrative and physical aspects reflecting the general characteristics of the State followed by maps on demographic, economic and socia-cultural aspects consisting of distribution, density and growth of population, age and sex, urban trends, industrial categories, migration, literacy, religion, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, education and housing.

The choropleth technique has been adopted for the presentation of data in the maps. However, multi-cartographic techniques have also been used frequently depending upon the suitability and requirement of the maps as well as data.

The work on the Atlas programme was undertaken by the officers and staff of the Map Division in the Registrar General's office and the Map Units of the Directorates of Census Operations. A list of those who have contributed to the completion of the work is given separately and all of them deserve appreciation. I hope the Census Atlas volumes will be found useful by scholars, planners, administrators and other data users.

New Deihl Dr. M. Vljayanunnl April 1999 Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India

iii

PREFACE

This volume 'Census Atlas' was a great addition to 1961 Census publicatIOns and smce then it is continued. This portrays vanous aspects like demographIc, SOCIal, economic and cultural facets of people of the State It contains 98 maps of which 8 maps explam on physical aspects, 39 maps on demographic structure and trends. 16 maps on economICS aspects and 35 maps on SOCIO­ cultural aspects of the State

The Census data of 1991 have been widely used for the preparation of maps and interpretatIOns. However, data other than Census have also been collected from State and Central Government Departments and used for adding a few more maps with a view to make this volume more comprehensive. I am grateful to those Agencies for their kind co-operation in this regard. Interpretations of maps have also been added in order to faCIlitate the users in analysing the maps. I hope this volume will serve as a valuable aid to scholars, administrators, planners and others.

The maps and interpretatIOns present in this volume have been prepared under the superVIsion of Shri Jogesh Das, Senior Geographer and Shri R. Joseph, Cartographer of this office.

I thank the officials of Cartography section of my office who prepared these maps and mterpretatlOns as well as the officials of Census Section of my office who compiled the data. A list of the officials who participated in this project in this office is given separately. I also thank Shri M.R.V. Krishna Rao, Sri N. Manjini and Shri R. Lakshminarayanan, Assistant Directors of this office who helped me in finalising the maps and write-ups.

I am greatly indebted to Shri A.R. Nanda, I.A.S., former Registrar General, India and equally indebted to Dr. M. Vijayanunni, LA.S., the present Registrar General, India, for their valuable guidance. I also wish to record heartful gratefulness to Smt. Minati Ghosh, Deputy Registrar General (Map), Dr. R.P. Singh, Assistant Registrar General (Map) and their staff in the Map Division for their technical guidance and valuable help at every stage in bringing out this volume. My thanks are also due to Shri S.P. Sharma, Consultant, under whose guidance Shri H.K. Jhamb, Printing Officer and his staffhave performed the complicated job of printing in such a short time.

s.c. SAXENA JOINT DIRECTOR OF CENSUS OPERATIONS

v

STAFF ASSOCIATED WITH THIS PROJECT

RGI Head Quarters

Planning & Direction Dr R P Singh Assistant Registrar General (Map)

Progress & SupervislOn Shri K.S.Thakur Research Officer (Map) till 21-07-98 Shn P.S.Chhikara Map Analyst

Cartographic Supervision & Scrutiny Dr R K.Sharma SenIor Geographer Kum. Sarita Senior Geographer Smt. Anju Ajad Geographer

Evaluation for Printing & Corrections Shri Anwar Hussain Senior Drawing Assistant Shri V.N. Prasad Senior Drawing Assistan Shri V.P. Singh Senior Artist Shri S.K. Verma Senior Artist Shri Dinesh Draughtsman (Photo)

Dca Tamil Nadu

Cartographic Work & Analysis of Data Jogesh Dass, Senior Geographer R. Joseph, Cartographer N.Chandran, Senior Artist E.S. JayaMohan, Senior Artist A.Lazar, Draftsman M.Jawahar, Draftsman

Data Processing P.Ramakrishnan, Investigator R.Prakash, Statistical Assistant G. Vasantha, Computor V.Shantha, Computor T.R.Saroja, Computor N.Geetha, Computor

Secratarial Work C.Marie Selen, LDC K Nagaraj, D.E.operator K.Sripathy,D.E.operator

vii

CONTENTS

Map No TITLE OF THE MAP Page No.

I PositlOn of Tamil Nadu In India, 1991 3 2 Administrative DivisIOns, 1991 5 3 Change In AdmInistrative Boundanes-1998-1991 7 4 Rehef and Dramage 9 5 Relative Relief I I 6 Normal Monthly and Annual Rainfall 13 7 Normal Monthly and Annual Temperature 15 8 Soils 17 II Demographic Structure and Trends

9 Distribution of Population, 1991 21 10 Density of Population, 1991 23 11 Intercensal Change in Population, 1981-1991 25 12 Growth of Population, 1901-1991 27 13 Child-Women Ratio, 1991 29 14 Ever Married Women and Total Children Born to them, 1991 31 15 Sex Ratio, 1991 33 16 Change in Sex Ratio, 1981-1991 35 17 Rural Sex Ratio, 1991 37 18 Change in Rural Sex Ratio 39 19 Urban Sex Ratio, 1991 41 20 Change in Urban Sex Ratio 1981-1991 43 21 Sex and Age Structure -1991 45 22 Martial Status, 1991 47 23 Youthfulness of Population, 1991 49 24 Change in Youthfulness of Population, 1981-1991 51 25 Dependency Ratio, 1991 53 26 Change in Dependency Ratio, 1981-1991 55 27 Males in Working Age 15-59, 1991 57 28 Change in Males in Workmg Age 15-59, 1991 59 29 Females in Working Age 15-59, 1991 61 30 Change in Females in Working Age 15-59, 1991 63 31 Urban Males in Working Age 15-59, 1991 65 32 Change in Urban Males in Working Age 15-59, 1991 67 33 Rural Males in Working Age 15-59, 1991 69 34 Change in Rural Males in Working Age 15-59, 1991 71 35 Urban Females in Working Age 15-59, 1991 73 36 Change in Urban Females in Working Age 15-59, 1991 75 37 Rural Females in Working Age 15-59, 1991 77 38 Change in Rural Females in Working Age 15-59,1991 79 39 Urban PopulatIOn, 1991 81 40 Change in Urban PopulatlOn, 198 1-1991 83 41 Growth of Urban Centres, 1981-1991 85 42 Functional Structure of Urban Centres-1991 (class I) 87 43 In-Migrants, 1991 89 44 Rural in-migrants to Total Rural Population, 1991 91 45 Urban in-migrants.to Total Urban Population,1991 93 46 Inter- District Migration, 1991 95 47 Intra-District Migration, 1991 97

ix III ECO~O!\HC ASPECTS

Map No TITLE OF THE MAP Page No .

..+8 l\lam \Vorkers and Non-\\'orkers m Total PopulatIOn. 1991 101 ..+9 RuralMam \Vorkers and Non-\Vorkers. 199] 103 50 Urban Mam Workers and Non-\Vorkers. I Q 91 105 51 Mam Workers 111 Age 15-59. 1991 107 52 Male Mam Workers In Age 15-59. 1991 109 53 Female Mam Workers In Age 15-59, 1991 111 54 Urban Male and Female Mam Workers ClassIfied by IndustrIal Categones-1991 113 55 Rural Male and Female MaIn Workers ClassIfied by Industnal Categones-1991 lIS 56 Main Workers WIth EducatIonal Level, 1991 117 57 CultIvators m Total Workers m Age 15-59, 1991 119 58 Cultivators m Rural Population, 1991 121 59 Male and Female Cultivators. 1991 123 60 Agncultural Labourers in Total Agncultural Workers, 1991 125 61 Mam Workers m Manufacturing, Processmg, SerVIces and Repairs, 1991 127 62 Main Workers m ConstructIOns, Transport Storage and Communication, 1991 129 63 Main Workers In Trade and Commerce, 199 I 131

IV SOCIO-CULTURAL ASPECTS

64 Scheduled Castes, 1991 135 65 Growth of Scheduled Castes, 1981-1991 137 66 Scheduled Tribes, 1991 139 67 Growth of Scheduled Tribes, 198 I -1991 141 68 Literacy of Scheduled Castes, 1991 143 69 Literacy of Scheduled Tnbes, 1991 145 70 Main Workers, Marginal Workers and Non-Workers in Scheduled Castes, 1991 147 71 Main Workers, Margmal Workers and Non-Workers in Scheduled Tribes, 1991 149 72 Religions, 1991 15 I 73 Distribution of Population by Major Languages, 1991 153 74 Literacy, 1991 155 75 Change in Literacy, 1981-1991 157 76 Male Literacy, 1991 159 77 Change in Male Literacy, 1981-1991 161 78 Female Literacy, 1991 163 79 Change in Female Literacy, 1981-1991 165 80 Educational Attainment, 1991 167 81 Urban Literates per 1000 of Population in Age 7- 14 over Literates per 1000 of Population in Age 15-34, 1991 169

82 Primary and Middle School Enrolment of Boys, 1991 171 83 Primary and Middle School Enrolment of Girls, 1991 173 84 Educational Enrolment of Males at Higher Secondary and Higher Levels, 1991 175 85 Educational Enrolment of Females at Higher Secondary and Higher Levels, 1991 177 86 Literates holding Non-Technical and Technical Diploma or Certificate not equal to Degree, 1991 179

87 Literates holding University Degree/DIploma of the Graduate Level and above 181 88 Teacheers per 1000 of Population in Rural Areas, 1991 183 89 Census Houses and Their Uses, 1991 185 90 Amenities in Urban Households, 1991 187

x lV1ap No TITLE OF THE MAP Page No. q I -A--;--rr-le-n-l-t-le-s-j-n-=R-u-r-a-;-j""""HO-o-u-s-eholds, I C)91 18q 92 Type of Fuel used for Cookmg m Rural Households, 1991 191 93 Type of Fuel used for Cookmg m Urban Households, 1991 193 94 Rural Households by number of Rooms Occupied, 1991 195 95 Urban Households by number of Rooms Occupied, 1991 197 96 Persons by Rural Households, 1991 199 97 Persons by Urban Households. 1991 201 98 Pnmary Health Centres per 1,00,000 of PopulatIOn, 1991 203

xi

I GENERAL MAP 1

POSITION OF TAMIL NADU IN INDIA 1991

The map represents the geographical the then Madras State on ] 4 th January, 1969 as positIon of Tamil Nadu State, m India. The a umlmgual State with Tamil as Its language. boundaries of all other States and UnIon The State lies between North latitude 8 5' and Territories along With their headquarters are 13 35' and between East longitude 76° 15' and also depicted in the map as per 1991 Census 80° 20' in the southern end of Indian and the area covered by Tamil Nadu State has Penmsula. It is bounded by Karnataka and been shaded Andhra Pradesh on the north, Bay of Bengal on the east, Indian Ocean on the south and Kerala The present Tamil Nadu State, a land on the west The total area of the State is of arts and culture which was part of Madras 1,30,058 Sq. kms, which ranks eleventh in PresIdency came into eXIstence on 1st India. As per 1991 Census, the total November, 1956 when the State re­ popUlation of the State IS 55,858,946 persons organisation took place on the basIs of of whom 28,298,975 are males and 27,559,971 language. The name, Tamil Nadu was given to are females. Area and populatIOn of the States and Union Territories are given below:

INDIA AND STATES

SL.NO. INDIA AREA IN KM. POPULATION 1991

1 India 32,87,263 846,302,688 2 Andhra Pradesh 2,75,045 66,508,008 3. Arunachal Pradesh 83,743 864,558 4. Assam 78,438 22,414,322 5. Bihar 1,73,877 86,374,465 6. Goa 3,702 1,169,793 7. GUJarat 1,96,024 41,309,582 8. Haryana 44,212 16,463,648 9. Himachal Pradesh 55,673 5,170,877 10. Jammu & Kashmir 2,222,236 7,718,700 11. Karnataka 1,91,791 44,977,201 12 Kerala 38,863 29,098,518 13. Madhya Pradesh 4,43,446 66,181,170 14. Maharashtra 3,07,713 78,937,187 15. Manipur 22,327 1,837,149 16. Megalaya 22,429 1,774,778 17. Mizoram 21,081 689,756 18. Nagaland 16,579 1,209,546 19. Orissa 1,55.707 31,659,736 20. Punjab 50,362 20,281,969 21. Rajasthan 3,42,239 44,005,990 22. Sikklm 7,096 406,457 23. Tamil Nadu 1,30,058 55,858,946 24. Tnpura 10,486 2,757,205 25. Uttar Pradesh 2,94,411 139,112,287 26. West Bengal 88,752 68,077.965

UNION TERRITORIES

1 Andaman & N icobar 8,249 280,661 2 Chandlgarh 114 642,015 3. Dadra & Nager Haveh 491 138,477 4. Diu $l Daman 112 101,586 5 Delhi 1,483 9,420,644 6. Lakshadweep 32 51,707 7. Pondlcherry 492 807,785

"'Projected Figures 2 MAP 1

, li',I INDIA i cqffflll "fffi:wr ~ q,1 ~ POSITION OF TAMIL NADU IN INDIA 1991

Bavndal')', Internatjon.Jl __ SeC/Mary .State I U T Capital o11ndlS Cap!talofStatefUT KlLONllTR1:S laO 5U 0 JOO 200 300 400 500

RAJASTHAN

I ORISSA :l)Olr ,,~.-OAMANI ANDoam.~yJ 01 U /~> ~\ f~ DAORA AND NAGAR HAVEL! ,;'I,assa Bhubaneswar • " MAHARASHTRA r< BAY I .\ Greater Bombay o F , ~ J~ ~7 BENGAL J \ Hyderabad 0 P 15 A B I N i" ANDHRA PRADESH r R A A SEA ~ ,coco is (BURMA) KARNATAKA ~ N,(JI'cONiam I .. ~ • (INOlA) ( .,. ~ .~ -F- Madras ~ U .Barrtll 1 II' '":to .. ~ Jf~ (INOlA) ( 0 • :YPort BI." .. i. 'A"DAMAN SEA -F- \O·~~ -::. <.r~ 4 KS\l3r81tJ 1- ." 3- ~O 3-~ <" The admm,strat'¥8 headquarters of Chand.garh. Haryana and Punjab are located at Chand.garh a' '" a' P PONDICHERRY

N D A N A N

3 MAP 2

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS 1991

The map shows the boundaries of the and 151 taluks III 1981 Census. The newly dIstricts and taluks into which the State is formed districts are I) Tiruvannamalai­ divided for admimstrative purposes at the time Sambuvarayar district carved out from North of 1991 Census. Arcot district 2) Dindigul-Anna district from The boundanes of the State, districts, Madurai district 3) Kamarajar and 4) Pasumpon taluks and location of their headquarters are also Muthuramalinga Thevar districts from marked with suitable symbols as explained in Ramanathapuram district and 5) the legend of the map. The names of the Chidambaranar district from Tirunelveh­ headquarters of the districts and taluks are Kattabomman district. Out of the total 167 written distinctly against their relevant symbols taluks, Thanjavur district alone accounts for the Where the names of districts/taluks and those of largest member of 20 taluks whIle Nilgn and the respectIve headquarters are identical, the Kanniyakuman districts have 4 taluks each. dIstnct and taluk names are not given separately There are 385 community development blocks for obvIous reasons. If the names of the in the State of which South Arcot and Salem districts/taluks are different from those of the districts have the largest number of C D.blocks headquarters, both the names are mentioned and with 35, followed by Thanjavur and the names of dlstricts/taluks are written within Tiruchchirappalli with 34 and 32 C.D. blocks brackets. respectively. Nilgiri district has the l.owest The State has 21 districts and 167 number ofC.D. blocks of 4. taluks during 1991 Census against 16 districts

The table below gives some parametres of districts.

TAMIL NADU AND DISTRICTS

SI.No. State !District Area in Population No.of No.of Sq.Kms 1991 Taluk CD blocks

Tamil Nadu 130058 55858946 167 385

1 Madras 174 3841396 2 Chengalpattu-MG R 1857 4653593 13 27 3 North Arcot-Ambedkar 6077 3026432 7 20 4. Dharmapuri 9622 2428596 8 18 5. Tiruvannamalal-Sambuva- rayar 6191 2042979 6 18 6. South Arcot 10895 4878433 13 35 7. Salem 8649 3896382 10 35 &. Periyar &209 2320263 7 20 9. Nilgiri 2546 710214 4 4 10. Coimbatore 7469 3508374 9 21 I I Dindigul- Anna 6058 1760601 6 14 12. Tiruchirappal II 11096 4138048 10 32 13. Thanjavur 8280 4531457 20 34 14 Pudukkottal 4651 1327148 7 13 15 Pasumpon Muthuramalmga Thevar 4086 1078190 6 11 16. Madurai 6565 3449662 9 21 17. Kamarajar 4283 1565037 6 11 18. Ramanathapuram 4232 1144040 6 II 19 Chidambaranar 4621 1455920 7 12 20 Tlrunelveli- Kattabomman 6810 2501832 9 19 21. Kanniyakumari 1684 1600349 4 9

4 MAP 2

~ __7T6_' ______-,7r7C ______~7~B~O ______~7~9~o------8~if------_, '4·!

TAMIL NADU

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS 1991

13

BAY

OF

BENGAL

Ii

Polk S I , a it

Where the TaMI nam~ dlff~f' trom Ij~ He(dqlllJr1~r:s Tow", fl'(lme the i{lrmer I;o~ ~r.oe~' wrI'le-n In b·Qc:k<:1

BOUNDARIES

Sitl,TEI\:T

DISTRICT

5Tll-:[ nrSiRfC;- * SRI TALlII( (> G u I f of Mannar LANKA

8" N o A N o c E A N

EtJs.l of Green,m:h 80'

5 MAP 3

CHANG E IN ADMINISTRA TlVE BOUNDARIES 1981-91

The map shows the changes In and dlstncts In 1989 are shown In blue colour administrative boundanes of the State that had been taken place between 1981 and 1991 FIve new dIstrIcts have been formed Censuses upto taluk level VIZ. I) Tlruvannamalai-Sambuvarayar 2) Dmdigul-Anna 3) Pasumpon Muthuramalll1ga The newly formed taluks have been Thevar 4) KamaraJar and 5) Chldamb

Detmls of new dlstncts/taluks whIch were formed dunng 1981-91 are gIven below

SI.No. Name of new districts Districts from whicb new Year in which Districts carved out formed

I Tlruvannamalal-Sambuvarayar North Arcot 1989 2 Dindlgul-Anna Madural 1985 3 Pasumpon Muthuramalmga Thevar Ramanathapuram 1985 4 Kamarapr Ram an ath apuram 1985 5 Chldambaranar TIrunelveli 1986

SI.No. Name of the new taluk District Taluk from which new Year in which Taluk carved out formed

I Cheyur Chengalpattu-MGR Madurantakam 1986 2 Vanur South Arcot Tmdlvanam 1982 3 Paramathl-velur Salem Namakkal 1989 4. Kangayam Penyar Dharapuram 1981 5 COlmbatore North COlmbatore COlmbatore 1987 6. Valparal COlmbatore Pollachl 1982 7 Tiruppur Coimbatore PalJadam 1989 8. Vadipath Madural N Ilakkottal 1985 9. Andlpatti Madural Penyakulam 1988 10. Tharagampadl ThanJavur Mayiladuthurm 1982 1 1 Nidamangalam Thanjavur Mannargudi 1982 12. Valangaiman Thanjavur Papanasam 1981 13. Kodavasal ThanJavur Nanmlam 1981 14. Gandarvakottai Pudukkottai Pudukkottat 1981 15. Radhapuram Tirunelveh Nangunen 1981 16. Palayankottat Tirunelveli lrunelveli 1982

6 MAP 3

76 77' 80°

I~

TAMIL NADU ~~ilfif"1Cf) M3IT -q QnClJ"1 CHANGES IN ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARIES 1981-91

BOUNDARIES:

STATElU.T.

DISTRICT

TALUK

BAY

OF

BENGAL

it It

New Districts formed in year

1985 Polk Strait

1986

• 1989

New Taluks formed in year

1981 ()

1982

1985 -... ~

1986

1987 SRI Gu l f of Manna r 1988 LANKA ~. -<- 1989 \} . \ )~"O.'OCkod .... \ .\ ~alku lorr~hO'" KILOMETRE S KA NNIYAKUMARI 20 10 0 20 40 60 ~

N o A N ,0 c E A N

7 MAP 4 RELIEF AND DRAINAGE

The map depicts the relief and dramage The Eastern coastal plam has three system of Tamd Nadu In order to study the sectIOns and they are. I) the northern low land relief pattern, vanous heights have been shown conslstmg of Chengalpattu-MGR , South Arcot by different colours as per the legend of the and NorthArcot-Ambedkar distncts which IS map The State IS bounded by mountam ranges dramed by the Palar and the Pennaiyar rivers , on Its western and north-western parts namely 2) the fertile allUVial plaIn of Cauvery delta Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats and a 1000 which includes ThanJavur and parts of kilometer long sea coast is on Its eastern and Tiruchchirappalll distncts and 3) the third southern borders facmg the Bay of Bengal and section IS the dry southern plam of Madurai, the IndIan Ocean. The southern-most tip if the Ramanathapuram and Tlrunelveh-Kattabomman State is called Cape Comorin where the water of districts whIch is drained by the Vaigai and Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea mIx with the Tambaraparam flvers Indian Ocean PhyslOgraphically the State has been diVided into two natural divisions, I e the The major rivers of the State IS the Western hIlly tract and the eastern coastal plaIn Cauvery which runs from west to east wIth a The hilly tract compnses of the Western Ghats length of 720 kms. The vast Cauvery delta and Eastern Ghats which are on the periphery of extends over approximately 8000 Sq.kms. the vast Deccan Plateau. The Western Ghats Amaravatl, Noyd, Bhavani etc, are the has lofty mountam ranges like Nilgris, tributaries of the Cauvery Other important Anamalais, Cardamom hills, Varushanad and flvers dram the State are the Palar,the Andipatti ranges and Agastlya hills The Ponnalyar and the Cheyyar m the north and the Western Ghats have an almost unbroken trend Vaigm, the Valppar and the Tambaraparani in with a gap of about 25 kms width near Palghat, the south All these flvers are east flowing known as the Palghat Gap However, there are rivers. Most of the rivers are dry In summer two more passes, namely Aryankavu and except the Cauvery which may be considered Aramboly m the lower hills m the southern as the perenmal river In strict sense of the term sectIOn. The Eastern G~ats enters in the State from Andhra Pradesh and have detached hill The coast line is generally straight with groups, viz., Javadls, the Shevaroys, the well formed beaches. There are long and Kalrayans, the Pachamalms, the Kolhmalais and preserved sand bars all along the coast and the the Kanja Malals. Rameswaram island IS the best example. The sea is shallow Along the Tutlcorin coast there The Eastern Ghats consists of smaller are large number of sand dunes of 10m height hills with a height of less than 1000m. The and along the Tirunelveh coast the sand dunes Western and Eastern Ghats meet at a knot in raIse upto 50m in height and they are locally Nilgifl. Near this, the highest peak of Tamil knowrr as 'Thens' N adu , the Doddabetta (2631 m) IS located.

8 MAP 4

TAMIL NADU • a~'ilICI'i:I ~ ~ t4C1I~ RELIEF AND DRAINAGE

BOUNO'ARY. STATE/U.T . ...

ALTITUDE SCALE Palle Strolt

2100

1800

1200

600

300

1:10

:10 '.

o Sea 1e ••1

100 500 SRI 1000 LANKA

9 MAP 5

RELATIVE RE LIEF

ThIS map pertams to the study of Sam buvarayar, western portIon of South Arcot, slopes The relatIve rehef may be defined as portIOn of Tlruchlrappalh. North western part of actual dIfference m local altItudes In an umt Pudukkottal and Pasumpon Muthuramalmga area To determine the dramage pattern and Thevar, a portIon of KamaraJar and Tlrunelveh­ mfluence of flora and fauna of land use the Kattabomman and Kanmyakuman distncts have study of slopes plays an Important role. [t the relatIve rehef between 50 and 300 metres determines the land use pattern, settlement pattern, establIshment of transport and HIgher values of relative relIef are commUnIcatIOn link etc. Relative relief or local found in the western belt of the State except for rehef helps to make analYSIS of slope to relate a small portion In the COlmbatore dlstnct. where the highest and lowest pomts of any partIcular Palghat Gap hes The closed Isopleths on both area ThIs has been measured by 50,300,900 SIdes of Palghat Gap and In the southern part of and 1200 metres of relatIve rehef Kanlllyakuman dlstnct reveal that the degree of slope IS very hIgh III these areas The relative For measunng the relatIve rehef the relIef value of above 1200m IS found WIdely In contour map of the State was dIvIded mto gnds the western part of N tlgm and COlm bator of 1000 Sq.km of area and the dIfference dIstrIcts and In a small portIOn of Tlrunelveh­ between the hIghest and lowest contour passmg Kat1abomman and Kanniyakuman dlstncts through each grid was found out. The same From these areas. the value IS gradually difference was plotted In the centre of each grId decreasmg towards east Relative reltef value After plottmg the relatIve rehef values, the rangIng between 900 and 1200m IS widely over contour of relative relief WIth SUItable mterval the northern parts of NIIgin. Penyar and were mterpolated on the map and the western part of Madurai districts In general, It mtervenmg spaces have been shaded by Implies that the degree of slope IS more In the dIfferent grades of hatchmg accordmg to western part of N I1gm, TIrunelvelt­ intenSIty of relatIve relief. Kattabomman and Kanmyakuman dlstncts and the slope is gradual over the eastern parts of The map reflects that the coastal belt COlmbatore, Madural and Ramanathapuram covering the distncts of Madras, parts of dIstrIct Chengalpattu-MGR and South Arcot, ThanJavur, parts of Pudukkottal and Pasumpon Muthuramalmga Thevar, Ramanathapuram, There is one more pocket comprIsmg parts of KamaraJar, Chidambaranar and parts of parts of North Arcot, Salem, Dharmapun and Kanntyakumari districts have relative rehef Penyar dlstncts, where the relative rehef value value of less than 50 m. ranges between 300 and 600rn over Its Central part, the Isopleths of value 600m and 900m The western part of Chengalpattu­ enCIrcle thiS regIOn MGR, eastern part of ThIruvannamalaI-

10 MAP 5 ~------, 77' 7~ 8~ ~'------~I ------'4'

TAMIL NADU .... I -mtfat~ RELATIVE RELIEF

I MADRAS_ '3 AL TITUDE IN METRES ----=7---~

1200

900 ------j I -----_ -f 500 ------~ -----_ ------300 ------.J -----_ -======~ .y . ------y. cl-!\.1 - - - - ~ .~~ Pondrcherry - -- -/ " ~::{ --=-=-7" :1 8 A Y .~ I OF

BENGAL A

II'

!OJ Polk SI,oJt 10

,I (

ElOUf.lOJl.R(

STATEJU T

r- /' I,

Gulf of Manna,

KILOMtTR!:S 20 10 0 20 40 60 C::::::--±::::: --±~==-+------

8' N 0 A N o c A N

11 MAP 6

NORMAL MONTHLY AND ANNUAL RAINFALL

This map portrays the average monthly distrIcts Madural. Dmdlgul-Anna, southern part and annual ramfall in the different regIOns of the of Coimbatore also had high ram fall compared State. The data for the past 10 years on selected to other regIOns in the State This raInfall meteorological stations have been collected and occurs durmg South-West monsoon perIod isohyetal lmes of different values are shown on the map to claSSify the ramfall regIOns The The moderate ramfall, [e, between mtervenmg space between Isohyets IS shaded by 800 and IOOOmm received m the North west blue hatchmg of different depths representmg and central pa.rt of TamIl Nadu The ramfall IS high to low normal annual ramfall For a few very low In the southern dlstncts of the State, selected meteorological statIOns, bar graphs are that IS In part of Kamaraj3r, Ramanathapuram, also drawn representing the monthly Chldambaranar and Tirunelvell-Kattabomman dlstnbutlOn of ramfali The highest normal annual ramfall m The State receives ramfalI dunng the State IS recorded In Meenambakkam monsoon period The ramfaii occurs mostly (Madras) With 1425 7 mm , Nagapattmam dunng retreatmg monsoon seasons (Nov - (141636 mm) The other meteorological Dec) than South-west monsoon (July-Sept) statIOns recorded more than 1000mm are The most important features emerglllg from the KodaJkanal (1408 8 mm). Karalkal (1314 mm), rainfall map are the stnking varIations m the Cuddalore (1250 64 mm), Salem (1019 76 mm), distribution of normal and annual ram fall In the Adiramapattmam (1014.12 mm), Vellore State. The coastal parts of northern dlstncts In (100944 mm), Udhagamandalam (1001 64 the State have received hIgh ram fall Madras, mm), A very low amount of ramfall occurred In Chengalpattu-MGR, South Areot , ThanJavur Tutlconn (53796 mm), Palayamkott31 (552 12 dlstncts receIved high ramfall dunng North-east mm), COimbatore (60936 mm), monsoon penod The western part of borderIng Tlruchchlrappalll (641 16 mm)

12 MAP 6 r-_7i6_· ______-,7,7· ______7; 8~' ______~7~ 9'--______8O' ______, r

TAMIL NADU ~ ~ lfcr ~ Cf'ri NORMAL MONTHLY AND ANNUAL RAINFALL

r::~ :::ij•• ~N DEX .§ 100

o JF MAM JJASONO MONT HS

BAY

OF

BENGA L

ANNUAL RAINFALL IN MILLIMETRES

Polk Stra i r

o IU

BOUNDARY, STATE/U.T.

METEOROLOGIC"L ST"TION M"D\JR'" WI TH NAME •

SRI Gulf of Mannar LANKA

KllOIoIETRES 20 10 0 20 40 so

s' N o A N o c £ A N

East of Green¥llicl1 77 7rf 79'

13 MAP 7

NORMAL MONTHLY AND ANNUAL TEMPERATURE

This map shows the pattern of prevatls reduces the temperature and the rest of temperature In different parts of the State The the State has more than 30° C temperature The data for the past 10 years on selected temperature IS very high durmg Apnl and May meteorological o.tatlOns have been collected and where the temperature goes beyond 40° C. The Isotherms are mterpolated at sUitable mtervals temperature IS low I e Just above 30° C during The space between Isotherms IS shaded wIth the November and December In the rest of the hatchmg the different depths of red colour months the temperature vanes from 32 to 36° C indIcating the vanatlOn m temperature from hIgh to low as per gradatIOn of values shown In The normal annual temperature IS legend of the map BeSides, histograms generally low In the western border of hilly retlectmg the dlstnbutlon of normal monthly tracts of the State The annual temperature at temperature are also drawn for ~ome Kodalkanal is only 18 79° C and m representative meteorological statIOns under Udagamandalam It IS 2080° C. The dIfferent temperature zones meteorological statIOns whIch have registered at hIgh temperature are Madurai (34.58° C), It may be observed from the map that Palayamkottal (3457° C), Salem (3434° C), the whole State except few portions expenences Meenambakkam (Madras)(33.29° C) Vellore high temperature throughout the year Over the (33 80° C) Coimbatore (33 09° C), Dharmapuri western border of the State where the hIlly tract (32 84° C) and Tlruchchlrappalh (32 88° C)

14 MAP 7

7 9' BO'

14'

~ TAMIL NADU ~ lITfucfi ~ ~ I11Q41'1 NORMAL MONTHLY AND ANNUAL TEMPERATURE ,. 0 ,. ~

INOEX

MONTHS

BAY

OF

BENGAL

Ii It

ANNUAL TEMPERATURE IN DEGREE CELSIUS Polk Straif

()

BOUNDARY, STA TE/U. T, w

METEOROLOGICAL STA nON SAL~ M WITH NAME • -'.

SRI Gulf of Mannar LANKA

KILOMETRES 20 10 0 20 40 GO

N D A N o c £ A N

Eosl of Greenwich n ' 78'

15 MAP 8

SOILS

ThIS map deplctmg the distributIOn of aSSOCIatIOns are found over the northern coastal solis with their sub-order aSSOCIatIOns (along dlstncts- Madras, Chengalpattu-MGR and wIth theIr dlstingUlshmg numbers) IS based on South Arcot ThiS soil occurs also in the sOil map of India publIshed by the NatIOnal Kanniyakumari and Ramanathapuram districts Bureau of SOil Survey and Land Use Planning In general these are sandy SOlIs. ThIS soil has (lCAR), 1983 The approximate tradItIOnal origInated from recent depOSits. nomenclature of the soils IS also gIven In the map The soil aSSOCiations Usterts (92), Usterts-Tropepts Orthents (93)and Usterts­ The SOils of the State have been Ustalfs-Tropepts (99) occur ill the central part classIfied into 8 major classes and 20 sub-order of Coimbatore and South Arcot distrIctS, aSSOCIatIOns whIch are identified In terms of nothern part of Tiruchlrappalli dlstnct, eastern theIr pnnclpal charactenstlcs part of ThanJavur district, a major part of Ramanathapuram distrIct and a little portion of The SOlI aSSOCIatIOns' VIZ Ustalfs (7) Tlrunelveh-Kattabomman district. These are Ustalfs-Orthents (8), Ustalfs-Fluvents (I 0), from shallow black to deep black soils and are Ustalfs-Tropepts (12), U stalfs-Orthents-Tropets denoted as black cotton sdil as it is conducive (13) and Ustalfs-Rock out-crops (15) occupy a to cotton cultivatIOn. major portIOn of the State, spread almost over all the districts except Madras, Chengalpattu­ The northern and southern portions of MGR, NIIgJrl and Kanniyakuman districts Coimbatore and Madurai dIstricts, the central which have thIS SOli in lesser extent The SOIls part of Periyar district, the northern part of of thIS type are charactensed by high base North Arcot-Ambedkar distrIct, some portions status, red loamy, red sandy and allUVIal SOIls of Tlruchlrappalh dlstnct have the solI units of In which red sandy soIls constitute a large Orthents -Argids (53), Orthents-Tropepts­ proportIon. Red loamy SOIl mamly occurs In Udalfs (56), Orthents-Tropepts (61) and South Arcot , ThanJavur and TlruchlrappallI Orthents-Tropepts-Ustalfs (62). These are all districts recently formed soils. They vary from red Psamments (35), Psamments-Fluents sandy to black and allUVial soils. (36) and Psamments-Tropepts (41) soil

The approXImate traditional nomenclature of the soil sub-order aSSOCiations given on the map IS explamed below.

USTALFS High base status-red loamy, red sandy and allUVIal soils. UDALFS : High base status SOlI of humid regIOn. ORTHENTS Recently formed SOIl. USTERTS . Deep black soils TROPEPTS Shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of Southern region FLUVENTS . AllUVial SOli (Recent allUVIUm) PSAMMENTS Sandy soil ARGIDS . Soils of Arid region With clay accumulation in lower horizon UDULTS : Laterite soils

16 r MAP 8 76 ~9 B0 I"o~ J I ! TAMIL NADU I I ~ ~ oa. I SOILS ~ ,.. 0 I ~ I ,.. 'i\ ~ I3L ADRAS Il A ,,"

BOUNDARY, ST ATE/U T ,..

,,

+ 12' 0 12

K ,~

BAY

OF

BENGAL

II "

LEGEND

NO SUB - ORDER ASSOCIATIONS I[) I 7 USTAlES Pall< Strait I 8 USTALFS-ORTHENTS rm~i 10 USTALFS-FLUVEN1S ~~ I 12 USTALFS-TROPE.PTS , 13 USTALFS-OATHENTS- TRQPEPTS ~ I' 15 USTALfS-ROCK OUTCROPS:

~ 23 UDALFS-DRTHENTS

~f35 PSAMMENTS ~'36 PSAMMENTS-FLUVENTS 41 PSAMMENTS- TROPEPTS W

53 O'?IHENTS-MlGID5 rv~156 ORTHENTS-IROPEPTS-UDAlFS ..L:L....IJ 61 ORTHENTS- TROf'EPTS 62 ORTHENTS- TROPEPTS-UST ALFS

E--==:J 66 TROP[PTS

~ 91 UDULTS-TROPEPTS-ROCK OUTC~OPS SRI 92 US-TERTS Gulf of Mannar ~l93 USTERTS- TROPEPTS-ORTHENTS 199 USTERTS-USTAlFS-TRDPEPTS LANKA

~ 101 RDCK OUTCROP5-UDALFS-IROPEPTS

I(ILOMETRE:s 20 10 0 20 40 00

8' N D A N o c A N \ 77" BO'

17

II DEMOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE AND TRENDS MAP 9

DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION 1991

The distnbutIOn of population In the Madras cIty) IS the largest COimbatore (II rural and urban areas of the State as per 1991 lakhs ) Madural (l0.8 lakhs ), Tlruchlrappalll Census has been portrayed In this map The (7 1 lakhs) and Salem (5 7 lakhs) are the other degree of concentration of people m the rural promment urban agglomeratIOns The State's and urban areas can be easily perceived from urban populatIOn has rapidly Increased from this map The rural populatIon IS mdicated by 8.99 mIllion In 1961 to 1907 mIllIOn in 1991 dots, each dot representing 10,000 persons, Chengalpattu -MGR dlstnct wInch encircles while the urban population is depicted by six Madras cIty has maxImum number of urban different sizes coloured circles drawn accordmg centres (78) followed by Salem (50) and to the populatIOn size class of towns as COlmbatore (40), North Arcot-Ambedkar and Indicated in the legend of the map. ThanJavur each havmg 32 Dhannapuri, Tlruvannamalm-Sambuvarayar, Pudukkottai, The hilly parts of western and eastern Ramanathapuram and Kanmyakuman have few ghats and their nelghbourmg areas have low number of urban umts (1 e. less than 10). There population denSIty In the State. The elevated are 469 towns (or urban UnIts) In the State as per portion of North Arcot-Ambedkar 1991 Census Dharmapun, Salem, Coimbatore and Nilgiri districts are sparsely populated areas A simIlar trend IS also observed in the hilly tracts of There are 15,826 mhabIted villages of Southern region which extends over Madurai, vanous sizes in the State. The rural population Ramanathapuram and Tirunelveh districts of 36.78 mIllion hving In these villages constitute 65.85 per cent of the total populatIOn. The urban population IS generally Agnculturally predommant distrIcts of South concentrated In bIg cities/towns. As a result of Arcot (4 8 million), ThanJavur (45 million) , continuous large scale urban-ward mlgratlOn, Tiruchlrappalll (4.1 mIllion) are recorded as the the bIg urban centres have become very dense. greenary of Tamil Nadu. The distncts of There are 34 Urban AgglomeratIOns in the Chengalpattu-MGR (4.6 millIon ), Salem (3 8 State Among them, Madras with 5 4 mIllion million), North Arcot-Ambedkar (3 million) are population (57 urban constituent UnIts includIng the other agricultural pockets of the State

20 MAP 9

TAMIL NADU \i1'1:H&l1 ~ DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION 1991

K

BAY

OF

BENGAL

I -

..l

Population of City! Town

CLASS I

Palk Stra i t CLASS II 50 000 - 99 999

~ CLASS III •e 20000 - 49999 CLASS IV 10 000 - 19 999 CLASS V • 5000 - 9999 CLASS VI •• Less than 5 000 Each dot represents 10 000 Rural population

BOUNDARIES' STATE/U.T. SRI RIVE R Gulf of Manna r LANKA

KILOMETRES 20 10 0 20 40 60

N o A N o c E A N

21 MAP 10

DENSITY OF POPULATION 1991

This map shows the density of (1,395), Vilavancode (1,202) and Salem population at the taluk level m the State as per (1,055). The density of population is high in the 1991 Census. The number of persons per agncultural belt of ThanJavur district and in square kilometre has been calculated for each industrial belt of Coimbatore, Salem and North taluk of the State and the figures thus obtamed Arcot-Ambedkar dlstncts Kanmyakumari are grouped mto six sUitable ranges as shown in distnct shows the highest concentratIOn of the legend. populatIOn with 950 persons per square kilometre due to high utilIsatIOn of land The average density for the State as a whole is 429 persons per square kllometre There are 64 taluks which have compared to 372 in 1981 Census. The highest regIstered density of populatIOn above the State concentratIOn of populatiOn is recorded III average and only one taluk VIZ Ponnen (429) Madras distrIct 22077 persons per square registered equal to the State average All the kilometre, which IS treated as a single umt taluks III Dharmapun, Pasumpon Smce Madras dlstnct has a large number of Muthuramalmga-Thevar, Tiruvannamalal­ commercial and manufacturing units and havmg Sambuvarayar dlstncts (except Arant taluk and high influx of migrants, it is one of the biggest Tlruvannamalal taluk), NlIgIrl district except metropolis in India. It cannot be compared with Coonoor taluk, Tlruchlrappalh district except the density of other taluks Leaving Madras Tiruchlrappalli tal uk, Pudukkottal district, distrIct, Madurai South taluk claims the highest except Pudukkottai taluk, Ramanathapuram density of population with 3,902 persons per dlstnct except Rameswaram taluk have square kilometre followed by Saldapet taluk registered lesser denSIty than the State average with 2,592 persons per square kilometre as It Includes a number of sub-urban units enclrclmg The denSity of populatIOn IS low III Madras city. The denSIty of population IS Sathyamangalam taluk (119) followed by 96 generally high m taluks having high proportIon persons per square k!lometre III Kodaikanal of urban popUlation. The other such taluks are taluk while the lowest denslty of populatIOn has Agasthlswaram (1,622), COlmbatore South been recorded in the hilly taluk of Yercaud I e (1,524), Tiruchlrappalli (1,415), Kumbakonam 85 persons per square kilometre

22 TAMIL NADU

DENSITY ~'1fi&.:l1F POPULATION ~ 1991

2 PERSONS PER Km

551 t above

.551-550

11451 - 550

.351- 450 Stille AverGge 429

BAY

OF

BENGAL

Polk Slror'l

SRI Gulf of M on nor LANKA

N o c e A N

-;;====k-~ 7't ___

23 MAP 11

INTER - CENSAL CHANGE IN POPULATION 1981-91

The decadal variahon of population Tlruchirappalh, Tlrunelvel-Kattabomman and durmg 1981-91 at taluk level IS depicted in the North-Arcot Ambedkar distrIct map. The percentage mcrease In populatIOn m all the taluks IS presented by groupmg them The range 16.01 - 2000 per cent under SIX broad ranges and different shades are accounts for the largest number of taluks given as per the legend of the map. (VIZ 31). All the dlstncts except Kanmyakumari, TirunelvelI-Kattabomman and Salem districts The total populatIOn of Tamil Nadu has have atleast one taluk failing under this range. Increased by 15.39 per cent durmg 1981-91 This IS lower than all India growth rate of 23 .85 In the growth range 12.01 - 16 00 per percentage m the same penod Six out of 21 cent the largest number of taluks (VIZ 52) are distncts m the State have recorded higher found. The State average of 15 39 per cent falls growth rate than I the State average during the m thiS range. All the distncts except decade The highest decadal growth rate has Ramanathapuram and Chidambaranar and been recorded in Chengalpattu-MGR dIstrict Periyar districts have one or more taluks fallmg (28 68 per cent), while the lowest is observed in under thiS range. The largest number of 6 taluks Chldambaranar district (7 80 per cent) in thiS range are in ThanJavur distnct, followed by 5 taluks each in Chengalpattu -MGR and There are II taluks in the State those Salem , 4 each m South Arcot, TIruchirappallI fall under the highest growth rate range of 24.01 and Tlrunelveli-Kattabomman, 3 each in and above Of these 4 belong to Chengalpattu­ TlruvannamalaJ-Sambuvarayar, Dmdlgul-Anna, MGR district, two each to Coimbatore and Pudukkottm, Madural and Kamarajar distncts. Dharmapun districts and one each to Periyar, Dharmapun, COimbatore and Kanmyakuman Madurai and KamaraJar dlstncts respectively districts have two taluks each under this range The highest Increase IS noticed in Saldapet taluk whtle North Arcot-Ambedkar, NIIglIl and (52 32 per cent). It IS followed by Madural Pasumpon Muthuramalmga Thevar districts North taluk (40 per cent) accounted for one taluk each There are 42 In the range of 20 0 I - 24.00 per cent, taluks in the growth range of 8 0 I - 12 00 per there are 8 taluks. Of these 4 taluks are in cent and another 24 taluks fall under the lowest Dharamapuri district, and one each In Periyar, range of 800 and below.

24 MAP II

790 BO°

140

~ TAMIL NADU \J1"1 fH ..c4 1 .q ~: 'Jl"1'IO 1"1 1 QnClJ"1 INTERCENSAL CHANGE IN POPULATION 1981-91 ,.. 0

Percen1age Varlal1an of Papula110n 1981- 91 ,.. f\ GAIN LOSS ~

10.00 & below 13 'I-

II2001 - 24.00

mlI601 - 20.00

mIITI 12 01 - 16.00 State Average 15.39

~======J S.OI - 12.00

[]SOOK& \..

BAY

OF

BENGAL

iI

Pa/k Sirait

o BOUNDARIES:

STATE/U.T

DISTRICT .. ... ~ '.. V 0 TAlUK 9

SRI Gulf of Manna r LANKA

KILOME TRES 2Q 10 0 20 40 60

eO N D A N o c E A N

East of Gr ee nwich 770

25 MAP 12

GROWTH OF POPULATION 1901-91

This map portrays the decadal areas of the State 4 J 75 per cent IS the highest vanatlOn of rural and urban populatIOn In Tamll ratio for a decade and thIS was registered dUrIng Nadu and Its dIstncts wIth sex-break up as 1941-51 The lowest rate of 8 86 per cent observed durIng the last ten Censuses Ie, 190 1- Increase In urban populatIon IS observed dUrIng 1991 For this map, population data of 1901 to the decade 1911-21 1981 Census as adjusted to the JunsdlctlOn of the distncts as in 1991 have been used Frequent occurance of fammes and Proportionate bars have been drawn to indicate droughts and the resultant colossal deaths the absolute rural and urban population for each besIdes prevalence of bIg epIdemiCS lIke small Census years from 1901-1991 111e rural and pox, cholera, plague etc, dunng the first half of urban bars drawn for dlstncts thus have been the century have caused Wide vanatlon In proportionately dIvided to represent theIr male populatIOn growth In dIfferent distrIcts and female populatIOn In each Census year Dunng the decade 1951-61 the hIghest During the 90 years penod viz 1901- decadal Increase of rural populatlOn VIZ 38 77 1991 the State population has more than per cent IS noticed tn Kanntyakuman dlstflct, doubled and It Increased from 19,252,630 whIle there IS a declIne tn the rural populatIOn (- persons In 190 I to 55,858,946 persons 10 1991 2 18 per cent) In COImbatore district Nllgm 1 e. the Increase being 36,606,316 persons ThiS dIstrict has registered the hIghest growth rate of IS an increase of 190 14 per cent The Increase 102 10 per cent in the urban popu latlOn dUrIng 10 rural areas works out to 122.54 per cent while 1951-61 10 the urban areas, It IS 600 15 per cent The highest growth rate of populatIOn of the State In Durmg 1961-71 the hlglH:st per companson to the previous decades, 22 30 per centage Increase In rural population (27 02 per cent has been recorded during 1961-71 It IS cent) IS seen In Pudukk.ottal distnct In followed by 17 50 per cent regIstered durmg Chengalpattu distrIct where the sub-urban 1971-81 Censuses Dunng 1981-91 It IS towns encirclmg Madras city grew rapidly recorded as 15 39 per cent The lowest growth because of faster mdustnalIsatlOn, the growth rate of population viz 3 47 per cent has been rate dUrIng 1961-71 was a high 108 44 per cent recorded during 1911-2 I In the State It was during thiS penod the great epidemic (of 1918) If we compare the Increase of took a heavy toll of lIfe 10 many parts of our popu1atlOn for the past two decades, it IS found country. that there was an increase of 13 32 per cent rural The highest decadal Increase 10 the populatlOn durmg the decade 1981-91, wh Ich rural populatIOn of the State SInce 1901 has was 12.95 per cent In 1971-81 SImIlarly, the been regIstered dunng 1961-71 (16.35 per cent) Increase of urban populatIOn was recorded and the lowest is registered dunng 1911-21 (2 52 1959 per cent In the decade 1981-91 while that per cent) m the decade 1911-21. In the urban of 1971-81 was 27.98 per cent.

26 MAP 12

16 78

,.,___ I I I TAMIL NADU ~~ GROWTH OF POPULATION 1901-91

OF

z ~

Poi K 5 I , a II -10 ) ,or--I ll,tC,lE::: ~' I i I N - ~IEGLI'-.,IE:~LE:_

E U - ErllrFi'EL ~ 1)r't:!A~

SOJNDARI£S

STATEI\) T

DISTRICT

Gulf of Monnar

_ 8' E A N

0' -_~~~ ____L __ ._'c;;-I ___ __J 7 ~ 80~

27 MAP 13

CHILD-WOMEN RATIO 1991

This map depicts the vanatlOn in ratio the State The child-women ratio has been between children and women for each dlstnct In calculated as

Number of chIldren III the age group 0-4 x 100

Number of women In the age group 15-44

For each dIstrict the values thus The dlstncts haVing a large number of obtamed are grouped mto 6 categones and the children In age- group 0-4 are Chegalpattu­ districts are shaded accordmgly as per the MGR (473.040) Thanjavur (432,870), legend of the map There are 5,225,795 Tlruchlrappalh (375,880) and Madras (325080). c}llldren in the age-group of 0-4 and 13,537,664 The smallest number of children m age- group women in the age-group of 15-44 in the State as (0-4) IS found m Nllgm dlstnct With 57,790 per 1991 Census The chIld-women ratio for children The other districts With less number the State as a whole IS 38 60. of children m the age-group 0-4 are Pasumpon Muthuramalmga Thevar (97,190), There are 8 dlstncts which have Ramanathapuram (119,100), Pudukkottai registered the chIld-women ratio above the State (132,300) and Chidambaranar (133,865). average of which 5 districts arc Iymg ill northern portion of Tamil Nadu The largest number of women in age­ Tlruvannamalai-Sambuvarayar district has group 15-44 is also recorded at South Areot registered the highest ratio of 49 30 and district with 1,142,575 women. The other Dharmapuri distrIct registered 48.97 The city districts having a large number of women in dlstnct Madras has registered child-woman ratlO age- group 15-44 are ThanJavur (1,124,433), as 33 22. Chegalpattu-MGR (1,123,246) and TJruchirappalli (1,014,078). The smallest The lowest child-woman ratIO are number of women in age-group 15-44 IS found recorded in the western part of Tamil Nadu. III Nl1g1ri dlstnct with 187,316 women The The lowest ratio IS registered at Periyar distnct other districts With less number are Pasumpon With 2926 The other districts with low ratios Muthuramalmga Thevar (260,092), are COlll1batore(2954) Nllgin (3085) and Ramanathapuram (268,570) and Pudukkottm Salem (34 80) The largest number of children (320,701) This follows the same pattern of In age-group 0-4 IS found In South Arcot dlstnct dlstncts which have the children in age-group with 516,770 persons 0-4.

28 --_ MAP 13 76 77 78 79' 80"

14 14'

~ TAMIL NADU ~-~~ CHILD - WOMAN RATIO 1991 0 ~ "9 '"

1'. ,. + 13 " .. ~

'" N:'~' ..... K f''t" ~ I t,r ' ...... ". '-"

BAY

OF

BENGAL

10 PER 100 WOMt:N IN AGE 15-44 Poll< Strait 1m 4251 g above IS. m400I 4250 ~ 3751- 4000 c ITill ~5 01 - 3750 00

" .. ~ 9" t=:=====j 3251 - 3500 D 32 50 ~ below .It SRI Gulf of Mannar BOUNDARIES LANKA STATEIU T

D~STRICT

IUl'DMET'R£S 20 10 ° '0 40 60

." e" N 0 A N 0 C £ A N ~ 76" Eosl a! Gree<'l,IOj'ch 77" 78" 7'; ~c"

29 MAP 14

EVER MARRIED WOMEN AND TOTAL CHILDREN BORN TO THEM 1991

ThIS map depIcts the dIstnctwise number 15,678,070 ever mamed women and 40,523,060 of children ever born per 100 ever marned chIldren ever born to them whIch gIves a ratIo of women as per 1991 Census by chorop leth method 258 children ever born per 100 ever marned Distnctwise number of chIldren ever born per women. ThIs ratIo vanes from 236 (Coimbatore 100 ever married women are calculated and dIstnct) to (3 II) KannIyakuman dIstrIct The grouped into six ranges as shown in the legend of other dIstricts havmg hIgh ratIo are the map. The districts have been shaded by Chldambaranar (305), Tiruneiveh- different grade of hatching according to values of Kattabomman(286) and Nilgin (280) The the district. dlstncts havmg low ratios arc Salem (224), Penyar (226), , Tiruchlrappalh (245), Dmdlgul­ In the State as a whole, there are Anna (247) and Madras (248)

The fo[[owmg table shows the number of ever marned women and chIldren ever born to them

EVER MARRIED WOMEN AND TOTAL CHILDREN BORN TO THEM

State/District Total ever marned Total children ever Total chIldren Women born to ever married ever born perlOO Women total ever married

TAMILNADU 15,678,070 40,523,060 258

I Madras 1,037,230 2,570,990 248 2. Chegalpattu-MGR 1,270,320 3,465.530 273 3. North Areot-Ambedkar 838,410 2,279,180 272 4. Dharrnapun 668,940 1,747,530 261 5 Tlruvannamalal-Sambu- 572,910 1,568,650 274 varayar 6. South Areot 1,326,210 3,431,810 259 7 Salem 1,180,520 2,639,830 n4 8 Periyar 725,750 1,640,270 226 9. Nilgm 191,800 537,590 280 10. Coimbatore 1,026,700 2,422,860 236 11. Dmdigul-Anna 507,390 1,252,440 247 12. TiruehirappallJ 1,199,960 2,945,800 245 13 ThanJavur 1,266,290 3,262,290 258 14 Pudukkottat 354,270 976,700 276 15 Pasumpon Muthuramalmga Thevar 304,660 829,200 272 16. Madurai 961,600 2,517,710 2G2 17. Kamarajar 440,850 1,160,660 263 18. Ramanathapuram 307,540 814,040 265 19. Chidambaranar 397,310 1,213,250 305 20. Tirunelvcli-Kattabomman 698,090 1,999,820 286 21. Kanmyakumari 401,320 1,246,910 311

30 MAP 14

I " TAMIL NADU I rim~fu<:rt~m~~¥f~ EVER MARRIED WOMEN AND TOTAL CHILDREN I BORN TO THEM 1991

BAY

OF

BENGAL

II _It Karc.kol I I I POr1dl c~err~ 1

Pc J k S t r c; t '"

- 255 W t====~ 246 0 245 & below 9"

BOUNDARIES ~ STATEJUT SR I

mSl:R1'C T Gulf of Mannar LANKA

tJlm.4ETRE'S 2'0 10 0 :to 40 60

8" 8" N D I A N o c E A N ___L_ 76 East 01 Greenwich 77~

31 MAP 15

SEX RATIO 1991

This map shows the sex ratio i.e. the Kothaglri (1004), Lalgudi (1000), Karur (1006), number of females per 1000 males in all the Tarangampadl (10 II), Papanasam (I 009), taluks of the State as per the 1991 Census The Tlruvalyaru (1001), Nagappattmam (1006), sex ratlO of all the 167 taluks and Madras dlstnct Nidamangalam (I 004), Orattanadu (1003), have been grouped mto 6 categones as shown m Pattukkottai (l003), Peravuram (1013), the legend of the map Gandarvakottar (1005), Trrumayam (1049), Arantangl (1008), AvadalyarkOlI (1009), The sex ratIO IS 974 females per 1000 Karaikudi (1018), Devakottal (1047), Sivaganga males for the State as a whole m 1991 Census (1040), Ilayangudl (1037), TIruchuli (1006), while It was 977 In 1981 Census. There are 107 Aruppukkottal (1002), Sattur (1004), TIrUvadanal taluks WhICh have registered the sex ratio above (l027), Paramakudl (1010), Kamudi (1011), the State average All the taluks in Thanjavur, Mudukulattur (1015), Ramanathapuram (1014), Pudukkottal, KamaraJar, Ramanathapuram Kovllpattl (1030), V I1attlkulam (1041), (except Rameswaram tal uk), Chidambaranar, Ottappldaram (1029), Sivagm (1014), Tirunelveh-Kattabomman and Kanmyakuman SankarankOlI (1016), Tenkasl (1013), Tirunel veli distncts have registered the sex ratio above the (1002), Palayankottal (1037), Ambasamudram State average There are two taluks namely (1049) and Agastlswaram (1006) Yercaud and Arakkonam which have recorded the sex ratio equal to that of State average. In 43 There are 21 taluks havmg less than 951 taluks, the females have out numbered males females per 1000 males m which Sankari taluk m These taIuks are Iymg over the southern part of Salem distnct has recorded the lowest sex ratIO the State especially over the coastal part of the 1 e 876 females per 1000 males Mettur (886) State. Of them 6 taluks have more than 1050 and Omalur (893) taluks of Salem distrIct has females per 1000 males They are Tlrupattur recorded Just above the lowest sell. ratio. (1065) in Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Thevar district, Srivalkundram (1070), Tiruchendur (1113) and SattankuIam (1 185) in Chidambaranar In general, Pudukkottal, district and Nanguneri (1104) and Radhapuram Ramanathapuram, Paumpon Muthuramalmga (1097) in TlTUnelveli-Kattabomman district. Thevar, Chldambaranar, TlrunelvelI­ Kattabomman are havmg htgh sex ratIo whIle There are 37 taluks registered 1000 to DharmapuTI and Salem are havmg very low sex 1050 females per 1000 males They are ratio

32 75 --" -_ , ~----

TAMil NADU F-ft-~~ SEX RATIO 1991

BAY

OF

BENGAL

, KO,.af/(o1

Polk Stroll

'lY, ~,--

w

BOuNDARIES 'STATEfU T SRI Gulf of Mannor DISTRICT I LANKA TAlUK

KILOMETR(S

2~_g_~__ ___ 40 ± ==-=oJ60

N D A N a c E A N

_j__ CB _gC 80 tl 33 MAP 16

CHANGE IN SEX RATIO 1991

This map explains the sex ratio of the III 1991 Census The lowest sex ratio has State for both the Census years 1981 and 1991 an registered at Sankari taluk of Salem district in one map of 1991 administrative set up by both the Censuses, i.e., 909 in 1981 Census and choropleth method. Talukwise sex ratio figures of 876 in 1991 Census. While all the taluks of 1981 and 1991 Census have been grouped into Salem district in 1981 Census registered sex ratio sUitable categones as shown in the legend of the more than 900, only 3 taluks in that district viz map The sex ratio for 1991 Census have been Sankari(876), Mettur(886), and Omalur (893) depIcted by block hatching and 1981 values by registered below 900 in 1991 Census. difference shades of green colour.

The sex ratIO of the State as a whole There were 17 taluks in the range of was 977 III 1981 Census and 974 III 1991 Census 950 and below and 62 taluks in the range of 976- thus regIstering a decrease of 3 pomts. The sex 1000 and 41 taluks were above 1000 as sex ratio ratio was high in all the taluks of in 1981 Census. During 1991 Census, there are 6 Ramanathapuram, Tirunelvelli-Kattabomman, taluks in the range of 1051 and above, 10 taluks Pudukkottai district during 1981 Census. The in 1026-1050 and 26 taluks in 1001-1025 and 62 highest sex ratio had been recorded at taluks in 976-1000 and 41 taluks in 951-975 and Sattankulam taluk of Chidambaranar district in 22 taluks in the range of sex ratio of 950 and both the Census ie.l149 in 1981 Census and 1185 below in the State.

34 MAPle

0 76' 7 7 ' 78 7 9' 80'

14' 14'

TAMILNADU ~ ~-~ ~1l q{1ari., CHANGE IN SEX RATIO 1981-91 ,.. '0 ~

FEMALES PER 1000 MALES ,.. IN 1991 ~ i- 1051 & above 13' 1:3 ~ ~ •m 1026 - 1050 ,. mI 1001 - 1025 ,.. ~ 976 - 1000 951 - 975 Stote Averoge [[ill] 974 + d - 950 & below 12' 0 ,.. ~ K

BAY

OF

BENGAL

Ii ,,'

FEMALES PER 1000 MALES IN 1981

Polk SIr 0 i I 1026 & above

1001-1025 ~ oq~ O~ '[J 0 976 -1000 Q::; () 951 -975 0 00 950 & below 0 ".~ 9' 9

BOUNDARIE S: SRI STATE/U,T, Gulf of Mannar DISTRICT ", LANKA TALUK ~I ,I /

KILOMETRES I 20 to 0 20 4 0 ~o ,

s' N o A N o c E A N ~~? East 01 GreenWtch 78' 80'

35 MAP 17

RURAL SEX RATIO 1991

Th IS map portray s the sex ratIon III the The largest number of taluks (60) are rural areas at tal uk level 111 TamIl Nadu, as per found m the range of 976-1000 This range 199 I Census The number of females per 1000 ll1cludes the average rural sex I at 10 of the State. males, as per 1991 Census have been grouped It IS mterestmg to note that there are 14 taluks in and presented m the map under SIX broad groups ThanjUvur, 8 taluks m Chegalpattu-M.G.R,5 taluks III TlruchlrappallI, 4 taluks each in For the rural areas of the State as a DIlldigul and Tlruvannamalm-Sambuvarayar, 3 v. hole, sex ratIO stands at 981 There are II taluks each In North Arcot-Ambedkar, Nllgm, taluks Ln the State that fall m the hIghest range of PudukkottaJ, Madural and Kanniyakumari 105 I and above (of females per 1000 males) Ln dlstncts the rural areas Of these 1 I taluks as many as 7 are found III the southern-most distncts of In the range of 951-975 there are as Tlrunelveh-Kattabomman and Chldambaranar many as 41 taluks Most of these taluks are dlstncts Sathankulam taluk of Tlrunelvelt­ Widespread m the western regIon of the State and Kattabomman dlstnct IS recorded the highest III of South Arcot dIstrIct Eighteen taluks come rural sex ratIO of 121 LIn the range of 1026- under the lowest range of 950 and below and they 1050, there are 9 taluks. Of these, 2 taluks are in cover mostly Dharmapun, northern part of Salem Pasumpon Muthuramalmga Thevar and 4 taluks dIstrIct and 2 taluks of Madural dlstrict are in Chidambaranar dIstrict and one taluk each m Pudukkottai and Tlrunelveli-Kattabomman distrIct In the range 1001-1025, there are 25 The lowest sex ratio of 870 females taluks Of these 4 taluks each In ThanJavur, per 1000 males for the rural areas IS recorded in Ramanathapuram and Tlrunelveli-Kattabomman Sankan taluk while Mettur taluk With 873 and distrIcts 3 taluks each in Pudukkottal and Omalur taluk With 888 m Salem district are some KamaraJar dIstricts whIle 2 taluks In of the other taluks recorded the lowest sex ratIO. Tlruchlrappalh distnct

36 TAMIL NADU m+ftur 'fit- ~ 3Ffffii RURAL SEX RATIO 1991 o

FEMALES PER 1000 MALES

1051 & above

Stole Aver

950 & below 12

BAY

OF

BENGAL

Palk Strait 10

o

) f

BO'JNDARrES SRI 1 STATtfLJ 1 I Gulf of Mannar DISTRICT LANKA I TALUK I

20 10 0

N D A N o c E A N

76' Eas1 01 Greenwich 77'

37 MAP 18

CHANGE IN RURAL SEX RATtO 1981- 91

ThIS map potrays the sex ratio m rural areas of Tirunelveh-Kattabomman, districts m both the the State for both the Census years 1981 and Censuses The Sattankulam taluk of 1991 on one map of 1991 admmlstratlve set up Chldambaranar district recorded the highest rural by choropleth method. Talukwlse rural sex ratIo sex ratIO m both the Censuses that in 1152 m figures of 1981 and 1991 Censuses have been 1981 and 1211 in 1991 Census. The lowest rural grouped mto suitable categories as shown in the sex ratio was registered at Sankari taluk of salem legend of the map. The rural sex ratIO for 1991 , distrIct in both the Censuses that IS 903 m 1981 Census have been depIcted by black hatchmg and 870 m 1991 Census and 1981 values by dIfference shades of green colour There were 18 taluks in 1981 Census and 10 taluks m 1991 Census havmg more than The rural sex ratIO for the State as a 1050 as rural sex ratIO m the State Durmg 1981 whole was 987 females per 1000 males m 1981 and also m 1991 Censuses, there were 44 taluks Census and 981 m 1991 Census thus reglstermg a havmg rural sex ratlO above 1000 in the State decrease of 6 pomts The rural sex ratIO was very The lowest range of 950 and below covered 11 hIgh m all the talluks of ramanathapuram and taluks m 1981 and 18 taluks in 1991 Census.

The followmg table gives the talukwise break-up of rural sex ratios In 1981 and 1991 Census

RANGE OF SEX RATIO NO OF TALUKS IN THE STATE IN 1981 IN 1991 CENSUS CENSUS 1026 AND ABOVE 22 17 1001-1025 22 27 976 - 1000 64 62 951 - 975 4B 43 950 AND BELOW 11 18

38 MAP 16

76' 77 ' 7S' 79" BO"

14" 14"

TAMILNADU ~ MIftvr l'it-~ ~ 1l QRaA .. CHANGE IN RURAL SEX RATIO 1981·91 ,. 0 ~ FEMALES PER 1000 MALES ,. IN 1991 ~ ~ 1051 & above 13" 13 \(. A UII] 1026 - 1050 ,.. 1001 - 1025 ,..

976 - 1000 State A.... erage • 981 •[ill]] 951 - 975 + 12' - 950 ! belo w d D v. ,. Pondicherry

BAY

OF

BEN G A L

Ii I I

FEMALES PER 1000 MALES IN 1981 Po l k S t ra i t 1026 I above

1001 - 1025 u:. D 976 -1000 0 951 -975 0950 I below ...... ~ \j 9

BOUNDARIES: SRI STATE/U.T. Gulf of Manna, DISTRICT .. . LANKA TALUK

KILOMETRES 20 10 0 20 40 GO

e' N o A N o c £ A N

East of Gr een wich 77"

39 MAP 19

URBAN SEX RATIO 1991

This map shows the sex ratIO number of The next range of urban sex ratIO 976- females per 1000 males) m the urban areas at 1000 covers 41 taluks of the State They are 7 taluk level. There are 21 taluks whIch are taluks In ThanJavur, 4 taluks m North Arcot- completely rural m the State Based on the sex Ambedkar, 3 each In Tlruvannamalal- ratio, the remammg 146 taluks as also the cIty Sambuvarayar, Tlruc.hlrappalh, KamaraJar, dlstnct of Madras, whIch has been consIdered as Ramanathapuram and Tlruneivell-Kattabomman a smgle UnIt for the purpose of thiS map, have dlstncts, 2 each III Chegalpattu-MGR, been grouped under SIX broad ranges and hatched COlmbatore, Pudukkottm imd one each 1I1 accordmgly usmg chloroleth techmque Dharmapuri, South Arcot, Salem, Penyar, Nilgin, Dmdlgul-Anna, Pasumpon Muthuramalmga The sex ratIo for the urban areas of the Thevar, Madura! and Kanl1lyakuman dlstncts State as a whole stands at 960. Kamudl taluk In Ramanathapuram dlstnct with urban sex ratIo of 1096 has recorded the hIghest There are nme The range of urban sex ratio 951-975 taluks whIch come under the high sex ratlO range mcludes maximum number of 46 taJuks It IS of 1051 and above, that IS, 3 taluks In dlstnbuted Il1 7 taluks of Chegalpattu-MGR Chldambaranar and 2 taluks each m Tlrunelvelt­ dlstnct, 5 taluks 1I1 Madural district and 4 taluks Kattabomman and Ramanathapuram dIstrIcts, one each Il1 South Arcot, COlll1batore, Dmlgul-Anna, each in ThanJavur and Pudukkottal dlstncts three each In S;:J!em, Tlfl1chlrappalh, 2 eJch Il1 There are 6 taluks in the next range of 1026-1050 DharmapurI, Penyar, N tlgm, Thanpvur, They are Vilavankod III Kanmyakuman dlstflct, Kamara]ar and Chidambaranar and one each 111 Ambasamudram and Palayamkottal taluks of North Arcot-Ambedkar, Tlruvannama!ill­ Tlrunelveh-Kattabomman dlstnct, Ilaiyankudl 1[1 Sambuvarayar, Pudukkottm and Pasumpon Pasumpon Muthuramalmga Thevar and Muthuramalmga Thevar dIstncts Vedaranmyam and Tlrutturapundl taluks In ThanJavur distncts In the range of 100 I-I 025, there are 20 taluks dlstnbuted as 5 taluks In The lowest sex ratio range of 950 and ThanJavur, 3 taluks m Pasumpon below covers 24 taluks of whIch 4 taluks are 111 Muthuramahnga Thevar, 2 taluks each 1[1 Salem district, 3 taluks each III DharmapurI, North Arcot-Ambedkar and Tlruchlrappalll South Arcot, Penyar and COllnbatore dIstrIcts, 2 dlstnct and one each III Chegalpattu, each III Chegalpattu-MGR and Madural and I Penyar, NIlglfl, Pudukkottm, Chldambaranar, each In Madras, Dll1dlgul-Anna and Tlrunelveh-Kattabomman, Kanmyakuman and Tlfllchlrappalli Sankan ta!uk 111 Salem dIstrIct Tlruvannamalai-Sambuvarayar dlstncts recorded the lowest urban sex ratio (920)

40 MAP 19

w, 76 79 - __ --,~- t

TAMIL NADU I ~m-~~ URBAN SEX RATIO 1991

FEMALES PER 1000 MALES

~ 1051 & abuve

011025 - 1050

.1001-1025

~ 975-1000

- d

BAY

OF

- I() I Po r K SIr a J ,

lO'""I

BOUNDARIES STATUU T

VISTRICT

TAlUK

s" -a N D A N o c E A N __ L _------__L_-8~ --.---~ ~9"

41 MAP 20

CHANGE IN URBAN SEX RATIO 1991

This map depicts the sex ratIO ill urban registered the highest urban sex ratIO in both the areas of the State for both the Census years 1981 Censuses that is 1282 females per 1000 males m and 1991 on one map of 1991 admInistratIve set 1981 Census and 1204 III 1991 Census. The up by choropleth method. Talukwise urban sex Coonoor taluk. of Nilgiri distnct recorded the ratio figures of 1981 and 1991 Censuses have lowest urban sex ratio m 1981 Census With 854 been grouped into suitable categories as shown in females per 1000 males and Kodaikana1 taluk the legend of the map. The urban sex ratio for registered the lowest ill 1991 Census with sex 1991 Census have been depicted by black ratIO of 890 hatchmg and 1981 values by different shades of green colour. There were 21 taluks entirely rural During 1981 Census III the range of in the State in 1991 Census. 1026 and above urban sex ratio, there were 18 taluks but It has been reduced to 15 taluks III The urban sex ratio of the State as a 1991 Census In the range of 100 I - 1025 there whole was 956 females per 1000 males in 1981 were 19 taluks III 1981 and 21 taluks In 1991 Census and 960 III 1991 Census thus registerlllg a Census There were 33 taluks In the range of 976 increase of 4 points unlike the general sex ratLO - 1000 III 1981 Census which have been and rural sex ratio which have been decreased Increased to 40 taluks in thIS range in 1991 during this period. The urban sex ratio IS Census. In the range of 951 - 975 there were 42 generally high in ThanJavur, Ramanathapuram, and 46 taluks III 1981 and 1991 Census Tlrunelveli-Kattabomman and Kaniyakuman respectively. The lowest range of 950 and below districts in both the Censuses. The Nangunen covered 33 taluks III 1981 Census and 24 taluks taluk of Tirunelveli-Kattabomman district ill 1991 Census

42 MAP 20

80"

TAMIL NADU ~ m-~ ~ .q qfiari ... CHANGE IN URBAN SEX RATIO 1981-91

FEMALES PER 1000 MALES IN 1991

~ 10 51 8. ab ove 13

. 1026-1050

em 1001-1025

~ 9 76- 1000

951 - 975 Sial. Av erage ITIIIIJ 960

r======j 950 8. belo w

B A Y

OF

BENGA L

FEMALES PER 1000 MALES IN 1981 Pallt. S t r ait 1026 & above

1001 - 1025

976 - 1000 Stat. Avwave 956 G () w o 951 - 975 .. .. ~ o 950 & below g"

ER Entirely Rural SRi BOUNDARIES ; Gulf of Monnar STATE/U.T. LA N· K A DISTRICT...

TALUK

KILOMETR ES 2 0 10 0 20 40 60

8" N D A N o c E A N

Eas' of Gr eefl wich 78" MAP 21

SEX AND AGE STRUCTURE 1991

This map explams the sex and age age-group 5-14. The subsequent age group upto structure of the populatIOn of the State and 55-59 generally show a tapering pattern whIch is (hstncts The se'\. and age cDmposltion of the natural on account of gradual depletIOn by populatIOn can be represented plctonally In 'what deaths The top bar representmg the persons 111 IS called "age pyramid" Age pyramids are the age group 60+ IS comparatIvely larger as It dra\\11 for the State and dIstncts with honzontal covers WIde age interval The sex and age bars proportIOnate to the male and female structure of population III distncts generally populatIOn 111 different age group. Male conforms to the State pattern with slight populatIon IS shown III the left sldeand female vanatlOns. populatIOn on the nght Side of the vertical lme of the pyramids Scale to shO\v the male and female populatIOn m absolute figures IS drawn at the In the State as a whole the age group of bottom and percentage figures at the top of 10-14 covers a hIgh percentage of populatIOn horizontal bars of the pyraIl11ds The male and compared to the other age groups with 5 50 female population has been further grouped mto percentage of boys and 5.26 percentage of girls five broad age categones VIZ. Infants (0-4), boys The other age groups which have more and glrls (5-14), young men and women (15-34) percentage of population are, age group of 5-9 and middle aged men and women (35-50) and old with 5.44 per cent of boys and 5.24 per cent of men and women (60+) and these groups have gIrls and age group of 15-19 with 4 97 per cent of been shaded by different black and white males and 5.03 per cent of females The lowest hatchmg bcmg thc age-group of 60-64 wIth 1.55 per cent males and 1 45 per cent females followed by the A common feature In the age structure age group 55-59 with 1.73 per cent for males and of male and female populatIon of the State In the 1 60 per cent for females The age group of 65 broad boundarIes constituted by the section of and above has 2 50 per cent of males and 228 infants at the age group 0-4 and boys and girls In per cent of females.

44 MAP 21

71' 14'

TAMIL NADU ~-~ artr 3Wi ~ SEX AND AGE STRUCTURE 1991

PERCENT AGE 4 ; 6 7 • 4 , 2 I 0 ~ 2 3 AGE GROUr 65' 60 65 3 5 59 50~'54 = 45-49 5 _ 40-44 j 3S~'33 MIl.LE FEMAl[ 30-34 25-29 17,7,." 20-24 15-19 777,'7/,;;;7 ;/();C ;;/ ~/ah'ilL1 10-14 5 S 0-4 ... '0 25 20 " :0'- 0 5 10 " io 25 30 35 IPERSDNS IN 00 000\ TAIIIL NADU

I~

SAY

OF

BOUN[lAHIES w

SlATE/U1

DISTRICT

G II f f of M 0 n n a r

Age-Group SRI 60, ~ OLD MEN AND WOMEN

35-59 WVDLE ~GED MEN t\1I!J) WOMEI',I LANKA

15-34 YOUNG MEN AND WOMEN

5-14 - BOYS AND GIRLS 20 10 0 20 •D 0- • IMFp.,N"i"S 8' s' o A N o C £ A N

76° Ecs1 of Gree-nwlI:tF 78' 79' 80'

45 MAP 22

MARITAL STATUS 1991

This map depicts the extent of male and female were recorded Naturally, thIS IS reflected female populatIon In the four mantal status group by a larger ratIO of mamed persons in the district as on 1991 Census Thcse 4 categories are (1) The category of 'mamed' persons has recorded Never mamed (2) Married (3) Widowed and (4) the highest In Penyar dlstnct with 49 52 per cent OIvorced/Seperated and four sets of overlappmg among males and S3 83 per cent among females bars are drawn for each dIstnct representing the Salem dlstnct has a high percentage of married above categories persons among males With 47.66 and 52.95 among females As also In COimbatore dIstrict In Tamil Nadu 53 31 percent of males the percentage figure is hIgh WIth 4723 per cent and 42.84 per cent of females are never married among males and 50.79 per cent among females. Never married denotes a person who has never The lowest figure of married persons found at entered 'marned' status at any time before Kanmyakuman district with 40 59 percent among Persons with married status form 44.46 per cent males and <-1-2.21 per cent among females among males and 4783 per cent among females, while those who are wIdowers-widows constitute 205 per cent and 8 78 per cent among males and Tiruchlrappalll district recorded the females respectIvely. hIghest percentage of Widowed persons among males with 2.54 per cent while 9 61 per cent Among the distncts, Kanniyakuman has among females. Tirunelveli-Kattabomman the hIghest populatiOn of 'never married' people distnct has the highest percentage of WIdowed both among males and females with 57.73 per persons among females with 9 76 per cent while cent and 49.69 per cent respectively. This L02 per cent among males. Nllgin district has distnct is well-known for hIgh literacy rates and recorded the lowest percentage of widowed people generally start theIr married life at persons with 1. 13percent among males and 7.69 comparatively later ages after their education and per cent among female. The Dharmapuri district employment. The lowest ratIO of 'never mamed' also recorded the lowest percentage of widowed IS found in Periyar district only 47 68 per cent persons with 6.66 per cent among females and among the males and 3589 percent among the I 8 J per cent among males.

46 TAMIL NADU ~m.mr MARITAL STATUS 1991

II·

~ MAl£

D FEMALE

I NEVER MARRIED 2-MARRIED 3-WIDOWED 4-0THERS

BOlJr.'D.llRIES

$TATEfU T

DISTRICT

SRI Gulf of M annor LANKA MAP 23

YOUTHFULNESS OF POPULATION 1991

This map portrays youthfulness of proportion in youthfulness over the Nothern and populatIOn at dIstrict level The youthfulness has Southern districts of State The central dlstncts been measured as percentage of populatlOn in the of the State show lower proportlOn that IS less age 5-14 years to the total populatIOn FIgures than the State average There are 12 dIstricts thus obtamed for each dIstrict are grouped mto 6 havmg hIgh proportIOn than State average. The categones and are shaded wIth different grades of hIghest range 23.26% and above comprises of hatchings as shown m the legend of the map. Dharrnapuri (23.82%) Tiruvannamalal­ Sambuvarayar (23.54%) and Ramanathapuram In the State as a whole 11,979,383 (23.50%) dlstncts The next range 22.26 to persons are in the age-group 5-14 years whIch 23.25% compnses of South Arcot (23.13%), accounts for 21.45% of the total populatIOn. It Pudukkottal (22 86%), Chidambaranar (22.69%), was 23.87% m 1981 Census. The youthfulness Tlrunelveli-Kattabomman (22 62%), Pasumpon varies from 1820% to 23.82% among the Muthuramalmga Thevar (22 55%) and North districts. The lowest and highest values are Arcot-Ambedkar (2244%) The lowest range of observed m Coimbatore and Dharmapuri districts 1925% and below comprIses of COllnbatore respectively The map clearly shows high (1820%) and Penyar (1928%) dIstrIcts

The table below indicates parameters of youthfulness at dlstnct level

YOUTHFULNESS OF POPULATION, 1991

State/Dlstnct Total Population Percentage of PopulatIOn in age group 5-14 population 1I1 age group 5-14 to total Population TAMIL NADU 55858946 11979383 2145

Madras 3841396 759948 1978 Chegalpattu-MGR 4653593 1027347 2208 North Arcot-Ambedkar 3026432 679105 2244 Dharmapun 2428596 578475 23 82 Tlruvannamalal-Sambuvarayar 2042979 480963 23 54 South Arcot 4878433 1128415 23 13 Salem 3896382 772482 1983 Periyar 2320263 424082 1828 Nilglri 710214 149840 21 10 Coimbatore 35083774 638681 1820 Dinigul-Anna 1760601 362322 2058 Tlruchlrappalli 4138048 857322 2072 Thanjavur 4531457 954578 2107 Pudukkottal 1327148 303448 2286 Pasumpon Muthuramalmga 1078190 243140 225S Thevar Madurai 3449662 764492 22 16 Kamarajar 1565037 347194 22 18 Ramanathapuram 1144040 268802 n 50 Chldambaranar 1455920 330335 22 69 Tlrunelveh-Kattabomman 2501832 566032 2262 Kanniyakuman 1600349 342380 2\ 39

48 ,.;

TAMil NADU ¥T~ o YOUTHFULNESS OF POPULATION 1991

Percentage of PopulatIOn In oge group 5 -14

,l 23 26 ~ obove IlIIIlIlJ 'Il A .2226 - 2325 ,. ..J

.2126 - 2225 Stote Average 2.145 [I]]] 2026 - 21 25

t:-: -=j 19 26 - 20 25 V

19 25 ~ below D + Ii

BAY

OF

BENGAL

,,0 Kara,kaf IPcmdH:::nerr'_)

w

ElOUNOARIES Gulf af Mannar STATE/U T LANKA DISTRICT

KILOMETRES 20 10 0 20 40 60

s' 8' N o A N o c A N

78'

49 MAP 24

CHANGES IN YOUTHFULNESS OF POPULATION 1981-91

This map explains the change in whole was 23.87 % in 1981 which has youthfulness of population which has taken decreased to 21 45 % in 199] accordmg to the place during 1981-1991 Percentages of young net decrease of 2.42 pomt 10 the percentage population belonging to age-group 5-] 4 years scale. All the districts have registered to total population are calculated for each decrease in the populatlOn of young district for the Census years 1981 and 1991 popUlation between 1981 and 1991. The separately. Figures thus obtained are grouped magnitude of decrease varies from 0.69 in into five ranges for both Census years and the Ramanathapuram to 3.85 % in Dmdigul-Anna districts are shaded by different grades of distrIct. The other districrts which have hatching according to their percentage value registered a high pomts of decrease 10 ratio for the year 1991 and shaded by flat colours between 1981 and 1991 Census are for the year 1991. Coimbatore(3.8), Nllgin(3.78),Salem (3.03) and Madras (2.98). The districts registered There were 11,555.559 young low points of decrease are Tiruvannamalai­ populatIOn, with age of 5-14 out of total Sambuvarayar(1 23) Pasumpon population of 48,408,077 persons m 1991 Muthuramalmga Thevar (1.64) and South Census. But in 1991 Census the young Areot (I 72) population were 11,979,383 persons out of the total popUlation of 55,858,946 persons In the State as a whole. The South Arcot distrIct has During 1981 Census, among the the largest no of persons as young distrIcts the proportIOn of young populatIOn to popUlations In both the Census with 1,043,980 its total populatIOn was highest in Dhannapun persons in 1981 and 1,128,415 persons m dIstrIct with 26.46% followed by Pudukkottai 1991 Census and Nilgiri distnct has the district (25 14%). In 1991 Census also lowest number of persons as young population Dhannapun ranks the highest With a ratIO in both the Censuses as 156,763 persons 10 23 82% The lowest ratlO of young population 1981 and in 149,840 persons in 1991 Census to thIS total populatIOn had been regIstered at Periyar dIstrict (21 08%) in 1981 and at The proportIOn of the young COImbnatore dlstnct (1820%) ill 1991 populatIOn to total population in the State as a Census

50 M"P24

TAMIL NADU ~ \I1'1~(§Q1 .q QHaJ'1 CHANGE IN YOUTHFULNESS OF POPULATION o 1981-91

Percentage of Population in ag e gr oup 5 -14 in 1991

1IIillIl] 23.26 & above

l1li 22.26 - 23.25 ,. II 21.26 - 22.25 State Averoqe 21.45 [[IIIJ 20.26 - 21.25

f=-=-=j 19.26 - 20.25 D 19.25 & below

FIGlJRES GIVEN" THE DISTRICTS ARE PERCENT AGE OF POPtJI.A TJON III AGE -GRotP ~ - 14 III /991.

K \. . ~

BA.Y

OF

BENGA L. '" !?::: ::::::::::::::: ... ./ ...... _ , '.' COIMSATORE .. 'j""- . ). .. 11820) .

l :.: .:::::::: · t I ~ f:<:.: ': ' . ~::::-. ~: ~./ ; > .( : Perctntage of Populotlon In age 9rouP 5 - 14, (1981)

24 .BI & abov~ Po l k S trair

D 24.41 - 24.80 D 24.01 - 24.40 D 23.61 - 24.00 Slot. Ave,oq. 23.87 o D 23.60 & below w ....

S R I BOUNDARIES: G ulf o f Monnar STATE/U.T. LANKA DISTRIC T ...

KILOM ETRES 20 10 0 10 40 60

N D A N o c £ A N

51 MAP 25

DEPENDENCY RATIO 1991

The map depicts dlstrictwlse Southern districts of the State There are 13 dependency ratIO In the State The dependency districts whIch recorded dependency ratio higher ratio IS defined as the ratio of persons under IS than the State average. Tiruvannamalai­ years and 60 years and above per 1000 persons In Sambuvarayar distnct has the highest ratio of the working age group 15-59. The Districtwise 737 followed by Dharmapuri district with 726. figures thus obtained are grouped In to 5 Madural and Kanmyakumari districts are having categories as shown III the legend of the map. dependency ratio very close to State average The dependency ratio for the State as a whole with 625. Madras, Periyar and Nilgiri districts works out to 623. This ratio has decreased when have recorded the low dependency ratio i.e. compared to 707 in 1981 Census. The 539;538 and 532 respectively. The lowest ratio dependency ratio IS high over the Northern and i.e 5 13 has been recorded by COlmbatore district.

The table below gives some details about dependency ratio at district leveL

State/District Population in the Population in age Dependency Age group IS-59 0-14 and 60 &above ratio

TAMIL NADU 34308892 21367002 623

Madras 2490310 1342244 539 Chegalpattu-MGR 2841008 1809285 637 North Arcot-Ambedkar 1783634 1220856 684 Dharmapuri 1400340 1017082 726 TIruvannamalai-Sambuvarayar 1175795 866046 737 South Arcot 2885765 1972707 684 Salem 2449681 1421228 580 Penyar 1500897 807515 538 Nilgiri 461655 245591 532 Coimbatore 2308897 1185118 513 Dindigul-Anna 1097254 651606 594 Tiruchirappalli 2583928 1550479 600 Thanjavur 2803448 1721302 614 Pudukkottal 795368 529880 666 Pasumpon Muthuramalinga 649292 428089 659 Thevar Madurai 2115039 1321408 625 Kamarajar 952257 608412 639 Ramanathapuram 673138 468382 696 Chidambaranar 864669 586200 678 Tirunelveli-Kattabomman 1493919 999445 669 Kanniyakumari 982598 614120 625

52 MAP 15

80'

14'

TAMILNADU f.;'Ifurr ar-:rmr DEPENDENCY RATIO 1991

f ersons In age-group 0-14 Numberand 60+ 0 perp IOOD of Population In age-group 15-59, 1991 [JJI]llJ] 701 t above

ml551 - 700

IWL2V////l GOI - 55 0 State623 Average

ITIIll 551 - 600

~=====j 550 & below

K

BAY

OF

BENGAL

,,'

Polk Siroll

if

.Ie' SRI

BOUNDARIES Gulf af Mannar

STATE/U T LANKA DISTRICT I; KILOMETRES 20 10 0 20 40 ~.

8' N 0 A N o c E A N '-'

n' 78' eo'

53 MAP 26

CHANGE IN DEPENDENCY RATIO 1981-91

TI1\S map shows the changmg pattern of the age groups of 0-14 and 60 &above who are dependency ratio dunng 1981-91 The said to be dependents have been increased from dependency ratio has been expressed as ratio of 20,053,967 In 1981 to 21,367,002 in 1991 while populatIOn In age groups 0-14 and 60+- to per the number of persons In the age group of 15-59 1000 population mage 15-59 years Such figures Increased from 28,353,331 In 1981 to 34,308,892 were calculated In respect of all the distrIcts of In 1991 In the State. The magmtude of thiS the State for the Census years 1981 and 1991 dechne varies from 51 persons in The dependency ratIO for 1991 Census has been Ramanathapuram distrIct to I 18 persons in grouped mto 5 categorIes and the respective Dmdlgul-Anna districts During 1981, the districts were hatched In black as per the legend highest dependency ratIO of 836 was found in of the map The dependency ratio for 1981 Dharmapun district whereas In 1991, the highest Census also grouped IOta 5 categorIes and the ratio of 737 was found lI1 TlruvannamalaI­ districts are shaded In flat green colour With high Sambuvarayar district. DUring 1981, the lowest to low grade as per values of the districts as dependency ratio of 605 was recorded m Periyar shown In the legend of the map Then these two district while in 1991, It was found m Coimbatore maps are supenmposed one over the other to find distrIct With 513. During 1981, the dependency out the changing pattern of dependency ratio. ratio was more than 600 persons m all the dlstncts whereas In 1991, It was found so only in The dependency ratio has decreased 14 distrIcts and the rest 7 distrIcts have registered from 707 In 1981 to 623 In 1991 in the State as a between 500 and 600 persons All the southern whole It is observed that all the districts have districts of the State regIstered the dependency also witnessed a declinmg trend of dependency ratio more than 600 In 1991 while they had ratio dunng 1981-91 The number of persons II1 registered more than 700 during 1981.

54 MAP 26

76( 77 l Si 790 80° r--r------r------I ------1 -- --- 14° I

TAMILNADU ~ ~ 1l qfictf{., CHANGE IN DEPENDENCY RATIO 1981·91 o

Numb .. of p.no~. In o"e-qrOIlf) 0-14 and 60. per 1000 of POpulO lion in oq.-group 1~-~9. 1991 IIIIIIIIl 701 & above m 651 - 700 ~ 601 - 650 Stote Averoge 623 []]]] 551 - 600

D 5501 Delow

FIGURES GIVEN IN THE DISTRICTS INDICATE THE NUMBER OF PERSONS IN AGE.(lROUP ().14 AND 60. + PER 1000 OF POPUlATION IN AGE-GROUP 15r1;9 IN 1991 .

BAY

OF

BENGAL

- II

Numb ... of per.ons In oq'-"oU9 0-14 Polk Strait ond 60. ptr 1000 of Population In ogt- group 1~ - ~9, 1981

771 & above <'- D 731 - 770 691 - 730 S,." A.Ir.q, D 707 o D 651-690

D 650 & below ... ~

SRI

BOUNDARIES ' Gulf of Monno r LANKA STA TEfU T

DISTRICT.

KILOMETRES 20 10 0 20 40 60

N o A N o c E A N

Eos! of GreenwIch 77°

55 MAP 27

MALES IN WORKING AGE 15-59 1991

This map shows the percentage of male The State as a whole has a total male population in the working age-group 15-59 to the popUlation of 28,298,975 persons of whom total male population in 1991 Census. The 17,246,805 persons are in the age group of 15-59 percentage of male population in workmg age­ and this constitutes 60 94% as per 1991 Census. group 15-59 to the total male population is worked There are 10 dIstncts having this proportion above out for each district and the values thus obtained the State average and Madurai district has the are grouped mto 6 categories as shown in the equal value of State average. The hIghest legend of the map. Circles have also been drawn proportion is observed III Coimbatore district in each district proportionate to Its total male (65.93%) closely followed by Madras (65.47%) popUlation. Each circle is divided into two sectors and Nilgiri (65.17%) dIstricts. The lowest according to the percentage share of males ill proportion of males m working age-group 15-59 working age and others. The figures at the top of has been observed in Tiruvannamalai­ circles indicate total male population while figures Sambuvarayar dlstrict (56.39 %), Dharmapuri inside the shaded sectors depict percentage of (57.11%) and Chidambaranar district (5784%) males in working age recorded just above the lowest level

The following table shows the proportion of males m workmg age-group 15-59 to total male population.

MALES IN WORKING AGE 15-59

StatelDistnct Total Male Male popUlation Percentage males Population III age group 15-59

TAMILNADU 28298975 17246805 60.94

Madras 1986278 1300386 6547 Chegalpattu-MGR 2374693 1451063 61.11 North-Arcot Ambedkar 1529944 904606 59.13 Dharmapuri 1250671 714205 57.11 Tiruvannamalai-Sambuvarayar 1030052 580862 56.39 South Areot 2478944 1449779 58.48 Salem 2011917 1242648 61.76 Penyar 1185256 760662 6418 Nilgiri 358129 233398 65.17 Coimbatore 1797189 1184904 65.93 Dindigul-Anna 890783 547044 61.41 Tiruchirappalh 2085811 1286969 61.70 Thanjavur 2273597 1388167 61.06 Pudukkott31 661782 392216 59.27 Pasumpon Muthuramalmga Thevar 530495 313346 5907 Madurm 1756351 1070283 60.94 Kamarajar 784912 472551 6020 Ramanathapuram 568670 330995 5821 Chidam baranar 709760 410496 5784 Tirunelveli-Kattabomman 1229902 720880 5861 Kanniyakuman 803839 491345 61 12

56 MAP n

TAMIL NADU 15-59 q1'{ of; ~ ~ ~.q ~ MALES IN WORKING AGE 15-59 1991

28298975

13

TAMILN"DU

~SC!J.lE ),? OF THE DISTRlr.TSI

K

BAY

OF

BENGAL

Korolkal (Pt)ndlcherrWI

Percen\age Dj lJ.ales In working age 15-59

.6526&

Polk Strait 6326 - 6525 me 6126 - 6325 ffiIII] 59 26 - 61 25

w t=====J 5726 - 5925

.... ~ D 5725 & below Gulf of Mannor

FiGURES GIVEN H TOP OF THf.--'iPCLf.S tlRE ~ TOTAL MALES POPULATION WH!LE TOTAL MALES POPULATION THE FiGVRES INSIDE THE SECTORS SRI RfPRlSrNT PERCENTAGC OF MALES POPULI! nON IN WORKING AGE 15-59 LANKA BOUNi)~RIES

STA fE/U T

DISTRICT KILOMETR(S 20 1'0 0 20 .0 60

8' N o A N o c E A N

___j_____. ___._ __L__~ __----J n 78' 79'

57 MAP 28

CHANGE IN MALES IN WORKING AGE 15-59 1981-91

This map depicts the variatIOns in the jUrIsdIctIOn of the distrIcts as on 1991 The proportion of males m the workmg age group of change In the proportIOn of the males In the IS-59 during 1981-91 for the districts. The 1981 workmg age group 15-59 to total male male populatIOn of age-group 15-59 for the new populatIOn dunng 1981-9] has been distrIcts formed by bifurcation after 1981 Census calculated by the followlOg procedure have been adjusted so as to correspond to the B Bl C x 100 A Al

population in 1991 and 1981 respectively, whIle Kamarajar (3.95%), Kanniyakumari (3.5] %) Band Bl stand for total male population m the and Pudukkottai (3 51 %) working age where A and A I stand for total male -group 15-59 in 1991 and 1981 respectIvely While Dindlgul-Anna (3 32%) Coimbatore (3 26%), Tirunelveli-Kattabomman The percentage figures are grouped into five (3.23%), Madras (3.09%) and North Arcot­ broad ranges as shown in the legend of the map Ambedkar (3 05%) come under the next hIgher The actual male population in working age range of 3.0 I - 3 50, Chegalpattu-MGR (2 99%), group m Tamil Nadu has increased by 2.96 Madurm (2.85%) and Pasumpon Muthuramalinga million during 1991 over 1981. This increase Thevar (2.81%) are in the range of2.51 - 3 00 in shows larger work force in 1991 than ten years which the State average 2.61% falls. While four ago. All the dlstncts of the State revealed gain districts namely Chidambaranar (2.46%), in the percentage during 1991 over 1981. The Ttruchlrappalli (2 40%), South Arcot (2.17%) and vanation in the ratios ranges between a low gain Thanjavur (2.13%)bes m the range of 2.0 I -2 50. of 0.31 per cent in Tiruvannamalal­ The lowest range of 2.00 and below covers Sambuvarayar district to a high of 4.17 per cent Periyar (1.97%), Ramanathapuram (l 96%), in Nilglri dIstrIct. Salem (1.69%) and Tiruvannamalal- The hIghest range of ratio viz 3.51 and Sambuvarayar (0.31 %) dIstricts above consIsts of 4 distrIcts viz. Nllgiri (4.17%),

58 M~P 28

80°

TAMIL NADU 15-59 wi -t ~ mn:r ~ ~ ~ -q qfhlJ'1 CHANGE IN MALES IN WORKING AGE 15-59 1981-91

SCALE OF BARS

K

BAY

OF

BENGAL

Percentage change in males Polk Strait in working age 15-59

• ' 3.51 & above

.301 - 3.50

~ 251 - 3.00 S1ate Average 2.61 o «'~ 2.01 - 2.50 D a.,." . ~Q "" " ...... ~ D 2.00 & below

BOUNDARIES: SRI Gu l f o f M an n o r STATE/U.T. LANKA DIS TRICT . .

KILOMETRES 20 10 0 20 40 60 b=t---±= __=±=L===J

8' N o A N o c E A N

E05f of Gr eenwich

59 MAP 29

FEMALES IN WORKING AGE 15-59 1991

This map shows the percentage of There are 17,062,087 females in age­ female population In the workmg age-group 15- group 15-59 of the total female population of 59 to the total female populatIOn for each district 27,559,971 persons in the State as per 1991 as per 1991 Census All the distrIcts are grouped Census and this constitutes 61.91 %. There are 8 into 5 categones and accordmgly they are shaded dIstncts showing hIgher proportion than State as per the legend of the map The proportion of average, except Madras dIstrict all these dIstricts female population m workmg age-group IS-59 to are lying over the central part of the State. the total female populatIOn IS also shown as cIrcle COimbatore district has recorded the highest for each dlstnct. Each circle IS diVided mto two proportIOn of 65.69% followed by Periyar sectors accordmg to the percentage share of (65.22%). The lowest proportion has been females 10 age-group 15-59 and others The observed 10 Dharmapun district (58.25%). figures at the top of circles 10dicate total female Tiruvannamalai-Sambuvarayar (5873%) and population while figures inside the shaded sectors North Arcot-Ambedkar (58.74%) district depict percentage of females in age-group 15-59 recorded Just above the lowest proportIon.

The followmg table shows the proportion of females in the working age-group 15- 59 to total female population.

FEMALES IN WORKING AGE 15-59

State/DIstrict Total female PopulatlOn Percentage Population mage-group 15-59

TAMIL NADU 27559971 17062087 61.91

1. Madras 1855118 1189924 64 14 2. Chegalpattu-MGR 2278900 1389945 60.99 3. North Arcot- Ambedkar 1496488 879028 58.74 4 Dharmapuri 1177925 686135 58.25 5. TIruvannamalal-Sambuvarayar 1012927 594933 58.73 6. South Areot 2399489 1435986 59.85 7 Salem 1884465 1207033 64.05 8. Periyar 1135007 740235 65.22 9. Nilgin 352085 228257 64.83 10. Coimbatore 1711185 1123993 65.69 11. Dindigul-Anna 869818 550210 63.26 12. Tlruchirappalli 2052237 1296959 63.20 13. ThanJavur 2257860 1415281 62.68 14 Pudukkottai 665366 403152 60.59 15. Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Thevar 547695 335946 61.34 16. Madura] 1693311 1044756 61.70 17. Kamarajar 780125 479706 61.49 18 Ramanathapuram 575370 342143 59.46 19. Chidambaranar 746160 454173 6087 20 Tirunelveli-Kattabomman 1271930 773039 60.78 21. Kanniyakuman 796510 491253 6168

60 TAMIL NADU 15-59

27 55~971

TAMILNADU

[SCALE. 1/3 [IF THE DISTRICTSI

BAY

OF

BENGAL

Perc.en~Qge of Females In working age 15-59

6501 & above Polk Strail

6301 - 6500

6101 - 6300

• :'>901- 61 00 w

~~=~====~ :'>900 & below

FIGUFffS GIVEN AT TOP OF THE CIRCLES ARE T(lT~l ;:"EMAlES POPULAfION WHILE THE FIGURES INSIDE THE SECTORS REP'fl£SENT p£RCE~rjl,GE Of Gulf of Mannar FfMALE5 POPULA nON IN WORKING AGE 15-59 SRI BOUNDARIES STATE/U T TOTAL FEMALES POPULATION LANKA ------2 500000 DISTRICT

KILOMETRE'S 20100 20 40 60

A N o c

61 MAP 30

CHANGE IN FEMALE IN WORKING AGE 15-59 1981-1991

This map represents the changes in the Ramanathapuram distrIct with 1 28 points proportion of female population In the working followed by South Arcot (249 pOints) and age group 15-59 to total female population dunng Tiruvannamalal-Sambuvarayar dlstnct (2.50 the decade 1981-91 The preparation of female In pomts). workmg age to total female populatIOn for 1981 as well as for 1991 Censuses have been The percentage of females In workmg calculated separately for each distnct. The age 15-59 to total female populatIOn of that vanatlOn between these two percentages of dlstnct IS highest in Periyar dlstnct with 62 40 females In workmg age has been grouped Into 5 per cent m 1991 Census and In Coimbatore ranges and accordmgly the distrIcts are hatched dlstnct with 65 69 per cent m 199] Census. The as per the legend of the map The females In percentage of female m working age workmg age have been shown as lIght green proportionate to total female populatIOn IS lowest colour bar for 1981 and as brown colour bar for In DharmapurI district with 54.37 per cent in 1991 Census for each distrIct 1981 Census and 58 25 per cent m 1991 Census.

The proportion of females in working In 1981 Census, the females m working age to total female populatIOn has increased from age 15-59 were 1,206,973 persons m Thanjavur 5882 per cent m 1981 to 61 91 per cent III 1991 distrIct whIch was the highest number among the indicating a gam of 3 09 POlllts The percentage dlstncts In 1991 Census, South Arcot distrIct varIatIOn between 1981 and 1991 IS III mcreasmg registered the highest number of 2,071,425 nature In all the districts m the State It IS the persons of the same among the dlstncts The hIghest In Nrlgm dlstnct With 453 pomts Nilglri distrIct registered the lowest number of followed by DIOlgul-Anna dlstnct With 4 52 females III working age With 185,843 persons In POints The COImbatore distrIct has mcreased by 1981 Census and With 308,174 persons in 1991 4 00 points The lowest pomt IS registered at Census.

62 MAP 30

------BO'

TAMIL NADU 15-59 cnf c1; q;ycf ~ ~ .q. mnn .q. QnC4H'1 '" CHANGE IN FEMALES IN WORKING AGE 15-59 o 1981-91

SCALE OF BAR S

18

16

0 '4 o o 12 o o 010 ;; ~ 8 w ~ 6 u. 4

o TAMIL NADU

K

BA Y

OF

BENGAL

11 - II'

10 Pe:rc.entoge chonge iii femo\es Polk Strait in wo rkin g oge 15-59 !!i 3.81 8. above 341 - 3 .80 ~ 3.01 - 3.40 o 2. 61 - 3.00 ~ ... ~ ~... . "'\2) <] 9' 2. 60 8. bel ow rnm .ar BOUNDARIE S, SRI Gulf of Mannar STATE IU.T. . ., _ .. _ .- LANKA DIS TRICT ... " ,_ , - , __

KILOMETRE S 20 10 0 20 40 60

N D A N o c E A N

East of Greenwich n ' 78'

63 MAP 31

URBAN MALES IN WORKING AGE 15-59 1991

This map shows the percentage of urban registered the highest proportion of urban males male population in the working age-group 15-59 in workmg age-group with 66 81 per cent. to the total urban male population in 1991 Census. Data have been represented by the same The other districts which have registered Cartographic method as used for map No.27. higher proportion are Nilgiri (65.37%), Periyar (65.35%) and Madural (62.81%) The lowest The State as a whole has a total Urban proportion of Urban males in workmg age is male population of 9,731,258 persons of whom registered at TlTUvannamalai-Sambuvayar 6,205,167 persons are III the age group 15-59 and district with 59 98% followed by this constitutes 63.77% as per 1991 Census. Ramanathapuram (60.18%), Chidambaranar There are 5 districts having the proportion above (60.58%), Tirunelveli-Kattabomman (60.86%) the State average. Coimbatore district has districts.

The following table gives the distrietwise figures of urban males in working age group in the State.

URBAN MALES IN WORKING AGE 15-59 StatelDistrict Total Urban male Male populatIon Percentage Population III age-group 15-59

TAMILNADU 9731258 6205167 63.77

Madra 1986278 1300386 65.47 Chegalpattu-MGR 1076339 685373 6368 North Areot -Ambedkar 481889 292775 6076 Dharmapuri 118390 73161 61.80 Tiruvannamalal-Sambuvarayar 122628 73548 5998 South Areot 392638 249192 63.47 Salem 582525 370974 6368 Periyar 293739 191965 65.35 Nllgiri 179219 117164 65.37 COlmbatore 951006 635344 66.81 Dindigul-Anna 191661 120386 6281 Tiruchirappalh 558353 359418 6437 Thanjavur 521180 326568 62.66 PuduKkottai 95696 59782 62.,17 Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Thevar 145385 89933 61.86 Madurai 788042 495003 6281 Kamarajar 295797 185154 6259 Ramanathapuram 125450 15491 60 18 Chidambaranar 296956 179885 6058 Tirunelveh-Kattabomman 393104 239227 60.86 Kanniyakuman 134983 84438 6255

64 76

TAMIL NADU

15-59'Ef!icf;~~ ~ii~~_, ~ URBAN MALES IN WORKING AGE 15-59 1991

9731258 A

TAMIL NADU

ISCALE l/2 OF THE DISTR1CTSI

K

BAY

OF

BENGAL

,i

Percentage of Urban Males In workmg ag-e 15-59

• 6601 & above

.6451- 6600 Polk Sf""f

.6301 - 6450

[I[II] 61 51 - 6300

t======j 6001 - 6150 w D 60 00 & below ... ~ FIGURES GIVEN AT TOP OF THE CIRCLES ARE r071k LlPB!l.N MtllES POPIJUUiON W/-jILr THE FIGURES INSIDE THE. SECTORS REPRESENT ?ERCENTI1 GE OF IJRBA.N Ml1l[S POPUltl nON IN WOIi'KJNG AGE 15-59 SRI

BOUNDARIES LANKA SlATE/UT 750QOQ DISTRICT 500 000

2500-00 KilOMETRES 20 10 0 20 40 60 100000

eO IV o A N o c A IV

0 ECJ:st of Greenwich 77 7ff

65 MAP 32

CHANGE IN URBAN MALES IN WORKING AGE 15-59 1981-91

This map portrays the vanation m 1991 distnct along with Pudukkottai (4.91 per cent), in the ratio of males in the workmg age-group of Dharmapuri (457 per cent), Nllgm (4.36 per IS-S9 to the total male population in the urban cent) and Kamarajar (3 94 per cent) come under areas of the State as compared to 1981. It IS the highest range of 3 76 and above interestmg to note that all the districts of the State have recorded increase in the percentage of their In the range 'of 3.51 - 3.75, there are males working force In urban areas 1991 over three district viz. TIrunelveh-Kattabomman 3 74 that of 1981. Based on the decadal mcrease m per cent, North Arcot-Ambedkar3.5S per cent and the percentage vanatlOn of urban males in Chegalpattu-MGR 3 53 percent. Five dlstncts workmg age 15-59 durmg 1981 and 1991, all the fall under the range of 3 26 - 3 50 in which the districts have been grouped under five broad State average of 3 37 also lies They are ranges as shown In the legend of the map Chldambaranar 3.46 per cent, Dindigul-Anna and Madurai each havmg 3 40 per cent and In the urban areas of the State, there are Kanniyakuman 3 28 per cent. 6,205,167 males m the workmg age group of IS- 59 as per 1991 Census as agamst 4,924,791 males The city dlstnct of Madras (3 09 per in 1981 In terms of percentage, 63 77 per cent of cent), Coimbatore (3 11 per cent), Tlruchlrappalll the urban males fall under the economically (3.14 per cent), and pasumpon Muthuramalmga active group of IS-59 In 1991 Similar ratio m Thevar (3 22 per cent) comes under the range of 1981 worked out to 6040 per cent There IS an 301 - 3 2S. increase of 3 37 per cent In 1991 The lowest range of 3.00 and below At the district level, South Arcot district covers the districts of Penyar (2.22 per cent) (5.38 per cent) has registered the highest decadal Salem (2.38 per cent), TIruvannamalai- variation III proportion of Urban males in the age Sambuvarayar (2 76 per cent) and group IS-59 during 1981-91. Consequently, thiS Ramanathapuram (I.S4 per cent).

66 MAP 32

TAMIL NADU 15-59 cni cf; if)1~

,)CALE OF BARS

13.091

o TAMIL NADU J1. K .r ·lI!. ...J'.'\...... "i · •r. • • ~" .. · V · I . . BAY

OF

BENGA L

Per centoge ch onge in Urbon Moles Palk S tra i t in working og o 15 - 59

3.76 8. above ~ • 3.51 3.75 ~3.26 3.50 • Cl r=:::==j 3.01 - 3.25

00 8. below 0 3 . ~ BOUNDARIES: SRI

STATE/U.T. . .. _._.- G ulf o f Manna r DISTRICT... ",_,_,_ LANKA

KILOMETRES 20 10 0 20 40 GO

N o A N o c E A N

67 MAP 33

RURAL MALES IN WORKING AGE 15-59 1991

This map shows the percentage of rural 1991 Census Among the dlstncts, South Arcot male populatIOn in the workmg age group 15-59, dlstnct has the largest number of rural male to the total rural male populatiOn m 199] Census populatIOn In the age-group of 15-59 WIth data have been represented by the same 1,200,587 persons There are 8 dlstncts havmg CartographIc method as used for map number 27 these rural males above the State average. Nilglri Smce Madras dlstnct IS entIrely urban, It is and COlmbatore dlstncts have the hIghest denoted as E U. percentage of rural males m workmg age group ] 5-59 with 64 97% and 64 95% respectIvely The State as a whole has a total rural The lowest percentage or these rural males male population of 18,567,717 of whom prevail m Thiruvannamalal Sambuvarayar district 11.041,638 males are 111 the age group of 15-59 WIth 55 91 % followed by Dharmapun district and thIS constItutes 59.47% in the State as per WIth 56 62%,

The followmg table shows the rural males m workmg age group 15-59

RURAL MALES IN WORKING AGE 15-59

State IDlstrict Total Rural Rural Male populatIOn Percentage Male populatIOn in age group 15-59

TAMILNADU 18567717 11041638 59.47

Madras Chegalpattu-MGR 1298354 765690 5897 North Arcot-Ambedkar 1048055 611831 5838 Dharmapun 1132281 641044 5662 Tlruvannamalal-Sambuvarayar 907424 507314 55.91 South Areot 2086306 1200587 5755 Salem 1429392 871674 6098 Penyar 891517 568697 6379 NIlgm 178910 116234 64 97 COimbatore 846183 549560 64.95 Dmdlgul-Anna 699121 426658 6103 Tlruehlrappalh 1527458 927551 6073 ThanJavur 1752417 1061599 60.58 Pudukkottal 566086 332434 5872 Pasumpon Muthuramahnga Thevar 385110 223413 5801 Madura! 968309 575280 5941 KamaraJar 489115 287397 5876 Ramanathapuram 443220 255504 5765 Chldambaranar 412804 230611 5586 TIrunelvell-Kattabomman 836798 481653 5756 Kanniyakumari 668856 406907 6084

68 MAP 33

0 76' 78 7:7 80 r-+------:;------;:------~----___, l.f

TAMIL NADU 15-59 crt ct q;p;f ~ ~.q mTftur ~ RURAL MALES IN WORKING AGE 15-59 1991

"3 18567717

BAY

OF

BENGAL

II'

Korolkal (Pcndlcheny)

Percentage of Rural Mol-es In working age 15-59

• 64 01 ~ above 4.

.6201 - 5400 Pclk Strait

~ 6001 - 6200 '"

rrTTTT1l 58 01 - 60 00 State Average lLUlllJ 5947

t=~====j 5601 - 5800 w D 56 00 & below

E" En(lrely Urban G "" ., M.""", FIGURES GIVEN A r TOP OF THE CIRCLES ARE \~~(J-'~'"f()""" /;:------TOTAL RURAL Ml1lE.., POPUUJ.TlON WHILE THE F!GtJRES INSIDE Tf-fE SECTOF?5 REPRESENT PERC[NTIlGE OF RVPtlL MIIL[S POPUL"TlON .Ir) ----::-, I 0 TOTAL RURAL MALES PQPULUlclN 55 IN HORKlNG AGE" 15-59 --- -.I SIS! 1'_-Tj"~UNELVELI------~ ) \- _ BOUNDAR!ES K~T.:':A~O~~A~-CHII)AMBA~ANAR'" 668856- - • \,0 SfATE/U T

DISTRICT ) 6084 --=-=-=-=-~~-_-_-_-_-_) ~ ) 3'/-1------'\._ / KILOMETRES ~ j/~\_ ~ ____ ? 20 10 0 20 40 60 ANNIYAKU~~I-----=_~ i:=:±::=:±=- ~ '-(-L'~-=

8' 8' N D A N o c £ A N

76° [cst of Greenwich 77' 78' dO'

69 MAP 34

CHANGE IN RURAL MALES IN WORKING AGE 15-59 1981-91

This map represents the variation 10 the the dlstnct III the last decade to work III tea and percentage of rural males m the workmg age coffee plantatIOn and III dam constructIOn etc group 15-59 to total rural male populatIOn as The high vanatlOn IS followed by Dmdlgul-Anna recorded m 1991 Census over that of the earlier (3 69%) whICh also show substantial Illcrease 10 1981 Census at district level The percentage the ratIO of male workmg age populatIOn III rural vanation for all the dlstncts of the State areas The highest vanatlon range of 3 5 and (excluding the city distnct of Madras which IS above covers Kanlllyakuman (3 57%) dlstnct entirely urban) have been grouped mto five also ranges as shown m the legend of the map In the center of each distnct two over-Iappmg bars The range of 3 01-3 50 covers four proportIOnate total rural males m workmg age 15- dlstncts namely KamaraJar (3 47 %) COlmbatore 59 for 1981 and 1991 are drawn. (3 36~o), Pudukkottal (324%) and Tlrunelvell­ Kattabomman (3 12%) The next range of 2 5 1- All the dlstncts reveal mcrease III the 3 00 covers only two dlstncts namely North ratIO of the rural males III the worklOg age m Arcot-Ambedkar (2 63%) and Pasumpon 1991 over that of 1981. Muthuramahnga Thevar (2 72%)

The proportion of males of 15-59 ages The range 2 01 2. 50 covers among the rural male populatIOn of the State has Ramanathapuram (236%), Dharmapun dlstnct Illcreased from 5730% m 1981 to 5947% III (2 33%), Chegalpattu-MGR (2 17%), 1991 The Illcrease III the percentage by 2 17 Tlruchlrappalll (2 12%) and Madural (2 07%) Signifies the availability of comparatively more districts man power III workmg age group m the rural areas of the State m 1991 as compared to 1981 SIX dlstncts which register below the It is observed that the highest percentage State average of 2 I 7% are lymg more or less 10 variation m the above ratiO, VIZ 3 97 IS recorded the Central part of the State They are Penyar III the small hilly distnct of N ligm. The large (1 72%), Salem (l40%), South Arcot (1.58%), mcrease might be attnbuted to the greater In ThanJavur (1 75%), Chldambaranar (1 42%) and migratIOn of the males employable populatIOn to Tlruvannamalal-Sambuvarayar (0 16%).

70 MAP 34

80'

TAMIL NADU 15-59 ~ ct- Cfil7.f

13' 13' ~ 0 ,. <-.") 0 0 0 0 0 t <-'--:::-- "'en w ,.. 1-----6 ~ "JA- - g " -, - - 0 "-' " T ---" :0'" ~ / _-_-__ _ OS (:" . ___ - L,... . -:_.,_- _ - + )__ DH _"RMAPURI d NADU /_-- ___- ,. ~ ,j.-...... -f~,,~-=--:=_,..-; K ,.._r-._ _ ., i !l' \ . .., f.' .. ""(,_,.' .' ... . " .' 'v..'' .: (. BA Y

OF

BENGA L

,,0 11 -

,)

E.U. - Entirety Urban

10 Percentage change in Rural Males P o lk S t rait in working age 15-59

3.51 8. above II ~ 301 3.50

2.51 3.00 ~ () _ _ 201 2.50 State Average ,p~ D 2.17 ~<> --0 " -..... ~ . '... ~ 9 D 2.00 8. below ~ BOUNDARIES, SRI STATE/U.T. . .. _ ._._ G ulf o f Manna r DISTRICT...... __ .- LANKA

KILOMETRES 20 10 0 20 40 GO

s· N o A N o c E A N

Eost of Greenwich 7B' 79'

71 MAP 35

URBAN FEMALES IN WORKING AGE 15-59 1991

ThIS ll10P 5hO\\ 5 the percentage of urban COirnbatore dlstnct has the largest proportIOn of females 1I1 \\orhrng age-group of 15-59 to the urban females in workmg age-group WIth 65 64% total urban fell1<.lle popu latlon m 1991 Census followed by Penyar (65.18%) and Tlruchirappalh Data have been represented by the same (64 52%,) distrIcts The lowest proportion IS cartographIc method as used for map number 27 regIstered at Ramanathapuram distrIct With 6005% followed by Dhannapun (6010%) and The State as a whole has a total urban North Arcot-Ambedkar (60.18%) distrIcts. In the female population of 9,3-16,334 persons of whom urban dlstnct Madras, the proportIOn of females 5,928,380 persons are m the <.lge-group of 15-59 m workmg age group IS 64.14% and it has the and this constItutes 63 43% There are 8 dlstncts largest number of 1189924 females withm haVing the proportIOn above the State average workmg age group

The followmg table given the dlstnctwlse figures of urban females In workmg age-group m the State

URBAN FEMALES IN WORKING AGE-GROUP 15-59

State IDistriet Urban female Female population Percentage Population mage-group 15-59

TAMILNADU 9346334 5928380 63.43

Madras 1855118 1189924 6414 Chengalpattu-MGR 1011671 637038 6297 North Arcot-Ambedkar 477825 287545 60 18 Dharmapufl 112285 67483 60 10 Tlruvannamalal-Sambu varayar 120300 73403 6102 South Areot 375992 236515 6290 Salem 553537 356054 6432 Penyar 279531 182206 65 18 Nllglri 174211 111619 6407 COlmbatore 893987 586771 6564 Dmdigul-Anna 185360 117838 6357 T lru eh Ira ppa IIi 542498 350019 6452 ThanJavur 518147 330020 6369 PudukkottaJ 94807 59560 62 R2 Pasumpon Muthuramalmga Thevar 14-1806 90389 6242 Madural 754081 ..J.74007 6286 Kamarapr 289907 183105 63 16 Ramanathapuram 124338 74670 6005 Chldambaranar 302735 187366 61 89 Tirunelveh-Kattabomman 400072 247521 61 87 Kanmyakuman 135126 85327 63 15

72 MAP 35

TAMIL NADU 15-59 ~

9346334

12

K

BAY

OF

BENGAL

Percentage 01 Urban Females _m working age 15-59 6501 & above

10' 64 01 - 6500 Polk Strait 1 S1ate Averoqe ~ 6301- 6400 6343 ~

.6201 - 6300

06101- 6200 w D 6100 & below

FjGUPES 61VEti AT fOP OF THE CIRCLES ARt" Gulf of Mannar rOTtk. !JRBAN FEMI1LES POPUl4TION WHILf ~~~:!~~EJE !H:O~;~~ ;~~~~7s RJ6:~!~r~N .tr TOTAL URBAN FEMALES POPUTIDN IN WORKING AGE 15-59 ~------200DDDO SRI

801JN.OARlES LANKA /~------1000000 STAT[/1j T ------.:::::.-"'\.~- - ---750000 DISHiJCT

KllO~ETR'ES 20 10 0 20 40 60

e' e' N o A N A N

77' 78' 79'

73 MAP 36

CHANGE IN URBAN FEMALES IN AGE 15-5 1981-91

ThiS map depicts the changes m the dlstncts IS noticed m South Arcot dlstnct with a proportion of urban females m the working age gam of 6 02% and comes under the highest group of 15-59 to urban female populatIon In range of 5 41 and above The other dlstnct 1991 over that of 1981 at district level commg under thiS range IS Nllgm (545%). The VariatIon!> 111 the percentages relatmg to all the Pudukkottal (5.32%), ThanJavur (502%), and 21 dlstncb have been brought under SIX broad Chengalpattu-MGR (490%) dlstncts are the rdnge~ frolll high to low values and hatched three dlstncts that fall under the range of 4 81 ~ accord II1g I)' a-; 5hmvn In the legend of the map 5 40 The range 4 21 4 80, covers Dharmapun (4.66%). KamaraJar (46:2%) and ,,\11 the dl,trlcts In the State have Dmdlgul Anna t 427%) r l'\ eakd gam III ratIo of females 111 workmg age 15-59 uurll1g 1981-91 Orlhe 21 dlstncts. nme The range 3 61 - 4 20, where State have I ecorued ratio higher than that of the State average of 3 98% hes has SIX districts namely 0 ,werage 3 98 0 and the remaInmg 12 dIstricts Tlrunelveh-Kattabomman (3 70%), have rMlos below thIS average Chldambaranar (3 72%), Pasumpon Muthuramalmga Thevar (3 88%), COimbatore The urban female populatIOn 111 the (3 93~0), Penyar (3 71 ~o) and TlruvannamalaJ­ workmg age group of 15-59 111 the State has Sambuvarayar (4 14%) The range 3 01-3 60 Increased sizably by 1 29 mIllion dunng the covers North Arcot-Ambedkar (3 30%). Salem decade 1981-91 to the total of 5 93 mllhon 111 (343 0/0 ). TlruchlrappaIJI (3 55%). Madura! 1991 TheIr ratio to the total female populatIon (3 56°'0) and Kanl1lyakuman (327%) distrIcts III 1991 IS 63 43 per cent and there IS a gam of The lowest range 3 00 and below has only one 3 98 per cent over the ratio of 1981 dlstnct I e Ramanathapuram district With I 51 The highest gam m ratIo among the per cent

74 MAP 36

76· 78· 80·

TAMIL NADU 15-59 crrt ~ cw:iq)·q ~.q. ~ ~.q. qfhld"'l CHANGE IN URBAN FEMALES IN WORKING AGE15-59 1981-91

I ~'

+ d 12· ,.. ~

BAY

OF

BENGAL

li - It

Percentage change in Urban Females in working age 15-59

~ 5.41 & above Polk Strait m 4.81 5.40

~ 4 .21 4 .80

~ 3.61 4.20 () 03.01 - 3.60 ~C;!J ~~ ·0'" ""' . D 3.00 & below ...... • ~

SRI BOUNDARIES: Gulf of Monnor STAH/U.T. LANKA DISTRICT .. .

KILOMETRES 20 10 0 20 40 GO

N D A N o c £ A N

East of Gf e~ " \II! jdl 77· 78·

75 MAP 37

RURAL FEMALES IN WORKING AGE 15-59 1991

ThIS map shows the percentage of rural populatIon III the age group of 15-59 wIth female populatIOn m the workmg age group 15- 1,199,4 71 person!,. There are 8 dlstncts 59 to the total rural female populatIOn m 1991 regIstered the percentage of these females above Census. Data have been represented by the same the State average All these dIstricts except Cartographic method as used for map number 27 Kanniyakuman be III the Central part of the Smce Madras distnct IS urban dIstrict, It IS State COlmbatore dlstnct has the largest denoted as entIrely urban m the map percentage of these females wIth 65 74°,0 The State as a whole has a total rural followed by Nilgm 65 57% and Penyar wIth female population of 18,213,637 of whom 65 23% The lowest percentage of females In 11,133,707 females are in the age group of 15-59 workmg age group recorded III the dlstrrcts and this constitutes 61.13% in the State as per Dharmapun (58 05%) and North Arcot­ 1991 Census Among the dlstncts, South Arcot Ambedkar dIstrict (5806°0) followed by dlstnct has the largest number of rural female Tlruvannamalat-Sambuvarayar ,\ Ith 58430 °

RURAL FEMALES IN WORKING AGE GROUP 15-59

State! Dlstnct Rural female Rural female PopulatIOn populatIOn in the Percentage age group 15-59

TAMILNADU 18213637 11133707 61.13

Madras Chengalpattu-MGR 1267229 752907 5941 North Arcot-Ambedkar 1018663 591483 5806 Dharmapun 1065640 618652 5805 Tiruvannamalal-Sambuvarayar 892627 521530 5843 South Arcot 2023497 1199471 5928 Salem 1330928 850979 6394- Penyar 855476 558029 6523 NIlgm 177874 116638 6557 Coimbatore 817198 537222 6574- Dmdlgul-Anna 684458 432372 63 17 Tlruchlrappalll 1509739 946940 6272 ThanJavur 1739713 1085261 6238 Pudukkottal 570559 343592 6022 Pasumpon Muthuramalmga Thevar 402889 245557 60 (j5 Madural 939230 570749 6077 KamaraJar 490218 296601 6050 Ram an athapuram 451032 267473 5930 Chldambaranar 443425 266807 60 17 Tirunelvell-Kattabomman 871856 525518 6028 Kanniyakuman 661384 405926 61 38

76 TAMIL NADU 15-59 qF.f

18213637

J TAMIL NADU / (SCALE 1'3 OF THE DISTRICT:::I '" r...... _ ..,

/

K

BAY

OF

BENGAL

KarolkaJ ( Pondlcherryl

E U - ENTIR£L Y URBAN .l

Percentage of Rural Females In working age 15-59

1165 51 a above "" II'J~~ Polk Sirait I ~ 6376 - 6550

.6201 - 6375

~ 6026 - 6200

D 5851 - 6025

-.. ~ D 58 50 a below G u " of M •• n a r

FIGURES GIVEN AT ToP Of THE Cl'RCLES ARE .ar TOTAL RURAL FEMALES POPULATION TOTAL RURAL FEMALES POPULATION WHILE THE FIGURES INSIDE THE SECTORS -- zoooooo SRI REPRESEN PERCENT AGE OF r -- I 500000 RURAL FE'MALES POPULATION 11'1 WORKIN'G AGE rS-59 --I 000 000 BOUNDARIES LANKA

STATE/U T -- 500000

TALLJK /

KrLOMHRES ::0 10 0 20 40 60 RURAL FEMALES IN WORKING AGE 15-59

8' N 0 A N o c E A N

E(ls1 of Greenwich 77' 78' 80'

77 MAP 38

CHANGE IN RURAL FEMALES IN WORKING AGE 15-59 1981-91

This map shows the decadal cent) , COImbatore (4.06 per cent), Dharmapuri vanation in the percentage of rural females in the (3 78 per cent) NIlgm (3 70 per cent) and working age of 15-59 years to total rural female Kanniyakuman (3 36 per cent). They fall In the population m 1991 over the corresponding ratio highest range of 3.21 and above There are three in 1981 for all the districts of the State. Barrmg distncts In the next higher group of 281 - 320 Madras district which IS totally urban, all the per cent. They are Pudukkottai (3. 15 per cent), other districts have been brought under five Pasumpon Muthuramalmga Thevar (2.91 per ranges as shown in the legend of the map. In the cent) and Salem (2.85 per cent) the range 2.41 - centre of each district two overlappmg bars 2.80 where State average 2 62 per cent hes, proportionate to total rural females in workmg covers three dlstncts namely Tlruchlrappalli age 15-59 for 1981 and 1991 are drawn All the (266 per cent), Penyar (2 58 per cent) KamaraJar dlstncts reveal mcrease in the percentage In (2 46 per cent) 1991 over that of the 1981 ratIO. Ten dlstncts are falhng below the At the State level, there were 11 13 State average Out of which six districts fall In million females in the working age group 15-59, the range 2.01 - 240 They are North Arcot­ living in the rural areas of the State during 1991 Ambedkar (2 03 per cent), Tiruvannamalal­ In 198 I the rural females constituted 943 mllhon Sambuvarayar (2.40 per cent) and Chengalpattu­ showing 1.7 mIllion increase. ThIS accounts for MGR (2 32 per cent) III the southern part of 2.62 percentage of increase durmg the period Madura! (2 35 per cent) Tirunelvell­ 1981 - 1991. Slgmficantly all the districts Kattabomman (237 per cent) and Chidambaram registered gain in ratio in 1991 over that of 1981. (2 26 per cent) The last range 2 00 and below Five districts have revealed higher percentage covers South Arcot (1 83 per cent) and varIatIOn They are Dindlgul-Anna (4 75 per Ramanathapuram (I 26 per cent) districts.

78 MAP 38

79' 80'

1.(

TAMIL NADU 15-59 ri cfi ~ ~ ~ # 1J'Ilftur men # QnQrl'1 CHANGE IN RURAL FEMALES IN WORKING AGE 15-59 1981-91

SCALE Of BARS 12

10

o g 6 g S 9

+ 1'2 d TAMIL NADU 1'- K

BAY

OF

BENGAL

" 11'

E.U - Entirely Urban

Per centage chonge in Rural Females Po l k Sirait in working age 15-59 III 321 8. above

2.81 - 3.20

2.41 2.80

201 - 2.40

... ~ I: : : : 12.00 8. below g'

SRI BOUNDARIES: Gulf of Mannor

STATEIU.T. LANKA DISTRICT.

KILOMETRES 20 10 0 20 40 60

8' N o A N o c A N

East of Greenwich 78'

79 MAP 39

lIR8AN POPULATION 1991

ThIS map 5ho\\5 the proportIOn of urban recorded hIgh proport'on of urban populatIon populatIOn at taluk level In the State as per 1991 Some of the Important taluks to be mentioned Cemus The percentage of urban populatlOn to here are, Valparai (9989 %) Madural South total populatlOn has been calculated for each (89 86 0'0) Saldapet (8740 %). The lowest taluk In the State and the figure'S thus obtamed proportIon of urban populatIOn is recorded at are grouped Into 6 categones as shown In the Vedasandur taluk of Dindlgul-Anna dlstnct with 0 legend of the map and the taluks have been 2 95 '0. There are 16 taluks which have regIstered shaded accordmg 10 theIr values The taluks more than 50 a 0 of urban populatIon 10 the State whICh are entIrely rural have been left blank wIth In the range of 400 1-5000 there are 18 taluks It symbol' ER' on the map IS sIgmficant that three of the four taluks of NJigifl dlstrlct lie m thIS range whIle the Accordmg to 1991 Cemus, out of the remaInIng one taluk falls m the range of SO 00 total population of 55, 858,9.t6 persons In Tamil and above The 100'>est range 1000 and below Nadu, 19,077,592 persons are IIvmg 10 urban covers 27 taluks A majonty of taluks Ie 48 areas (m 469 towns) The Madras distrIct is fully taluks Ites in the range of 10 00 - 2000 The urban and It 15 denoted 10 the map as entIrely Dharmapuri dlstrrct has the lowest proportJOn I e urban. Out of the 167 taluks 21 taluks are 9 50 % whereas COImbatore dlstrrct has the entlfely rural The taluks whIch have major highest proportIOn (52 59 .. %) of urban urban centres and enclrclmg urban centres are population

80 MAP 39

"6 78 I

TAMIL NADU ~~ URBAN POPULATION 1991

BOUNDAR IE")

STA.1E!UT

DISTRICT

TALUK

BAY

OF

10

"'~

SRI Gulf of Mannor LANKA

N o A N o c £ A N

77' 78' 80'

81 MAP 40

CHANGE IN URBAN POPULATION 1981-91

This map shows the variation In urban Thirty four taluks are covered under the range of popu latlOn between 198 I and 1991 Censuses at 10 00 and below The agricultural oriented taluk level The taluks which are entirely rural is districts of Thanjavur and Tirunelveli­ denoted as 'ER' The varIation either Increase or Kattabomman have 4 taluks each In thiS range. decrease has been worked out III percentage to Ilayankudl taluk (1 24 per cent) of Pasumpon 1991 Urban population for each taluk. The Muthuramalinga Thevar district has registered taluks have been grouped under seven broad the lowest mcrease in 1991 over the 1981 Urban ranges SIX for increase and one for decrease as population shown In the legend of the map There are 3 taIuks In the State where The Urban population of the State has decrease 10 urban population has been recorded lllcreased to 19,077,592 In 1991 from In 1991 as compared to 1981 They are VaIparal 15,951,875 In 1981 reglstermg a decadal growth taluk (-7 73 %) in COimbatore distnct, Kamudi rate of 19 59 per cent Dunng the same period taluk (-I 96 per cent) m Ramanathapuram the number of towns has Increased to 469 10 dIstrict and Nattam taluk (-0 47 per cent) In 1991 from 434 In 1981 Seven taluks have DIndlgul-Anna Dlstnct registered an Illcrease of over of 50 per cent 10 their urban population durmg the last decade While we analyse the districtwlse Madural North taluk has recorded the highest change In urban population ,Chengalpattu-MGR percentage Increase With 11472 per cent, dlstnct recorded the hIghest percentage Increase followed by COimbatore North talUlk (6671 per of 48.32 per cent 111 urban populatIOn ThiS IS cent) due to the mtluence of Madras city ,which makes the spread of urbanIsation towards Eight taluks fall In the range of 4001 - suburbs and satellite towns whIch fall in 50 00 per cent Increases In the urban population Chengalpattu-MGR distrIct The next district, while another 6 taluks fall In the range of 30 0 I which has a high varIatIOn in urban populatIOn IS - 40 00 per cent. In the range of 20.01 - 30 00 Penyar distrIct (25 94 %) followed by per cent , there are 20 taluks In the range of KamaraJar dlstnct With 24 20 per cent. The 10.01 - 20 00 In which the State average falls, lowest mcrease in urban population IS recorded there are as many as 60 taluks The city district, In Kannlyakuman district (1001%) and also In Madras (17 24 per cent) falls in thiS range Thanjavur dlstnct (J 0 G3 %)

82 ____ BO° ,----

TAMIL NADU ~~-q CHANGE IN URB AN POPULATI~

Percenfage v 1981·91 ON Urban P orlc11on of opulotlon In-cu:(lse

E R En11rely Rural N - Negligible

BOUNDARI£S

STATE/U T

DISTRICT TAlUK

SRI Gulf of M ann a r LANKA

A 0 C E A N

-9'

83 MAP 41

GROWTH OF URBAN CENTRES 1991

This map shows the growth of Tlruchlrappallt and Salem are other prominent populatIOn m the urban centres of the State Cities wIth populatIOn of 5-10 lakhs each Under dunng 1981-91 The urban Class 11 towns (50,000 - 99,999), there are 41 agglomeratIOns/towns have been represented by 5 urban umts mcludmg 9 urban agglomerations. different symbols accordmg to their population Among them Neyveh. Arcot, Karur, Coonoor and Size, class and based on their decadal growth rate Nagapattmam urban agglomerations are bigger All the towns have been brought under five with over 90,000 populatIOn. broad percentage ranges as shown III the legend of the map. Towns recognIsed for the first time Under Class HI (populatIOn size 20,000 In 1991 Census have been dIfferentiated with - 49,999) there are 68 urban centres including 2 soltd red column wlthm the symbol of the urban agglomerations The highest populatIOn concerned urban centre Urban centre wIth growth during 1981-91 among these towns IS negatIve growth dunng 1981-91 have been recorded by Hosur Town Panchayat (53.85 per dlstmgUlshed re-doubtlme but wIthin the same cent), Gudalur Town Panchayat, with (-)0.69 per range of hatchmg as for posItive growth cent. Mettur (MTS) with (-) 043 per cent and Chinnaiapatti (TP) (-) 6 36 recorded negative In Tamil Nadu there are 469 towns as on growth rate. 1991 Census. There are 35 urban agglomerations in the State There are 26 Class I towns wIth a The largest number of urban centres populatIOn of one lakh and above. Madras urban I.e.,. 81 fall under Class IV (population size agglomeration has 56 constituent towns wIth 5 42 10,000 - 19,999). The number of towns in thIS mtlhon- populatIOn COimbatore. Madural, class has declined from 82 in 1981 to 81 in 1991

84 MAP 41

8 0"

TAMIL NADU ~ ahIT .q \if "'t fi (.OQ I ~ GROWTH OF URBAN CENTRES 1981-91

Percentage at Population Growth Madros U A ,3' II 7501 ab o ve - 50.01 75.00 • 25 .01 50 .00 . 25.00 & below

12

II It

Po/Ie S t r a i I

(5000 - 9999) CL ASS V & VI (5000 & below) K {~, ... ~ '!Y!! ,I Kolu(Jumolm EttOlyopur om '. . ~

NEW TO WNS AODED IN 1991 ARE SHADED ( &O YO>'0< IN SOLID RED WITHIN THE SVMBOLS OF \ 47' CLASS Sl1ES. ~ . Tlr unelvell uA ' \ TUllcorm UA //;:; V jkro mo slnqop u r a~0 ~ ~ON;le~~~!~~/ ~~v SRI Am b"O m "d'Om ~UA I », I ~ UA • URBAN AGGLOMERATION Sl v onf h IPuro~~ , . ;~~\E~~I ~/ Gulf of Mannar \ \7"::::: S rr VOl k u n tom.1.\~~ LANKA .~ Vlfovonall ur ll.I W Orlhl r unc (j of l~~ ~ NEGA TlVE GROWTH RATE ARE SHOWN ) ' '-- Por omO"""'h'-:'\::;:)5.. r:;:;;,~ IN RED OlJTLlNE (. . £Hl II'llOI '\ 0.YL:3 ~ TI(uCheMm U (l, .\ Sallon,< ulom_.-: J ' J "o;hi" o," \ ,~~ M" dO '"~iKo l o" k or oPPo","om . ~ W 1..;,/\ V I< ILOMET RE: s .~ Podmonobhopurom v,,? /'Udongudi 2010020 4 0 60 ~~~==~~==~ ,~/j' ; " " ~""""O' K o , o che, ~~~1;/'fo''';;' Konl"lI)"okumor , eO N o A N o c E A N

Eos t of Greer. wich n ° 780

85 MAP 42

FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE OF URBAN CENTRES (CLASS I) 1991

ThIS map depIcts the functIOnal centre is regarded as multI-functIOnal and m such characterIstIcs of Class I CItIes/Urban cases three predommant functions are conSIdered. AgglomeratIOns Ie, the bIg urban centres WIth one lakh of population and above In the State For thIS map, the broad nme IndustrIal categorle') CIrcles have been drawn proportIOnate of maIO workers have been grouped Into SIX to actual populatIOn of Cltles/UAs, dIfferent functional characteristics VIZ, I Pnmary, grades of hatchmgs are assIgned to each of the 2 MInIng, 3 Industnal, 4 CommercIal, functIOnal groups as shown In the legend of the S Transport and 6 Services Based on the map There are 26 ClasslfUAs, having more than predom Inant functions, these urban centers are I lakh populatlOn in the State Out of these I 1 are portrayed as mono-functIonal, bl-functmnal, or mono-functIOnal, 10 are bl-functlOnal and 5 are multI-functIOnal In thiS map. multI functIonal. Industry IS the predommant function of all the 11 Citles/UAs having mono­ If In an urban centre, the percentage of functIOnal except Valparm (primary), Neyveli maIO workers under a functional group (Mmmg) and Coonoor (Services). Out of 10 constitutes 40% or more of the total main bl-functional CIties, 6 CitIeS! UAs are having workers, It IS regarded as mono-functional and IS functions of industry and commercIal. Madras deSIgned by that function. such as pnmary, UA has the predominant functions of llldustry mdustry, etc If the percentage figure IS less than cum services and Tlruvannamalai and ThanJavur 40% In each and If the figures agamst any two have the functIOns of commercIal cum servIces add up to 60% or more, such urban centre IS All the 5 multi-functIOnal centres viz regarded as bl-functional For example, Industry Tuticorin, Nagercoil, Cuddalore, Pollachi and cum servIce even the percentage of any two Karaikudl are having the functions as sectors do not come up to 60% .such an urban "Industrial cum commercial cum servIces".

86 MAP 42

77'

TAMIL NADU . ~ (l3tuTI- I) cn1 CflIi!li~Cfl ~ ~ qo~1 RUCTURE OF URBANFUNCTIONAL CENTR i;(CLAss.,) 1991

P£RSONS__ 1000 000 & Abo'tl€- A sao cog ~ :~~ ~~~ V- 10000

BAY

OF

BENGAL

PREDOMINANT FUNCTIONS Polk Strail @Prlmary

~~1InIng

.Induslrlal

SRI G~1f of Mannar LANKA

N o A N o c £ A N ,,'

87 MAP 43

IN-MIGRANTS 1991

This map shows the number of in­ persons WIth place of bIrth outsIde the place of migrants and theIr percentages to total enumeration have been enumerated in population at dIstrict level. All the distncts have Chengalpattu-MGR distrICt. It is followed by been brought under 5 broad ranges In ThanJavur distnct with 13.97 lakhs persons. accordance with the ratio of mIgrants to Such persons over ten lakhs eXIst in each of the popUlation The proportiOn of the mIgrants In dIstricts of South Arcot, COlmbatore, rural and urban areas WIth male/female break up Tiruchlrappalh. The Ramanathapuram district are also depIcted through pIe-dIagram, drawn In regIstered the lowest number of ill-mIgrants proportion to total m-mlgrants In each dlstnct as wlth 10 40 lakhs per legend of the map It IS tnteresting to note that 65 54 per At the State level 13,40 mIllion people cent of State m-mIgrants are females Female have been enumerated as Ill-migrated other than tn-mIgrants constItute the hIghest ratIO ::>f 78 71 theIr place of birth. The share of these per cent In Tiruvannamalai -Sambuvarayar in-mIgrants is 24 00 per cent to total populatIOn dlstnct followed by South Arcot distnct wIth NIlgin distnct with 35 83 per cent has revealed 75 00 per cent of In-migrants Dharmapuri the hIghest proportion of in-mIgrants among all dlstnct also recorded ratIO of 71 19 percentage the dlstncts Penyar dlstnct also recorded very of female In-mIgrants and It IS followed by hIgh ratio of in-migrants (3421 per cent) Thls ThanJavur dIstrIct wlth 69 50 per cent. is followed by Chengalpattu-MGR (31.45 per cent), Thanjavur (30.72 per cent), COImbatore (30.04 per cent) dIstricts. The lowest proportIOn The hIgh ratIos of In-mIgrants are of m-mlgrants IS observed In Ramanathapuram recorded In rural areas than III urban areas In all (1238 per cent )and KamaraJar (18 00 per dlstncts. The hIghest ratIO of m-mlgrants m cent)dlstricts. Comparatively low ratIOs (less rural areas IS In Dharmapaun dlstnct (86 60 per than 20 50 Percent) are exhibIted In cent) ThIS IS followed by Kanmyakuman Kannlyakuman, Tiruneivelll-Kattabomman. dlstnct (8242 per cent) COImbatore (56 77 per Dmdigul-Anna, Madural, Dharmapun and cent), Chengalpattu-MGR (53 49 per cent) and Tiruvannamalal- Sambuvarauyar distncts Nllglfl (53 05 per cent) are the three dlstflcts whIch have recorded a hIgher ratIOs of m­ The largest number of 14 63 lakhs mIgrants m urban areas than In rural areas.

88 "'~r 43

joc 76 78> "9 ,------I.' 915 588 _ ,~' I "- /0 I I TAMIL NADU ~ ! I I amrcm:ft I 4786- 521.q" I~ ~ IN - MIGRANTS 1991

BAY

OF

BENGAL

,i

Perc-entcge of In-Migrants to total population 2451 8. Dbove '" 1(' mi Pall< Sfralt 2251 - 2450

~ 2051 - 2250 ,f]\ •~ ~c!3~"';j~~ 1851 - 2050 CI<] ": cS~~~ rnrn _/ () W 1800 8. below do~ 0 i BOUN!)ARI£S 9 $TATEJU T G u f f of Man n a r £)fSTRICT IN-MIGRANTS

500000

m;-URES - 200000 KllOMETA'ES 20 10 0 20 40 60 M MALE F FE"MnL(

8' N D A N o c E A N

76 Eas! of Greenwich 7t 78' 80

89 MAP 44

RURAL IN-MIGRANTS TO TOTAL POPULATION 1991

This map shows the distnctwlse Chidambaranar (22.00 per cent) SIX dlstncts, classificatIOn of rural in-migrants in the State In namely North Arcot-Ambedkar (20 39 per cent), 1991. The percentage of rural in-migrants to Dharmapun (J 9.59 per cent), TiruvannamalaI­ total rural populatIOn have been calculated for all Sarnbuvarayar (19.51 per cent), Salem (19.51 per the districts and grouped m to five ranges as cent), Pudukkottai (20 17 per cent) and shown in the legend Circles proportionate to Pasumpon Muthuramalmga Thevar (19.63 per total rural in-migrants are also drawn for each cent) have the proportIOn of rural in-migrants district. between 19 51 and 21 50 per cent. The lowest percentage range of 17 50 and below covers the In the State' 5 total rural popu lat10n of dlstncts of Dindlgul-Anna (17 42 per cent), 36,781,354, the total in-migrants In rural areas KamaraJar (16 92 per cent), Pudukkottai (20 17 are 7,973,800, WhICh accounts for 21 68 per cent per cent) and Tlrunelveli-Kattabomman (1724 in 1991. This data excludes the in-migrants per cent) whose birth place could not be classified as either rural or urban. The NilgirI distrIct has the highest In the State, out of the total rural m­ percentage (33.29 per cent) of m-mlgrants among migrants 80 16 per cent are from rural to rural total rural population and Ramanathapuram and 19.39 per cent from urban to rural and 0.45 district has the lowest percentage (II 36 per per cent are unclassified m-migrants In most of cent) of rural in-migrants the districts the m-migrants from rural to rural accounts for more than 80 per cent except The rangewlse analysis reveals that 5 Chengalpattu-MGR, North Arcot-Ambedkar, districts VIZ., Chengalpattu-MGR (26.49 per N dgm, COimbatore, Thanjavur , Madurar and cent), Periyar (31.77), Ntlgm (3329), KamaraJar In Nilgin distnct the in-migrants Coimbatore (27.18 per cent) and ThanJavur from urban to rural accounts for 42 02 per cent (29.59 per cent) come under the highest This may be due to the tea estates and plantations percentage range of 23.51 and above, while the where the people migrate for occupatlOn The next range of 21.5} - 23.50 per cent covers the ill-mIgrants from urban to rural is the lowest in districts of Tiruchirappalli (21.53 per cent) and Ramanathapuram district (10.59 per cent)

90 MAP 44

76' 80'

14'

TAMIL NADU ¥ 1Jl1:ftuT >;1"1 ~ @II .q: 1JTTftuT 3l11:l emil RURAL IN-MIGRANTS TO TOTAL RURAL POPULATION 1991

7973 800 13' 13' A " ~ .. ~''?,,[

(' ...k f l- t 80 .1 6 ~ j ~ ("/.....

TAMIL NADU + d 12' (SCALE: 2/5 OF THE DfSTRIC rs) V. K ".

BAY

OF

BENGAL

II

E.U. - En l ir ely Urbon

,.)

Percen10ge of Rur al In - Migrants 10 T 0101 Rurol Populolion

23.51 8-

Palk Sf r a i t 21.51 - 2 3.50 ., ~ 19 5 1 - 21.50 0 . I 0 17 . 51 - 19.50 o 0 17.50 8. below W BOUNDARIES:

...... ~ ST ATE/ U.T. _.__ ~..• . ~ 9 DISTRICT ... .,, _ , _ . _

SRI LANKA

KILOMETREs 20 10 0 20 4 0 60

RURAL TO RURA L s· N D A N o c £ A N

East of Greenwich 77' 7 8' 79'

9 1 MAP 45

URBAN IN-MIGRANTS TO TOTAL URBAN POPULATION 1991

This map explains the dlstnctwise 3501 and above .. While the next range of dlstnbution of urban in-migrants in the State 3 I 01 - 35 00 per cent covers the districts of in 1991 The percentages of urban in-migrants ThanJavur (34 19 per cent), Tiruchirappalll to total urban population have been calculated (31 85 per cent), COlmbatore (3238 per cent) for all the distncts and grouped mto 5 ranges as and South Arcot (32.00 per cent). Three shown m the legend of the map Circles dlstncts namely Dharmapun (28 88 per cent), proportionate to total urban m-migrants are also Dmd\gul-Anna (2848 per cent) and drawn for each district The proportions of Chldambaranar (27 10 per cent) have the urban to urban , rural to urban and unclassified proportion of urban in-migrants between 27.01 m-mlgrants are depicted withm the circles by and 31 00 The lowest percentage range of proportionate sectors 23 00 and below covers the districts of Madurai (22.85 per cent), Tirunelveli-kattabomman In the State's total urban population of (22.79 per cent) Kamarajar (19.67 per cent ), 19,077 ,592, the total m-migrants 10 urban areas Kanntyakumari (19.59 per cent) and are 5,404,186 which accounts for 2833 per Ramanathapuram (15.52 per cent). cent. ThiS data excludes the m-mlgrants whose bIrth place could not be claSSIfied as either rural In the State, out of the total urban in­ or urban. The penyar district has the hIghest migrants 4974 per cent are from rural to urban percentage (41 58 per cent) of m-mlgrants and 49 97 per cent are from urban to urban and among total urban population and the o 29 per cent are unclassified in-migrants. The Ramanathapuram dlstnct has the lowest in-migrants from rural to urban are high in percentage (15.52 per cent) of urban in­ Kanniyakuman district (66.22 per cent) migrants followed by Ramanathapuram (66.07 per cent). While it is low in Madras distnct (38.73 per The rangewise analysis reveals that 4 cent). The ill-mIgrants from urban to urban is distncts namely, Penyar (41.58 per cent), high III Madras district (60.78 per cent) as also Nilgin (38 08 per cent), Chengalpattu-MGR III Nilgin district (60.15 per cent) while it is low (37.44 per cent) and Pudukkottal (36.20 per III Kanntyakumari district (33.74 per cent) and cent) come under highest percentage range of III Rarnanathapuram district (33.93 per cent).

92 MAP 45'

80'

TAMil NADU 3t1lO4cmfi ~ ~ \i1'1fl&11 .q ~ alll'lql'Hl URBAN IN-MIGRANTS TO TOTAL URBAN POPULATION 1991

5 4 0 4 18 6

TAMIL NADU r! (SC ALE: 1/2 OF THE DISTRICTS)

BAY

OF

BENGAL

Ii ,,0

Per cenlage of Urban In - Migranl s 10 To i ol Urban Populolion

35 .01 8.

Pa I k Stra i t 31 .0 1 - 35.00 D 27.01 31 .00 D 23 .01 - 27 .00 D 23.00 8. below

FIGURES ,A T THE TOP OF" CIRCLES INDICA TE TOTAL URBAN IN- MIGRANTS. FIGURES INSIDE OR AGAINST THE SECTORS INDICATE PERCENTA GE OF URBAN IN - MIGRANT S Gulf of M 0 n nor F'ROM RURAL TO URBAN, URBAN TO URBAN ANO UNCLASS1r1EO. URBAN IN - MIGRANTS SRI BOUNDARIES :

STATE/ U.T. LANKA DISTRICT.. .

KILOMETRES 20 iO 0 20 40 60

B' N o A N

East of Greenwich 78'

93 MAP 46

INTER-DISTRICT MIGRATION 1991

This map explatns the mIgratIOn from Next to ThanJavur dlstnct, South Arcot district one dIstrict to another distnct wlthm the State has a large number of rural in-mIgrants with The number of mIgrants have been calculated for 781,687 persons. each dIstrict who have come from the other dlstnct of Tam!l Nadu The gross migrants, The out-mIgrants are from whIch Includes both tn-migrants and out-mIgrants Tlruchlrappalli dlstnct with 164, 824 persons have been represented m proportIOnate CIrcles for from rural areas The Madural dIstrIct regIstered each dlstnct These circles have been diVIded a very hIgh number of out-mIgrants from urban mto two sectors representIng m-migrants and out­ area WIth 239,487 persons followed by Thanjavur mIgrants wIth rural and urban break-up Further, district With 231,072 persons The out-migrants the percentage of net migrants (In mIgrants - out are very less from NIlgm district WIth 15,910 migrants) to total population have been persons from rural areas and 31,1 10 persons from calculated for each distrIct and these figures have urban areas. However, the lowest out-migrants been grouped mto 6 categories and they are from urban area IS regIstered at Dharmapun shaded m SUItable colour as shown m the legend district with 29,310 persons of the map.

There are 17,457,059 persons have been The net migrants also has been recorded as gross migrants In the State as a calculated for each dlstnct The percentage of net whole, of whom 13,409,289 persons are tn­ migrants (9,361,519) to total population migrants and 4,047,770 persons are out­ (55,858,946) IS worked out to 1676 per cent in ITIlgrants Of the tn-migrants, 7,988,580 persons the State as a whole. The hIghest percentage is are 10 rural area and 5,420,709 persons are in recorded at Nllgm district with 29.21 per cent urban areas Of the out-migrants 1,537,694 followed by Chengalpattu-MGR distnct With persons are from rural and 2,510,076 persons are 2765 per cent The out-migrants are out from urban areas of the State as per 1991 Census. numbered in-mIgrants III Ramanathapuram The gross mIgrants are high m Thanjavur district dlstnct which IS shown III the negative percentage with 1,707,536 persons bf whom 1,391,994 figure (-1.22 per cent) to the total population of persons are m-mlgrants, and 315,542 persons are the dlstnct and represented in the map as loss of out-mIgrants. The gross mIgrants are very less in migrants. The other distncts, which registered N !Igiri district with 301,505 persons of whom very low ratios are mostly in southern part of the 254,485 persons are tn-migrants and 47,020 State, namely Tlrunelveh-Kattabomman persons are out-mIgrants In Madras dlstnct, (6 93 per cent), Kamara]3r (9.54 per cent), whIch IS wholly urban, the tn-mIgrants are the Pasumpon Muthuramahnga Thevar (9 56 per highest With 915,688 persons followed by cent), Madural (977 per cent) Chengalpattu-MGR dIstrict (782,920) persons and Kanmyakumari (1241 per cent)

94 MAP 46

77' 7 8' 80'

TAMIL NADU affl: furm mm:R INTER·DISTRICT MJGRATION 1991

BAY

OF

BENGAL

Percentoge of Net Migronts to Totol Populotion ..1 GAIN

19.01 & above

16.01 - 19.00 Polk Strait D 13.01 - 16 .00

D 1001 - 13.00

D 10.00 8. below

LOSS W

2.00 8. below

BOUNDARIES: G u , f of M (I n nor STATE/ U.T. DISTRIC'f .. . GROSS MIGRANTS 1991 FIGURES AT THE TOP OF CIRCLES SRI INDICATE GRDSS MIGRANTS. THE PERCENT AGE FIGURI;S OF IN - MIGRANTS / OUT -MIGRANTS IN RURAL/URBAN AREAS TO GROSS LANKA MIGRANTS WRITTEN INSIDE OR AGAINST THE RESPECTIVE SECTORS.

KILOMETRES 20 10 a 20 40 60

8' N o A N o c E A N

Eas f of Greenwich 77' 78' 79'

95 MAP 47

INTRA-DISTRICT MIGRATION 1991

This map depicts the ratio of migrants part of the State ie., Periyar (64.24 %), Madurai whose place of last residence was within the (64.26 %), Tiruchirappalli (65.49 %) and district of enumeration to the total migrants of Chidambaranar (65.80 %) districts. The raTIge the district. The percentage of migrants reside 60.01 - 64.00 covers 3 districts namely elsewhere in the district of enumeration to total Kamarajar (63.36 %), Pasumpon migrants in the districts of Tamil Nadu are Muthuramalinga Thevar (61.36%) and calculated. These percentage figures are grouped Dindigul-Anna (60.15 %) districts. into five broad ranges and are shaded by Choropleth method from dark to light hatching The last range 60.00 and below spread according to ranges from high to low order of in Nilgiri (33.54 %), Coimbatore (58.59%) values as shown in the legend of the map. besides Pudukkottai (56.54%) and Chengalpattu-MGR (4967%) districts. Out of The percentage of migrants elsewhere total migrants of 13,430,472 persons in the State in the district of enumeration shows the highest as a whole there are 8,196,854 migrants residing migration in Kanniyakumari district WIth 81.85 elsewhere of enumeration in 1991 Census which per cent and Tirunelveli-Kattabomman district accounts for 61.03 per cent. The number of total with 74.79 per cent. Besides, this range covers migrants is the highest in Chengalpattu-MGR Thanjavur district (79.39%) and Salem district district with 1431254 persons, followed by (73.85%), Dharmapuri (71.86 %). The North Thanjavur district with 1397324 persons and the Arcot-Ambedkar (68.76 %), Tiruvannamalai­ lowest is in Ramanthapuram distnct with Sambuvarayar (68.58 %), and Ramanathapuram 141,403 persons. The migrants residing (68.42 %) districts fall in the next range of68 01 elsewhere in the district of enumeration is the -72.00. highest in Thanjavur dlstrict with 1, t09 ,307 persons and the lowest is III NIIgm dIstrict with The range 64.01-68.00 covers Central 86,089 persons.

96 MAP 47 -

0 76" 77" 78 79° ,(

~ TAMIL NADU fJli'1I"i'1fh wmR' INTRA-DISTRICT MIGRATION 1991 ,. Q , '" P-

'3" ,; ,. "

K \- V"\ -;."... r-·--. .... BAY ~ ... H'LG'~' ..,...... • • (3354)' "-.0' •.• .• OF ..., . . ('. f . :J~' - . t ...... :.. ..1'1· .. - BENGAL ,- . I l' . ,; r.::>' "' ...... ""('1 .COI~~RE. .. '. . ( . c: ,,) (. I ) .. Percen'QQe of MJqronh elsewh~re 11'1 Ihe Polk Strait "' district of Enumer-atlon to Total Migrants 7201 ! above • 6801 - 72 00 6401 - 6800 ~ c ~====j6001 - 6400 ... ~ <] D 6000 & below .It SRI BOUNDARIES Gulf of Manna, STATE/U T LANKA DISTRICT

I(ILOMETRES 20 10 0 ,0 40 60

N o A N o c E A N

E(]~ t of Gfeenwlch n" 7S" 79"

97

III ECONOMIC ASPECTS MAP 48

MAIN WORKERS AND NON-WORKERS IN TOTAL POPULATION 1991

This map shows the proportion of main The highest proportion of main workers workers and non-workers to total population in among the males is observed in Periyar district 1991 Census. Pyramids proportionate to total (65.17 per cent) while the lowest ratio is found in population with male and female demarcation on Kanniyakumari district (49.14 per cent). The eIther side for each age group with distinguished highest ratio of main workers among females is shades for workers and white space for non­ observed in Kamarajar. district (38.11 per cent) workers are drawn for each distnct followed by Dindigul-Anna distnct (34 79 per cent) while the lowest ratio is found at In Tamil Nadu , 56.10 per cent among Kanniyakumari district (8.67 per cent) followed males and 25. 13 per cent among females have by Madras distnct (8.41 per cent). been recorded as main workers. Marginal workers among males and females constItute a Among the male non-workers, very poor percentage and are not represented in Kanniyakumari district is recorded the highest ratio the map. There are 43.61 per cent of males and of 50.21 per cent followed by Madras with 48.82 70.11 per cent of females as non-workers in the per cent and lowest ratio is recorded in Periyar State district with 34.63 per cent followed by 37.51 per cent. Among the female non-workers Madras is In the age group of 15-19 there are 44.1 recorded the highest ratio of 91.56 per cent per cent of male workers and 32.8 per cent of followed by Kanniyakumari district with 88.97 per female workers. Among the aged people of 60 cent while the lowest ratio is recorded at Kamarajar years and above, 57.05 per cent of males and district (57.82 per cent) followed by Tirunelveli­ 21.31 per cent of females are workers. Kattabomman district with 59.78 per cent.

100 MAP 48

\4;

IP[FSOrIS IN 01> or'(JJ TAMIL NADU

BAY

OF

BENGAL

II'

w BOUND~RIES

STATE III T

mSTRICT .... ~

SRI Gu If of Mannor LANKA

8' N D A N o c A N

76 E(lsl of Greenwich 77' 78' 80'

101 MAP 49

RURAL MAIN WORKERS AND NON WORKERS 1991

This map shows the extent of mam maximum proportion of main workers. The workers and non- workers among male and Kanniyakumari district has revealed the lowest female population in broad age groups in the ratio of workers in rural areas in both males and rural areas in 1991 females VIZ 4945 per cent and 8.56 per cent respectively The other distrIcts which recorded In Tamil Nadu, 5792 per cent among lower ratio are Nilgiri (51 69%) and males and 3 I 97 per cent among females in the Chldambaranar (54.84%) for males. rural areas have been recorded as mam workers Non workers form 41 72 per cent among males The ratio of the margmal workers and 6 L50 per cent among females The among females IS much higher when compared marginal workers accounts for a smaller ratio of to the males In the rural areas In all districts. The 036 per cent and 6.53 per cent among the males highest ratio of female margmal workers is and females respectively observed m Pasumpon Muthuramalmga Thevar (1634%) distrIct. It IS followed by In the age group of 15-19, there are Ramanathapuram (13 33 per cent) district. 57 62 per cent of males and 42 38 per cent of Kanniyakuman district has recorded the highest females as rural malO workers In the aged proportIOn of non-workers In the rural areas males of 60 years and above 64 54 per cent are among both males and females with 49 85 per workers. Simliar ratio for females IS only 2439 cent and 88 97 per cent respectIvely The lowest per cent Penyar distrIct with 66 86 per cent has ratIO of non-workers among the distrIcts for recorded the highest ratio of mam workers males IS found In PerIyar distrIct With 3294 per among males 10 rural areas Among females, cent whIle that of the females m Kamara]ar Kamara]ar distrIct with 46.35 per cent has the dlstnct with 48 87 per cent

102 MAP 49

76 79" 8D"

-~------~ 14'" - -~I4'

TAMIL NADU ~ ~ CfiR CI'l"R 3ftr ~ ";f m ~ 1JTlfhn­ RURAL MAIN WORKERS AND NON-WORKERS 1991

MALES i' FEMALES

P 7 , ::

TAMIL NADU

121----

-10 ICl-D MAIN WOHKER5 D NON-WORKERS

E U - Ent1rely Urban

BOUNDARIES

QISTRLCT

} LANKA rI

B°r-- ,gr, " (,' ~B' A N ,:-I"~"~.----C"h~N~ __D_---=7L,17, __~_~A ___ N___ ~_j_? 17"0 _~O __ ~~C~~~:_ I [b 80' 8 '9

103 MAP 50

URBAN MAIN WORKERS AND NON-WORKERS 1991

The extent of mam workers and non­ are found as main workers while 3.20 percent workers among male and female populatIOn in among males and 1.24 per cent among females broad age-group in the urban areas of the district III the next hIgher group of 15-19 are also is portrayed in the map Pyramids proportionate recorded as malO workers. A SIzable ratio of to total population with male and female population of this age-group, particularly in the demarcation on eIther side for each age-group cIties and towns pursue hIgher educatIOn. About with dIstinguished shades for workers and non­ 2.64 per cent among urban males and 043 per workers drawn for each districts. cent among urban females who are m the old age-group of 60 years and over are engaged as In the State as a whole, 52 62 per cent main workers. among the males in the urban areas are recorded as 'main workers' Similar ratio for females IS Periyar dIstnct WIth 60.06 per cent has just 11.78 per cent. The proportion of marginal revealed the hIghest ratio of main v.orkers workers is insignificant for both males (0.16 per among the males 10 urban areas among all the cent) and females (1.32 per cent), while 47.22 dIstrict. Salem (59.01 per cent) dlstnct has also per cent among males in the urban areas are non­ recorded sizable ratio of main workers in urban workers about 86.90 per cent among females are areas. Kanmyakuman district (4762 per cent) non-workers. reveals the lowest ratio of male mam workers in the urban areas KamaraJar dlstrict (24 18 per Even though the children of younger cent) has recorded the highest ratio of mam age-group of 0-14 are generally expected to be workers among females III the urban areas. The dependent or school students, 0.64 per cent lowest ratIO of female mam workers IS observed among males and 0.39 per cent among females m Ramanathapurarn (7 10 per cent) and South of the age-group in the urban areas of the State Areot (7 87 per cent) dIstricts.

104 ~ TAMILNADU URB ~ ~ ~ 'I'TFf AN MAIN WORKERS AN:NON-WORKE ~ ;r ~ cm;t RS 1991

Ag~-Gro~p5

":;l':"J"~ , 7, FEMil.LES

,~ , ,-

y"~~.w:~""'''' d t/ r-~=~II~ L._..u:L.. -~

TAMIL 'N;~i~ c ;---;---:;:;-" J,.

BAY

OF

BENGAL

MAIN WORKERS

Po I k S 1 r a I t NON-WDRKERS

w BOUNDARIES

STATE/VT DISTRICT

SRI Gulf 01 M ann a r LANKA

E N

105 MAP 51

MAIN WORKERS IN AGE IS-59 1991

This map represents the distnctwlse In South Arcot district there are proportIOn of maIn workers in age 15-59 III 1,778,061 main workers in the age 15-59 which 1991. is the highest number in the State followed by CIrcles are drawn for each distnct TIruchirappalh district With 1,631.834 persons. proportIOnate to Its total main workers III age The Nllgri district registers a very less number 15-59 These cIrcles are dIvIded mto of main workers m the age 15-59 with 270,418 two sectors representIng rural and urban main persons workers Further dlstnctwlse percentages of mam workers in age 15-59 to total population Among the rural main workers III In age 15-59 are calculated and are grouped mto the age 15-59, Dharmapuri district is having 6 ranges as shown in the legend of the map the hIghest percentage of 92 63% leaving only The dIstricts have been shaded accordmg to 737% as urban main workers m that distrIct their percentage values The other districts havmg a high percentage of rural malO workers are ThIfUvannalmalai­ There are 34,308,892 persons III Sambuvarayar (91.64%), Pudukottai (89.14%), the age 15-59, of whIch 20,680,072 persons are South Arcot (88.22%), Dindugal-Anna mam workers as per 1991 Census whIch (84 6t%)and Ramanathapuram (84.10%). The accounts for 60.28 % of the total population III Coimbatore dlstnct has the lowest percentage of age 15-59 in the State as a whole Among the rural main workers III the age 15.59 with dlstncts, KamaraJar has regIstered the hIghest 54,09% followed by Nilgiri distrIct with percentage of maIn workers (i.e ,) 70 07 to the 5425% total populatIon III the age 15-59. The other Regarding the percentage of urban distncts whIch regIster hIgh percentages are malO workers in the age 15-59, barring Madras DindlguIAnna(6842%), Dharmapuri(68 17%), district which is entirely urban, Coimbatore Penyar (67.95%) and Thrruvannamalal­ dIstrict has the hIghest percentage of 45.91 % Sambuvarayar (66.99%). The lowest ratIO of followed by Nllgn district with 45.75%. The total malO workers in age 15-59 to total lowest percentage of urban main workers in the popUlation in the age IS-59 is recorded at age 15-59 IS recorded at Dharmapuri district Kanntyakuman dIstrict with (43.07%) followed WIth 7.37% followed by by Madras distnct (44.87%) Thiruvannama1aI Sambuvarayar (8.36%)

106 MAP 51

TAMIL NADU 15·59 ~ 'If ~

20 S80 072

TAMltNADU SU\L[ IS REDuCED j .3 U -HE :,,£ .}F D15TPI~-:;'

BAY

OF

BENGAL

.J. Percentage Df Mom workers In age 15-59 10 total ~n ;7 ~Ie :-59

.6401 6700

.6101 - 6400

ITIII1IIl58 01 - 61.00 m5501 5800 D 55 00 ~ below

FIGURES GfVEN ]l,T TOP DF C1RCUS INmCAT£ MAIN WORKERS WHILE WITHfN SECTORS ARE PERCENTAGE FIGURES BOUNDARIES G 1/ I f of Man nor STATE/U T TOTAL MAIN WORKERS IN AGE 15-59 DISTRICT SRI

E U Enttrely Urban LANKA

KILOMETRES 20 10 a 20 40 60

A N o c E A N

107 MAP 52

MALE MAIN WORKERS IN AGE 15-59 1991

This map shows the districtwise respectIvely The hIghest proportion of rural proportIOn of male mam workers in the age­ main workers IS In Dharmapun dlstnct WIth group IS-59 to the total male populatIOn in age­ 9058% and the lowest proportIOn IS in group 15-59 m 1991 Census The proportions Coimbatore district with 48 48%. Regarding the are calculated dlstnctwlse and are grouped mto urban male mam workers III age- group 15-59, 6 categories and shaded accordlOgly as shown in COlmbatore dIstrict has the largest proportion the legend Circles are drawn for each dlstnct With 51.52% and Dharmapun dlstnct has the proportIOnate to Its total male malO workers in lowest proportIon With 9 42% age-group 15-59 Figures on top of the circles mdlcate total male maIO workers In age-group The largest number of male mam IS-59 These cIrcles are diVided mto two workers 10 the age- group IS-59 is m South sectors, the hatched sector representmg rural Arcot district with 1,221,065 persons, followed male maIO workers and the blank sector by Chengalpattu-MGR WIth I,! 73,365 persons. representmg the urban maIO workers The smallest number of male mam workers In the age- group 15-59 IS lo NiIgJrl distnct 174,672 In the State as a whole, there are persons followed by Pasumpon Muthuramahnga 17,246,805 males In the age-group of 15-59 of Thevar dlstnct With 256,668 persons. The largest which 14,366,560 males are mam workers 10 number of rural male mam workers IS 10 South 1991 Census and It constitutes 83 30% There Arcot dlstnct WIth 1,039,699 persons and the are II districts havmg the proportIOn of male smallest number of rural mam workers IS in malO workers In the age- group above the State Nilgri distrIct WIth 88,016 persons average of which Periyar dlstnct has the largest proportion of 89 39% followed by Dharmapun distnct With 88.63 % The lowest proportion is Regardmg urban male mam workers, 10 Kannlyakumari dlstnct With 73.08% Madras distnct has the largest number of 968,274 persons, The next distnct which has a Among the total male maIn workers In large number of male mam workers IS age 15-59, there are 9,568,492 persons residmg Coimbatore WIth 528,878 persons followed by 10 rural areas while 4,798,068 persons reSIde In Chengalpattu -MGR WIth 519,327 persons. The urban areas which works out to 66 60% and least number of urban male mam workers IS in 33.40%of total populatIOn In age- group IS-59 Pudukottai district with 43,791 persons.

108 15-59 ~ r;MIL NADU MALE MAIN WO'i:E: crnt 1991 ~N AGE 15-59~

"- A "I, .. I '. + +

FIGURES AT r gO MALE MAIN w~!/(;~i OF CIFICLES INDICATE

~~I~~Ei INSIDE THE SEHOR URBAN ~:_~RCEAlTtl.G£ SHA~ °6F CIRCLE'S E U MAI/>I WORKERS RURAL ANO Entirely Urblln Jt' G urI of M on n a r SRI

BOUNDARIES LANKA STATE/U T

DISTRICT

,,-RURAL MALE MAIN WORKERS A N

109 MAP 53

FEMALE MAIN WORKERS IN AGE 15-59 1991

ThIS map depIcts the dlstnctwlse 16 21 % of total female population m the age­ proportIOn of female mam workers m the age­ group of 15-59 respectIvely The hIghest group 15-59 to total female populatIOn In age­ proportIon of rural female mam workers is in group 15-59 In 1991 Census These proportIOns Dharmapun(96 67%) distnct. The lowest are calculated dlstnctwlse and are grouped mto 6 proportion IS m NIIgIrl wIth (6128%) followed categones and shaded accordmgly as shown in by Coimbatore distnct( 68.77%). In regards to the legend of the map. CIrcles are drawn for the urban female mam workers, barrinig Madras each dlstnct proportionate to the total female dlstnct whIch IS entirely urban, Nilgn dIstrict has mam workers In age 15-59. These cIrcles are the highest proportion of female mam workers dIvIded mto two sectors, the hatched sector with 3872% followed by Coimbatore district representmg rural female mam workers and the with 3123%. blank sector representmg the urban female main workers The largest number of female main workers 10 the age- group 15-59 is in South In the State as a whole, there are Arcot dIstrict with 556,996 persons followed by 17,062,087 females m the age- group of 15-59 of Salem distnct with 522,396 persons The least wh Ich 6,3 13,512 females are mam workers In number of females main workers in the age - 1991 Census and thIS constItutes 37 00% There group 15-59 IS 10 Kanniyakumari dlstnct wIth are 13 dlstncts havmg the proportIOn of female 64,165 persons followed by Nilgiri diStrict with mam workers above the average of whIch 95,746 persons. The South Arcot district has the KamaraJar distrIct has the largest proportion of largest number of female mam workers in the 54 53% closely followed by Tlrunelveli - age- group 15-59 in rural areas wIth 528,835 Kattabomman wIth 51 65% The lowest persons while Kanniyakuman district has the proportIOn of female main workers is recorded m lowest number of 52,370 female main workers. Madras (12.52%) and Kanyakuman district Regardmg urban female main workers, Madras 1306%. district has the largest number of 149,027 persons followed by COImbatore district Among the total female mam workers (122,562) compared to other districts. They are m age- group 15-59, there are 5,290,137 persons very low III number in Pudukkottai district with residing 10 rural and 1,023,375 persons residing 7305 followed by Ramanathapuram district m urban areas whIch works out to 83.79% and (8284).

110 M~P 53 n'

TAMIL NADU 15-59 ~.q ~ ~ ~ m fuI

A 6313512

TAMIL NADU (SCALE (13 OF THE DISJRICT51 + 12

BAY

OF

BENGAL

,i

Percentage of Femcie .) main workers 10 laial Femoles 15-59 5001 K obove

.4501- 5000 10 Polk Strait

.4001- 4500

illJIII] 35 01 - 40 00

~======130 01 - 3500

D 3D OD t belDw

FK;URES AT mE TOP OF CIRCLES INDICA Tf ---~ FEMALE ;.rAIN WORKER'S FIGliRES WSIOE 00 AGAINST THE SECTORS G u , f of ,.., ann a r :B~NT~E~E~~~:EW~~~~tF ~LRAl A~ -":' E U Entirely Urba.n TOTAL FEMALE MAIN WORKERS SRI IN AGE 15-~~ _____ ~ _ 600 000 BOUNDARIES LANKA STATE/U T ------'00000 DISTRICT ----= 300 000 ----- 100000

kILO~ETFI'ES - ---100 000 20100:2040 SD

URBA'N fEMA1..E MAIN WORKERS _/ '------RURAL FE'MAlE MAIN WORKERS e' N D A N o c A N

111 MAP 54

URBAN MALE AND FEMALE MAIN WORKERS CLASSIFIED BY INDUSTRIAL CATAGORIES 1991

This map shows the dlstnctwIse male land has revealed a meager I 04% of workers m and female main workers In the urban areas the prImary sector Growmg vegetables and cias.sified by Industlral categorIes The fruits as also work In plantatIOn (mdustrIal proportion of the urban male and female workers category III) are the mam economic activIties of III each of the nine mdustnal categones to total majorIty of workers In N dglfJ distrIct ThIS urban mam workers IS shown by honzontal bars Industnal category accounts for 35 98 % The In pyramid form for each distrIct The three South Arcot dlstnct where the Neyvelt IIgmte sectors, VIZ, prImary, secondary and tertiary mine eXists, IS the only distrIct to have Sizable are depICted by hatchings as shown In the legend proportion of urban workers m mmmg and of the map quarrymg VIZ 7 28%

The hlghes.t proportion (51 64 per The highest proportIOn of urban cent) of workers In the Cities and towns of the workers under secondary sector IS observed m State IS observed In the 'terltlary' sector. This KamaraJar dlstnct (51 60%) followed by Salem sector of activity consists of trade, commerce, dlstnct (4871%) Nllgm distnct has registered transport, storage, commu!1Ication and other the lowest ratIo of 13 19% of workers m the services The secondary sector, which Includes secondary sector m urban areas Female workers 'workers engaged In manufactunng, proceSSIng, In household mdustrIes are sizable in servlcmg and repairs beSides constructIOn of Tlrunelvell-Kattabomman distrIct with (13.26%) workers, covers 34 01% of all urban workers followed by KamaraJar (463%) The 'pnmary' sector WhICh relates to agrIcultural activities etc, naturally accounts low Bemg a metropolttan city and State for Just 14 35% of all the workers In the urban Head Quarters Madras distrIct has the highest areas ratIO 6836% of workers m TertIary sector It IS followed by Dindlgul-Anna dlstnct With 58 0 I % The NJigIn dlstnct has the highest Trade and Commerce workers form a high rartlO of workers In prImary activitIes (48 59%). percentage in Ramanathapuram district (3063%) The other dlstncts which have hIgher ratios In followed by Tiruvannamalai distrIct (27 25%), thiS primary sectors are South Areot (30 12%), Dharmapun distrIct (26 17%), ThanJavur distrIct ThanJavur( 23.94%) and Tirunelvell (2623%), Pudukkottal distrIct (2602%) and Kattabomman (23.91 %). Madras, the cIty Madras distrIct (25.68%) have recorded high dlstnct, where there is practically no cultIvable ratIO in trade and commerce.

112 MAP 54

IPersrr,~ ,,, ~C cc [! TAMIL NADU

N - f,lEGLIGIBLE

OF

BENGAL

Po I k Sf r 0, r

BOUNDARIES

STATE/UT

DISTRICT

SRI LANKA

N D A N o c E A N

Eest of Gr-e-eliwlch 77' 7B'

1I3 MAP 55

RURAL MALE AND FEMALE MAIN WORKERS CLASSIFIED BY INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES 1991

This map portrays districtwise ~3.18%), Thanjavur( 8292%), Tiruchirappalli male and female workers classified by (82.57%), and Nilgiri (81.61 %) The industrial categories in the rural areas as per Kannlyakumari dIstrict WIth 66 60% has the 1991 Census. The proportion of rural male lowest ratio of rural workers in primary and female workers m each of the mne actIvitIes industrial categories to the total rural main workers is shown by horizontal bars drawn on In secondary sector, TirunelvelI- either SIde for each dIstrict m a pyramId form Kattabomman dIstrict has the hIghest The three sectors, viz Pnmary (categories I to proportion of 20 88 % of workers m the rural IV), secondary (categones V and VI) and areas followed by COlmbatore 18.59%, and tertiary (categones VII to IX) are depicted by Kamarajar 18 44 %. The lowest percentage different hatchmg as shown m the of the legend under thIS sector IS recorded by South Arcot map. (3.85%) Under household mdustry TIrunelveh-Kattabomman has the highest Workers engaged In primary proportlOn of 14.74% of the workers (of which sector are predommant in rural areas At State 13.05 % represent female workers) Under the level 79 62% of the workers In rural areas are category other than household mdustnes, engaged in pnmary actiVIties whIle the workers Kamarajar dIstrIct with 15 50 %, has revealed in secondary and tertiary sectors constItute the maxImum ratIO and followed by COImbatore about 9.48% and 10.90% respectIVely. South district (13 18%) Arcot distnct with 88 07% has recorded the hIghest ratio of rural workers m primary In respect of tertiary sector of sectors. The other dlstncts WIth higher actIVItIes Kanniyakumari district with 20.31 % proportions are Pasumpon Muthuramalmga has recorded the highest. Chengalpattu-MGR Thevar (86.24 %), Dharmapun (86 20 %), WIth 13.53 %, Chidambaranar 13 22%, and Tiruvannamalai-Sambuvarayar (86.19%), North Arcot-Ambedkar WIth 13 08 are the other Ram an athapuram (84.17%), Madurai district representing higher ratio in the tertIary (84.17%), PudukkottaI (83 22%), Dmdlgul sector.

114 MAP 55

TAMIL NADU ~~*~~ ~ Ofillf ~ cm:t WlftuT ~ lfcf ~ RURAL MALE AND FEMALE MAIN WORKERS CLASSIFIED BY INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES 1991

PERCENTAGE '5 20 25

OF

, 35

INDU5TRIAl STRUCTURE"

~"~III

TERITIARY ""{TRAOE .. NO COMMERCE VHI TRANSPORT, SrOR"ME ~ C.Ot."MU'i'CIl. T'ClHS IIIX GTHIOR :'on,VICES III - 1'l:-Gi..JGlBt..E SRI E U - ENT !RElY 'd-RBA N Gu If of Monnar BOUNDARIES LANKA STATE/U T DISTRICT

KftOME:TRES 2010Q 2040

N o c E A N

115 MAP 56

MAIN WORKERS WITH EDUCATIONAL LEVEL 1991

This map shows the extent of Among the distncts, Madras malO workers under different educatIOnal levels dlstnct has the largest number of urban main In the rural and urban areas of the districts as workers In prImary and mIddle (371,859 per 1991 Census The data for total urban malO persons), MatnculatlOn ! Secondary / Higher worker~ and total rural main workers With their Secondary level (378,346 persons), and educatIOnal levels for each district are graduate ! degree and above level (198,680 compiled and 'processed Five slde- lappmg persons) This district has the largest number of bars proportionate to total urban main workers main workers (166,951 persons) as illiterates and rural mam workers for five groups of too. The ThanJavur district has the largest educational levels 10 each dlstncts are drawn number of rural mam workers In primary and and mdlcated 10 them by dlferent colours (1) middle level (459,550 persons) MatrIculation Pnmary and middle, (2) Matnculatlon ! / Secondary / HIgher Secondary level (152, I I3 Secondary / mtermedlate ! Pre university, Non­ persons ) and m graduate / degree and above techmcal diploma or certificate not equal to level With (23,414 persons). In Illiterate level, degree and technical diploma or certificate not South Areot district has the largest number of equal to degree, (3) Graduate degree and above mam workers WIth 1,028,235 persons in rural (4) LIterates (Without educatIOnal level) (5) areas IllIterates N llgm dlstnct has the lowest Mam workers who are lIterates number of rural mam workers in all the Without any educatIOnal level constitutes educational levels I e m pnmary and secondary 1,667,024 persons and 481,469 persons m rural level With 48,414 persons, m Matriculation I and urban areas respectively There are secondary i Higher secondary level with 22,497 4,430,967 mam workers in rural and 2,171,055 persons , m graduate I degree level with 4,080 main workers m urban areas attamed persons and in llhterates level with 62,138 educatIOnal level. The main workers 10 persons. The lowest number of urban main Matriculation / Secondary / Higher Secondary / workers in pnmary and secondary level IS Pre ulllversity level are 1,430,782 persons In found In Pudukkottai district (18591 persons). rural areas and 1,628,576 persons m urban The Ramanathapuram distnct has the lowest areas The mam workers In graduate/ degree number of matnculatlOn /secondary/hlgher level and above are 250,552 persons m rural secondary level WIth 16, J 40 persons and in and 629,747 persons In urban m the State as per graduate/degree level with 4,840 persons. 1991 Census at the State level, 8,798,378 Kanniyakumari dIstnct has the lowest number persons of rural malO workers and 1,310,516 of mam workers as illiterates with 8,509 persons of urban mam workers are illIterates. persons.

116 MAP 56 so·

TAMIL NADU ~~ «rr eli ~ ~ ~ m crrR MAIN WORKERS WITH EDUCATIONAL LEVELS 1991

10 'f. A

o .. r--:>A..("\...._ j....J to 87 f \ gG ~ ,., r·...N-6 cr. ~ ~ ~ 2 ,

~ " )' ~ 3 ~ 3 LI L'" .. L ~ i z, ?4 ~ 2 ~ r ' Ij i...._ ...... I

O~ 2 3 4 + ,/\ 2 3 TAMil NADU ~ ,j-.-l"_7__ ' _ '/~ ~ K ... r- j t \. . ~ F ~(.., . _... . "\.. . V' 1 y '" i 51' . .!-.'jr.r ' - ' - ' 4.~ , -?6' BAY < ~ \0 3 J ~3 ~"'_ N _. ~ ~ l e, 1 ·...... 2 '3 4 '5 L 0 2:i ( OF '", NILCIRI (" _; " .t.. ...) '" ,/ ..J' ~ . 'I J . .oJ" 1 2 3 4 '5 ~ / l.~ . _ · ",,! 0 3 4 SALEM i ),... . BENGAL I ~ N ~ERIYAR I D j 7 Y A (~ 5) ).,), _,'... ,. ..- ~y,1 G~ / / ,,' K ar aiko/ 1 I Pond icl\erry ) THANJAVUR ) Q I l a '~ II>-> '7 . '/"'1 ) 0 ____ _ L '-~ O! "' ___ N . N ,. r-___'(::::'=::~", '\ ('" \ > I 2 3 4 5 7 l. '-' J 2 , 4 5 ' " P"m", and M,ddl...... / I. " DlNDIGUL-ANNA ) r' 't J \ PUDUKKOTTAI ( , J 2, Motnculohon/Secondory, 4. ,.Jr. 5....- 1 - "'-~r' ~ \ ..; (/ - '\ t.I \ -., . V \. __ 'L.._ .) ;;>'''''_ . Higher Secondory/lnlermedlote/Pre-Untversll y \ 4--' _ l .- _r r · Non-Iechnll:al diploma or certificate (lot eQual to L /" l- .( P a I k Stra i t ~:';:~,::d T.chnlCal d,p'ama " eN"flea', no' '0"', )§:j" h:ADURAI r ~ ~J LF ) (~ , l'- :Z:\ 3 Gr aduate degree and above 9_ (/, goJ _ N a.2 . '> I I -. 3 "\ 4 . .., 5 4 . Literates (without educational level) ~ i I.~"""" A PASUMPON ~ · 5-. 5 111; •• ",., . 0 I 2j\.3', 4 5 J l' /~UTHURAMA L INCA) C. . . _" '-. ·"'11 2J '" r t- ' ~d"" (,0 ~YAR" ,I' 'jIJ " .. 2 ,r' '.1 (-. 0 I ~ N 3 4 5 g,] L' D BOUNDARIES: w .~ ''2,;''-- ~MARAJAR r~ ~J 7 7 ~ 4 1;RAMANATHAPURAM STATEIU. T, . .I ,"'\.~;_,...._,J ) I "' ...... J <- , •.. '" DISTRICT...... ~V 4 ~ Ll'~ : CHIDAMBARANAR ~~ ,) 1J .~ SRI '"JI £ Gu l f of Mannar o ~ \ 2 3 4 5 r LANKA ).... , TIRUNELVELI - '\, (.J ' KATTABOMMAN ( ~ \ ) ')1 ~, > ) KilOMETRES .'l~ l L 20 10 0 20 40 60 .l.."" ''\., I 2 3 4 5 KANNIYAKUMARI

s· N o A N o c E A N

Easl of Greenwicl'l

117 MAP 57

CULTIVATORS IN TOTAL WORKERS IN AGE 15-59 1991

This map portrays the cultIvators 10 cultivators (20 SO per cent), which is below the total workers in age 15-59, as per data of 1991 State average The lowest percentage (0 07 per Census. The percentage of cultIvators to total cent) has been recorded by the cIty dlstnct of main workers In age 15-59 for each dIstrict had Madras The hIlly dlstnct NIIgm has revealed a been calculated and grouped mto five broad low rate of 3 70 per cent As the workers in ranges as shown in the legend of the map SolId Plantations, Forestry and Orchards and allied yellow coloured bar for each dlstnct actIVItIes are not conSIdered as a part of proportIonate to absolute number of cultivators cultivators m Census, the percentage of In age 15-59 is drawn cultIvators In N!lglri distnct comes low. There are 4,928,555 persons as Similarly, Kanmyakuman dlstnct recorded only cultIvators m the State 10 the age group 15-59, (12 14 per cent) In th IS dlstnct large number of whIch constitutes nearly 23 83 per cent workers are engaged In fishmg and other allied Pudukkottai dlstnct with 47 86 per cent servIces recorded as the hIghest and It IS followed by Ramanathapuram dlstnct with 47 58 per cent These two dlstncts have revealed highest ratio of The largest number of cultivators IS found in cultivators among the dIstricts as also South Arcot dlstnct wIth 594707 persons Dharmapun(4578 per cent) and Pasumpon followed by Tlruchirappalh dlstnct (528670 Muthuramalmga Thevar (42 68%)dlstncts persons) The lowest number of cultivators IS found III N Ilgm dlstnct wIth 10012 persons It is sigificant to note that the well followed by Kanmyakurnan dtstrict (5136 known granary of TamIl Nadu, VIZ ThanJavur persons) dIstrict has recorded qUIte a low percentage of

118 MAP 57

7 9' SOO

14'

~ TAMil NADU 15 -59 ~ CPt .q ¥f CfiTlf m Cl'l'"ffi .q Cfi i!JI'1Cfi I ( CULTIVATORS IN TOTAL WORKERS IN AGE 15-59 ,.. 0 1991 ,. + '" SCALE OF BARS 13 o g 5 g 4

~

BAY

OF

BENGAL

il - Ii'

32.01 - 42.00

10° Polk Sirait 10 22.01 - 32,00 State Avefoge 23.83

12,01 - 22,00

12,00 & below

() BOUNOARIES:

ST ATE/U,T

DISTRICT. ... ~

SRI Gulf of Manna , LANKA

FIGURES GIVEN AT TOP OF BARS ARE CUL TlVATORS IN 15-59 AGE GROUP KILOMETRES 20 10 0 20 40 60

SO N o A N a c E A N

Eos t of Gr eenwich 7S'

119 MAP 58

CUL T1V ATORS IN RURAL POPULATION 1991.

ThIS map represents the (1604%), Dmdigul-Anna 1525%) and Periyar dlstnctwlse proportIon of rural cultIvators In (15 19%) dlstncts The lower proportIOns rural populatIOn In 1991 The percentages of observed m NIlglrI (1 54%) Kanmyakuman rural cultIvators to total rural populatIon are (433%) Chengalpattu-MGR (988%) dlstncts. calculated for each dlstnct These percentages have been grouped mto five ranges as shown In Among the dlstncts, South Arcot the legend of the map and dIstricts have been has the largest number of rural cultIvators WIth shaded by different grades from dark to lIght as 659133 persons followed by Tlruchlrappalh per hIgh to low order of values The total dIstrIct WIth 582052 persons The hIlly distrIct cultIvators are shown m proportIOnate cIrcles In N Ilgm has the lowest number of rural cultivators each dIstrIct The percentage of male and female With 5495 persons followed by KanmyakumarI cultIvators are shown wlthm the cIrcle In hght dlstnct WIth 57576 persons and dark green colour respectively There are 5,664,090 persons as There are 5,431,521 rural total cultivators IncludIng rural and urban cultIvators In age 15-59 as per 1991 Census cultivators m the State as per 1991 Census Of constitutIng 1477% of the total rural populatIOn which 4.215235 persons arc male cultIvators of 36,781,354 m the State as a whole Among and 1.448,855 persons are female cultivators the dlstncts, excludmg Madras dlstnct bemg The largest number of male cultivators (542,358 urban dlstnct, there are 10 dIstrIcts have the persons) are m South Arcot dIstrIct whereas the proportIOn above the State average. They are largest number of female cultivators are In Ramanathapuram (2407%), Pasumpon Tlruchlrappalh dlstnct (176,944 persofS) Muthuramalmga Thevar (22.44%), Dharmapun Baring Madras diStrIct, the lowest number of (22 38%), Pudukkottat (21 79%), Tlruchlrappalh male cultivators (8675 persons) and also female (19 16%), Tiruvannamalai-Sambuvarayar cultivators (2247 persons) are found In NllglrI (1889%), Salem (1625%) South Arcot dlstnct

120 MAP 58

TAMIL NADU lJTlftur \it "" fi (9i!OI1 # CflI!l\1 Cfll { CULTIVATORS IN RURAL POPULATION 1991 o

5664090 1:3'

TAMIL NADU {SCAL E REDUCED TO TWO AND HALf ,+ Ii

K

BA Y

OF

BENGAL

Percen tage of Cultivators in Ru rat Popul ation 1991

22.01 & above

10° • 18.01 - 22.00 Polk StraiT 10

14.01 - 18.00Stole IIwoge Uo n 14.77 a 10.01 - 14.00

10.00 & be low () mI FIGURES GIVEN A T TOP OF CIRCLES INDICA TE TO TAL CUL TJVA TORS WHILE PERCENTAGE FIGURES IN THE SECTORS INDICATE MALE AND FEMALE CUl T!VATORS. of Man n ar -" ~

BOU NDARIES,

STATE/U.T. SRI DISTRICT ... - - -350000 LANKA

E.U. - Entirely U,bOn

--- 50000 KILOMETRES 20 10 0 20 40 60

8' N o A N a c E A N

Eost of Greenw ich 78'

121 MAP 59

MALE AND FEMALE CULTIVATORS 1991.

This map explains the districtwlSe proportions are Ramanathapuram (46.95%), proportion of male and female cultivators in age Thiruvannamalai-Sambuvarayar (4481%) and to total male and female mam workers in age 15- Pasumpon Muthutamalinga Thevar (43.74%). 59 according to 1991 Census. Percentage of male The lowest proportIOn of male cultivators found in cultivators to male main workers and female Madras distnct (007%) bemg it 1S wholly urban. cultivators to female main workers in age 15-59 The other dlstncts showing lower proportions of are calculated and these percentages have been cultIvators are Chengalpattu-MGR (1.60%), grouped into suitable ranges as shown in the Nilgiri (4.53%) and Coimbatore (10.81 %) legend of the map. Then percentages of male cultivators have been shown by flat colour shades in the back ground and that of female cultivators In the State as a whole, there are by choropleth method in black at dlstnct level 1,311,749 female cultivators in age 15-59 from dark to 11ght as per the high to low order of const1tutmg 20 78% of the total female main percentage values. Total number of male workers mage 15-59 The hIghest proportIOn of cultivators and female cultivators mage 15-59 for female cult1vators among the total female mam each district are also depicted by solid red and workers is found m Ramanathapuram district green colour vertical bars respectively (48 92%) The other dlstncts recorded highest proportion are Pudukkottm (41 86%) Pasumpon In the State as a whole, there are Muthuramahnga Thevar (40.49%) and 3,616,806 male cultivators mage 15-59 Dharmapun (37.19%) The lowest proportion of constItuting 25.18% of the total male main female cultivators are found in Madras distnct workers in age 15-59 The highest proportion of (002%) The other districts recorded lower male cultivators among the total male main proportion are Nilgiri (2.19%), Kanmyakuman workers IS found m Pudukkottal district wIth (4.81%), Coimbatore (11 20%) and Chengalpattu 50 45% followed by Dharmapuri district -MGR (1263%) (50 14%). The other districts showing higher

122 MAP 59 so·

TAMIL NADU

tpilf ~ "fit 'fir ~ (1 'fir ~ MALE AND FEMALE CU LTIVATORS 1991 o

13° ~ a .- a a a a .. a ~ ~ en ~ a r- ~ " ~ iii ~ >- ~ ~ u I TAMIL NADU +

BAY

OF

BEN G AL

Ii N - Negligible

FJG UR~S Gl V~N A T TOP OF BA RS ARE IIA LE AND F,"'AL , CULTIVATORS

,.l Per centage of Cultivators to t otal Main Worker s

34.01 8. ab ove

26.01 - 34.00 Pol k Str a it D 18.01 - 26.00 State Av er age 25.18 D to.OI - 18.00 D 10.00 ~ be low o

33.01 8. above ... ~ ~" ' " ~ 9° 24.01 - 33.00 _. G u I f of Ma n nor 15.01 - 24.00 Stale Avero ge w SRI 20.78 .)

o ".) '". ~ 15 <{ 6.00 ~ below . ::;;; c w KILOMETRES "I 20 '0 0 20 40 60 r; I SCALE OF BARS s· N o A N 0 C E A N

Eost of Gree nwich 77° 7S' 79'

123 MAP 60

AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS IN TOTAL AGRICULTURAL WORKERS 1991

0 The map depIcts districtwlse VarIatIOn Dmdlgul- Anna (62 85°10), KamaraJar (6281 /0), in the proportion of agricultural labourers to total North Arcot-Ambedkar (58 50%), and Penyar agncultural workers In the age-group 15-59 (62 14%) The Tlrunelvell-Kattabomman dlstnct during 1991. (58 15%) has recorded closer to the State average The other dlstncts recorded lower Percentages of agncultural labourers to proportIOns are Ramanathapuram (30.68%) total agricultural workers (cultivators and Pudukkottat (3472%), Pasumpon agricultural labourers) in the age 15-59 arc Muthuramahnga Thcvar (39 81 %) and calculated for each dlstnct of the State. These Dharmapun (41 99%) percentages have been grouped mto 6 ranges as shown in the legend of the map and the dlstnct The South Arcot dlstnct has the lowest have been shaded by different grades of hatchmg number of agrIcultural workers WIth 1,553,930 from dark to light as per high to low order of persons Other dlstncts which have a large percentage value Distnctwlse total number of number of agrIcultural workers are agncultural labourers IS also shown by brown Tlruchlrappalh (l ,249,50 I), ThanJavur colour bars. (1,211,539) and Salem (l,083,556) Bartog Madras diStrIct, the lowest number of In the State as a whole, there are agncultural workers has been recorded in 7,896,295 agricultural labourers In the age 15-59 Nllgm dlstnct with 35,914 persons followed by accountIng for 5823% of total agricultural KaomyakumarI dIstrIct (238,977) workers In the age 15-59. Among the districts the proportion varies from 18.39% to 74.24%. These lowest and highest percentages of As regards agncultural labourers, South agricultural labourers have been recorded In Arcot dlstnct has the largest number of 878,386 Madras and Kaknnlyakuman dlstncts pesrsons The other dlstncts havmg a large respectively The dlstncts having these number of agncultural labourers are Thanjavur proportions above the State average are Madurat (833,986), Tlruchirappalli (648,518), Madural (71.81%), Coimbatore (7106%), Nilgin69.59%, (636,323), and Salem (618,515) The Thanjavur (68.84%), Chengalpattu- agncultural labourers are very less In Nllgin MGR(67.55%), Chldambaranar (63.92%), (24,992) and Ramanthapuram (97,308) dlstncts

124 MAP 60

77' 78' 79' SO' 14"

.z.. TAMIL NADU ~~~.q~~ AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS IN TOTAL ,. 0 AGRICULTURAL WORKERS 1991 ,. '"

SCALE OF BARS r ·...N·f: ,.. t : 0 4 o " 3 ~ o0 ~ 2 i ~ ;:. r : . . .~I" \,....._ ...... DHARMAPURI .. 41.99 ..

BAY

OF

BENGAL

N - NEGLIGIBLE

Percentage 01 Agricultural labourers Toiol Agricultur.;:J1 workers in age 15-59

70.01 8. Polk Slrait 65.01 70.00

1160.01 65.00

~ 55.01 - 60.00 o 50.01 55.00

50.00 8. below o ... ~

FIGURES GIVEN AT TOP OF BARS INDICATE AGRIGVL ruRAL LABOURERS IN AGE 15·59 SRI Gulf of Mannor BOUNDARIES: LAN K A STATEfU.T.

DISTRICT ...

KIL'OMETRES 20 10 0 20 40 GO

e' N o A N o c E A N

77' 7S'

125 MAP 61

MAIN WORKERS IN MANUFACTRUING, PROCESSING, SERVICING AND REPAIRS 1991.

This map explains the proportIon of The Coimbatore district has the largest main workers engaged m manufacturmg, number of mam workers in manufactring, processmg, servlcmg and repairs to total main processmg, servicing and repaIrs with 413,270 workers In the State in 1991 The distnctwIse persons. The other districts having large number figures of the same have been calculated and of this workers are Salem (344,008 persons), grouped in to 6 categories as shown In the legend Chengalpattu-MGR (308,361 persons) and of the map The figures III the top of the circles Madras (283,559 persons). The lowest number indIcate the main workers engaged in of main workers in this category is recorded at manufacturing, processIng, servIcing and repaIrs Nilgiri district (18,098 persons) followed by of the concerned dlstncts Dlstncts with Ramanathapuram (27,953 persons). percentage of main workers in manufacturing, processing, serviCIng and repairs other than There are 2,395,087 main workers household industry are shaded by red colour. engaged in manufacturing, processing, servicing and repairs in other than household industry, in There are 3,198,043 mam workers the State as a whole as per 1991 Census. This engaged in manufacturing, processing, servIcing works out to 10.51 per cent to the total main and repairs in the State as per 1991 Census workers of the State. Coimbatore (23.65%), which constitutes 14.03% to the total mam Madras (2355%) and Karnarajar ( 23.41%) workers In the State. Among the districts, dIstricts have a very high ratIO of workers of this Kamarajar has registered the hIghest percentage kind compared to other districts in the State. A of main workers in manufacturing, processing, very low percentage of this workers in servicmg and repairs WIth 27.16% followed by manufactunng,processing, servicing and repairs Coimbatore dIstrict (26.63) and Madras district in other than household industry are found in (24.20%). The lowest percentage is registered In Thiruvannamalal Sambuvarayar dIstrict (3.03%) South Arcot distrIct WIth 4.53%. The other South Areot (3.06%), Ramanathapura (3.40%), districts with low percentages are Dharmapuri Dharmapuri (4.14%) and Thanjavur (4.34%) (5.09%), Ramanathapuram (6.16%) and Nilgiri districts (6.44%).

126 MAP 61

TAMIL NADU fCfr""l'lTul , ~, ~fclffi'l artr ~ eli tfi1l{ .q R1T ~?fil1fmqrc;f MAIN WORKERS IN MANUFACTURING, PROCESSING, SERVICING AND REPAIRS 1991

3198043 . r·c . ... . (":~ ...... ,.. j-: .:.:.:.: l-J : .: .: .: .: . : '~4 ~3; . : . : . : . : j-: ':-:':-:- ' ...... r/ ::::: :: ::::: ...... :...... •...•. DHARMA PURl .•...• • ... .

TAMIL NADU !SCAL.E' 1/2 OF THE DISTRICTS)

Pondicherry K

BAY

OF

BENGA L

.l Percentage of Main workers in Manufacturing. Processing. Servicing and Repairs to T otat Main workers

g22218.

P o lk S trait ~ 18.21 - 22.20

~ 14.21 - 18.20

[I[[I] 10 .21 1420

o 6 .21 - 10.20 o o 6 .20 8. below

FIGURES A T THE TOP OF THE CIRCL ES INDICA TE TO TAL MA IN WORKERS IN MANUFAC TURING, PROCESSING, SERVICING AND REPAIRS. DISTRICTs WITH PERCENTAGE OF FACTORY WORKERS AS IO~ AND MORE ARE SHADED BY REO COLOUR. SRI G ul f o f Man n o r BOUNDARIES: LANKA STA TE/U.T. MAIN WORKERS IN MANUF ACT URING. PROCESSING. SERVICI NG AND REPAIRS 1991 DISTRICT - - - - - ~oo 000 --200000

KILOMETRES -- 100 000 20 10 0 20 40 GO - 50 000 -- 25000

N D A N o c E A N

127 MAP 62

MAIN WORKERS IN CONSTRUCTION, TRANSPORT, STORAGE AND COMMUNICATION 1991.

The map shows the absolute number found in Ramanathapuram (12,042) followed by and proportion of mam workers engaged in PudukkottaJ (13,259) and Nilgin (14,325). constructIOn, transport, storage and commUnIcatIOn to total maIO workers 10 each The highest proportion of main dlstnct of the State Dlstrictwlse number of workers engaged 10 constructIon, transport, malO workers engaged In constructions, storage and communicatIOn IS found In Madras transport, storage and communicatlOns are dIstrict (17.13%) The second highest percentage represented by solJd circles of red colour while of mam workers m these activities IS recorded m the percentages of main workers engaged In Kannlyakuman dlstnct (7.96 %) The other constructlOns, transport, storage and dlstncts haVing hIgher prooportlOns are commUnicatIOn are grouped mto 5 ranges as Chengalpattu-MGR (770%), COlmbatore shown In the legend of the map and the dIstricts (732%), Chldambaranar (607%), North Arcot­ are shaded accordingly. Ambedker (566%), Madural (5 37%) and Penyar (5 29%) The lowest percentage of mam workers engaged In constructIOn, transport, storage etc., to There are 22,799,066 main worker5 In total mam workers IS recorded in the State of wh Ich 1,193,651 main workers are Thlruvannamalal -Sambuvarayar di~trict With engaged in construction, transport, storage and 227% The other distrIcts which regIster low commUnicatIOn In terms of proportIon, It percentages are South Arcot (2 55%). Pudukkottal accounts for 5 24% of the total maIO workers In (257%), Ramanathapuram (265%), Dharmapun the State. Among the dlstncts, the largest (2 74%). Dmdlgul-Anna (3 12° 0), Tlrunelveh­ number of workers engaged In these activities Kattabomman (3 27%), ThanJavur (3 64°1'0), are found In Madras 91stnct (200,709) followed Pasumpon Muthuramalmga Thevar (3 69%), by Chengalpattu-MGR dlstnct (130,294) and Kamarapr (383%), TlruchlrappallJ (407%) Coimbatore district (113,682) The lowest NIlgm (5 10%), Salem (5 13%) and number of workers In these actlvltle are Penyar (5 29%) dlstncts

128 MAP 62

TAMIL NADU ~, qrh.1~"", 'lOjij:Sl~ijl 31tr ~

1193651

TAMILNADU ( SCAlf REDUCE D TO 112 SIZ E OF THE OISTRI CTS)

K

BAY

oF'

BENGAL

Percentage of Main Worke rs in Cons true tions, Transport , Storage and Communica tions

6,51 & above Polk Strait

.5,26-6.50

~4 . 01-5.25 State Averoge 5.24

t;":;-:;J 2.76-4.00 () w D 2.75 & below

FIGURES GIVEN A T TOP OF CIRCLE S ARE MAIN WORKERS IN CONSTRUCTlONS,TRANSPORT, Gu l f of Manna r STORAGE AND COMMUNIC A1r ONS

BOUNDARIES: MAIN WORKERS iN CONSTRUCTIONS, SRI STATE/U.T , . TRANSPORT, STOR'tlGE AND COMMUNJCA nONS DISTRICT, LANKA

--100000 _ . 75000 50000 KILOMETRES _ 25000 20 10 0 20 40 60

N o A N o c A N

129 MAP 63

MAIN WORKERS IN TRADE AND COMMERCE 1991.

This map shows the percentage of main prominant commercial city in the Southern workers engaged in 'Trade and Commerce' to region. Cormbatore and Chidambaranar with total main workers at district level as per 1991 10.87 per cent and 10.44 per cent occupy third Census. The percentage figures for each district and fouth places respectively Beisdes these four has been calculated and grouped into five ranges districts, Chengalpattu-MGR dIstrict (8.90%) and the districts falling under each range have registered the percentage of persons engaged in been hatched choropleth method as shown in the trade and commerce above the State average legend. The other distncts fall m the There are 1,979,729 persons percentage range of 8.26 - 9.25 mclude engaged in trade and commerce throughout the Kanniyakuman (832%), KamaraJar (844%), State which constitutes 8.68 per cent of the total Ramanathapuram (8.47%) and Thanjavur workers. Madras CIty the premier commercial (8.57%). The dIstncts fall in the range of 7.26 - city of the southern region reveals the highest 8.25 are Tirunelveli-Kattabomman (8.15%) percentage of workers in trade and commerce North Arcot-Ambedkar (8 12%), Periyar (25.68%) having total number of persons (7.83%), Dindigul-Anna (7.52%) and engaged m Trade and Commerce as 300,928. Tiruchirappalli (7.51 %) Commanding the facility of a bIg harbour, railway terminals and good transportable reads The districts fall in the range of 6.26 branching in all dIrections , mdustriaiised - 7 25 include Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Madras with its galore of big and small bazzars, Thevar (7.00%), Salem (679%) and Pudukkottal repute with wholesale and retml merchants in (6.77%). The lowest category of workers In every commodity has a hIgh percentage of trade and commerce that is, 6 25 and below traders among workers Madural dIstnct shows comprises Nilgin (5.97%) Dharmapun (4 73%), the second highest percentage of traders among South Arcot (4.42%) and Tiruvannamalm workers (11.27%) Madurai city IS also aver Sambuvarayar (4.11 %) districts.

130 MAP 63

79" so· 14

TAMIL NADU ~ am- ~ ct ~ II Ff1l ~ ~ m crrFt " MAIN WORKERS IN TRADE AND COMMERCE 1991 o

TAMIL NADU + . '. , ...... :'-;dL>/ ... ' ... ' . ' .' ...~ ~~:,~~J...ii ~ .. • )~-j .. . K ·0·· . \...... ~.'\ 'i"~.r.. : '~-i 85' '. . . BAY :: ==~_ o-=-"""j=~=r__ _ _ - _ •••• • • .~'" 4A2.· '"'",. . ·•. ·· . ------~·~~ .: ::O ::::·: - - - OF " NILGIRI --- -- , .J ' 5.97 ,~: BENGAL I Ii Karaikal ( Pondlchefryl

Percentage of Main Workers in Trade and Commerce to Totol Ma in Workers.

9.26 8. above Po/II Strait 10

.8.26 - 9.25

~ 7 .26 - 8.25

D 6.26 - 7.25 () D 6.25 8. below

FIGURES GlYEN A 1 TOP OF CIRCLES ARE ... ~ M.AJN WORKERS IN TRADE ANO COMMERCE '.:~ ~

G II I f of M 0 n nor BOUNDARIES :

STIITt/U.T. MAIN WORKERS IN TRADE AND COMMERCE SRI OIST"RICT ... == :,'::°::0 LANKA -- - 50000

- -. 25 000 - -- 15000 KILOMETRES 20 10 0 20 40 60

e' N o A N o c E A N

E.ast of GreenwiCh 77" 7S"

131

IV SOCIO - CULTURAL ASPECTS MAP 64

SCHEDULED CASTES 1991

This map depicts the percentage of scheduled Kattabomman dlstncts The highest proportion caste populatIOn to total population for all the of scheduled caste has been observed In Valparat taluks In the State as per 1991 Census. The taluk (5582%) m COlmbatore district followed percentage of scheduled caste population to total by Cheyar taluk (4549 %) m Chengalpattu­ population have been calculated for each MGR distnct. The lowest proportion of taluk and the figures thus obtained have been scheduled castes has been recorded m grouped mto 6 ranges as shown in the legend of Yllavankod taluk (3 22%) m Kanntyakuman the map The taluks have been shaded accordmg dlstnct followed by Rameswaram taluk (3 48%) to their range values. Talukwlse absolute m Ramanathapuram dlstnct number of scheduled caste populatIOn is also shown by red circles. The highest scheduled caste population IS found in Saidapet taluk (228,579 persons) of There are 10,712,266 scheduled caste Chengalpattu-MGR distnct followed by population in the State accounting for 19 18 per Kallakuruchi taluk (188,775 persons) of South cent of the total populatIOn of the State. The Areot dlstnct The lowest scheduled easte proportion of scheduled caste popUlation is high popUlation is found in Rameswaram Ta1uk (1969 In Chenglepattu-MGR, South Areot, ThanJavur persons) followed by Yercaud taluk (4769) of and Nilgin districts. It IS low in Kanniyakuman, Salem district and Sahakulam taluk (7362 Dharmapuri, Pudukkottai and Tirunelveh - persons) of Chidambaram district

134 MAP 64

BO' 14'

TAMIL NADU al1f[fi411 ~ SCHEDULED CASTES 1991

SCH EDULED CAS TES ~ 100001 8. above 1-

75001 - 100000 •e 50001 - 75000 25001 - 50000

25000 8. below •• + ~ K

B A Y

OF

BENGA L

,.l Percentage of Scheduted Ca stes to the total population

30.01 8. above

n 25OI - 30.00 10 Po l k Stra i t 20.01 - 25.00

.15.01 - 20.00

DIOOI - 15.00

() t=:==:=:::j 10.008. below

... ~ .; .... "V BOUNDARIES' STATE/U.T. l:' DISTRICT... SRI TALUK . G u lf o f Man n a r LANKA

KILOMETRES 20 to 0 20 40 60

B· N o A N o c E A N

East of Gr eenwich 77· 7S'

135 MAP 65

GROWTH OF SCHEDULED CASTES 1981 -91

Thls map portrays the decadal i.e., 21.51-23.75 includes Madurai (22.46%) variatIOn of Scheduled Castes during the last and Thiruvannamalai-sambyuvarayar district decade 1981 - 1991 The percentage variation (21.86%). The fourth range of increase for all the 21 districts between 198 I and 1991 i.e.,19.26-21.50 includes the State average of are presented in the map m six broad ranges. 20.62% and covers South Areot district (21.25%), North Arcot-Ambedkar (21.09%) and During the decade 1981 -1991, the Dindigul-Anna (20.31 %) districts. Scheduled Castes population has increased by 2tl.62 per cent, WhICh amounts to increase of The fifth group of increase of 1,830,971 persons over the eXIsting 1981 Scheduled Castes during 1981-1991 covers six Scheduled Castes population of 8,881,295 districts. They are mostly distributed in the persons in the State. This shows that by 1991 Southern part of the State. They are Pasumpon the total Scheduled Castes population was Muthuramalinga Thevar (17.51%), 10.712,266 in the State as a whole. It is found Ramanathapuram (17.16%), Coimbatore that the highest decadal increase of scheduled (15.78%), Tirunelveli- Kattabornman (18.59%), caste population is recorded in Nilgiri district Periyar (17.62%) and Tiruchirappalli (17.74%) with 47.82 per cent. High decadal increase is districts. also observed in Chengalpattu-M.G.R (27.50 per cent) The lowest increase of Scheduled Castes in 1981-1991 is observed in The second highest increase of Coimbatore district (15.78%). The lowest range Scheduled Castes in the range of 23.76-26.00 is of 17.00 and below covers Thanjavur (16 13%), in Dharmapuri district (25.57%) and Kamarajar Pudukkottal (16.43%) and Salem (16.15%) district (24.04%) The next range of increase distrIcts

136 MAP 65

1e' 79"

1,(

~ TAMIL NADU ~~-q~ 0 GROWTH OF SCHEDULED CASTES 1981-91 ,.

f' ,.

13 A

BAY

OF

BENGAL

Percen10ge l'(lfl{]tIQ!1 of Sch-eduled C\3$tes. d({rlll(j 1981 ond 1991

~ 26 ul & "bO~e

.2376 - 2600

.2151 - 2375

.1926 - 2150 Sto1e AlJerQge 2062 ~ 1701 - 1925

D 17 00 ~ below BOUNDARIES STAiE/U r

DISTRICT

SRI Gu If of Manno, LANKA

"':'ll'OMETRES

s· N 0

76° E-asi of Greenwich MAP 66

SCHEDULED TRIBES 1991

The proportIOn of Scheduled Tribes to total or less contiguous belt In North, Central and Western population for each taluk of the State as on 1991 part of the State. Census IS depicted in the map. With reference to this There are 14 taluks recorded between 1.41 ratio., all the 167 taluks as also Madras City have and 1.80 per cent of Scheduled Tribes These taluks been classified under six broad ranges and are spread over 10 districts of which Chengalpattu-MGR shaded by chloropleth method as shown in the distnct have 3 taluks while North Arcot-Ambedkar legend of the map. Red circles in five SIzes have and Coimbatore have two taluks each. Eleven taluks also been drawn signify broadly the extent of are observed to be in the range of 1 01-1.40 per cent, Scheduled Tribe population ill each taluk. in which the State average of 1.03 per cent lIes.

There are 574,194 Scheduled Tribes 10 The remaIning 118 taluks come under the Tamil Nadu and they constitute a small ratIO of I 03 last three lower percentage ranges Out of which per cent of the total populatIOn of 55.86 millIon as there are 14 taluks under the range of 0.61 - I 00 per per the 1991 Census. The highest ratio of Scheduled cent and 53 taluks Including the city dIstrict of Tribes to its total populatIOn is found III the hilly Madras fall III the range of 0.21-0.60 per cent. The taluk of Yercaud of Salem district All the other lowest range 0.20 and below cover 51 taluks. taluks as also Madras City have low percentage of Scheduled Tribe population of less than 8 50 per The red Circles shows that Artur taluk of cent Of the nine taluks falling in the range of 5-10 Salem district has recorded the hIghest number of per cent Scheduled Tnbes, Attur, Raslpuram and Scheduled Tribes (38,0 16) in the State This Namakkal are in Salem district, Polur and Chengam followed by Kallakurichl taluk (32,566) of South taluks in Tiruvannamalai-Sambuvarayar district and Arcot district Harur taluk (26,567) of Dharmapun Gudalur and Kotagiri taluks in Ntlgm district and district and Polur (24,022) and Chengam (22,025) .Harur) taluk in Dharmapuri dIstrict. Twenty four taluks of Tiruvannamalai-Sambuvarayar district taluks spread over 10 distncts fall in the range of show larger number of Scheduled Tribes m the 1.81 per cent and above. All these taluks form more State.

138 MAP 66

80'

TAMIL NADU 31iW-act Ji'1\i1lf(14 i SCHEDULED TRIBES 1991 o

MADRAS , r3 SCHEDULED TRI BE S 13 "- 10001 & ab ove ,.

5 001 - 10000 •e 100 1 - 5 0 0 0 5 01 - 10 0 0 • 500 8. bel ow + 12 • \».

BAY

OF

BENGAL

PercenlQg. of Scheduled 10 lhe 10101 popula lion II 1.81 8. above IAI - 1.8 0 10' Polk Stra i t .1. 01 - lAO Slole Average 1.03 ffiIIII] 0.61 - 1.00

00.21 -0 .60

[] 0.20 8. below

BOUNDARIES:

STATE /U .T. DISTRICT ... SRI TALUK Gulf of Mannor LANKA

KILOMETRES 20 10 0 20 40 GO

8' N o A N o c £ A N

77' 78' 79'

139 MAP 67

GROWTH OF SCHEDULED TRIBES 1981 -91

The map shows the inter-censal changes 1981 - 91. The percentage growth of total among the scheduled tribe population between population has been calculated as

Scheduled Tribe Population of '91 - Scheduled Tribe Population of '81 X 100

Scheduled Tribe Population of '81

If the percentage of variation is in Kanniyakumari districts (-1785%) There were negative form it is categorised as 'Loss'. These 520,226 persons as Scheduled Tribes in 1981 -percentage of growth have been calculated for which had been Increased to 574, [94 In each district and grouped into 6 categories and 1991 Census In the State as a whole. these districtrs are shaded accordingly as per the legend of the map. During 1981 the Salem distrIct had the largest number of scheduled Tribe In the State as a whole, the popUlation with 122,444 persons among the percentage of growth of scheduled trIbe distrIcts. This number has been increased to population is 10.37% between 1981 and [991. 136,126 In 1991 Census The Pudukkottai The highest growth of scheduled TrIbe district had the lowest number of Scheduled populatIon is observed in Ramanathapuram Tribe populatIOn With 1,5[6 persons In [98[ district with 125.90 The next district which Census and 769 persons in 1991 Census. reported growth is Dindigul-Anna With 68 99% whereas Dharmapun distrIct and South Arcot The other distrIcts to be noted are district registered only 3.49% and 787% Chengalpattu-MGR district whose Scheduled respectively Tribe population in 1981 was 46,050 persons which had been Increased to 57,872 persons m There are 6 distrIcts registered 1991 Census With Increase of I 1,822 persons negative growth of Scheduled Tribe populatIOn. Tiruchlrappal1i distrIct whose Scheduled Tnbe They are Pudukkottai (-4927),Chidambaranar population was 48,294 persons in 1981 had (-4405%), Tiruchirappaill (-41 40%) been reduced to 28,302 persons KamaraJar (-3076%), Pasumpon With a decrease of 19,992 persons Muthuramalinga Thevar (-26 10%) and

140 MAP 67 so' 14'

TAMIL NADU ~ "'I '1 ,.11 fl'1 <41 if ~ GROWTH OF SCHEDULED TRIBES 1981-91 o

13 A

K

BAY

OF

BENGAL

It -

Percentage VarliJt1Qn of Scheduled Tribe Population GA~N .) 6001 8. obove

.4001 6000

~2001 4000 "" 10' Poll< Strait

001 - 2000 State AverolJe 1037 "- lOSS - •0 001 - 2000 2000 8. obove <) 0 W

,; ".'~

eotJNDARIES _. STATEIU T SRI DISTRICT Gulf of Manna, LANKA

KILOMETRES 20 10 0 2:0 40 60

s" N D A N o c A N

EelS' of Greenwich

141 MAP 68

LITERACY OF SCHEDULED CASTES 1991

This map shows the literacy of which provide excellent attraction to educate Scheduled Castes as per 1991 Census. The the Scheduled Castes people from outSide. percentage of litterates to total Schedules castes Besides, the government offices, business for each district has been calculated. Children houses and industrial establishments dragged a upto 6 years have been excluded from the total large number of people from other places. The population while working out the percentage Nilgiri district (63.97 Per cent) recorded the literacy of the Scheduled Castes, 1991. Solid second and the Chidambaranar district (5728 red coloured vertical bars proportionate to total per cent) recorded the third district III hteracy scheduled casters literates in each district are rate among Scheduled Castes. North Arcot­ drawn. Districtwise percentage of literates to Ambedkar (56.28 per cent) and Chengalpattu­ total Scheduled Caste population are grouped MGR (51 85 per cent) dIstricts also have into 5 broad ranges. Different shades of recorded a high literacy of Scheduled Castes. hatchings are given as per legend of the map. The COImbatore(38 05%), Perlyar (31.28%),Dharmapuri (39.24%), South Arcot The ratio of the scheduled caste literates (37.49%) districts recorded a low literacy rate to total Scheduled Caste populatIOn in the State among Scheduled Castes population. is 48.62 per cent. Eight out of 21 districts of the State have recorded higher literacy of the The highest number of literates of Scheduled Castes. The literacy rate of Scheduled Castes is recorded III the Scheduled Castes vary considerably from a Chengalpattu-MGR district (521,659 persons) high of77.33 per cent in Kanniyakumari district followed by ThauJavur (439,297 persons) and to a low of 31.28 per cent in the Periyar South Areot distnct (410056 persons) The district. The city district Madras has a high lowest number of literates recorded m the literacy rate of 67.57% among Scheduled Kanmyakuman dIstrict ( 51844 persons) Castes population. The high literacy rate in followed by Ramanathapuram (79,897 persons) Madras city is quite understandable, since it has dIstricts got a large number of educational institutions,

142 MAP 68

;-__7r6 '______7r7_0 ______~ 7;8~' ------______7~ 9~'------__ ~8~~------__, 14'

TAMIL NADU 3fiWilcl ~ -.t "ffiarrffi LITERACY OF SCHEDULED CASTES 1991

.­ Q ~ ' ?I\..r~ \... c ////// . f ////// r/"!"/ / / / / / / ,.. ( ///////////// ; / / / / / / 112276/ / / / "r' / / / / / ////////1 '"///// / / / J/ / / / / / / ' / / / / / / / ~ .// / / / / / / ' / / / / / / .' ("I' / / / / / / DHARMAP,!Ay / / / / / ""._ ...... / / / / )3:.2 ~l / / / / / / / //////// //////////1'/1' ' /1'/1'/1'// ///////

/I'/ / Q~~< .<;.~ /' / /, "'.J\) i) 'i:) ,,-. PondlCherry ~ ~ /a ~~: / / // ~ 1 / // / / ( /1' / / / BAY //////// //.1// \ / I' / / / SOUTH ARCOT / / ,:, 49) / ,I' ,oW \ / / . / / OF

BENGAL

Percentoge of Literotes to total Scheduled Coste population 199 t Polk Strait ~ 57.51 & above

.51.51 - 57.50

~ 4 5.51 - 51.50 Stote Average 48.62 D ~ 39 . 51 - 45.50

(ill.39 .50 ~ below

G u I f of Man nor BOUNDARIES : SRI STATE/U.T. SCALE OF BAR S DISTRICT.. '''1 LANKA FIGURES GIvEN AT TOP OF BARS INDICATE LITERATES IN SCHEDul£D CASTES ?lOl Q 100

KILOMETRES 20 10 0 20 40 60 10

e' N o A N o c £ A N

77' 78' 79'

143 MAP 69

LITERACY OF SCHEDULED TRIBES 1991

ThIS map depIcts the lIrteracy of This IS followed by Madurai district which Scheduled TrIbes, 1991 The percentage of recorded 52 97 per cent of Scheduled Tribes lIterates to total Scheduled Tribes has been lIteracy rate. Pudukkottai (52.29 per cent), calculated for all the dIstricts of TamIl Nadu TirunelvellI-Kattabomman (50.15 per cent) are ChIldren upto 6 years and below have been the other dIstricts whIch recorded high literacy excluded from the total populatIOn while rate above the State average. Tiruchirappalli workIng out the percentage of lIterates m (41 02 per cent, Chidamnaranar, (40.38 Scheduled Tribes percent), Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Thevar (39 98 percent). Dmdlgul-Anna,(38.10 per cent) Distnctwlse percentages of lIterates and KamaraJar (38 92 per cent), are the other have been calculated and grouped mto 5 broad dIstricts which recorded literacy of Scheduled ranges DIfferent shades of hatchIngs are given TrIbes above the State average. as per legend of the map. Red coloured vertical bars are drawn proportIOnate to total Scheduled The lowest literacy rate of scheduled Tribe literates In each dlstnct. TrIbes IS recorded in the South Arcot district (16.84 per cent). Tlruvannamal3l-Sambuvarayar The ratio of scheduled Tribe literates to (18.85 per cent), Chengalpattu-MGR (23.04 total scheduled Tribe populatIon m the State per cent). Dharmapuri (24.55 percent), North works to 3646 per cent. Eleven of 21 dlstncts Arcot-Ambedkar (2461 per cent) and of the State have recorded higher lIteracy of COimbatore (24.71 per cent) are the other Scheduled TrIbes The lIteracy rate of dIstricts recorded low literacy rate of Scheduled Tribes vary consIderably from a Scheduled Tribes Dharmapuri districts which hIgh of 63.30 per cent In the city dlstnct of recorded lowest as the backward district of the Madras to a low of 16.84 per cent in South State Arcot district The hIgh lIteracy rate In the capital cIty of Madras is qUIte understandable From the red solid bars it is observed smce It has got a large number of educational that large number of Scheduled Tribes literates institutions which provIde excellent attractIOn is recorded in Salem distrIct (32.413). This is to educate the scheduled Tribe people from followed by Chengalpattu-MGR (11,047), other areas. BeSIdes the government offices, North Arcot-Ambedkar (10,065) and busmess houses and industrial establIshments Dharmapuri (9,754) Ramanathapuram district dragged large number of people from other (330) recorded the lowest number of literates places The southern most Kanniyakumari among Scheduled Tribes followed by district reveal charactenstlcs similar to that of Pudukkottai (342), and Pasumpon Kerala and has recorded the second highest Muthuramalinga Thevar (397) districts. Scheduled TrIbes literacy rate of 54.81 per cent.

144 ~ MA P 69

76' 80'

TAMIL NADU

::il1Wil<"lf, \'I1 .... JfU14jft \"~ ~ ~ LITERACY OF SCHEDULED TRIBES 1991 o

K

BAY

OF

BENGA L

Karaikal ( Pondicherry)

52.51 g above Polk Strait

.43.51 - 52.50

~ 34.51 - 43.50

G 25.51 - 34.50

I: : . : : : : :1 "5 50 g belo w

BOUNDARIES,

STATE/U.T. G U I f of Man n a r DISTFlICT.. . SRI rlGURES GIVEN AT TOP OF BARS INDICA TE LITERATES AMONG SCHEDlJLE:'O TRIBE POPULATION. LANKA

KILOMETRES 201002040 60

SCALE. OF BARS N o A N o c E A N

Eost of Greenwich 77' 78'

145 MAP 70

MAIN WORKERS, MARGINAL WORKERS, AND NON-WORKERS IN SCHEDULED CASTES 1991

fhe map depicts the main workers, thiS category Out of total non-workers females lllarglf1011 workers O1nd non-workers If1 Scheduled constitute 59 07% and males constItutes 4422% ca"te populO1tlon tnct With 34 26% The other dlstncts which show a hIgh proportion are The total Scheduled Castes populatIOn of KarnaeraJar (52,73%), Dmdlgul-Anna (5 J 87%), the State IS 10,712,266 persons of whom malll Counbatore (51 42%) and Salem distrIcts workers constitutes 4587°0 and margmal (50 15"0) workers 2 56'! ° and non-worker::, are 5 t 57'! (, Male,., mam workers accounts for 55 44°,'0 and Regardmg the margmal workers,2 56% fem.tlc l11a111 ,,,ork.ers dre 36,08~ ° of total of Scheduled Castes population of the State are Scheduled Castes population margmal workers Pasumpon Muthuramallnga Thevar dlstnct shows the hIghest proportIon Those who are neIther 111all1 workers nor (7 54%) of margmal workers followed by m<1lgll1al \ .. orkers constitute non-worh.ers In the Rarnanathapuram (628%) dIstrict The lowest State as a whole the proportion of non-workers proportIOn prevat!s In Madras dlstnct (004%) 0 111 Scheduled Castes populatIon IS 51 57 0 A followed by htlly dlstncts NIlgin (0 69%) and conSiderably larger proportion of females fall 111 COirnbatore (0 89%) districts

146 31 R TAMil NA 1Wil" ~am- .q. ~,ffl qDU 1~Cf) CfiT1f m MAIN WORKE """ " ~ .....r .....r NON_WOR~~SMARGINAlIN SCHEDULED WORKE RS AND 1991 CASTES

BAY

OF

BENGAL

Polk Strait

Gulf of M ann or ,.~~""()

TOTAL SCHEDULED CASTES SRI ______1000 000

____ 750000 LANKA

DISTRICT. .

ZO IQ 0 KILOMETRES 20 40 __ 100000

N N

147 MAP 71

MAIN WORKERS, MARGINAL WORKERS, AND NON-WORKERS IN SCHEDULED TRIBES 1991

This map represents the main workers, (31.21%) and in Kanniyakumari (32.68%) marginal workers and non-workers in Scheduled districts. Tribes population as per 1991 Census by the same cartographic methods as used for Map Regarding marginal workers, No.70 Tirunelvelli-Kattabomman district has the highest proportion of 5.98% followed by In the State as a whole, out of Scheduled Tiruvannamalai-Sambuvarayar (4.50%), North Tribes populatIOn of 574,194 persons, 49.1 % are Arcot-Ambedkhar (4.17%) and Dharmapuri main workers and 3.0% are marginal workers (4.09%) districts. The lowest proportion of and the remaining 47.9% are non-workers. Male marginal workers is in the district of Madras main workers constitute 30 14% and female with 0.02% followed by Madurai (0.84%) and mam workers account for 18 96% of the total COImbatore (1 04%) distncts Scheduled Tribe population. Those who are neither main workers nor Among the districts, the highest margInal workers constitute non-workers. proportIOn of maIn workers IS noticed in Among the districts the highest proportion of COlmbatore district (57.30%) and the lowest Scheduled Tnbes non-workers are observed in proportIOn of Scheduled Tribes maIn workers IS Madras district (6936%) followed by recorded in Madras district (3062%) The other Kanmyakuman (66.86%) and Pudukkottai dIstricts shOWIng high proportIOns are Salem (6671 %) distncts. The lowest proportion of (54.37%) Penyar (51.64%), Tnchlrappalh Scheduled TrIbes non-workers IS observed in (50,63%), Nilgir(50.44%) and South Arcot Coimbatore (41 66%) district followed by Salem (50.17%) districts. The lowest proportion found (4269%), Dharmapun(46.81%) and South Arcot at Ramanathapuram (31 15%) Pudukkottai (4693%) dIstricts.

148 MAP 71

TAMIL NADU ~i~Y'ill1 \J1'1\Jufl1<'l1 .q~, «huP1~ ~ m cfn;f am-

574 \'34

49.10 4 7 9 0

TAMIL NADU (SCAl.E 112 OF THE [H STRIC TS) +

BAY

OF

BENGAL

Morqil'lol Workef~

Percentage at Main workers to totat Scheduted Tribe Population... mill 55.01 & above Pall( Stroit

• 50.01 - 55.00

~ 45.01 - 50.00

~ 40 01 - 45.00 ()

t== =J 35.01 - 40.00

& [: : : : '135.00 be low of M 0 n n a r

TOTAL SCHEDULED TRIBES ~~~:[SS~~~~~EgFT;:~'~~~~L:~~~NT~HllE ~ THE FIGURES INSIOE OR AGAINST THE SECTORS IN CLOCKWISE DIRECTION INDICATE MAIN WORKERS. SRI MARGINAL WORKERS AND NON WORKERS LANKA

KILOMETRES 20 10 0 20 40 60

N D A N o c E A N

149 MAP 72

RELIGIONS 1991

This map represents the distribution of (96.53%) and the lowest proportion IS in religions as per 1991 Census. Squares Kanyakuman district(5348%) The proportion proportIOnate to total population have been of Hindus exceeds 90% in the districts of drawn for each district. These squares are Chengalpattu-MGR, Dharmapuri, further sub-dIvided into one hundred equal TiruvannamalaJ-Sambuvarayar, South Arcot, dIvisions, each small square representIng one Salem, Periyar, Coimbatore,and Madurai. per cent. The percentages of population under different religions are marked out on these At State level, Muslims accounts for a squares and the spaces thus marked out are mho of 5.47%. Among the distncts, the highest shown in different columns to represent proportion of Muslims found in different religions as shown in the legend of the Ramanathapuram district (14 l7%) whIle the map. Hindus, Muslims and Christians are the lowest proportion is at Salem distnct (2 78%). major religions in the State . These three The other districts having large proportIOns of rehgions have been shown separately and the Muslims are North Arcot-Ambedkar (940%), population found in the rest of the religions Nilgiris (9,20%), Thlrunelveh­ have been grouped under a single category Kattabomman(9.02%) and Madras (8.69%) 'others'. The Christianity is the predommant In TamIl Nadu, Hindus are accounted relIgion III Kanniyakuman dIstrict for 88.67%, Christians are 5.69% and Mushms Exceptionally 42.35% are Chnstmns In thils are 5.47%. These three religions consist district. The other predominant 99.83% of the total population The others are districts which have proportions of Christians being Jains (0.12%), Sikhs(O.OI%), etc. The are Chldambaranar (16.18%) Nilglris(l1.04%) population not stated any religion accounts for Tirunelveli-Kattabomman(lO.IO%) The lowest 0.03%. prportion of Christians IS found in Salem Among the districts the highest (1.14%), DharmapufI(l 17%), and Periyar proportion of Hindus is found in Salem district (1.86%) districts.

150 MAP 72

80"

TAMILNADU ~

RELIGIONS 1991 3026432

I"

55858946 ):1

ORTH A""U MAR

TAMil NADU (SCALE: 1/3 Of THE DISTRICTS)

" ,j- fl. ,r-r),.",._,.,-..) , . 263 BAY

OF

BENGAL

Ii II' Karaikal (Pondie"erry)

RlOlIGIDHS o HINDU _ MUSLIMS

_ CHRISTIANS

o OTHE R RELIGIONS Palk Sir a if

FIGURES GIVEN A T TOP OF EACH SQUARE REPRESENTS TOTAL POPUL A TlON EACH SMAL L SQUARE REPRESENTS ONE PERCENT OF THE POPUL A nON

() BOUNDARft::S: w STATENT.

DISTRICT ..

9' Gut f of M a (l (l a r

NUMBER OF PERSONS 5000 000 SRI 4 000 000 3 000 000 LANKA

2 000 000

1000000 KILOMETRES 20 10 0 20 4 0 60

s' N o A N o c E A N

East of Greenwich 77' 78'

151 MAP 73

DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY MAJOR LANGUAGES 1991

This map shows the dlstnbutlon of per cent) All the coastal districts namely population by major languages In each ThanJavur 9793 percent,Tirunelveli­ dlstnct as per 1991 Census There are five Kattabomman(97 39percent)Ramanathapura major languages VIZ Tamil Telugu, m (96 66 per cent), Chldambaranar (96.11 per Kannada, Malayalam and Urudu are spoken cent), South Arcot (95 65 per cent) have by almost the entire populatIon of the State very high ratio of Tamil speakmg people (a httle over 99 per cent) and all other than the rest of the districts. The lowest languages have been grouped under percentage of Tamil speakers is recorded in "others" The percentage of population of N dgm (48,87 per cent) district COimbatore specIfic language has been calculated for IS lIttle hIgher with ( 64 ,81 per cent) each dlstnct to the total populatlOn of the followed by Dharmapuri ( 69.11 per cent) dlstnct The percentage values thus obtained dlstnct. are grouped into five sUltable ranges. Based on the population of persons speakmg the Speakers of Telugu constitute the major languages m all the dlstncts have highest percentage in Coimbatore (21.30 per been brought under two district groups of cent) distnct. Dharmapuri district (16.32 per percentage ranges and given colour shades cent) followed by Penyar (12.29 per cent) as shown m the legend of the map For have high percentage of Telugu speaking convenience languages wIth less than one people. per cent of speaker m the dlstnct are not shown m the map Nilgin district (26.44 per cent) has The major language of the State, the maximum ratio of Kannada speakers. Tamil is spoken by 86 71 per cent of the Dharmapuri (9.45 per cent), Coimbatore States' population. While Telugu speakers (7 77 per cent) and Penyar (5 73 per cent) are constitute 7 12 per cent, speaker of Kannada, the other districts with comparatively higher Malayalam and Urudu form 2.16;l.18 and ratios of persons speaking Kannada. 1 86 per cent of the population respectively. Persons speakmg other languages constitute Persons speaking Malayalam form just 0 97 per cent of the State's populatIOn. the highest percentage in Nilgiri district (16.72 per cent). Kanniyakumari district (8.35 The ratio of Tamil speaking per cent), Coimbatore district (4.10 per cent) populatIOn is the highest m Pasumpon and Madras (3.23 per cent) are the other Muthuramalinga Thevar ( 98.77 per cent) districts with comparatively higher ratios of closely followed by Pudukkottai ( 98.52 persons speaking Malayalam.

152 MAP 73

TAMIL NADU ~ ~ ~ fu

PERCENTAGE 25.01 •

15.01 - 20.00 g 10 .01 - 15,00 ~ 5,01 - 10.00 ~ () i:. Il 1.01 - 5,00 D , 0 6 0

LANGUAGES ONE PERCENT AND BELOW ARE NOT SHOWN,

BA Y

OF

BENGAL

Polk St r a it

BOUNDARIES:

STATE/U.T ...

DIS TRICT...

SRI Gulf of Monnor LANKA

KILOMETRES 20 to a 20 40 60

N o A N o c E A N

153 MAP 74

LITERACY 1991

This map portrays the dlstnctwlse below In the State as per 1991 Census This proportlOn of lIterates to total popu latlon constItutes 62 7% as literates in the State excluding populatIon In age group 0-6 years There are 11 dIstricts show the proportIOn of A person who can both read and wnte wIth lIterates above the State average understanding In any language has been Kanmyakuman and Madras dIstncts show recorded as a Itterate In Census Dlstnctwlse exceptionally hIgh wIth 82.1 % and 81.6% percentage of literates have been calculated respectIvely The other predominant dIstncts and grouped Into 6 categones as shown In are Chldambaranar (73%) and Nilglri the legend of the map (71 7%) The low proportIOn of literates are observed m South Arcot (52 9%), There are 30,336,235 persons as Tlruvannamalal Sambuvarayar (53.1%), literates out of the total population of Salem (53 3%) and Penyar (53 8%) 48.+ I 0887 e'\.cluumg chIldren of 6 years and dlstncts.

The follOWing tab Ie shows the lIteracy rate In the State m 1991:

STATE! TOTAL TOTAL PER- DISTRICT POPULATION LITERATES CENTAGE EXCLUDING 0-6 YEARS

Tamil nadu 48410887 30336235 62.7

Madras 3372888 2752341 81 6 Chellgalpattll-MGR 3989412 2648097 664 North Arcot 2582859 1572292 609 Dharmapurt 2045550 941444 460 Tlruvannamalal- 1728919 917548 53.1 Sam buvarayar South Arcat 4138516 2187469 529 Salem 3423934 1825458 533 Penyar 2075940 1116896 538 NIlgtrl 626809 449447 71.7 COimbatore 3127349 2075023 664 Dmdlglll-Anna 1541195 873499 56.7 Tlfuchlrappalll 3606158 2207846 612 ThanJavur 3930626 2595005 66.0 PudukkattaI 1144552 659597 576 Pasumpon Muthurama- Imga Thevar 938093 591381 63.0 Madural 2989391 1985160 664 KamaraJar 1348155 848127 62.9 Ramanathapuram 974428 600179 61.6 Ch Idam baranar 1261202 920887 730 Tlrunelveh- Kattabomman 2164917 1419761 656 Kannlyakuman 1399q94 1148778 82 I

154 TAMIL NADU mamrr LITERACY 1991

SCALE OF BARS

BAY

OF

BENGAL

Polk Stro i t

SRI G u I f o f Monnor BOUNDAflII'S: LANKA STATE/ U.T. "

DISTRICT

20 10 0 KILOMETRES FiGURES GIVE 20 40 LITERATES AMNO ATNG TOPTOTAL Of pBt;s !NDICATE 60 UlA nON.

N c E N

155 MAP 75

CHANGE IN LITERACY 1981 - 91

This map depicts the percentage per cent). Pasumpon Muthuramalinga variation in the lIteracy rate in 1991 as Thevar and Chengalpattu-MGR both the compared to the corresponding rate in 1981 districts registered higher variation in their at district level. PopulatIOn under the age­ ratio than the State average. group of 0-6 have been excluded while The lowest increase in literacy rate working out lIteracy rate Based on the is found m Madras dIstrict with 3.39 per percentage gain all the dIstricts have been cent followed by Coimbatore (6.38 per grouped under six broad ranges and are cent), Nilglri(648 per cent) and shaded accordingly. Kamarajar(6.59 per cent) dIstricts. The Southern most Kanlllyakumari The State has recorded a good distnct has recorded a gain of 8.26 per increase of 8 27 per cent in its literacy rate cent. The district has regIstered hIghest during the last decade (from 54.39 per cent literacy rate of 82.06 per cent m 1991. It was III 1981 to 62.66 per cent in 1991). A fairly having 73.80 per cent in 1981. good increase in the ratio is observed in Pudukkottm district with 1] 6 1 per cent The lIteracy rates III 1981 and 199 1 followed by Dharmapuri dIstnct (1 I 59 per Censuses and the gam m the ratio durmg cent) and Ramanathapuram dIstrict (11.04 1981 - 91 in the distncts are given below

CHANGE IN LITERACY 1981-91 SI No StatelDlstrict Percentage of Literates VanatIOn (gam) III (Excluding 0-6 ages) Literacy per cent 1991 1981 1981-91 Tamil Nadu 62.66 54.39 8.27 L Madras 81.60 7821 339 2. Chengalpattu - MGR 66.38 56 14 10.24 3 North Arcot- Ambedkar 60.87 5220 8.67 4. Dharmapun 4602 3443 11 59 5. Tirivannamalal- Sambuvarayar 53.07 42.96 10 11 6. South-Arcot 52.86 43.85 901 7. Salem 53.31 4467 8.64 8. Penyar 53.80 44.86 894 9. Nilgiri 71 70 65.2:::- 6.48 10. Coimbatore 66.35 59.97 638 11. Dindigul-Anna 5668 4797 8 71 12. Tiruchirappalh 61.22 52.68 8.54 12 Thanjavur 6602 5833 7.69 13 Pudukkottal 5763 4602 II 61 14 Pasumpon Muthu 63.04 5280 1024 RamahngaThevar 15. Madura. 66.41 5892 749 16. KamaraJar 62.91 5632 659 17 Ram anath apuram 61.59 5055 11.04 18. Chidambaranar 73.02 6559 7.43 19 Tuunelveh- 6558 5819 739 Kattabomman 21. Kanlllyakuman 82.06 7380 826

156 MAP 75

76' 77" 79' 79' ,-I

TAMIL NADU memrrii~ 0 CHANGE IN LITERACY 1981-91 p.

'i' II> + '3 ,:3 .. A

I'i'

p.

BAY

..... -., NILGIRI '- .fS 481 OF "I fl. .J' 3~ l ...... _"J'i BENGAL I '" ( ~ - II"" c( '- __ COIMBATORE I 1636) 1 (. c­ ( I Percentage Variation of ) Literates

~ 1075 & above Polk Strall 10 • 976 - 1075

m875 - 975 ~ 776 - 875

Q 676 - 775

575 & below D ..... ~

BOUNDARIES

STATE/U T DISTRICT SRI Gulf af Mannar LANKA

KILOMETRES 20 10 0 20 40 60

8' N D A N o c E A N

0 76 Eost of Green"'_'lch 77'

157 MAP 76

MALE LITERACY 1991

This map explains the literacy rate IS observed in Dharmapuri literacy rates among males excluding the district wIth 57.2%. chlldren of below 6 years for each district. The literacy rate in urban The male literacy rates for each district have areas of the State is 86.1 % to the total urban been calculated and grouped into 6 populatlOn. Except Dharmapun dIstrict categones as shown in the legend of the (79.5%), all the districts have recorded more map. The two slde lappmg bars representing than 80% male literates m urban areas, the the literacy rates of males in the rural and highest being observed m Kanniyakuman 'urban' areas of each distnct. district with 91 3%. The proportion of male literates in rural areas is 67.2% to the total In the State as a whole, out of rural male populatIOn in the State Among total 24,475,964 males (excludmg 0-6 years the distncts It vanes between 59 1% in populatlOn), 18,050, 173 males are literates Salem distnct and 84.6% in Kanniyakumari which constitutes for 73.7%. Chengalpattu­ district. MGR and Madras distrIcts have the largest number of male literates with 1,570,277 Madurai distrIct has the persons and 1,535,351 persons respectively, largest number of 1,178,827 lIterates in due to high level males. The other districts having high organisations,industrialization and number of male literates are Chengalpattu- commercial and bus mess establIshments and MGR (1,570,277 persons), Madras Government offices. There are 12 dIstricts (l,535,351 persons) and ThanJavur having the literacy rate above State average. (1,520,266 persons). The dIstricts WhICh Madras district has the hIghest population of have a low number of male literates are literacy rate with 87.9% followed by Nilgiri (258,247 persons), Ramanathapuram Kanniyakumari district (85.7%) and (360,440 persons) and Pudukkottai (408,700 Chidambaranar DIstrict (82%) The lowest persons).

158 MAP 76

76° 77° 78' 79'

14' 14"

~ TAMIL NADU

~mamrr Q MALE LITERACY 1991 '"

~ SCALE OF BARS '" z 100] ~

(f] 90 :::. A ~ 801 I\r""",-{.J.. ~ 6°1 .. t }~ ~ ~=~ r..jv Cr tV~ ~ y. - - _),.,_ - .::- ~~~~ ~ 50J ~ 40 10 (' '':--'-

BAY

--\, OF =-::--" SALEM (646, BENGAL

--- II"

Karolkol I Po~dlcherry ~

Percento.ge of Mole llt1;'rol-es Talol Mole Population

~8101& above

81 00 10' .nol- Palk Sfrail ~7301- 77 00 Stede Avero'(je 737"

7300 o~~ ~6901- ~~ QJ 6900 f====::j 6501 - D W

STATE:lU T LANKA DISTRICT \ KILOUETRES 20 10 0 20 40 So

s' N 0 A N a c A N ~?

East of GreenwiCh 7t 80'

159 MAP 77

CHANGE IN MALE LITERACY 1981 - 91

This map portrays variation Pudukkottai (7.75 per cent )and in the effective male literacy rates in 1991 as Ramanathapuram (7.71 per cent) distncts compared to that of 1981 at district level. The lowest gain in the The districts have been brought under 5 percentage of male literacy in the decade IS broad ranges in accordance with the recorded m Madras City distnct (1.59 percentage gain in the literacy rates in 1991 percent). Kamarajar (3.23 per cent),Nilgm and shaded from high to low values as (3.59 per cent) and coimbatore (3.97 per shown in the legend of the map. cent) districts also regIstered comparatively low gam in the percentatge change in male At the State level male lIteracy rate. literacy has mcreased 5 70 per cent from 68 05 per cent m 1981 to 73 75 per cent in EffectIve lIteracy rates among males in 1991. Dharmapun district with 10.68 per 1981 and 1991 Censuses and the gam m cent has recorded the highest increase m percentage during 1981-1991 are given male lIteracy rate. ThIs is followed by below for State and district.

CHANGE IN MALE LITERACY, 1981-91

S.No State/District Percentage of male Gam m the percentage Literate of male lIterate in 1991 1981 1991 over 1981

Tamil Nadu 73.75 68.05 5.70

1. Madras 87.86 86.27 1 59 2. Chengalpattu-MGR 77.07 69.90 7.17 3. North Arcot-Ambedkar 72.94 66.66 6.28 4. Dhammapun 57.21 4653 10.68 5. Tiruvannamalai-Sambuvarayar 66.71 5908 7.63 6. South Arcot 65.59 59.11 648 7. Salem 64.58 5725 733 8. Periyar 65.54 5855 6.99 9. Nilgiri 81.79 78 20 359 10. Coimbatore 7645 72.48 397 11. Dindigul-Anna 69 19 6301 6 18 12. Tiruchirappalli 7336 6783 5.53 13 Thanjavur 77 24 72.80 444 14 Pudukkottai 71 78 6403 795 15. Pasumpon Muthuramalmga Thevar 7692 7062 630 16. Madurai 77 74 7306 468 17. KamaraJar 7567 72 44 323 18. Ramanathapuram 7476 6705 771 19. Chidambaranar 8202 77 52 450 20. Tirunelveli-kattabomman 77 46 7325 423 21. Kanniyakuman 8570 7933 637

160 MAP 77

76' n' 78' 7,' 80'

14"

-l' TAMIL NADU

~mamn"#~ ~ CHANGE IN MALE LITERACY 1981-91 ,.. 0 ,.. I't

MADRAS 13' (159) ,. ~ "

BAY

OF

BENGAL

Percentage liorlofron In Male ~ L,Ieral" 7 71 & above I(l Po I k Sir a it

.651 - 770 ~ ~D ~531 - 650 i~~ - 530 Cb 411 t====j D "0 0 410 & below .... ~ -;

BOUNDARIES STATE/U T SRI DISTRICT Gulf of Mannar LANKA \

8' D A o c A N ~1 77' ~o'

161 MAP 78

FEMALE LITERACY 1991

The proportIon of literates Muthuramalinga Thevar (49.74 per cent), among female popUlation (excluding 0-6 age TiruchirappaUi (48.94 per cent), group) is portrayed in this map at district Ramanathapuram (4870 percent) and North level. All the dIstricts have been brought Arcot-Ambedkar (48.58 per cent). Four under six broad ranges in accordance with districts fall in the range of 40.01-45.00 per their ratio of female literates. Two cent namely, Dindigul-Anna (43.94 per sidelapping bars are drawn for each district cent),Pudukkottai (43.62 per cent), Periyar to represent the female lIteracy percentages (41 58 per cent) and Salem (41 45per cent) in the rural and urban areas separately. Three districts fall in the lower range of 40 00 and below They are Tiruvannamalai­ The female literacy rate In Sambuvarayar (39.25 per cent) and South the State stands at 51.33 per cent. Nine of Arcot (39 70 per cent), Dharmapuri (34.23 the 21 districts have revealed higher ratIOS per cent). than the State average. Very hIgh literacy rates among the females are observed in The female literacy rate (69.6 Madras (74.87 per cent), Kanniyakumari per cent) in urban areas of the State IS far (78.39 per cent), Nilgiri (61.47 per cent) and higher when compared to that of rural areas Chidambaranar (64.57 per cent) districts. ( 41.8 per cent). Kanniyakumari distrIct, WhICh was a part of former Travancore­ Two distncts namely Cochin State (before the State's re­ Chengalpattu-MGR (55 22per cent) and organisation) is the only distnct WIth a very Coimbatore (55.73 per cent) have registered hIgh female literacy rate in both rural (769 hIgh rate of female literacy and fall In the per cent) and urban (85 4 per cent). range of 55.0] -6000. The range 50.01- 55.00 covers four dlstncts namely, It is Indeed slgmficant to note Tirunelveh-Kattabomman (54 23 per that in all the districts of the State, female cent),Kamarajar (50.17 per cent), Madurm literacy rate exceed 50 per cent in urban (54 74 per cent) and Thanjavur (54.77 per sectors. Consldermg the rural areas alone, it cent) IS observed that very poor female literacy rate prevail among all the dIstricts except Out of the 12 districts which Kanniyakumari , NIIglri and Thanjavur have lower ratIO of female lIteracy than the dIstricts Dharmapun district has recorded State average, four dIstricts fall In the range the lowest 1 literacy rate (31 2 per cent) In of 45.0 1-50.00 per cent. They are Pasumpon the case of rural female lIteracy rate.

162 MAP 78

78' 79' 60'

~ ) TAMIL NADU mmmm FEMALE LITERACY 1991 ,. 0

R ,. SC ALE OF BARS 13

TAMIL NADU

BAY

OF

BENGAL

,i II'

KorQl}(CJ(

(Pondlch-err~)

10" 55 I - 600 Polk Strait

~ ~501 - 550

~451 - 500

- 450 t====j 40 I 0 400 & below .;

BOUNDARIES .If ST~TE/\.J 1 DISTRICT Gu" of Mannar LANKA

KILOMElliES 20 10 0 20 40 SO

B' e' N D A N o c £ A N

D 7S Eo(lst of Green~lch rt

163 MAP 79

CHANGE IN FEMALE LITERACY 1981-91

The percentage variation in the during 1981-91 Thirteen of the 21 districts effective literacy rate among females in have recorded a higher increase than the State 1991 as compared to the corresponding rate average. Pudukkottai district has registered in 1981 is depicted at distrIct level in thIS the highest gain of 15.47 per cent in its map. Based on the percentage gam recorded female literacy rate. This is followed by in the decade, aU the districts have been Ramanathapuram district (13.96 per cent), brought under SIX broad ranges and shaded Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Thevar (13.76 accordingly per cent) and Chengalpattu-MGR (13.55 per cent) districts The lowest gam IS observed in The State has revealed a increase of Madras district (5.37 per cent) followed by 10 90 per cent m the female literacy ratio Coimbatore ( 8.96 per cent) district.

The effective female literacy rates m 1981 and 1991 Censuses and the gain in percentage durmg 1981-91 are presented below for State and district

CHANGE IN FEMALE LITERACY

Percentage of Literate Percentage gain Excluding 0-6 Ages 1981-91 State/DistrIct ------1991 1981

Tarnal Nadu 51.33 40.43 10.90

1. Madras 74.87 69.87 5.37 2. Chengalpattu-MGR 55.22 41.67 13.55 3 North Arcot-Ambedkar 48,58 37.41 11.17 4. Dharmapuri 34.23 21.84 12.39 5. Tiruvannamalai -Sam bu varayar 39.25 2645 1280 6 South Areot 39.70 28.18 11.52 7 Salem 41 45 31 53 9.92 8. Penyar 41.58 30.53 11 05 9 NIlgm 61.47 51.60 987 10 Coimbatore 55.73 4677 8.96 II Dmdigul-Anna 43.94 3268 11.26 12 Tiruchirappalli 4894 3737 11.57 13.Thanjavur 5477 43.70 11 07 14 Pudukkottai 4362 28.15 1547 15.Pasumpon Muthurama- 4974 35.98 13 76 linga Thevar 16 Madural 54.74 44.43 10 31 17 KamaraJar 50 17 40.44 973 18 Ramanathapuram 4870 3474 13 96 19.Chldambaranar 6457 54.47 10 10 20 Tlrunelveli-Kattabomman 5423 4393 1030 21.Kanntyakuman 7839 68.18 10 21

164 TAMILNADU ~ mamrr '# CHANGE IN FEM ALE LITERACY~ 1981·91

BOUNDARIES STATEIUT .Ie' SRI DISTRICT _o_. Gulf of M onnar LANKA

20 10 0 K~lQMETRES 20 40

N

165 MAP 80

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT 1991

This map gives an Idea on Nilgiri, Thanjavur and Madras are the other the educational attamment of the people at Important districts where over 30 per cent district level The persons with different of population have studied upto pnmary and educational levels have been grouped under middle level of educatIOn Dharmapuri four categories, VIZ ,( I) Primary and middle district With 18 91 per cent recorded lowest (ll) MatriculatIOn/Secondary, Higher ratio under thiS educatIOnal level. Secondary/lntermedlateIPre-Universlty, Non-Technical diploma or Certificate not The ratIO of population III the equal to degree and Technical diploma or higher category viz ,MatnculatIOn and above certificate not equal to degree, (lll) Graduate but below graduate level IS found highest III and above,(lv) Literate (Without educational Madras (2223per cent) followed by level) For each district the above five Kanmyakumari district (I 6.17per cent). categories are represented by SUitable Chengalpattu-MGR, Nllgin,Coimbatore and diagram drawn by solid coloured vertical Madurai are the other four dlstncts which Circles of equal size, each representmg have registered above the State average ratio 60,000 persons as shown 10 the legend of the (10 99 per cent) 10 thIS level. map There are 3 14 lakh graduates Of the 5586 millIOn III Madras district out of the total 1463 lakh populatIOn of the State,the literates and graduates of the State The other districts educatIOnal ,persons constitute 54 3 I per havlllg large number of graduates and above cent While 27 14 per cent of populatIOn level of education are COimbatore (1.11 have studied upto primary and middle lakh).Madural (1.06 lakh) and level, I 0 99 per cent have studied but below Kanniyakuman (0.61 lakh ). The graduate level (mcludmg persons holdmg Ramanathapuram dlstnct has the lowest technical or non-techmcal number of graduates With 14,540 persons 111 diplomas/certificates, not equal to degree) thiS category. Persons who have attamed graduates and above level of educatIOn constitute a mere Dharmapun dlstnct which is 2.62 per cent of total populatIOn at State generally conSidered as the most backward level. There are 25 52 million persons are amon all lthe dlstncrs, recorded the highest illiterates which constitutes 45 69 per cent to percentage of Illiterates with 61.23 per cent the total popu lation of the State The other districts which have a high percentage of illiterates are Tlruvannamalal­ Chidambaranar distnct With Sambuvarayar (55 09 per cent), South Areot 34.15 per cent has the highest ratio of (55 16 per cent), Salem (53 15 per eent),and persons with educational level upto primary Penyar (51.86 per cent) Madras and and middle level followed by Kanmyakumar dIStricts recorded the Kanniyakumari dlstnct with 33 89 per cent. mmlmum ratIO of illiterates WIth 28 per cent

166 MAP 80

76' 77' 78' 80' a 14" o o o o TAMIL NADU O. ~~~ Q O. o \) O. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT 1991 o J. O. o ~ O. o o • o J. . 9 • o ~§ 1-\r'"~S:- ' • • + 0 • . ,r.1 I'\.L.. 0 0 •. .. •. o .r 0 • • • o . 9"J • jy' ~u - r' / 8 { 0 • • • o Q r · r-1 o . \...~ v ...... ) 0 • 13' o ~ . 0: . /" 0 •• f ~ 0 .• .• • <3 ~ I ....1 0 • MADRAS o ....,....J 0 . . . ,,( 0 • • o • .. ~ .".r\ .... -{. j NORTHARCOT-AMBED!CAR ~ ...... , OCl . . o • , . " . -,5'':.. . <.",. 00 • • o • • r . 'V /. iG' ~ «' 00. • o •• • ,..'..N cr...... j /~Ji/ i._/ r--' 00. • o • (J '1' I . \.~ 00 . .. . o • • ,.. i 8 C:l • • l-J 8 I ,i 0 ? 88: : : () o ...... 1 0 t. /_._., CHENGALPATTU-M. Q. R. o .• . • j O . &-..., ( 0 . " r' 00 • • 00 • • ""r/ g ~ : ~ / 8' : '£;g '-1.""J1,: ~ _\ 00 • • 0 . . • v'( 0 . " . ) 0 \..r 00 • • • i,... ._ ...... DHARMAPURI r TIRUVANNAMALAI- r' 0 00 • • • '> c. .-] SAMBUVARAVAR '"'f) 00 • • • ./ 0 i -'-"L Jj(j i.,.--''/'/ TAMIL NJ.DU 0 _ ., 0 f. ._.- . ....{5. J ! 0 (ONE CIRCLE REPRESENTS 500 000 PERSONS) ,J f -... ._ ._ ._ . ""'t,.z.. _; 0 P ondicflerry K J. . r-~ . j 1.1 g I. ~ '"'-_;~ 0 • \. . ~ r "'<:_,' '\...·v · . 0 . 0 • y '" .r . Cl ~ I I 8 . ~ - ) 86: : r '-'- ,--.1.. 0 ...... ( {) . ( 00 • • • BAY 'fo/'"' g """\ 8 J 8: . g ~ . S~~!A:C~T """--. o . r \ 0 ( 0. : oQ ,- .... ~ "-. .'-.. 0. , • .JO. .J~- 0 ." 0. . . I' Ii ~~-- ,o -l OF ':> NILQlRI r (? ' \SI..r '1 0 , . \ 0.,. ~o l,..'" , 0 " /" ..1 _5~ 0 . '4'\ o. • "- 0... 1 0 • 0 > jJ '",-._ .j<) 0 ( 0 . . I SALEM I Q ~ • 0 >-- BENGAL ~ 0 N j 0. ". I D f 0 • • ;/ A I l. 0 . ~ PERIYAR _ _ f'v. ( a . • 0 / ,,. .J 0 ) " ' J'~ ",:'. U Q . 0 / r 0 "I ~ v • rr ( ,; '" . 0 / 'i 0 " . • ..... - / 0 • <...... 0 ,J/ i,. 00. . - - 0 • Karoikal (Pondlcherry )

'\)8: : [. ~. r> ..,~ .• ~ ~'·1--·J'.I' 88H: ;~P;L~( ' g , : 1 C' \! .... · TIRue IRA;x_ M 1" o~ • • ~' 0.. .. "- r - ' 0 "'1 . ~. ~.IJJ LT' 'J'J\ 00. . c- ·\.-- '\f ,() .,.,.,.S I \ ' a l...,\ 00 • • .) I 0.. f () t.,? . () ") 00. • , a.... ;;> o . " .... \5~ () ~ ( oo • • • I O . ? .oJ' 0 • ? 0 0 • • • ., COIl'llBATORE... I"V C) 0 . . "N 0 ( . '7 THANJAVUR , / , 1 OJ Q... 'L-<;; \ 0. , • r r---'C~~ \-.. /....- 'I' 8 DINDIQUl-ANNA Tlt'"...... r-1 PUDUKKOTTAI ~ ~".... . j . J " -., . . . 6. .... _r-, t...) \. v- \ r o Primary and Middle 4. .".v - '- f ~. r . i - 0 ~ .__.:,> \, o • • /_~ L.~ f' • MatriculatIOn/Secondar y, Higher Secondary! \ OGl e ) 0 r '('-" P alk Sf rait \n\ er medlotefPre-Uftiver stly, Nan-technical Ii diploma or cerhflcole not equol 10 degree .) QQOQ. . .r .0 ' . ,--.,. and Technical diploma or certllicate rr' .....r J 0 • • • \~i.. c.' i.... not equal to degree ( ..... \l... If' PASUMPON . r' I(. > \I00 . . . Q ~;"_ MUTHURAI'IIALlNGA <:') ) MADURAI 0 ~ " ~ 1 THEVAR t ',,' I j\.~ Q \!\._ -, • LI1er a1e (Wi thout educatIOnal level) ( .... '1'1 r L.. · ~8~..J' : ~y, ~ ...... , \" ~\ ONE CIRCLE: IN DISTRICTS REPRfSENTS 'j g ..j 60 000 PERSONS O. . ·r- (._ O. f • .~-'> Q • . \'2.>'1..., KAMARAJAA . '\.'" 0" . o BOUNDARIES: w /0 '- r '\. ) G • • • l 0 . - . "'\..~ -" t- RAMANATHAPURAM STATElU.T. .. . O.r' ~ ) ~ J',,--.J Q (. DISTRICT .... • .0 / 8 "'? 8 ~ Q • t" 0 o \. g • \.:, () • g ~ .) Of : "\ 0' • o I ;g:.: SRI Q III • . 0.• .• CH\DAMBARANAR G • • \ (l... . G u lf of Man n a r TIIIUNELVELI- / ) LANKA Q~ . • '\... .KATTABOMMAN . ~ O • • X. ~.J '-- \ \ \ , > . "\. KILOMETRES ANNIYAKUMARI> 20 10 0 20 4 0 60

s' N o A N o c A N

£ a5 1 of Gr eenwich 77· 79'

167 MAP 81

URBAN LITERATES PER 1000 OF POPULATION IN AGE 7-14 OVER LITERATES PER 1000 OF POPULATION IN AGE 15-34 1991

The map shows the variatIOn as compared to the corresponding ratio in 10 the proportIOn of hterates per 1000 15-34 Penyar district (125) shows the persons 10 age group 15-34 10 urban areas at highest lIteracy excess In age 7-14 over the time of 1991 Census. There is no deficit literates in age 15-34 followed by Salem 10 the ratIo of lIterate 10 the age group 7-14 and Tlrunelveh-Kattabomman with (120) over 15-34 age group all over the distncts of each Kamarajarar (1 13) TiruvannamalaI­ TamIl Nadu. All the districts have been Sambuvarayar (111) and Dharmapuri (110) brought under five broad ranges of excess m all recorded highest excess above 98 and ratIo III accordance with theIr increase in above DlOdigual-Anna and North ratIo Arcot-Ambedkar distrIcts show excess 88 In urban areas of Tamil to 97 Kanlllyakumari district WIth 31 Nadu, an IOcrease of 80 lIterates per 1000 excess comes under the lowest range & persons IS notIced III the age group of 7-14 below

The proportIOn of literates per 1000 of populatIOn m the age group of7-14 and the excess in the younger and age group over that of the older one are presented below for the States and districts

URBAN LITERATES PER 1000 OF POPULATION IN AGE 7-14 OVER LITERATES PER 1000 OF POULA nON IN AGE 15-34

Urban LIterates Vanatlon ill ratIO of Per 1000 7-14 over 15-34 State/Dlstnct Persons 10 age grouQ age group 7-14 15-34

Tamil Nadu 909 829 +80 1 Madras 906 852 +54 2 Chengalpattu-MGR 915 834 +81 3 North Arcot-Ambedkar 860 771 +89 4 Dharmapun 861 751 +110 5 Tlruvannamalat-Sam buvarayar 898 787 + III 6 South Arcot 895 817 +78 7 Salem 856 736 +120 8 Periyar 911 786 +125 9 Nllgm 900 819 +81 10 COlmbatore 920 838 +82 1 I Dmdlgul-Anna 914 821 +93 12 TiruchlrappallI 940 865 +75 13 ThanJavur 914 847 +67 14 Pudukkottal 936 855 +81 15 Pasumpon Muthruramalinga Thevar 945 865 +80 16 Madurat 926 842 +84 17 Kamarajarar 907 794 +113 18 Ramanathapuram 905 828 +77 19 Chldambaranar 933 858 +75 20 Tlrunelveh-Kattabomman 920 800 +120 21 Kanmyakuman 966 935 +31

168 MAP 81 r.;;; 76' '7' 78' 79'

14'

~ TAMIL NADU >rfu ~ 15-34 3m! crt ~ ~ <); m!ffil ctt ¥AT if rn ~ 7-14 3lT1{ crt <1ft ~ if mm ~ URBAN LITERATES PER 1000 OF POPULATION " IN AGE 7-14 OVER LITERATES PER 1000 OF ~ POPULATION IN AGE15-34 ~ " 1991 ,,' [541 ,; ,. tl A

+ d Ii ~ K

BA.Y

OF

BENGAL

II -- II'

E~ces.s UrlJ.c:m Ll1efctes. 1(1 age group 7-14 over Llterate.s In aQe grou-p 15-34

~ 98 & above Ie; Pc //( StUlIt 10

.88-97 r~ IS­ D\ ~ 78 - 87 State Average 80 Oi~~ ~ ITIIll]68-77 c'~lZJ, ?"':;' - 00 ~====j 67 & below

BOUNDARrES -'>~'&. 9' STATE/UT OISTR-ICl J

SRI Gulf of Mannar LANKA

KILO'-1ETRES 20 10 0 20 40 60 L=i=±=±== ±==--J

8' ~r,v N D A N o c A N J\ .'

76° Eost of GreerllNlch 80"

169 MAP 82

PRIMARY AND MIDDLE SCHOOL ENROLMENT OF BOYS 1991

ThIS map shows the proportIon of boys attendmg pnmary and mIddle school school enrolment of boys of age-group 6-14 are Kanlllyakuman (21 93 per cent), to Madural (21 75 per cent), North-Arcot total number of boys of age group 6-14 Ambedkar (21. J 1 per cent), Chengalpattu­ The proportion of school enrolment of boys MGR (20 93 per cent ) and Pasumpon for each district has been calculated and the Muthuramahnga Thevar (20 90 per districts have been grouped Into five ranges cent). The lowest percentage of enrolment of as shown In the legend of the map boys In middle and primary school IS found at TlfunelvelI-Kattabomman distrIct (16 97 Out of the total number per cent) 5,516,636 boys In the age group 6-14 , only 1,077,600 boys attending primary and middle school In the State as a whole which The following table gives the accounts for 19 53 per cent The hIghest dlstnctwise proportIOn of boys In proportIOn of 22.17 per cent has been age -group 6-14 at the level of pnmary and recorded in Madras distrIct. The other middle school to total number of boys In distrIcts which have more than 20 per cent age-group 6-14 as per 1991 Census

PRIMARY AND MIDDLE SCHOOL ENROLMENT OF BOYS,1991

Total populatwn Boys attendmg S tate/D lstnct of boy" In age- prImary and Percentage group 6-14 middle school of In the age- group boys 6-14 Tamil Nadu 5,516,636 1,077,600 19.53 1 Madras 347,920 77,140 22.17 2 Chengalpattu-MGR 474,765 99,345 20.93 3 North Arcot-Ambedkar 307,204 64,850 21 II 4 Dhannapuri 265,440 47,240 1780 5 Tiruvannamalai-Sambuvarayar 225,200 44,560 1979 6 South Arcot 512,677 92,570 1806 7 Salem 366,532 69,283 18.90 8 Penyar 196,150 33,608 17 13 9.NJiglfl 67,217 12,800 1904 10 Coimbatore 290081 53,590 18.47 11 Dmdigul-Anna 168503 32,520 1930 12 Tiruchlrappalli 398,523 78,950 19 81 13 Thanpvur 438,413 86,630 19.76 14 Pudukkottal 140,370 26,040 18,55 15 Pasumpon Muthuramailnga - Thevar 112,674 23,550 2090 16 Madurai 352,630 76,681 21 75 17 Kamarajarar 160,397 30,550 1905 1 8 Ramanathapuram 122,039 22,450 1840 19 Chidambaranar 152,334 26,560 1744 20 Tlrunelveli-Kattabomman 260,079 44,140 1697 21 Kanlllyakuman 157,488 34,543 21.93

170 MAP 82 ::2i:::::::::::::::::::~77~<::======-~ ____ ~7~6"~ ______-l79~O ______---lBO~"------~~ ~ I.'

TAMIL NADU ~ ~ .,'UlfilCll ~ "If ~ CJiT ~ PRIMARY AND MIDDLE SCHOOL o ENROLMENT OF BOYS 1991

13

BAY

OF

BENGAL

21 01 & above 4.

") Polk SfrOlI 10 .2001 - 21 00

.1901 - 20 00 State " IweH~qe 1953 [JIIillIB 01 - 19 00

I) & below W t====j 1800

... ~ .. BOUNDARIES

STATE/U T ~ D-1'3TRICT SRI Gulf of MOflllar LANKA

I(ILOMETR[S

2'0 10 a 20 40 '6i)

8' .. N o A N o c E A N

n' 78" 60'

171 MAP 83

PRIMARY AND MIDDLE SCHOOL ENROLEMENT OF GIRLS 1991

Th is map shows the proportion of Kanmyakuman dlstnct (2444 per cent) primary and middle school enrolment of which IS closely followed by Madras CIty gIrlS In the age group 6-14 to total number distrIct WIth 23 69 per cent Both of girls 10 age group 6-14 Based on the ratIO Chengalpattu-MGR and North-Arcot­ of school enrolment of gIrls. all the dIstrIcts Ambedkar distriCts occupy the third pOSItIOn have been brought under five broad range With 19 0 I per cent Madural distrIct (18 98 and hatched as shown In the legend of the per cent), NIlgm distrIct (18 96 per cent), map COlmbatore distrIct (18 78 per cent) have also recorded falrl) good ratios of At the State level 17 53 per cent of girls 111 enrolment DharmapurI (13 85 per cent) and the age group 6-14 arc observed to be South Arcot dlstncts show very low attend10g the schools The highest enrolment of girls 111 pnmary and middle enrolment ratio IS observed In school

Data on girls In the age group 6-14 and the extent of their school attendance With educatIOnal level upto pnmary and middle schools along "'nth their ratios are given below

PRIMARY AND MIDDLE SCHOOL ENROLMENT OF GIRLS, 1991

Total population Girls attendmg State/DistrIct of girls In age­ prImary and Percentage group 6-14 middle school of 10 the age- group girls 6-14 Tamil Nadu 5,305,494 930,070 17.53

1 Madras 337,706 79,990 2369 2 Chengalpattu-MGR 454,749 86,430 1901 3 North-Arcot Ambedkar 307,177 58,400 1901 4DharmapurI 253,782 35,140 13 85 5 Tlruvannamal31-Sambuvarayar 211,117 31,990 15 15 6 South Arcot 499,983 69,760 13 95 7 Salem 330,917 59,130 17 87 8 Penyar 186,908 29,820 1595 9 NIlgm 69,205 13,120 18 96 10 COImbatlre 286,262 53760 18 78 1 1 Dmdlgul-Anna 160,08 I 25,750 1609 12 Tlruchirappalh 378,290 66,440 17 56 13 ThanJavur 426,223 75,350 1768 14 Pudukkottal 136,947 20,420 14 9 I 15 Pasumpon Muthuramal10ga - Thevar 108,766 18,600 17 10 16 Madur31 335,24 I 63,620 1898 17 KamaraJarar 153,136 24,300 15 87 18 Ramanathapuram 120,999 18,600 15 37 19 Chldambaranar 145,540 23,620 1623 20 Tlrunelveh-Kattabomman 248,961 38,320 15 39 21 Kanniyakuman 153,504 37,510 2444

172 MAP 83

TAMil NADU . ~ if .q~CfiT . ~ fq'WM4 . CHOOl ~ 1:!CT D MIDDLE 5 PRIMARY AN OF GIRLS 1991 ENROLMENT

'It. A ""' .. (" -'>.1\. ( \...-{ .. r--oJV' f cr.'" ,.. r ~ ) DHARIIAPURI (1385) _ '" r / '-- ...... ,

SOUTHAACOT [13951

BAY

OF

BENGAL

PaU Slroll

BOUN!)ARJES

STATE/U T

D1STR1Cl

SRI Gulf of Ma rtn O( LANKA

c E A N

173 MAP 84

EDUCATIONAL ENROLMENT OF MALES AT HIGHER SECONDARY AND HIGHER LEVELS 1991

This map depicts the extend of Including the above two districts nine out of educational enrolment of males at district 21 districts have recorded higher ratios than level in the age group (15-24) who have the State average of 14.92 per cent. Nilgiri, studied upto Higher Secondary and Higher Kamarajarar, Madurai and Tiruchirappalh level of educatIOn. All the districts have districts fall in the next hIgher range of been grouped into five broad ranges in 1601-17.75 per cent. accordance with the ratio of enrolment, as In the range of 14.26-16.00 the indicated in the legend of the map State average 14.92 per cent lIes. It embraces the districts of Chengalpattu-MGR At the State level, there are (15.81), Thanjavur (14.41 per cent), about 800,557 males in the age-group of Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Thevar (15.61 (15-24) who are qualified upto higher per cent), Tirunelveli-Kattabomman (14.65 secondary and higher level of education and per cent), and chldambaranar (15 12 per who were attending schools/colleges in cent) Twelve districts have revealed lower 1991. It constitutes 14.92 per cent of the percentages than the State average and of total male population III the age group 15- these Dharmapun (10 13 per cent) has 24. Two out of 21 districts have recorded registered the lowest ratio. Tlruvannamalai­ the hIghest ratio of 17.76 and above Sambuvarayar (11.65 per cent), percentage. Madras dIstrict (22.20 per cent) Ramanathapuram (11.95 per cent), and recorded the hIghest, followed by DlOdigul-Anna (11.29) per cent) distnctrs Kanniyakumari district (20.62 per cent). have very low percentages of male Comparatively wider educational entrolment III higher level of education. opportunities for higher level education exists in the city district of Madras. The The range 12.51 - 14.25 per cent Kanniyakumari district which is a part of the covers Coimbatore district (12.77 per cent), Travancore-Cochin State before re­ Periyar distnct (I2 31 per cent), Salem organization of the States, reveal district (13.75 per cent), South Arcot district characteristics similar to that of Kerala and (13.85 per cent)and North-Arcot Ambedkar has recorded the second highest rate. district (13 09) percent.

174 MAP B4

TAMIL NADU ~ 'Qt ~ ~ .....,. ....Ii "~ am- ~ talfimnENT OF MALES AT5 HIGHER ED~CATIONAL E:~~~~D HIGHER LEVEL SECOND 1991

BIl.Y

OF

BENGAL

Polk Slroit

w t= ===j 1250 & below

BOUNDARIES

STATEfUT

DISTRICT

SRI Gulf 0 f Mannor LANKA

KilOMETRES 20 10 0 20 40 60

N D o c £ A N

175 MAP 85

EDUCATIONAL ENROLMENT OF FEMALES AT HIGHER SECONDARY AND HIGHER LEVELS 1991

This map depicts the extent of (10.48 per cent), Madurai (10.21 per cent) educational enrolment of females at district and Chengalpattu-MGR (9.77 per cent). level In the age group (15-24) who have The next range of 7.51-9.50 which includes studied upto Higher Secondary and Higher the State average of 9.15 per cent covers level of education All the districts have five districts They are Tirunelveli- been grouped mto five broad ranges in Kattabomman (8.33 per cent), accordance with their ratio of enrolment, as Kanniyakumari(8.97 per cent), Pasumpon indicated In the legend of the map, Muthuramalinga Thevar (7.63 per cent), TiruchlrappaUi(9.21 per cent) and Salem At the State level there are about (7.53 per cent)districts. 503,570 females in the age group (15-24) who are qualIfied upto higher secondary and higher of level of educatIOn and who were The Northern and Eastern parts of attendmg schools/colleges in 1991. They the State shows low ranges of educational constitute 9.15 per cent of the total female enrolment of females. Consequently 9 population III the age group(15-24). Three districts have registered lower proportion of out of 21 districts have recorded highest female enrolment than the State average. ratio of 11.51 and above percentage. The range 5.51-7 50 per cent covers North Kanniyakumari district (20.38 per cent) Arcot-Ambedkar South Arcot, Thanjavur , recorded the highest followed the city Periyar and Dmdigul-Anna. The last range district of Madras With 17 72 per cent The 5 50 and below covers 4 districts They are Nllgiri dlstnct reveal 11.86 per cent of Dharmapuri, Tiruvannamalai- females at this level The range 9.51-11.50 Sambuvarayar, Pudukkottai and per cent covers four districts. They are Ramnarhapuram districts. Coimbatore(1l.lO per cent) , Chidambaranar

176 MAP 65 17' 80'

14'

TAMIL NADU . ~~'QrW~ ~ lI'TUIf1:Iq:;. '3'Uf NT OF FEMALES ATEDUCATIONAL HIGHER SECONDA ENR~~~~D HIGHER LEVELS 1991

K

BAY

OF

BENGAL

01 Ed,cotlonol Percentage Femoles In age enrDlment2~ t Higher Secondory ~ groupand Higher 15- I"eClio 5 Tclcl r emoles In og' group 15-24 '"

10 ~ 1151 & above Polk Slrait .951-1150

950 Slale Average ~ 751- 915

t= == =j551 - 750

D 550 & below BOUNDARIES "'~ STATE/U T -'. ~ DISTRICT

SRI GrOt of Maflna( LANKA

KIL.OMETf;!ES 20 10 0 20 40 60

N D A N o c E A N

Eost Ctf Grunwlch rt 79'

177 MAP 86

LITERATES HOLDING NON-TECHNICAL AND TECHNICAL DIPLOMA OR CERTIFICATE NOT EQUAL TO DEGREE 1991

This map portrays the proportIon of revealed the minimum ratio of 25 diploma lIterates holding non-technical and technical or certIficate holders per 10,000 lIterates. diploma or certificate not equal to degree Dmdigul-Anna dlstnct WIth 49 has also per 10,000 lIterate persons at dIstnct level. recorded a very low ratio Four dIstricts All the distrIcts have been brought under have ratio ranging 56-65 persons WIth such five broad ranges In accordance wIth the qualIficatIOns among 10,000 literates In the proportIOn of persons holdmg dIploma or State, there are 257 lakhs persons holdmg certIficate not equal to degree per 10,000 technIcal/non-technIcal diploma/certIficates literates. CIrcles In proportion to the total which are not equal to degree. The largest number of such dIploma or certIficate number of 33,760 such persons are found m holders have been drawn for each dIstrIct Madras dIstrIct followed by Chengalpattu­ wIth dIfferent hatchmgs to mdicate the MGR dIstrict ( 32,350 persons) Very large extent of non-techmcal and techmcal number of persons ranging between 14 and diploma/certIficate holders among them 24 thousands of diploma or certIficate holders are found in each dIstrict of In Tamil Nadu, there is an average COlmbatore, Tlruchlrappalli, ThanJavur, of 85 persons holdmg technical or non­ South Arcot, Madura! and Salem technical dllploma or certIficate not equal to degree for every 10,000 lIterates The Among the total diploma or proportIOn is higher than the State average certIficate holders In the State, persons in five out of the 21 distrIcts. The hIghest havmg technIcal dIploma/certIficate form a ratIO of 123 is observed m the city district of sizable proportIOn of 86.10 per cent. The Madras followed by Chengalpattu-MGR highest ratIo of 96 56 per cent of technIcally dlstnct wIth 122 and Kanmyakumari distrIct qualIfied persons among such with 120 such dIploma or certificate holders diploma/certIficate holders is recorded by for every 10,000 lIterates. Coimbatore Madras dIstrIct, closely followed by dIstrIct with 115 and TiruchIrappal1I distrIct Chengalpattu-MGR district WIth 95.80 per with 105 are the other two districts whIch cent Literates with non-techmcal have recorded higher ratios over the State dIploma/certIficates form a comparatively a average hIgh ratio in Tirunelveli-Kattabomman Of the 16 distrIcts which have dIstrict (41 07 per cent) whIle Madras regIstered lower proportIOns than the State dIstrIct has only 3 44 per cent followed by average, Ramanathapuram district has Chengalpattu-MGR WIth 4.20 per cent

178 TAMIL NADU ~~. ~~ ~ *ikfttl<$e ~ftmcf;~~mm LITERATES HOLDING NON-TECHNICAL AND o TECHNICAL DIPLOMA OR CERTIFICATE NOT EQUAL TO DEGREE 1991

TAMILNADU (SCALE REDUCED TO HALFJ ..

K

BAY

OF

BENGAL

4'

_S6 & ,bove

~ 76 - 85 Stale Averoge ~ 85 "- [I]JIJ] 66 - 75

1356- 65 w D55! below

FIGURES AT T/-IE TOP OF THE CIRCLES !Nl)JCA TE fClTAl LITERAr.£s HOlOf~G MlN-TECI-UCAL AIW TECHNICAL Dlf'LOMA OR CffiTlFlCATE NOT fQIIAL TO OfrJREf Gulf of Man n a r WHILE FlGLIFIES AGAII'JST Oi1INSIOE THf SECTORS INDfCA rr PrF?COJTAGE SHA'* OF I'JON- TE'CHIoIICAL Number of Literates Holdmg Non-Technical AND TECHNICAL DIPLOMA Or;' CERr/FICAT£ Jc' and Tec.hnlcal [liploma or Certificates fIDLOER'S -35000 SRI

-20000 LANKA

------10000

-----5000 KILOJ04ETRES ----2500 20 10 0 20 40 60

A o c £ A N

179 MAP 87

LITERATES HOLDING UNIVERSITY DEGREEfDIPLOMA OF THE GRADUATE LEVEL AND ABOVE 1991

ThIS map depicts the ratio of educated persons In Madras cIty IS obviously persons holding unIversIty degree/dIploma due to the Industrial and commercial of the graduate level and above per 10,000 character of big metropolis TheTe are many literate population In all dlstncts of State as other educatIOnal InstItutIons and research per 1991 Census A pIe diagram has been centers here Due to the eXIstence of WIder drawn for each dlstnct m proportionate to opportunities for employment, there IS a the persons holding degree/dIploma of high concentratIOn of persons holding graduate level and It has been diVIded mto graduate level and above Four dlstncts, two sectors showing percentage share of namely Pudukkottal (283), Dharmapun ruTal and urban lIterates m the above level of (278) Ramanathapuram (242) and educatIOn. The rural sector has been shaded Tlruvannamalal -Sambuvarayar (222) of the to dIfferentIate from the urban Based on State have poor ratio of less than 300 and of the ratIO of the persons wIth degree/dIploma these Tlruvannamalal-Sambuvarayar has to 10,000 lIterate population, all the dlstncts recorded the lowest have been grouped mto SIX broad ranges and shaded accordmgly as shown In the legend Madras city dlstnct has the largest At the State level, there are number of 313,541 persons holdIng 482 graduate level degree/diploma holder ulllverslty degree/diploma of the graduate per 10,000 lIterates Madras (I 139) has the level and above followed by Chengalpattu­ highest ratio among the dlstncts ThIS IS MGR (138,275) distrIct The other dlstnctrs followed by COImbatore(536), Madural which have large number of lIterates holdIng (535), Kanmyakuman (534) and degree and diploma of the graduate level are Chengalpattu-MGR (522) dlstncts These COlmbatore (111,312), Madural four dlstncts have registered a fairly hIgh (106,220), Tiruchirappalli (96,975) and ratios of graduate per 10,000 lIterates ThanJavur (89,794) A very less number of These are the dlstncts which have recorded graduates and techlllcally educated persons hIgher ratio than the State average The are found 111 N tiglrI (20,940). remaInmg 17 dlstncts have lesser ratio than Tlruvannamalal-Sambuvara)- ar (20386), the State average The signIficantly hIgh Pasumpon Muthuramalmga Thevar (20490) concentratIon of graduates and technically and Pudukkottal (18,640) distrIcts

180 MAP 87

77' BO'

313541

TAMILNADU ~~afu"mam~~ rcrl£lrGlI!lR"I4 fWt/~ ~ 'IDllff LITERATES HOLDING UNIVERSITY DEGREEI DIPLOMA OF THE GRADUATE LEVEL AND ABOVE 1991

1462962

~--_//TAMIL NADU + .t IScoleHducedtohol1) ~ K

BAY

OF

BENGAL

£ U Entirely Urban

Number of literates holding University Degree/DIploma of graduate leve~ and abo-ve per 11) 000 I'leroh~s .601 8. obove '" Pal. Strall ~ 526 - 600 451 - 525

[lffiill 376 - 450 - w 0 301 - 375 300 K below j ..... ~ D q flGtJRES GIVEN AT TOP OF CIRCLES ~RE UTEIi'ATfS "\ HOLDING UNIVf.RSITY DEGREEJDlPLOMA or=- .it G u I f .f M. n n • r THE GRADtJATE lEVEl AND ABOVE WH,u,_£ WITHIN CIRCLES ARE PERCENTAGE FIGURES SRI

BOUNDARIES TOTAL LITERATES KOLDING LANKA STATElU T UNIVER~SlTYDEGREE/OIPLOM~ 19,~~ 000 DISTRICT

-~ 75000

KILOMETRES -- 25 DOD 20 ~Q 0 2(1 4100 60

e' URBA.N RURAL s' N D A o c E A N

76" Eos1 01 Greenwich 77'

181 MAP 88

TEACHERS PER 1000 OF POPULATION IN RURAL AREAS 1991.

This map exhibits dlstrictwise residential schools are more In number. variatIOns In number of teachers per 1000 of TIrunelveli-Kattabomman dIstrict also has a rural populatIon in the State In the rural high ratio of 7 The TIruchlrappallI dIstrIct areas of the State as a whole, the proportion where a large number of educational of teachers per 1000 of populations is 5 In mstItutions prevaIl has the ratIO of 6 like 1991 The highest ratio of 9 teachers per ChIdambaranar and Kanniyakuman distncts 1000 rural population is III Kanniyakumari The Chengalpattu-MGR, Dharmapun, South district WhlCh also ranks first jn JJteracy rate Arcot,SaJem, Penyar, COlmbatore, Next comes Nilgui dIstrIct wIth 8 teachers PudukkottaI dIstncts have the lowest ratio of per 1000 of rural population, where the 4 III the district

The following table gives districtwIse figures about Teachers per 1000 of population In rural Areas 1991

TEACHERS PER 1000 OF POPULATION IN RURAL AREAS,1991

STA TEIDISTRICT TOTAL RURAL RATIO OF RURAL TEACHERS 1000 POPULATION POPULATION Tamil Nadu 36,781,354 178,811 5 1. Madras 2. Chengal pattu-MGR 2,565,583 11,032 4 3. North Arcot-Ambedkar 2,066,718 10,554 5 4. Dhannapuri 2,197,921 8,435 4 5. Tiruvannamalai-Sambuvarayar 1,800,051 9,536 5 6. South Arcot 4,109,803 15,658 4 7. Salem 2,760,320 11,216 4 8. Periyar 1,746,993 6,489 4 9. Nilgiri 356,784 2,839 8 10.Coimbatore 1,663,381 6,824 4 II.Dindigul-Anna 1,383,580 6,228 5 12.Tiruchirappalli 3,037,197 17,425 6 13.Thanjavur 3,492,130 15,985 5 14.Pudukkottai 1,136,645 4,037 4 15.Pasumpon Muthuramahnga Thevar 787,999 4,183 5 16.Madurai 1,907,539 8,921 5 17.Kamarajar 979,333 5,584 6 18.Ramanathapuram 894,252 4,642 5 19.Chidambaranar 856,229 5,389 6 20. Tirunelvelli-Kattabomman 1,708,656 11,797 7 21.Kanniyakumari 1,330,240 12,037 9

182 0 0 76 n° 7S 79'

14'

~ TAMIL NADU 1!fu ~ mtftvt ~ 'II"'I'I'i@1 .q ~ ~ .{~ TEACHERS PER 1000 OF POPULATION o Q"I ~ r' J ,:-. IN RURAL AREAS 1991 ~ ~.. . 9

...... -") r -l ~ /N~~ ~-=-~~;.i-- =:;::_Z~~HG·"L~A~U-~.Q R ~ '."'~.. ). -- - ~(51 - -,-_-_~-_-_,. [41 • ( . . . . ." -- _ -- _ -,.,-~ <'" f" ., >J_------I' =..__ .... r,_\- _- _- s· . ~ r~' .....cr·"·r!=====~=~~~~======~====S-;?:··.···:·.· lif· .. '...... ' . .::, - - - _"'TIIIU_MA!,.AI~f!!.~ _ . . . . .' .... 0 ••• , '~~-_-_-~-_-_-[51_ .-:-" -- ? . J. , .DHARMAPURI. .. '- __ -L_-_-_-_-_-£ .'-t~fl<:_,,_:._'" ,. /. • • • • • [41.' • • : ·~,~~~~t~k ••.• ~.(_O~:~~.7

~ ._o,f 0 • 0 _-o J. .' 0 To . 0 0 • rJ~ ... j' .I ..... -.-.-~ . "".'?" ..: .. ;c.....:- .' .. ' . '. '.' .!Il\)<>~.'" Pondichorry .r .r".", -: ~ ..,.".. ' .r. . '. ., (./ .. '"": -:.;. . : ~O\J~H ~R~OT' '. ~ • ~ ~ " . J' ...... , I (41 I • •. . 1 f) . •• o. • 0 'J--) 0 o' •• r'( . .. o' 0 • ( •• BAY .. ' j.' . '~LfiM '.' .. ' .< • • • o. •••. OF ~:-'\..r?o<:s'\. PERIYAR _\ <... '. >.~~~'~If-I\,<..) ~I ~.~ :...·~~"~~.tl·U:I~ :: j~~= ...•.( 141.. /.. .) 1""'-'-_-_ BENGAL

It- )~:-:-: . :-N:.\. -:·'>II':~/I·;"'·':"'~~~\-.{I I II _ll===~=~= II' '" '_;.;/ ... :t I I <":-~'~OI~~~E.I 141 r ""1 T~'~RUIIClHI['~11A\PIPilL~_-=--_~======~\o~"-,,------(~:d~::~" NUmberOfTeOChersperloaOOf(): : '\ :-: • r""I:,'I~1 C::l~ 'I \. rIIC---=-=-:!H~NjAV~-=-=-= Rural POpU[OtIOO c.-'. . .' :--=-'J_t"_ -_l~~ Y-..:::-='1 ' ~ .l-: u ..... "'11,."1_-_-_~~- _ -_-_ -_ ~ 8 .l. above). i·'· .' .. l .. -_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_IJ(I 'If············ )------~ }' . .. . --!_------'-_..__ ('1,5... .. 0 • • 1;.,--_-_-_-_-_-_-_ r--- DINDIGUI. .. ANIIA -- -? ~.. PUDUKKOT!A'. . ,. ------, . • 'J ---- 15) - - --- "- ('. i4l r------117 . /' \ ~------li,Y (;> L" " . r-- - - r--.JE=::":::'~ \_/.... _-_:-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-7_'[>_~-J"-\. . 1.,--_- f- - -~~ ------.,J -, .J_ - J\ ' ..,;>- m6 4. - _.,_-/ -- J' -- -/ - '\- -r... -1- -- V- - -" ~ ~=-=-=-=-}:;:0-~-=-=r-!-::-=;_-:-~;;ON--{)' Pailr Strall r=====:1 )-_ -_-_-_ - _-_ -_ -_-_-_-_-_F-j~U!!fURA!!ARLI!!.G~1: / ~ 5 St-ote ~ ... er(Jge ( ____ -MADUAAI- __ -r _ f- __ THe ... "\ _ ~ .. -- - -- [5~ --- G -"-- - - [51 ~- ~- f-

D d & below 1f. I~======-=-=-=====-- /' - --===-===~~~-.,== EU -Entlre[y Urbo> l~--,\;-- - 5~~~~--

BOUN'DARIES w

STATE/U T

DISTRICT ..... ~

SRI Gulf of Mannar LANKA

l

.0 N D A N o c A

n° 780

183 MAP 89

CENSUS HOUSES AND THEIR USES 1991

The map shows the distribution of Tiruvennamalai Sambuvarayar district (3.96 occupied Census houses into five groups per cent). Nilgiri district with (l.24 per cent), accordmg to theIr uses as per 1991 Census at has the lowest ratio of houses under such district leveL Five bars are drawn as per the combined use along with residence. proportion of absolute number of Census houses used under dIfferent categories. These The hIghest proportion of houses bars are shaded WIth different hatching as under the 'Hotels Sarais, Tourist homes, shown in the legend of the map. Scale Restaurants. etc., is notIced in Pudukkottal showing absolute figures of Census houses is district (2.90 per cent), Pasumpon given in the left side of the bar diagrams. The Muthuramalinga Thevar (2.63 per cent) five important uses of Census houses are Chidambaranar district (2.56 per cent), represented by five adjacent vertical bars Kanmyakumari district (2.37 per cent). The drawn for each district as shown in the legend lowest ratIO of houses under thIS group is of the map. observed III Madras CIty district (1.20 per cent) Generally, the southern dIstricts have Houses predominantly used for reveals hIgher percentage of houses under resIdentIal purposes IS reflected by a very high thIS group than the dIstricts m the other parts proportion of 89.10 per cent of houses falling of the State. Madras distnct has the hIghest III the category of resIdence at the State level. ratio of houses used as shops, business houses South arcot district WIth 92.82 per cent reveals and offices (7.06 percent). It IS followed by the highest ratio of resIdential houses. Kanmyakumari district (4 71 per cent). Comparatively higher proportion of Census houses under residential use are recorded in Nilgiri dIstrict WIth 9l.99 per cent, Houses whIch are used as factories, Dharmapuri district 91.33 per cent The workshops and worksheds are found in lowest ratio of houses used as 'residence' comparatively higher proportIOn In Madras among the distncts is observed m Tlrunelveh (346 per cent), Coimbatore (3.19 per cent) Katrttabomman dlstnct (79 48 per cent). and Kamarajar (3 12 per cent). It IS well known that these dIstricts are more developed Houses used as shop-cum-resIdence mdustrially when compared to the rest of the and workshop cum residence (includmg dlstncts. South Arcot, Dharmapun, household industry) form 3.59 per cent of all Tiruvannamalal-Sambuvarayar, NIlgin, occupied houses in the State. The highest Dmdlgul-Anna, Tiruchlrappalh, Thanjavur, percentage of such houses among the districts Pasumpon Muthuramas]mga Thevar, IS observed in Tirunelveli-Kattabomman Madura!, Ramanathapuram, TIrunelveli- district (12.65 per cent), Penyar distrIct (4.86 Kattabomman and Kanniyakuman distrIcts per cent) Salem dIstnct (472 per cent), reveal poor ratIOs of houses with use as COimbatore district (4 31 per cent) and factOrIes, workshops and worksheds.

184 MAP 89

79 ______;BO~0 ______,

l

KILOMETRES 2{1 10 0 20 40 60 "B~

0 B8 13 " ~ 0 0 '"i 1°1 ,. ~ 8 6 ~ 0 0 5 ~ I 6 ,.. 48 0 4 ~ z 4 "w u

TAMIL NADU

BAY

OF

BENGAL 95 94 .i 93 It KO'OIkai (?endlchlny'

DISTRICT

SRI ~ 346500 Gu If of Mannar l6 LANKA

N D A N o c £: A N

0 76 Eosl of Greenw1ch 7ft

185 MAP 90

AMENITIES IN URBAN HOUSEHOLDS 1991

This map explains the number of proportIOn is higher than the State average. households in urban areas having amenities of The lowest proportIon IS found m Nllgin electricity tOIlet and drinkmg water aVailable district WIth (57 11 %) within premises. A number of small rhombuses each representing 10,000 Regarding toilet faCIlities as many as households are compiled in proportion to the 2,250,630 urban households havmg thIS total number or households so represented are faclltty accounting for 5747% In the State indicated above the dIagram for each dIstrIct. Among the dlstncts, the hIghest proportIon of The small rhombuses representing households households (8233%) havmg toilet amemty IS having electnclty have been shaded by black observed In Madras dlstnct followed by North dots households havmg tOIlet by hatchmg m Arcot-Ambedkhar (6141%) dlstnct The black and households havmg drinkmg water other dIstricts haVing the tOIlet facIlIty above by flat yellow colour and are represented on State average are Kanmyakuman (61 18%), each other. Chengalpattu-MGR (60.98%) and Dharmapuri (59.24%) All other districts are In the State as a whole, as many as havmg below State average rangmg between 3,007,555 urban households have electricity 56 84% in Madurai and 26.72% in KamaraJar which account for 76.80% of the total urban households of 3,916,150 among the districts The facilIty of dnnkmg water WIthin Madras district has the hIghest proportion of the premIses IS avaIlable III 1,913,565 urban households (83,46%) havmg electricity whIch households whIch accounts for 48 86% in the IS followed by COlmbatore distrIct WIth State. Madras dIStrict has the hIghest proportion 79.91 %. In the districts of Kanniyakumari WIth 61 27% followed by North Arcot­ (78.91%), Dharmapuri (78.39%), North Ambedkar distnct With 59.31 % the lowest Arcot-Ambedkhar (77.59%), Chengalpattu­ proportIOn IS found In Ndgm dlstnct With MGR (77.49%), MaduraI (77.14%), and 24.85% followed by Kamrajar dIstncts WIth Tirunelvelli-Kattabomman (76.98%), also thiS 27.18%

186 MAP 90

TAMIL NADU ~ -qfumT.q ~ ~ AMENITIES IN URBAN HOUSEHOLDS 1991

TAMIL NADU EACH RHOMBUS REPRESENTS 1.0000 HOUSEHOLDS.

I(.

BAY

OF

BENGAL

Polk Strait iJ!f!l Electricity

Toilet

"D Drinking Waler o w

FIGURES A1 THE TOP OF EACH RHOMBUS INDICATES :mE TOTAL NUMBER OF URBAN HOUSEHOLDS.

EACH SMALL RHOMB US IN DISTRIC T REPRESENTS 10 000 HOUSEHOLDS. SRI Gulf of Mannar BOUNDAAIES , LANKA

ST~TEIUl .,

DlstRICl

KILOMETRES 20 10 Il: 20 40 60

N o A N o c £ A N

187 MAP 91

AMENITIES IN RURAL HOUSEHOLDS 1991

This map explains the number of highest In Tirunelvelli-Kattabomman district households In rural areas havmg amenities of with 56.08% and lowest found in Pudukkottal electricity and drmkmg water available within district with 33.38% In the State as a whole premises. 44 49% of rural households have the amenity of electricity there are 11 districts having A number of small rhombuses each more than 50% of its households havmg representing 10,000 households are compiled electricIty are NIlglris (53.18%), COlmbatore in proportIOn to the total number of (51.95), and North-Areot Ambedkhar households to represented are Indicated above (50.48%). the diagram for each district. The figures refer to the households liking m the Census houses and exclude institutional and Houseless The number of households to which Households Rhombuses shaded with black drinking water IS avaIlable is hIghest m dots represent the households haVing ThanJavur distriCt and the lowest In NIlglrs electricity. Rhombuses representing the distriCt. The proportIon of households having households to which drInkmg water IS dnnking water amenity IS highest In available within premises are shown In flat Thanjavur district with 18 15% and the lowest orange colour and are superimposed on the in Persimmon MuthuramalInga Thevar district rhom buses shaded with dots. with 4 26% In the State as whole 9 68% of rural households have the dnnkIng water The number of households to which amenity within the premises Only 7 districts electricity IS available In highest In South are haVing the proportIOn 2 households with Arcot dlstnct and lowest In Nilglrs dlstnct electriCity higher than the State average Next The proportIOn of households haVing to ThanJavur dlstnct Kanmyakuman district electriCity to that of total rural households is has the highest average with 16.36%.

188 MAP 91 ~7i~------717-' ------______~78~' ______~7i~~ ______~8~O~'======~ 14' r 14'

TAMIL NADU 1JTlftuT qftqffi .q: ~ ~ AMENITIES IN RURAL HOUSEHOLDS 1991

MADRAS 13> 8427415

'\.CHENGALPATTU - M. G R '-".,._ -,,-<. ~~ ...... TAMil NADU \ 'f - EACH RHOMBUS REPRESENTS 100 000 HOUSEHOLDS

K

BAY

OF

BENGAL

II' <

Polk Strait o Elee lrlcity o Drinking Wa ter

E.U. Entirely Urban o

• • 0 .... ~ 9'

SRI BOUNDARIES: Gulf of Mannar STATE/U.T. LANKA DISTRICT ...

K!LOW(TRES 20 10 0 20 40 60

e' D .4 o c E A

East of Gree nw ich 77' 78'

189 MAP 92

TYPE OF FUEL USED FOR COOKING IN RURAL HOUSEHOLDS 1991

Households under dIfferent type of amountIng to 94% depends on wood fuel The fuel used for cookmg m household at dIstrict number of households use cookmg gas IS level are comptled and grouped as below abruptly decreased to I 65 lakhs or 1 96%. In respect of kerosene user the number of I Cowdung cake household sltghtly less than cookIng gas user 2 Electricity and amounts to I 47 lakhs or 1 76% Cowdung 3 Coal/Cake/LIgnite and other cake used by 1 29 lakhs households whIch IS coal recorded as I 53~/o 4 CookIng Gas and blO gas 5 Wood Very few households Ie 5700 6 Kerosene households use electricIty as fuel, similarly 7 Others households use coal/cake hgmte and charcoal IS amountmg to 2800 These two vanetles of CIrcles are drawn to total number of fuel amounts to only 0 1% Regardmg fuels households at the centre of each dlstnct and Included 10 "Others" It IS 48,350 households the total number of households are mdlcated which amounts to 0 5 per cent at the top of the cIrcles The percentage of households used each of fuel as categorIzed above to the total number of households In In almost all the dlstncts of Tamtl respect of each dIstrict has been calculated Nadu more than 90 percent of households use The CIrcles are dIVIded mto seven sectors \vood as fuel Among the dlstncts, accordIng to the percentage share of each type Pudukkottal 98 40% Kanmyakuman 97 27%. of fuel as grouped above The percentage Pasumpon MuthuramalInga Thevar 97 23% values are wntten agaInst the respectIve Ramanathapuram,9649%, Dmdlgul-Anna sectors and the sectors inside the cIrcles are 9627%, Chldambaranar 9608%, shaded by dIfferent columns TIruchlrappalli 9607% and Dharmapurl dlstnct 96 16% are the major users of wood In Tamale Nadu, out of 84 27 lakhs fuel rural households, 79 28 lakhs of households

190 77'

TAMILNADU ll"flftuT ~ 1f ~ ~ c); ft;r

MADRAS

9408

TAMILNADU (SCALE 1/2 Of THE DISTRICTS)

BAY

OF

BENGAL

II' Ii'

~ COIMBATORE ( I )

1('

WOOD

FIGURES GIVfN AT TOP OF CIRCLES ARE TOTAL .w RlJR"AL HOUSEHOL[lS WHILE WITHIN SECTORS ARE P[RCENT AGE FlGURES

BOLJNDARIES

STATE/U T Gulf of Mannar DiSTRICT TOTAL ~UM8ER OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS E U - ENTIREL Y URBAN g~ SRI 275120 LANKA

KILOMETRES 2010020 '60 ~=====+==~==~==~I

e' 8' N o A N o c E N

0 76 Eost (), Creenwu:h 77' 78'

191 MAP 93

TYPE OF FUEL USED FOR COOKING IN URBAN HOUSEHOLDS 1991

Households under different types of In Madras district out of 760,635 fuels used for cooking in urban households at households 17.64 percent use wood as distnct level are compiled and grouped as fuel. The percentage of kerosene user is below more which works out to 45.09 per cent, whereas cooking gas and blOgas users 1 Cow dung cake accounts for 36.17 per cent. Out of 2. ElectricIty 421,090 households ofChengalpattu-MGR 3 CoalfCoke/Lignite and Charcoal district, 42.31 per cent use wood as fuel 4 Cooking gas and Bio gas 29.89 per cent households use kerosene, 5 Wood 26.96 per cent households use cookIng 6 Kerosene gas and bio gas 7 Others. The Thanjavur (74.82%), Circles are drawn to total number of Kanniyakumari (74.25%), Pasumpon households for each district and the total Muthuramalinga Thevar (74.02%), number of households are indicated at the top Tirunelveli-Kattabomman (72.23%), of the CIrcles. The percentage of households Pudukkottai (71.63%) districts are the used each type of fuel as categorized above to prommant wood fuel users m the State. the total number of households in respect of The percentage of cooking gas each dlstnct has been calculated. The clfcles and blo gas users in different dIstricts IS are dIVIded mto seven sectors accord 109 to very lower compared to the users of wood percentage share of each type of fuel as fuel It stands for 21 8 per cent ill South grouped above. The percentage values are Areot dlstnct. The other distncts whIch written against the respective sectors and the use cooking gas and blO gas are sectors Inside the CIrcle are shaded by dIfferent Coimbatore dIstrict ( 20.14 per cent), colors. Penyar distrtIct (19.98 per cent), North Arcot-Ambedkar (1954 per cent) and Tlruchirappalh (19 59 per cent) In Tamil Nadu out of 39 I lakes urban households, 19 89 lakhs of households All the dIstricts of Tamil Nadu accountmg 50 79% use wood fuel. The shows kerosene fuel is used by more than number of households use cooking gas are 20 per cent of the households. Among the 8.33 lakhs or 21 27% cowdung cake are used prominant users Madurm WIth 3060 per by 24,910 households which accounts for cent, Periyar WIth 30 21 per cent and 0.64% depends on cowdung. Households use COlmbatore with 29.07 per cent and electncity as fuel are 9730 which counts only Chengalpattu-MGR WIth 28.87 per cent o 25% to the total number of urban show hIgher user of kerosene In TamIl households. Nadu.

192 MAP 93

TAMIL NADU ;mftq ~ it ~ ~ c); fu

~916150

TAMIL NADU ISCALE 112 Of THE DISTPIC1S1

I( "\ .~ V'\ ,-.."..r" BAY .( ItILGIRI to. OF '- I I SALEM ! BENGAL I 0 j -... y-,,",,I\"'~ ) -' v

? KorOf}(aJ \.. tPonolchefry)

THANJAVUR

o BOUNOARIES w

STATE/U T = .... '.' ~ =-~.~ ,,~ DISTRICT Gulf of Mannaf •.•. TOT AL NUMBER OF uRBAN HOuSEHOLDS ~ ______750{)OO

t: ___ ~_"_ ____ 50QOOO SRI LANKA

KILOMETRES 10100:N 40 60

A N o c A N

193 MAP 94

RURAL HOUSEHOLDS BY NUMBER OF ROOMS OCCUPIED 1991

This map shows the number of livIng extremely poor In Tnchirappalh, Thanjavur, rooms avaIlable In the household ill the rural Pudukkottal dlstnct where 70 per cent of rural areas of the districts as per the 1991 Census households are hVIng In smgle roomed The extent of the rural household having one, tenements, many of which may be probably two, three and more that three rooms has been be huts identified by the shades in a rhombus-shaped diagram (divided mto 25 equal parts In It IS observed that Kanmyakuman proportion to the dlstnct's size of the rural district has the best hOUSIng condItion In the household BarrIng Institutional and houseless rural areas as compared WIth the other households, the rest of the households have districts In thiS small districts more or less been considered for the purpose of these equal proportions of rural households are maps. As the proportions of the households found liVIng m one, two or three or more than with 'no extensive rooms' and unspeCIfied three roomed houses, comparatively better number of rooms' are either ml or neglIgible, facilitIes are ob5erved In Chldambaranar hence these could not be depicted in the map district where over half of Its rural hou5eholds live In two or more roomed houses In In Tamil Nadu, as much as 57.86 Coimbatore dlstncts almost half the rural percent of the rural households have only one households are more than one roomed house hVIng room, while 28 78 percent of the rural In the hilly dlstnct NIlgm where more than households have two livmg rooms 13 36 per 24% of rural households are occupymg houses cent have three or more rooms to hve in. more than three rooms ComparatIvely, better faCIlItIes are also observed In Tlrunelvell­ In 14 out of district (having Madras, Kattabomman distnct where 30 19 per cent of whIch is entirely urban) more than 55 per cent two-roomed house and 3727 per cent of three rural households have only one hvmg room. and more than three roomed facilities are The housing conditions could be deemed eXistIng In the rural households

194 ~AP 94

TAMILNADU ~

Cfilffi ctT ~OLDS cS ~BY NUM m:R OF ROOMS RURAL HOUSE~CCUPIED 1991

K[L D~~TR£S 40 20 10 0 60

BAY

OF

BENGAL

HOUSEHOLD:;) LIVING IN

!Ii! ONE ROOM

Palk SI,ait

t=/l THREE ROOMS

MORE. THAN THR ( EROOMS •

IJNSPEC!FI[D .NUMBER w O OF ROOMS E U ENTIRELY URBAN

fHe Fi'HOMBUS R[PRE'SENfS SRI EACH POCK£JO~~l HOUS£HDLO;HOMBUS INDICA rES OF THE TOP OF EACH OUSEH01..DS FIGURES4~ AT "'H~MBEFi' CF 'rURAL H THE TOTAL N LANKA

:,TATUU T

DISTRICT

D A N o c

195 MAP 95

URBAN HOUSEHOLDS BY NUMBER OF ROOMS OCCUPIED 1991

This map depicts the urban households every two households possesses more than three by number of rooms occupied as per 1991 rooms. census, at district level. The percentages of urban households occupying one room, two rooms, In fourteen of the 21 districts over 40 three rooms, more than three rooms have been per cent of the urban households have only one calculated With reference to total urban living room. The highest ratio of one roomed households for each district. Then rhombuses households is observed m Thanjavur district proportionate to total urban households are (57.31 per cent). The lowest ratio of such drawn in each district Further each rhombus IS households observed is Kanmyakumari district divided mto 25 equal pockets each of which (21 50 per cent) Tirunelveh-kattabomman and represents four per cent of the total urban Nllgiri district have also recorded a low ratio of households The pocket of each Rhombus has 32.53 per cent and 32.99 per cent respectively, of been shaded as per the percentage share of urban such one roomed households households occupymg rooms as mentIOned above which are shown as per the legend of the The proportion of urban households map. Figures on the top of the dIagram denotes having two rooms ranges between the high of total number of urban households Institutional 3530 per cent in Dharmapuri district and low of households and households are excluded from 25 76 per cent in the Kanniyakumari district. consideration for the purpose a thiS map The Over 30 per cent of urban households with two ratio of households With no exclUSive rooms and rooms are found in almost all the districts. 'unspecified number of rooms' could not be shown III the map as their proportIOns are The highest ratio of urban negligible. households 'three rooms' and 'more than three rooms' found in Kanmyakuman district with In the State as a whole, there are 22 57 per cent and 30.11 per cent respectively 3,915,695 urban households. Out of these, 42.57 Very low percentage of such households IS per cent of the urban households have only one recorded in Thanjavur district as households room, while 31.94 per cent of the households with three rooms are 8.95 per cent and have two rooms and 14.68 per cent households households with more than three rooms are 5.76 have three rooms each. Roughly, one out of per cent.

196 MAP 95

77"

TAMIL NADU ~

3915695

BAY

OF

BENGAL

Karalkal 1-POftCIlcherryi

110USEHOlDS LIVING IN ) .ONE"OO'" .'\_,,-

10 o rwo ROOMS Polk Sfrait

[tJ rHREE ROOMS

• MORE THAN THREE ROOMS

UNSPECIFIED NUMB[R O OF ROOMS

Gulf of Mannar

NUMBER OF HOUSEHOl[)S aOUNDAR1ES 600 000 SRI S1ATE/IJ 1 DtsTRlOT LANKA

KILOM£TRE:S 20100 20 40 to

s" N o A N o c £ A N

76 Eo,) of Greenwich 77" u!

197 MAP 96

PERSONS BY RURAL HOUSEHOLDS 1991

This map shows the distrIbution of rural persons and more In each households The households according to numbers of persons In Penyar dlstnct has 22 89% of total rural the househo Ids The data have been represented households with I to 2 persons In each by solid black bar diagrams In each distrIct The household and 63.54% household with 3 to 5 vertical aXIs of the bar diagrams represents the persons each and has only I 11% of households number of households while the honzontal aXIs with 9 persons and more In each represents the number of persons per household A scale for absolute number of households IS Salem district has the largest also drawn number of rural households (152,695) haVing I to 2 persons In each household followed by An analysIs of the data reveal that Tlruchlrappalli district with 144,445 households the largest number (4,696,435) of rural In South Arcot district, 472,255 rural households households have 3 - 5 persons each In the State are havmg 3 to 5 persons each In Thanjavur as a whole They account for 55 73% of the total distrIct also there are 447,775 rural households rural households (8,427,020) of the State The haVing 3 to 5 persons dwelling m each The smallest number (310,060) of rural households largest number of rural households havmg 6 to 8 have 9 persons and more each which accounts persons dwelling In each, is recorded In South for 3.68% of the total rural households. There Arcot district with 233,570 households, as also 9 are 1,514,160 rural households with I to 2 persons and more category In the same district persons each which accounts for 17 97% of the With 40,655 households The smallest number of total rural households There are 1,906,365 rural households with I to 2 persons In each IS households with 6 to 8 persons each which observed In NilgIrJ district With 10,770 accounts for 22.62% of the total rural households The Kanmyakumari dlstnct has the households Among the distrIcts COimbatore has largest number ofhouseholds(31 ,385) With 3 to 5 64.37% of rural households with 3 to 5 persons persons dwellIng In each Regarding 6 to 8 each and I 45% households with 9 persons and persons in each households the smallest number more each. The Pudukkoual distrIct has 30.25% IS recorded in Nllgm district WIth 17,385 of rural households with 6 to 8 persons in each households as also In 9 persons and more households and also 647% households with 9 household size with 2,770 households.

198 MAP 96

TAMIL NADU 1JT1ftur 11ftemT eli ~ ~ q,9- ~ PERSONS BY RURAL HOUSEHOLDS 1991

480

440

o 320

~ 280

~ a 240 o ~ 200 ~

PERSONS F'ER HOUSEHOLD TAMIL NADU

BAY

OF

BENGAL

Il--

E U - ENTIREl Y URB~N

BOUNDARIES

STATE/UT

Of STRICT

SRI Gulf of Mannar LANKA

e' e' N D A o c A N

76 Eo:st 01 Groe-erlw.crl 71' 78' 79'

199 MAP 97

PERSONS BY URBAN HOUSEHOLDS 1991

This map shows the districtwlse urban households. The Penyar district has distribution of urban households according to 64 27% of households With 3 to 5 persons each number of persons in the household. The data and 237% of households With 9 persons and have been represented by solid black bar more of Its total urban households. The North diagrams in each district. The vertical axis of the Arcot-Ambedkar district has 3093% of it total bar diagrams represents the number of urban households with 6 to 8 persons and 8 87% households while the honzontal axis represents of households WIth 9 persons and more III each the number of persons per household. A scale household. for absolute number of household is also drawn. Among the districts, Madras district has the As analysis of data and map reveals that the largest number of urban households (85,500) largest number (2,263,105) of urban households WIth 1 to 2 persons in each household followed have 3 to 5 persons each in the state as a whole. by Chengalpattu-MGR district (50,385). The They account for 57.79% of the total urban smallest number of households havmg 1 to 2 households (3,915,695) of the state. The smallest persons each IS represented at Tiruvannamalai­ number (187,235) of urban households have 9 Sambuvarayar (4,955) followed by Pudukottal persons in each household and more which (4,990). There are 446,515 urban households In accounts for 4.78% of the total urban Madras dlstnct having 3 to 5 persons In each households. There are 522,210 households with whereas Pudukkottal dlstnct has only 19,145 1 to 2 persons each which accounts for 1334% urban households In thIS category In the of the total urban households. There are 943,145 category of 6 to 8 persons In each urban urban households with 6 to 8 Persons each whIch households also. Madras dIstrict has the highest account for 24.09% of total urban households A number of urban households WIth 189,370 glance at the map reveals that among the district households and Dhannapun dlstnct has the a similar pattern of urban households is lowest number of 12,605 households. The observed as is obtamed in the state as a whole. number of urban households With 9 and more However Coimbatore district has 63.38% of persons IS hIghest In MadraS" district WIth 39,215 households with 3 to 5 persons each and 2.78% households whIle the lowest number In of households has 9 persons and more of its total Pudukkottai district with 2,330 households

200 180

150 TAMIL NADU ~ tIfumT

240

210 MADRAS :s 180

150

~ 120

~ 90

~ 60

30

1~2 3-5 6-8 9 .. PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLD TAMILNADU

BENGAL

II' II'

Polk Stroil

BOUNDARIES

STAlEJU T

DISTRICT

SRI Gulf of Manna, LANKA

~ILOMETRES 20 10 C 20 40 60

s' N D A N o c E A N

76 Eost (If Greenwich 77' 79'

201 MAP 98

PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRES PER 1,00,000 OF POPULATION 1991

This map depIcts the proportion of primary population. Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Thevar health centres for 1,00,000 of populatIOn which (3.80), Chldambaram (3 23),Tiruchlrappalh are run by Panchayat Union councils, (ie Block (3 14) and Thanjavur (3 09) dIstricts have also Development Offices) The primary health registered fairly good ratio. Eight other distncts centres are the basic health UnIts started under have recorded ratios between 2 °1 and 3.00 the Communrty Development Scheme In the primary health centres per 1,00,000 population rural areas For the purpose of thiS map pnmary Of the five dlstncts whIch have proportIOn health centres only have been considered. All between 2.00 and below Dharmapun has the the centres have been brought under five broad lowest ratIO (1.77). Salem distrIct has also ranges, In accordance with their ratio of prImary revealed low ratIo (1.85) of primary health health centres per lakh of population. centres to population

At the state level, we observe an average There are 1430 primary health centres In ratIO of 2.56 primary health centres per 1,00,000 the State. ThanJavur distrIct has the largest population. Barring Madras dlstnct, 11 districts number of 140 pnlmary health centres among the in the State have revealed higher ratios than the dIstncts. ThiS IS followed by North Arcot­ state average Ambedkar (133),Tlruchlrappalh (130), South Arcot(ll7), Tiruvannamalai-Sambuvarayar (97) Tiruvannamalai- Sambuvarayar district and Chengalpatty-MGR (95) There are 12 with a proportion of 475 primary health umts dIstricts which has the ratio between 30 - 70 has the hIghest ratio among the districts North primary health centres each. The smallest Arcot(439), Pudukkottal (4.14), number of centres (29) IS found in the small hIlly Ramanathapuram (4.11) and Nilgiri (408) are district Nilglri The Kanmyakumari dlstnct has the other dlstncts which have got the ratio of also a low number of primary health over 4 primary health units per 1,00,000 centres with 32.

202 MAP 98

r-_7~6~0 ______7.7_0 ______7r8 ______~7~'O ______800

TAMILNADU ~ 100000 '3I"I+i@Olt ~ ~ ~ ~ PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRES PER 100 000 OF POPULATION 1991

I~O ~ #t ,.. r-?"r \..-{..J to r..N< r:r ...... ,.,( ~

DHARMAPURI 1\77\

K

BAY

OF

BENGAL

Number of Primary Health centres) • per 100000 of lotal PopIJI{]!lo-n ~ r/\ _/ ~351 above "' 10" Poll< Siroll - 301 350 MADURAI 111 (L 911 IS- 251 - 300 State Average m 256 - D 201 - 250 D200 & below 11/

E U - Entirely Urban ..... ~ <]

BOUNDAHIES

STAT£lUT ~ DISTRICT SRt Gulf of MOllnor LANKA

KILOMETRES 20 10 a 20 ,,_,.) 60

SO N o A N o c E A N

C 7S East of Greenwu:h 780

203