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2003 Newspaper-English.Pdf 2003 / 15 > 18 Ålesund Helsinki Glasgow Riga Bruxelles-Brussel Nancy Wien Budapest Ljubljana Provincia di Varese Terrassa Barcelona Reus 2 RÉSEAU ART NOUVEAU NETWORK The Réseau Art Nouveau Network 3 ÅLESUND . NORGE At the dawn of the 20th century, a certain cultural phenomenon came into being in several towns and 4 BARCELONA . CATALUNYA cities across Europe: Art Nouveau. This artistic movement which signalled at once an artistic and intellectual break with the past, exploited the innovations of the Industrial Revolution while at the same time keeping a 5 BRUXELLES - BRUSSEL . BELGIQUE - BELGIË place for the refined works of craftsmanship.Throughout Europe Art Nouveau is distinguished by the strength 6 BUDAPEST . MAGYARORSZÀG of its aspiration for modernity, by the wish to make life in the developing great urban centres a thing of beauty, and by the attempt to do away with the distinction between the High and Decorative Arts. The 7 GLASGOW . SCOTLAND UK movement offered a perfect harmony of lifestyle, fusing deftly architectural, interior, and furniture design. 8 HELSINKI . SUOMI In 1999, fourteen European cities joined together as a co-operative network to study, conserve and 9 LJUBLJANA . SLOVENIJA promote their collective Art Nouveau heritage. The network comprises members from various fields, trades and professions: conservators, museum directors, architects, restorers, and art historians.Together they have 10 NANCY . FRANCE produced documents and devised activities for informing professionals and bringing awareness to a wider 11 REUS . CATALUNYA public: a book has been published, an internet site created, a conference and exhibition organised, a 12 RIGA . LATVIJA newspaper for school students has been produced and a magazine for younger children. To this end the Network has received financial support from the European Union (Culture 2000 Programme). 13 TERRASSA . CATALUNYA 14 PROVINCIA DI VARESE . ITALIA 15 WIEN . ÖSTERREICH Le Réseau Art Nouveau Network À l’aube du XXe siècle, un phénomène culturel se développe dans plusieurs villes d’Europe : l’Art nouveau. Ce mouvement, qui marque à la fois une rupture artistique et intellectuelle, a exploité les nouveautés issues de la Révolution industrielle, tout en poursuivant la perfection du travail artisanal. Partout en Europe, l’Art nouveau est porté par une formidable aspiration à la modernité, par le désir d’embellir la vie quotidienne dans les grands centres urbains en développement et par la volonté d’abolir la frontière entre les Beaux-Arts et les Arts décoratifs. Ce courant offre une harmonie parfaite du cadre de vie, mêlant habilement l’architecture, la décoration intérieure et le mobilier. En 1999, quatorze villes d’Europe se regroupent au sein d’un réseau de coopération pour étudier, sauvegarder et mettre en valeur leur patrimoine Art nouveau. Ce réseau est constitué de personnes aux métiers et aux compétences variés : conservateurs ou directeurs de musées, architectes, restaurateurs, historiens de l’Art. Ces derniers conçoivent des documents et des activités pour informer les professionnels et sensibiliser le grand public : édition d’un livre, création d’un site Internet, organisation d’un colloque et d’une exposition, publication d’un journal pour les lycéens et d’une revue pour les enfants… Dans ce but, le Réseau reçoit un soutien financier de l’Union européenne (programme Culture 2000). 2 Art nouveau in Europe At the turn of the 20th century a new artistic style was developing in Au tournant du XXe siècle, un nouveau courant artistique se dé- quite a few European cities. This cultural phenomenon was known under veloppe dans un certain nombre de villes européennes. Ce phénomène several different names. Jugendstil, Modern Style, Ecole de Nancy, Glasgow culturel prend différentes appellations, Jugenstil, Modern Style, Ecole de Style, Modernisme, and also Secession. It was strongly linked to certain Nancy, Modernisme ou encore la Sécession. Il est fortement lié aux economic and social developments in the Europe of that time. évolutions économiques et sociales de l’Europe à l‘époque. From its roots in Great Britain in the late 18th century, the industrial Amorcée à la fin du XVIIIe siècle en Grande Bretagne, diffusée en revolution spread across Europe and subsequently the United States, Europe puis aux Etats-Unis tout au long du XIXe et du XXe siècles, la changing the economies, the structure of society, and the daily existence of révolution industrielle transforme profondément l’économie des pays the inhabitants of the countries concerned, profoundly throughout the qu’elle a touchés, la structure des sociétés et l’existence quotidienne des 19th and 20th centuries. Europe therefore changed from an agriculture and hommes. L’Europe passe ainsi d’une économie dominée par l’agriculture et crafts-based economy to a mechanised and industrialised one, with a l’artisanat à une économie fondée sur la machine, la grande industrie et le heavy dependence on developed transport systems.The industrialisation of développement des transports. L’industrialisation de l’Europe est marquée Europe meant use of new energy sources, firstly coal, then oil and elec- par l’utilisation de nouvelles sources d’énergie, le charbon puis le pétrole tricity.This fed on a series of innovative techniques which were established et l’électricité. Elle s’est nourrie d’une série d’innovations techniques qui en at successive phases. The first industrial revolution was founded on the établissent les étapes successives. La première révolution industrielle est invention of the steam engine by the Scot James Watt, and brought about déterminée par l’invention de la machine à vapeur par l’Ecossais James a great demand for coal. In the wake of this development came about the Watt, ce qui nécessite l’utilisation du charbon, et qui entraîne la méca- mechanisation of the cotton mills, and the development of the steel nisation de l’industrie cotonnière et le développement de la métallurgie industry for the production of engines, rails and tools. At the end of the pour la fabrication des machines, des outils et des rails. À la fin du XIXe 19th century the second industrial revolution began, and is associated with siècle, s’amorce la seconde révolution industrielle qu’on associe à la the discovery of electricity, the use of oil as a source of energy, the rapid découverte de l’électricité, à l’utilisation du pétrole comme source development of the chemicals industry the invention of the motor car, and d’énergie, à l’essor de l’industrie chimique, à l’invention de l’automobile et the development of the telecommunications industry. au développement des télécommunications. The industrial revolution therefore palpably changed our ways of La révolution industrielle modifie donc sensiblement la façon de producing things: little by little, the tradesman or craftsworker was produire : peu à peu, la travail artisanal est remplacé par la production en replaced by the assembly line, the preferred mode for new working série, favorisée par les nouvelles techniques de travail. Cette production en methods. With mass production came lower prices, therefore the masse provoque une baisse des prix, donc la démocratisation de la democratisation of consumption. Gradually European society became a consommation. Petit à petit, la société européenne devient une société de consumer society. The industrial revolution had brought about a truly consommation. La révolution industrielle entraîne donc une véritable commercial revolution: the development of means of transport contributed révolution commerciale : le développement des moyens de transport to the formation of a global market. In the domestic markets, with the birth contribue à la formation d’un marché mondial. Sur les marchés intérieurs, of the first great department stores, the earliest promotional and la naissance des grands magasins, les premiers pas de la publicité, alors advertising techniques began, and there was the development of credit, appelée “réclame”, le développement du crédit, incitent les consom- enciting the consumers to make yet more purchases. mateurs à multiplier leurs achats. The industrial revolution also had an effect on the social structure. In La révolution industrielle modifie également les structures sociales. the 19th century firstly North West Europe, and then those parts to the En effet, au XIXe siècle, l’Europe du nord-ouest, puis celle du sud et de l’est, South and East, were affected by a particular demographic transition, sont touchées par la transition démographique, qui alimente un fort which brought about a natural expansion in the population. By 1900 accroissement naturel. En 1900, l’Europe regroupe ainsi le quart de la Europe held one quarter of the world’s population. This demographic population mondiale. Cette croissance démographique favorise la growth favoured economic growth and brought about an important croissance économique et entraîne une importante redistribution geographical redistribution of the population; in particular, a rural exodus. géographique des populations, illustrée en particulier par l’exode rural. Cet This influx of population made a reorganisation of our cities urgent, afflux de population exige un réaménagement des villes, car en Europe, la because the old cities of Europe had inherited a structure which no longer structure héritée des siècles passés ne correspond plus aux besoins corresponded to the needs of their populations. All the larger European nouveaux. Toutes les grandes cités européennes subissent donc des cities
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