Aiko Huckauf
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Presentation given in the course of the Energy Entropy Master’s Programme Exergy Illustration Environmental Management Dissipative Structures Emergy – Module 2.1.1 “Ecosystem Analysis” –
References
Aiko Huckauf
Ecology Centre Kiel
2006-07-05 Ecosystem Thermodynamics Review Aiko Huckauf
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy Last time: Thermodynamics 101 Entropy Exergy I Some remarks about the history of Illustration Dissipative Structures thermodynamics Emergy
References I Classical vs. statistical thermodynamics I The fundamental laws of thermodynamics, e. g.
I First Law: Conservation of Energy (dU = 0) I Second Law: Increase of Entropy (∆S > 0) Ecosystem Thermodynamics Review Aiko Huckauf
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy Last time: Thermodynamics 101 Entropy Exergy I Some remarks about the history of Illustration Dissipative Structures thermodynamics Emergy
References I Classical vs. statistical thermodynamics I The fundamental laws of thermodynamics, e. g.
I First Law: Conservation of Energy (dU = 0) I Second Law: Increase of Entropy (∆S > 0) Ecosystem Thermodynamics Review Aiko Huckauf
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy Last time: Thermodynamics 101 Entropy Exergy I Some remarks about the history of Illustration Dissipative Structures thermodynamics Emergy
References I Classical vs. statistical thermodynamics I The fundamental laws of thermodynamics, e. g.
I First Law: Conservation of Energy (dU = 0) I Second Law: Increase of Entropy (∆S > 0) Ecosystem Thermodynamics Review Aiko Huckauf
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy Last time: Thermodynamics 101 Entropy Exergy I Some remarks about the history of Illustration Dissipative Structures thermodynamics Emergy
References I Classical vs. statistical thermodynamics I The fundamental laws of thermodynamics, e. g.
I First Law: Conservation of Energy (dU = 0) I Second Law: Increase of Entropy (∆S > 0) Ecosystem Thermodynamics Review Aiko Huckauf
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy Last time: Thermodynamics 101 Entropy Exergy I Some remarks about the history of Illustration Dissipative Structures thermodynamics Emergy
References I Classical vs. statistical thermodynamics I The fundamental laws of thermodynamics, e. g.
I First Law: Conservation of Energy (dU = 0) I Second Law: Increase of Entropy (∆S > 0) Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Introduction
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy I Do ecosystems obey the laws of thermodynamics? Entropy Exergy Yes, of course - as far as they are applicable. Illustration Dissipative Structures Emergy I Is thermodynamics a useful tool to explain
References ecosystem functioning? Well...
I Do additional concepts make things clearer/easier? Decide yourself. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Introduction
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy I Do ecosystems obey the laws of thermodynamics? Entropy Exergy Yes, of course - as far as they are applicable. Illustration Dissipative Structures Emergy I Is thermodynamics a useful tool to explain
References ecosystem functioning? Well...
I Do additional concepts make things clearer/easier? Decide yourself. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Introduction
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy I Do ecosystems obey the laws of thermodynamics? Entropy Exergy Yes, of course - as far as they are applicable. Illustration Dissipative Structures Emergy I Is thermodynamics a useful tool to explain
References ecosystem functioning? Well...
I Do additional concepts make things clearer/easier? Decide yourself. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Introduction
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy I Do ecosystems obey the laws of thermodynamics? Entropy Exergy Yes, of course - as far as they are applicable. Illustration Dissipative Structures Emergy I Is thermodynamics a useful tool to explain
References ecosystem functioning? Well...
I Do additional concepts make things clearer/easier? Decide yourself. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Introduction
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy I Do ecosystems obey the laws of thermodynamics? Entropy Exergy Yes, of course - as far as they are applicable. Illustration Dissipative Structures Emergy I Is thermodynamics a useful tool to explain
References ecosystem functioning? Well...
I Do additional concepts make things clearer/easier? Decide yourself. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Introduction
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy I Do ecosystems obey the laws of thermodynamics? Entropy Exergy Yes, of course - as far as they are applicable. Illustration Dissipative Structures Emergy I Is thermodynamics a useful tool to explain
References ecosystem functioning? Well...
I Do additional concepts make things clearer/easier? Decide yourself. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Introduction
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy I Do ecosystems obey the laws of thermodynamics? Entropy Exergy Yes, of course - as far as they are applicable. Illustration Dissipative Structures Emergy I Is thermodynamics a useful tool to explain
References ecosystem functioning? Well...
I Do additional concepts make things clearer/easier? Decide yourself. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Conservation of Matter
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter According to the mass conservation principle, matter Energy Entropy can be used, but not used up: Exergy Illustration I Matter can be converted from one form into Dissipative Structures Emergy another, but not consumed. References I Ecosystems are characterised by constant flows and transformations of matter:
I Carbon cycle I Nitrogen cycle I Phosphorus cycle I Water cycle Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Conservation of Matter
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter According to the mass conservation principle, matter Energy Entropy can be used, but not used up: Exergy Illustration I Matter can be converted from one form into Dissipative Structures Emergy another, but not consumed. References I Ecosystems are characterised by constant flows and transformations of matter:
I Carbon cycle I Nitrogen cycle I Phosphorus cycle I Water cycle Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Conservation of Matter
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter According to the mass conservation principle, matter Energy Entropy can be used, but not used up: Exergy Illustration I Matter can be converted from one form into Dissipative Structures Emergy another, but not consumed. References I Ecosystems are characterised by constant flows and transformations of matter:
I Carbon cycle I Nitrogen cycle I Phosphorus cycle I Water cycle Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Conservation of Matter
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter According to the mass conservation principle, matter Energy Entropy can be used, but not used up: Exergy Illustration I Matter can be converted from one form into Dissipative Structures Emergy another, but not consumed. References I Ecosystems are characterised by constant flows and transformations of matter:
I Carbon cycle I Nitrogen cycle I Phosphorus cycle I Water cycle Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Conservation of Energy
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy Entropy According to the First Law of Thermodynamics, Exergy = Illustration dU 0, energy can be used, but not used up: Dissipative Structures Emergy I Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. References I Energy can be converted from one form into another, but not consumed.
I Ecosystems are characterised by constant flows and transformations of energy. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Conservation of Energy
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy Entropy According to the First Law of Thermodynamics, Exergy = Illustration dU 0, energy can be used, but not used up: Dissipative Structures Emergy I Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. References I Energy can be converted from one form into another, but not consumed.
I Ecosystems are characterised by constant flows and transformations of energy. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Conservation of Energy
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy Entropy According to the First Law of Thermodynamics, Exergy = Illustration dU 0, energy can be used, but not used up: Dissipative Structures Emergy I Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. References I Energy can be converted from one form into another, but not consumed.
I Ecosystems are characterised by constant flows and transformations of energy. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Conservation of Energy
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy Entropy According to the First Law of Thermodynamics, Exergy = Illustration dU 0, energy can be used, but not used up: Dissipative Structures Emergy I Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. References I Energy can be converted from one form into another, but not consumed.
I Ecosystems are characterised by constant flows and transformations of energy. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Transformation of Energy
Review Ecosystem Electromagnetic energy (light) can be transformed into Thermodynamics Introduction chemical energy (sugar) by photosynthesis. Matter Energy Entropy Exergy Illustration Dissipative Structures Emergy
References Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Transformation of Energy
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Chemical energy can be transformed into heat. Matter Energy Entropy Exergy Illustration Dissipative Structures Emergy
References Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Transformation of Energy
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy Entropy Exergy Illustration Dissipative Structures Emergy Chemical energy can be References transformed into electrical energy. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Summary: Ecosystem Energy
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy I Ecosystems are open to energy and/or matter Entropy Exergy transfer across their boundaries. Illustration Dissipative Structures Emergy I Earth’s ecosystems receive a permanent flow of
References energy through solar radiation.
I Without this flow of energy, ecosystems could not develop—not even survive.
I (Therefore,) In ecology, the energy transfer rate dE/dt is commonly used as currency. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Summary: Ecosystem Energy
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy I Ecosystems are open to energy and/or matter Entropy Exergy transfer across their boundaries. Illustration Dissipative Structures Emergy I Earth’s ecosystems receive a permanent flow of
References energy through solar radiation.
I Without this flow of energy, ecosystems could not develop—not even survive.
I (Therefore,) In ecology, the energy transfer rate dE/dt is commonly used as currency. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Increase of Entropy
Review According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, Ecosystem Thermodynamics ∆S > 0, all natural (i. e. spontaneous) processes Introduction Matter enhance the entropy of the universe. Energy Entropy Exergy Hence the universe will eventually degenerate Illustration Dissipative Structures towards thermodynamic equilibrium where Emergy I all gradients are eliminated, References I all matter is transferred into its most stable chemical state,
I the entropy has reached its maximum, and
I the system is dead. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Increase of Entropy
Review According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, Ecosystem Thermodynamics ∆S > 0, all natural (i. e. spontaneous) processes Introduction Matter enhance the entropy of the universe. Energy Entropy Exergy Hence the universe will eventually degenerate Illustration Dissipative Structures towards thermodynamic equilibrium where Emergy I all gradients are eliminated, References I all matter is transferred into its most stable chemical state,
I the entropy has reached its maximum, and
I the system is dead. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Increase of Entropy
Review According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, Ecosystem Thermodynamics ∆S > 0, all natural (i. e. spontaneous) processes Introduction Matter enhance the entropy of the universe. Energy Entropy Exergy Hence the universe will eventually degenerate Illustration Dissipative Structures towards thermodynamic equilibrium where Emergy I all gradients are eliminated, References I all matter is transferred into its most stable chemical state,
I the entropy has reached its maximum, and
I the system is dead. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf The Heat Death of the Universe
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Some people find this heat death of the universe Energy Entropy thought so disturbing that they want to forbid the Exergy Illustration Second Law: Dissipative Structures Emergy
References “I wouldn’t want my child growing up in a world headed for total heat death and dissolution into a vacuum. No decent parent would want that.” Kansas state senator Will Blanchard Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf The Heat Death of the Universe
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Some people find this heat death of the universe Energy Entropy thought so disturbing that they want to forbid the Exergy Illustration Second Law: Dissipative Structures Emergy
References “I wouldn’t want my child growing up in a world headed for total heat death and dissolution into a vacuum. No decent parent would want that.” Kansas state senator Will Blanchard Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Introducing Exergy
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Others have replaced the problematical concept of Introduction Matter entropy by the more conceivable concept of exergy: Energy Entropy Exergy is the amount of work a system can Exergy Illustration perform when brought into thermodynamic Dissipative Structures Emergy equilibrium with its environment. References
I Exergy indicates a system’s distance from thermodynamic equilibrium: The higher the exergy, the farther the distance.
I Exergy is the available (or: usable) energy of a system and hence a measure of energy quality: The higher the quality of the energy, the smaller the energy loss (e. g. as waste heat) when it is used. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Introducing Exergy
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Others have replaced the problematical concept of Introduction Matter entropy by the more conceivable concept of exergy: Energy Entropy Exergy is the amount of work a system can Exergy Illustration perform when brought into thermodynamic Dissipative Structures Emergy equilibrium with its environment. References
I Exergy indicates a system’s distance from thermodynamic equilibrium: The higher the exergy, the farther the distance.
I Exergy is the available (or: usable) energy of a system and hence a measure of energy quality: The higher the quality of the energy, the smaller the energy loss (e. g. as waste heat) when it is used. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Introducing Exergy
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Others have replaced the problematical concept of Introduction Matter entropy by the more conceivable concept of exergy: Energy Entropy Exergy is the amount of work a system can Exergy Illustration perform when brought into thermodynamic Dissipative Structures Emergy equilibrium with its environment. References
I Exergy indicates a system’s distance from thermodynamic equilibrium: The higher the exergy, the farther the distance.
I Exergy is the available (or: usable) energy of a system and hence a measure of energy quality: The higher the quality of the energy, the smaller the energy loss (e. g. as waste heat) when it is used. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Introducing Exergy
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Others have replaced the problematical concept of Introduction Matter entropy by the more conceivable concept of exergy: Energy Entropy Exergy is the amount of work a system can Exergy Illustration perform when brought into thermodynamic Dissipative Structures Emergy equilibrium with its environment. References
I Exergy indicates a system’s distance from thermodynamic equilibrium: The higher the exergy, the farther the distance.
I Exergy is the available (or: usable) energy of a system and hence a measure of energy quality: The higher the quality of the energy, the smaller the energy loss (e. g. as waste heat) when it is used. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Consumption of Exergy Review In contrast to energy, exergy can be consumed—and it Ecosystem Thermodynamics is consumed during each natural (i. e. irreversible) Introduction Matter process: After usage, energy contains a lower amount Energy of exergy than before. Entropy Exergy Illustration Dissipative Structures Emergy
References Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Consumption of Exergy
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy Entropy I Ecosystems of different biological qualities Exergy Illustration consume exergy at different efficiencies. Dissipative Structures Emergy I The more structure an ecosystem has, the more References exergy it can capture and utilise—but the more it also needs for maintenance.
I Example: Sun radiation reflected by different surfaces (cf. following pages). Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Consumption of Exergy
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy Entropy I Ecosystems of different biological qualities Exergy Illustration consume exergy at different efficiencies. Dissipative Structures Emergy I The more structure an ecosystem has, the more References exergy it can capture and utilise—but the more it also needs for maintenance.
I Example: Sun radiation reflected by different surfaces (cf. following pages). Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Consumption of Exergy
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy Entropy I Ecosystems of different biological qualities Exergy Illustration consume exergy at different efficiencies. Dissipative Structures Emergy I The more structure an ecosystem has, the more References exergy it can capture and utilise—but the more it also needs for maintenance.
I Example: Sun radiation reflected by different surfaces (cf. following pages). Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Consumption of Exergy
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy Entropy I Ecosystems of different biological qualities Exergy Illustration consume exergy at different efficiencies. Dissipative Structures Emergy I The more structure an ecosystem has, the more References exergy it can capture and utilise—but the more it also needs for maintenance.
I Example: Sun radiation reflected by different surfaces (cf. following pages). Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Exergy Consumption by a Mirror
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy Entropy Exergy Illustration Dissipative Structures Emergy
References
A perfect mirror reflects the sun radiation without any exergy losses. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Exergy Consumption by Asphalt
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy Entropy Exergy Illustration Dissipative Structures Emergy
References
Quantum chemical processes in the asphalt consume exergy (degrade energy quality) so that the reflected radiation contains less exergy, i. e., the outgoing radiation is cooler. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Exergy Consumption by Lawn
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy Entropy Exergy Illustration Dissipative Structures Emergy
References
Quantum chemical processes as well as metabolic processes of the grass will occur. Hence, the reflected radiation will contain even less exergy and thus be even cooler with the same incoming radiation. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Exergy Consumption by Steppe
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy Entropy Exergy Illustration Dissipative Structures Emergy
References
Invading bushes and shrubs involve more biological activity. Hence, the outgoing radiation during the same circumstances will be cooler. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Exergy Consumption by Forest
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy Entropy Exergy Illustration Dissipative Structures Emergy
References
Further succession brings animals and further plants into the area, which implies a large exergy consumption. The outgoing radiation will thus be rather cool compared to that of the perfect mirror. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Storage of Exergy Review The ripening of ecosystems increases their ability to Ecosystem Thermodynamics consume incoming solar exergy. This tendency has Introduction Matter been formulated as the tentative Fourth Law of Energy Thermodynamics: Entropy Exergy Illustration If a system receives a throughflow of exergy, Dissipative Structures Emergy it will utilise this exergy to move away from References thermodynamic equilibrium. If there is more than one pathway of movement, that one is likely to be chosen which yields most stored exergy (and creates the longest distance from equilibrium). Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Storage of Exergy Review The ripening of ecosystems increases their ability to Ecosystem Thermodynamics consume incoming solar exergy. This tendency has Introduction Matter been formulated as the tentative Fourth Law of Energy Thermodynamics: Entropy Exergy Illustration If a system receives a throughflow of exergy, Dissipative Structures Emergy it will utilise this exergy to move away from References thermodynamic equilibrium. If there is more than one pathway of movement, that one is likely to be chosen which yields most stored exergy (and creates the longest distance from equilibrium). Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Exergy vs. Entropy
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy Exergy and entropy are closely related: Entropy Exergy I The exergy in the universe is constantly Illustration Dissipative Structures decreasing, the entropy increasing. Emergy
References I Exergy is not negative entropy, but another description of the system.
I The exergy concept is useful to describe ecosystems and other systems far from equilibrium (for which entropy is not defined). Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Exergy vs. Entropy
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy Exergy and entropy are closely related: Entropy Exergy I The exergy in the universe is constantly Illustration Dissipative Structures decreasing, the entropy increasing. Emergy
References I Exergy is not negative entropy, but another description of the system.
I The exergy concept is useful to describe ecosystems and other systems far from equilibrium (for which entropy is not defined). Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Exergy vs. Entropy
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy Exergy and entropy are closely related: Entropy Exergy I The exergy in the universe is constantly Illustration Dissipative Structures decreasing, the entropy increasing. Emergy
References I Exergy is not negative entropy, but another description of the system.
I The exergy concept is useful to describe ecosystems and other systems far from equilibrium (for which entropy is not defined). Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Exergy vs. Entropy
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction Matter Energy Exergy and entropy are closely related: Entropy Exergy I The exergy in the universe is constantly Illustration Dissipative Structures decreasing, the entropy increasing. Emergy
References I Exergy is not negative entropy, but another description of the system.
I The exergy concept is useful to describe ecosystems and other systems far from equilibrium (for which entropy is not defined). Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf An Illustration connecting Energy, Exergy, and Entropy Review The toothpaste tube (energy) is used by squeezing out Ecosystem Thermodynamics the paste (exergy). When all paste (exergy) is used up, Introduction Matter the tube (energy) is still there, but its usefulness Energy Entropy (quality) has diminished. In the picture, the depression Exergy Illustration in the tube (entropy) increases as the amount of paste Dissipative Structures diminishes—but the depression is not a negative paste Emergy
References as one cannot use it to unbrush one’s teeth. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Dissipative Structures and Systems
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction I When the exergy flow into a system exceeds its exergy Matter consumption, the surplus exergy can be utilised to Energy Entropy construct further order, so-called dissipative structure. Exergy Illustration I Such emergent structures move the system further Dissipative Structures Emergy away from thermodynamic equilibrium.
References I Systems that show such coherent self-organisation behaviour are called dissipative systems.
I They have to export entropy to other hierarchical levels in order to maintain their organised state. One obvious example for such a spontaneous creation of organisation as a result of energy flow through ecosystems is the emergence of life on Earth. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Dissipative Structures and Systems
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction I When the exergy flow into a system exceeds its exergy Matter consumption, the surplus exergy can be utilised to Energy Entropy construct further order, so-called dissipative structure. Exergy Illustration I Such emergent structures move the system further Dissipative Structures Emergy away from thermodynamic equilibrium.
References I Systems that show such coherent self-organisation behaviour are called dissipative systems.
I They have to export entropy to other hierarchical levels in order to maintain their organised state. One obvious example for such a spontaneous creation of organisation as a result of energy flow through ecosystems is the emergence of life on Earth. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Dissipative Structures and Systems
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction I When the exergy flow into a system exceeds its exergy Matter consumption, the surplus exergy can be utilised to Energy Entropy construct further order, so-called dissipative structure. Exergy Illustration I Such emergent structures move the system further Dissipative Structures Emergy away from thermodynamic equilibrium.
References I Systems that show such coherent self-organisation behaviour are called dissipative systems.
I They have to export entropy to other hierarchical levels in order to maintain their organised state. One obvious example for such a spontaneous creation of organisation as a result of energy flow through ecosystems is the emergence of life on Earth. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Dissipative Structures and Systems
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction I When the exergy flow into a system exceeds its exergy Matter consumption, the surplus exergy can be utilised to Energy Entropy construct further order, so-called dissipative structure. Exergy Illustration I Such emergent structures move the system further Dissipative Structures Emergy away from thermodynamic equilibrium.
References I Systems that show such coherent self-organisation behaviour are called dissipative systems.
I They have to export entropy to other hierarchical levels in order to maintain their organised state. One obvious example for such a spontaneous creation of organisation as a result of energy flow through ecosystems is the emergence of life on Earth. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Dissipative Structures and Systems
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction I When the exergy flow into a system exceeds its exergy Matter consumption, the surplus exergy can be utilised to Energy Entropy construct further order, so-called dissipative structure. Exergy Illustration I Such emergent structures move the system further Dissipative Structures Emergy away from thermodynamic equilibrium.
References I Systems that show such coherent self-organisation behaviour are called dissipative systems.
I They have to export entropy to other hierarchical levels in order to maintain their organised state. One obvious example for such a spontaneous creation of organisation as a result of energy flow through ecosystems is the emergence of life on Earth. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Dissipative Structures and Systems
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Introduction I When the exergy flow into a system exceeds its exergy Matter consumption, the surplus exergy can be utilised to Energy Entropy construct further order, so-called dissipative structure. Exergy Illustration I Such emergent structures move the system further Dissipative Structures Emergy away from thermodynamic equilibrium.
References I Systems that show such coherent self-organisation behaviour are called dissipative systems.
I They have to export entropy to other hierarchical levels in order to maintain their organised state. One obvious example for such a spontaneous creation of organisation as a result of energy flow through ecosystems is the emergence of life on Earth. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Introducing Emergy
Review
Ecosystem Emergy is the amount of energy that is required Thermodynamics to make something: The more energy has to be Introduction Matter transformed to produce something, the higher Energy the emergy content of the product. Entropy Exergy Illustration Dissipative Structures I Emergy (expressed in emjoules, ej) can be used as Emergy basis of a donor system of value, while energy/heat References evaluation (expressed in joules, J) or economic valuation (expressed in monetary units) are receiver systems of value.
I For the Emergy Accounting valuation method, all forms of energy and materials are first converted into equivalents of one form of energy so that the value of both energy and material resources required to produce something can be measured within a common framework. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Introducing Emergy
Review
Ecosystem Emergy is the amount of energy that is required Thermodynamics to make something: The more energy has to be Introduction Matter transformed to produce something, the higher Energy the emergy content of the product. Entropy Exergy Illustration Dissipative Structures I Emergy (expressed in emjoules, ej) can be used as Emergy basis of a donor system of value, while energy/heat References evaluation (expressed in joules, J) or economic valuation (expressed in monetary units) are receiver systems of value.
I For the Emergy Accounting valuation method, all forms of energy and materials are first converted into equivalents of one form of energy so that the value of both energy and material resources required to produce something can be measured within a common framework. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Introducing Emergy
Review
Ecosystem Emergy is the amount of energy that is required Thermodynamics to make something: The more energy has to be Introduction Matter transformed to produce something, the higher Energy the emergy content of the product. Entropy Exergy Illustration Dissipative Structures I Emergy (expressed in emjoules, ej) can be used as Emergy basis of a donor system of value, while energy/heat References evaluation (expressed in joules, J) or economic valuation (expressed in monetary units) are receiver systems of value.
I For the Emergy Accounting valuation method, all forms of energy and materials are first converted into equivalents of one form of energy so that the value of both energy and material resources required to produce something can be measured within a common framework. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Solar Emergy
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics I The usual reference for emergy calculations is solar Introduction Matter energy. Energy Entropy I The solar emergy of a product (expressed in solar Exergy Illustration emjoules, sej) is the emergy of the product expressed Dissipative Structures Emergy in equivalent solar energy required to generate it. References I To derive solar emergy of a product, resource, or commodity, all resources that have been used to produce it have to be traced back and expressed in the amount of solar energy that went into their production.
I Based on such calculations, a transformation coefficient (transformity = emergy/energy, expressed in sej/J) can be derived and used for future calculations to convert energy into emergy. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Solar Emergy
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics I The usual reference for emergy calculations is solar Introduction Matter energy. Energy Entropy I The solar emergy of a product (expressed in solar Exergy Illustration emjoules, sej) is the emergy of the product expressed Dissipative Structures Emergy in equivalent solar energy required to generate it. References I To derive solar emergy of a product, resource, or commodity, all resources that have been used to produce it have to be traced back and expressed in the amount of solar energy that went into their production.
I Based on such calculations, a transformation coefficient (transformity = emergy/energy, expressed in sej/J) can be derived and used for future calculations to convert energy into emergy. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Solar Emergy
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics I The usual reference for emergy calculations is solar Introduction Matter energy. Energy Entropy I The solar emergy of a product (expressed in solar Exergy Illustration emjoules, sej) is the emergy of the product expressed Dissipative Structures Emergy in equivalent solar energy required to generate it. References I To derive solar emergy of a product, resource, or commodity, all resources that have been used to produce it have to be traced back and expressed in the amount of solar energy that went into their production.
I Based on such calculations, a transformation coefficient (transformity = emergy/energy, expressed in sej/J) can be derived and used for future calculations to convert energy into emergy. Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf Solar Emergy
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics I The usual reference for emergy calculations is solar Introduction Matter energy. Energy Entropy I The solar emergy of a product (expressed in solar Exergy Illustration emjoules, sej) is the emergy of the product expressed Dissipative Structures Emergy in equivalent solar energy required to generate it. References I To derive solar emergy of a product, resource, or commodity, all resources that have been used to produce it have to be traced back and expressed in the amount of solar energy that went into their production.
I Based on such calculations, a transformation coefficient (transformity = emergy/energy, expressed in sej/J) can be derived and used for future calculations to convert energy into emergy. Ecosystem Thermodynamics References Aiko Huckauf For Further Reading. . .
Review
Ecosystem Thermodynamics Sven Erik Jørgensen and Felix Müller (Ed.): Handbook of Ecosystem Introduction I Matter Theories and Management. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2000. Energy Entropy I Sven Erik Jørgensen: Integration of Ecosystem Theories: A Pattern. Exergy Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1992. Illustration Dissipative Structures I James J. Kay’s homepage http://www.jameskay.ca/ provides plentiful Emergy information about Thermodynamics and Ecology in general References (http://www.jameskay.ca/about/thermo.html) as well as Exergy in particular (http://www.jameskay.ca/about/exergy.html). I Folke Günthe: The Laws of Thermodynamics. Available online at http: //www.holon.se/folke/kurs/Distans/Ekofys/fysbas/LOT/LOT.shtml. I David Watson: Energy Concepts for Educators and Students. Available online at http://www.ftexploring.com/energy/energy.html. I M. T. Brown and S. Ulgiati: Emergy evaluation of natural capital and biosphere services. AMBIO 28(6), 486–493 (1999). Ecosystem Thermodynamics Ecosystem Thermodynamics Aiko Huckauf The obligatory last slide. . .
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Ecosystem Thermodynamics Thank you for your attention! Introduction Matter Energy Entropy Exergy Illustration Dissipative Structures Emergy
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