Ref. Ares(2015)1813958 - 29/04/2015

Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands: Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011– 2020

Photo.: Per Arnesen Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands: Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011– 2020

Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020 5

Table of content

Preface 7

1. Introduction 9 1.1. A region is opening up 9 1.2. Joint strategy for the Arctic 10

2. A peaceful, secure and safe Arctic 13 2.1. Basis for peaceful cooperation with emphasis on the UN’s Convention on the Law of the Sea 13 2.2. Enhanced maritime safety 16 2.3. Exercising of sovereignty and surveillance 20

3. SELF-SUSTAINING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 23 3.1. High standards for the exploitation of mineral resources 24 3.2 Exploitation of renewable energy potential 30 3.3. Sustainable exploitation of living resources 31 3.4. Stronger integration in international trade 33 3.5. Knowledge-based growth and development 35 3.6. Arctic cooperation on health and social coherence 40

4. Development with respect for the Arctic’s vulnerable climate, environment and nature 43 4.1. Improved understanding of the consequences of climate change in the Arctic 43 4.2. Protecting the environment and biodiversity 45

5. Close cooperation with our international partners 49 5.1. Global solutions to global challenges 49 5.2. Enhanced regional cooperation 52 5.3. Bilateral safeguarding of the Kingdom´s interests 54

6. Implementation and follow-up 57

Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020 7

Preface

The Kingdom of Denmark is centrally It is our common objective that the Arctic The Kingdom is already a vigorous and located in the Arctic. The three parts of and its current potential must be devel- important actor in the strategically vital the Realm – Denmark, Greenland and the oped to promote sustainable growth and international cooperation on the future of Faroe Islands – share a number of values social sustainability. This development the Arctic and in that connection attaches and interests and all have a responsibil- must take place firstly to the benefit of the great importance to creating transparency ity in and for the Arctic region. The Arctic inhabitants of the Arctic and go hand in in and understanding for cooperation. makes up an essential part of the com- hand in safeguarding the Arctic’s environ- mon cultural heritage, and is home to part ment. In the Kingdom’s strategy for the Arctic of the Kingdom’s population. 2011- 2020, the Government, the Govern- With new opportunities come new chal- ment of the Faroes and the Government The Kingdom and its populations have lenges. The Arctic has to be managed in- of Greenland have set out the most impor- over several hundred years developed ternationally on the basis of international tant opportunities and challenges as we modern and sustainable societies based principles of law to ensure a peaceful, see them today and in the near future. On on democratic principles. The develop- secure and collaborative Arctic. that basis we have defined our common ment has affected all sectors of society - political objectives for the Arctic. from education, health and research to the The purpose of this strategy is, on the environment, trade and shipping. At the basis of an already strong engagement in We will – through close cooperation in the same time, huge and sweeping changes the Arctic, to reinforce the foundation Kingdom and with our international part- are taking place today in the Arctic. Due to for appropriate cooperation on the many ners - work towards the common overall climate change and technological develop- new opportunities and challenges that goal of creating a peaceful, prosperous and ments, vast economic potential is becom- the Arctic is facing. sustainable future for the Arctic. ing more accessible.

For the Government of Denmark For the Government of the Faroes For the Government of Greenland Lene Espersen Kaj Leo Holm Johannesen Kuupik Kleist Photo: Silje Bergum Kinsten / norden.org Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020 9

1. Introduction

1.1. A region especially change the basis of the Arctic through the Suez Canal. Furthermore, cli- is opening up inhabitants’ lifestyles and the indigenous mate change could provide access to new One of the most significant global issues Arctic peoples’ culture. Moreover, the har- fishing grounds in the Arctic where rising over the past 10 years is the vast changes vesting of living resources plays a pivotal sea temperatures can pull fisheries to- in the Arctic region. The world has again role in the Arctic, and changes for example wards the North. Commercial opportunities turned its attention to the Arctic, this time in fish stock productivity and distribution in the Arctic are enormous, not least for the mainly because of the climate effects in is of great importance to the economy. Greenland, Faroese and Danish industries, the Arctic, the economic potential of the Glaciers in the Arctic and the Greenland ice which to a great extent already possess the region, and the geopolitical implications sheet increasingly contribute to the global skills that will be far more in demand with of changes in the Arctic. The political, eco- rise in sea levels, and changes and dynam- the development of the Arctic region. nomic and social development is already ics in Arctic systems are crucial to global underway, including the flourishing of climate trends. Thus, they are of particular Overall we can expect a multi-faceted advanced democratic societies, and the significance for the adaptation to climate boom in activities in the Arctic over the future of the Arctic will be radically differ- change on a global scale and thereby also coming decades. New opportunities and ent from the reality we know today. for the entire Kingdom. Increased eco- challenges must be handled proactively nomic activity and renewed geopolitical - with care, with long-term accountability Warming in the Arctic is occurring faster interest in the Arctic results in a number of and with respect for the Arctic societies, than anywhere else on the planet, and the key challenges to ensuring a stable, peace- the rights of Arctic indigenous peoples, the average temperature in the Arctic has sur- ful and secure region characterized by dia- passed all previous measurements in the logue, negotiation and cooperation. first decade of the 21st century. Sea ice has Facts about The ArCtic been shrinking, and the melting of Green- Climate change and technological develop- land’s ice sheet and other Arctic ice caps ments are also opening new possibilities for The Arctic covers more than a sixth of will contribute more and more to the rise in the Arctic. Among them is increased access the Earth’s total land mass plus the global sea levels. Climate change has major to the exploitation of oil, gas and minerals, Arctic Ocean which the Arctic coastal implications for the global, regional and lo- but also new shipping routes which can states border. Unlike Antarctica, which cal climatic and environmental conditions reduce costs and CO2 emissions by freight also has relatively low temperatures and requires decisive global action. between the continents. It is estimated year round, the Arctic region is popu- that the Arctic may contain up to 30% of lated by people, including more than The Arctic and the global community are the world’s undiscovered gas resources and 30 different indigenous peoples such presented with both new challenges and about 10% of undiscovered oil resources, as the Inuit who originate from the new opportunities. and that ships sailing between East Asia Thule culture. The Arctic has a unique and Western Europe could save more than wildlife, largely associated with the Climate change poses new challenges to 40% in transportation time and fuel costs sea, including marine mammals such the peoples of the Arctic and puts pressure by navigating the northern sea lanes north as seals, whales and walruses. on the natural environment. Warming will of Siberia rather than the southern route 10 Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020

Arctic climate and the environment. The authorities. The Kingdom thus comprises management, climate policy, environmen- basis for the future of the Arctic is being significant political diversity and also ac- tal policy and preservation of its cultural created now, and the Kingdom must play a commodates cultural differences. heritage is a model of inspiration for many key role in the future international coopera- of the world’s indigenous peoples. This tion that lies ahead. The Kingdom’s Arctic strategy intends situation constitutes an essential element no change in the power-sharing that ex- in the Kingdom’s international efforts to ists between Denmark, the Faroe Islands promote indigenous rights and aspirations. 1.2. Joint strategy and Greenland, including responsibility for Denmark and Greenland will continue for the Arctic policy areas taken over and their funding. constructive cooperation to strengthen The Kingdom consists of three parts - Den- Regardless of these individual distinctions, indigenous peoples’ rights to control their mark, the Faroe Islands and Greenland the Kingdom has a common interest in own development and their own political, - and, by virtue of Greenland, is centrally addressing the challenges and utilising economic, social and cultural situation. located as a coastal state in the Arctic. the opportunities arising from the Arctic This involves specific rights and obliga- region’s rapidly changing conditions and It is a central goal of Greenland, the Faroe tions in the region. Today, both the Faroe growing interest from the world. One of the Islands and Denmark that decisions re- Islands and Greenland have extensive self- areas Greenland has taken over is mineral garding management and utilisation of re- government and the division of legislative resources. Decisions on development, sources and protection of the environment and administrative powers between the exploration and exploitation of resources are taken in accordance with international Kingdom’s three parts requires good coop- in Greenland are taken by the Greenland obligations, and are based on the best sci- eration and a joint strategy to meet the op- authorities. However, revenues from mineral entific advice that supports healthy, pro- portunities and challenges in the Arctic. activities will benefit both the Greenland ductive and self-sustaining communities. and Danish people, given that cf. Self-Gov- Based on good collaboration within the The Faroe Islands and Greenland have had ernment Act for Greenland there will be a re- Kingdom, policies and mechanisms must home rule since 1948 and 1979, respec- duction of the annual block grant in line with be organised in close cooperation with tively. Home rule arrangements have been possible revenues from mineral resources. other Arctic nations and other stakehold- continuously modernised, most recently ers with an interest in the Arctic. by the Takeover Act on Power of Matters A strategy for the Arctic region is first and and Fields of Responsibillity and the Act foremost a strategy for a development The premise of this strategy stems inter- on Faroes Foreign Policy Powers of 2005 that benefits the inhabitants of the Arctic nationally from the Arctic Council Declara- in the Faroe Islands and the Greenland - involving common interests relating to tions and the Ilulissat Declaration of 2008, Self-Government Act of 2009. Consider- for example international agreements, and in which the coastal states of the Arctic able parts of the separation of powers that regional and global issues. Such a develop- Ocean committed themselves politically to are central in an Arctic context are matters ment incorporates a fundamental respect giving negotiation and cooperation pride of that fall within the exclusive powers of for the Arctic peoples’ rights to utilise and place in handling disputes, challenges and the respective Faroese and the Greenland develop their own resources as well as opportunities in the Arctic, and thus hope- respect for the indigenous Arctic culture, fully once and for all dispelling the myth of traditions and lifestyles and the promotion a race to the North Pole. Terminology of their rights. Denmark and Greenland’s cooperation on Arctic indigenous peoples The Kingdom’s approach to security policy The strategy uses the terms “The dates back to 1973 when the Arctic Peo- in the Arctic is based on an overall goal of Kingdom” and “Danish Realm” for both ples’ Conference at Christiansborg Palace preventing conflicts and avoiding the mili- the formal relations between Den- in Copenhagen became a launching point tarization of the Arctic, and actively helping mark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands for the international organising of indig- to preserve the Arctic as a region charac- and in a broader and more informal enous peoples. terized by trust, cooperation and mutually sense. Naalakkersuisut is, pursuant beneficial partnerships. to the Self-Government Act of Green- Cooperation between Denmark and Green- land, the name of the Government of land helps in creating new opportunities for In an equal partnership between the three Greenland. the Arctic indigenous peoples. Greenland’s parts of the Danish Realm, the Kingdom will self-government model, natural resource work overall for: Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020 11

The Pacific Ocean

USA

Canada The Arctic Ocean Russia

Greenland

Iceland Finland

Faroe Islands Atlantic Ocean Norway Sweden

Great Britain Denmark Source: Kort- og Matrikelstyrelsen

• A peaceful, secure and safe Arctic The Greenlandic-Danish report, “Arctic in a The purpose of this strategy is to focus • with self-sustaining growth and time of change”, of May 2008 and targets attention on the Kingdom’s strategic pri- development contained herein remains an important orities for future development in the Arctic • with respect for the Arctic’s fragile basis for the Kingdom’s various activities towards 2020. The aim is to strengthen climate, environment and nature in the Arctic. the Kingdom’s status as global player in • in close cooperation with our interna- the Arctic. tional partners. Photo: Polfoto Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020 13

2. A peaceful, secure and safe Arctic

• International law and established forums of cooperation provide a sound basis for conflict resolution and constructive cooperation in the development of the Arctic. The Kingdom must help in shaping the future of cooperation on joint challenges and new opportunities in the Arctic. • Maritime safety is a fundamental priority. The extreme Arctic conditions require preventive measures including training and ship safety, as well as regional cooperation on search and rescue. • The Danish Armed Forces undertake important tasks in the Arctic including the enforce- ment of sovereignty, and attach in this respect great importance to confidence building and cooperation with Arctic partner countries.

Climate change and rising global demand 2.1. Basis for peaceful that the Arctic faces, Denmark and Green- for oil and gas have resulted in a sharp rise cooperation and with emphasis land arranged a conference in Ilulissat in in international interest in the Arctic, and on the UN’s Convention on the May 2008 for the five coastal states of the the coastal states of the Arctic Ocean have Law of the Sea Arctic Ocean. Its aim was to confirm the increased their endeavours to ensure their The growing international interest in the responsibility of the five coastal states for rights to the greater part of the as yet un- Arctic has led to increased focus on legal managing the development of the Arctic. explored Arctic subsoil. At the same time, controls in the area. However, the Arctic is The conference resulted in the Ilulissat the prospect is that for a large part of the not a legal vacuum. The Arctic has been Declaration in which the five coastal states year, it will be possible to navigate both inhabited for thousands of years, in con- of the Arctic Ocean undertook to enshrine the Northeast Passage and the Northwest trast to the Antarctic which is uninhabited. close cooperation in developing the Arctic Passage. The rising strategic interest and Regions in the Arctic under national juris- into international law. The five coastal activity in the Arctic region necessitates a diction are governed by the coastal states states’ cooperation covers areas such as continued prioritising of a well-functioning legislation. The Arctic is also subject to a sea rescue, continental shelf claims and international legal framework for peaceful number of international laws, in particular environmental protection. cooperation, a special need for enhanced the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea maritime safety, and persistent focus on in1982 (UNCLOS), which contains detailed Even though the existing regulation in maintaining the Arctic as a region charac- regulation of for example navigational international law, particularly the UN Con- terised by peace and cooperation. rights and management of resources. vention on the Law of the Sea, lays a solid In recognition of the significant changes foundation for coastal states’ cooperation 14 Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020

on the development of the Arctic, there part of the Convention is an expression decision made by the convention partners may be a continuous need for more de- of customary law and therefore binding in 2008, as long as preliminary information tailed regulating of certain sectors. An ex- on countries not party to the Convention. is submitted to CLCS before the deadline ample is the agreement on search and res- Moreover, the United States, by Presiden- expires. cue adopted at the Arctic Council Foreign tial Directive of 9 January 2009 specially Ministers’ Meeting in May 2011 in Nuuk. approved the Convention as a means of To document the claim on the continental resolving border issues concerning the shelf the Danish Realm has launched a The UN Convention on the Law of the continental shelf in the Arctic. continental shelf project that is based Sea 1982 is the global international legal in the Ministry of Science, Technology instrument in relation to the sea around Under the UN’s Convention on the Law of and Innovation and is run in cooperation the Arctic, in that the Convention defines the Sea, coastal states have the right to with the Government of the Faroes and states’ rights and responsibilities in rela- create an exclusive economic zone. In this the Government of Greenland, the Prime tion to their use of the oceans. Denmark zone, the coastal state has exclusive right Minister’s Office, the Ministry of Foreign ratified the Law of the Sea Convention on to explore and exploit natural resources Affairs, and the Ministry of Finance. The behalf of the Kingdom on 16 November of the sea as well as the seabed and its project includes the participation of the 2004 and to date the Convention has been subsoil, and any other economic exploita- Danish, Faroese and Greenland authorities ratified by 161 states. Of the five coastal tion. The coastal state may also exercise and scientific institutions, and is charged states of the Arctic Ocean, only the U.S. environmental jurisdiction in the zone. The with identifying areas where the rights to is not (yet) a party to UNCLOS, though exclusive economic zone can extend to a new seabed claims can be made, and to maximum of 200 nautical miles (approx. collect, interpret and document the data 370 km). Denmark and Greenland have an necessary to submit a claim to the CLCS. Ilulissat Declaration exclusive economic zone while an exclusive The Kingdom has submitted documenta- economic zone has not yet been declared tion to the CLCS for claims relating to two The Ilulissat Declaration is a landmark in the Faroese fisheries territory. areas near the Faroe Islands and by 2014 political declaration on the Arctic’s plans to submit documentation on three future. It was adopted in Ilulissat, Under article 76 of the UN’s Convention areas near Greenland, including an area Greenland on 28 May 2008 by min- on the Law of the Sea, a coastal state has north of Greenland which, among others, isters from the five coastal states of the possibility of extending its continental covers the North Pole. the Arctic Ocean - Denmark / Green- shelf beyond 200 nautical miles if within land, Canada, Norway, Russia and the 10 years of the Convention coming into The budget for the continental shelf pro- U.S. The Ilulissat Declaration sends force for the state concerned, it can docu- ject until 2014 is app. DKK 350 million a strong political signal that the five ment to the Commission on the Limits spread over 12 years. The actual work coastal states will act responsibly of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) estab- of the project is a collaboration between concerning future development in lished pursuant to the Convention, that Jarðfeingi (Faroe Directorate of Geology the Arctic Ocean. The states have a a number of scientific criteria are met. and Energy), the Danish Maritime Safety political commitment to resolving dis- The coastal state will then have the right Administration, DTU Space (Institute for putes and overlapping claims through to living and non-living resources on and Space Research and Technology), National negotiation. The five countries also under the seabed beyond 200 nautical Survey and Cadastre and the Geological confirmed that they will strengthen miles, subject to an obligation to make Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS). their cooperation in important areas. payments or contributions to the Interna- Jarðfeingi, together with GEUS, is project This applies to both broad coopera- tional Seabed Authority pursuant to Con- manager for the Faroese Continental Shelf tion that in particular takes place in vention Article 82. Project (half funded by the Faroe Islands) the Arctic Council and the UN’s Inter- while GEUS is the project manager for the national Maritime Organization (IMO), The Kingdom thus has a deadline of 16 Greenland part where the Bureau of Min- and to the practical everyday coop- December 2014 to submit data and other erals and Petroleum in Nuuk and ASIAQ eration on issues such as search and material to the CLCS as a basis for the (Greenland’s Survey) take part. rescue, environmental protection and extension of the continental shelf beyond navigational safety. 200 nautical miles. The time limit can how- The continental shelf project is very much ever be exceeded in special cases under a an example of a project that is feasible Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020 15

due to all parties’, including both the Faroe solved boundary issues beyond 200 nau- • The Kingdom will work for peaceful co- Islands and Greenland’s, willingness and tical miles. As highlighted in the Ilulissat operation between the coastal states of ability to cooperate and the will to achieve Declaration, unresolved boundary issues the Arctic Ocean in accordance with the the project’s targets. Furthermore, the pro- in the Arctic will be resolved in accordance Ilulissat Declaration. ject is an example of how different institu- with international law. tions can cooperate across the Kingdom • The Kingdom will advance concrete in- and benefit from one another. The con- Besides maritime boundary issues, the ternational legal regulation of the Arctic tinental shelf project also has exemplary Kingdom has an unresolved issue relating in areas where needed. research cooperation with other countries, to the sovereignty of Hans Island (Hans Ø) such as the Swedish Polar Research Sec- as both the Kingdom and Canada claim • The Kingdom will seek to resolve out- retariat with which it has carried out many sovereignty over the island. In September standing unresolved boundary issues data collection expeditions with the Swed- 2005, Denmark/Greenland and Canada and actively work to reduce the process- ish ice-breaker Oden. The project also has made a joint statement on Hans Island, ing time of the Commission on the Limits fruitful research-based cooperation with and frequent consultations on the island of the Continental Shelf and thereby en- Canada and Russia. are in progress. Pending a permanent solu- sure greater assurance of coastal states’ tion to the issue, the dispute will be han- continental shelf claims in the Arctic. The Kingdom’s claims on the continental dled professionally as would be expected shelf will in some areas overlap with other between two neighbouring countries and • The Kingdom will continue work on the country’s continental shelf claims. There close allies. Continental Shelf Project in order to is close collaboration with other coastal promote its claim pursuant to the UN’s states in the Arctic Ocean to solve unre- Convention on the Law of the Sea.

The Continental Shelf Project in practice

Since 2006 the Danish Realm has con- in common is that in addition to the col- ducted a series of expeditions in the lection of data relevant to the continental Arctic Ocean as part of the continental shelf project, emphasis is also placed on shelf project. A factor common to the scientific output and follow-up research expeditions is close cooperation with in other fields. Thus, ice cores have been other countries. Canada, Russia and the collected, ice thickness measured, sam- U.S. have also been conducting scien- ples of DNA and bacteria collected, geol- tific studies in the Arctic Ocean these ogy, oceanography, plankton ecology all years in preparation for an extension studied, and the accumulation of mercury of their respective continental shelves. measured. All collections are conducted in The expeditions “LORITA” (2006), “LOM- cooperation with Danish, Greenland, Swed- BAG” and “LOMGRAV” (2009), for exam- ish and American research institutions and ple, were based on Canadian logistics. have led to increased knowledge of the LOMROG I and II expeditions in 2007 Arctic Ocean’s plate tectonics, palaeocli- and 2009 were carried out with the matology, physical oceanography and eco- Swedish icebreaker Oden, in coopera- systems. Further expeditions are planned tion with Sweden and Canada. In 2007, under the auspices of the Continental the expedition was for a period sup- Shelf Project in 2011 and / or 2012. ported by a Russian nuclear icebreaker.

Another factor these expeditions have Source: Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation / www.a76.dk 16 Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020

Photo: Greenland Tourism

2.2. Enhanced Meanwhile, prices of raw materials and not is a global industry, this means that in- maritime safety least a long-term expectation of a shortage ternationally high safety standards must Navigation in the Arctic is increasing, in- of oil and natural gas have led to increased be established for ships navigating in the cluding in the waters around Greenland trade in the exploration and exploitation of Arctic. Furthermore, in terms of shipping and the Faroe Islands. Less ice coverage, natural resources. The melting of sea ice policy, it is important that the Kingdom is especially in the summer months, has led in the summer also allows for new ship- working to promote shipping in the Arctic to a significant growth in maritime traffic, ping routes through the Northeast and the under high standards where international including cruise ships to areas of Green- Northwest Passage which could ultimately regulation ensures that ships are compet- land which until a few years ago were not yield significant savings in transportation ing within a uniform framework. possible to navigate. In 2010, 43 cruise time by the maritime transport of goods ships berthed in Greenland ports, com- between Europe and Asia. It is believed that Because of the extreme conditions in pared with 32 in 2009. Furthermore, ship- the waters around Greenland and the Faroe sparsely populated Arctic regions, preven- ping trade in Faroese waters has increased Islands will experience a significant increase tion of marine vessel accidents is crucial in considerably. Shipping in Faroese waters in maritime traffic in the coming years. the Arctic. Regardless of climate changes, has risen by 5-6 times from 2008-2010 it will still be necessary to take account of and 40-50 sizeable cruise ships now call at The increasing maritime activity is closely ice, low temperatures, extreme weather Faroese ports each year. linked with economic development in the and the risk of grounding. It is therefore Arctic. For the sake of the fragile environ- vital that ships are built and equipped so Shipping operators are exploring new areas ment in the Arctic, it is important to build they can operate under these conditions. still further north as ice conditions permit. sustainable growth. For shipping, which Despite increasing intensity, marine traffic Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020 17

will still be spread over a vast geographi- marine vessels require support in the form changing climatic conditions and altered cal area far from ports. Therefore, ships of a sound infrastructure. The Government distribution of sea ice in Greenland wa- should first and foremost use their own of Greenland has focused on this chal- ters, the navigational pattern of ships has rescue equipment if an accident should lenge with the establishment in 2009 of changed dramatically. Combined with occur, until the resources offered by the a Transportation Commission and in the the growth of cruise ship activity and oil authorities responsible in the area can be coming years will address requirements in exploration, there is a need for intensified deployed to assist. Therefore, preventive this area, based on the recommendations ice and weather warning alerts further measures must be set in place that allow in the commission’s report in 2011. north in both West and East Greenland. It for the continued and increased navigation will therefore be a priority that the existing in the Arctic, while at the same time effec- Updating nautical charts will be an im- Ice Services be adapted to the increased tively preventing and minimising marine portant factor under the auspices of the requirements for observation, forecast- accidents and mitigating damage to the Danish Realm. In the future, ships will ing and dissemination of ice conditions in environment and nature. increasingly use electronic nautical charts Greenland waters. and make use of satellite-based naviga- It is important to implement preventive tion systems such as GPS which impose Furthermore, enhanced surveillance of safety measures, not least for the cruise stricter requirements on the accuracy of maritime traffic in the Arctic will contribute ships that sail with many passengers, and charts. In particular, a thorough knowledge to improved prevention of accidents and often with limited local knowledge. Here, of water depth is necessary to navigate coordination of the rescue efforts. It also experience shows that other cruise ships safely at sea. In 2009 an agreement was provides greater opportunity to intervene in the vicinity are crucial to saving lives. The made between the Minister of Environ- before an accident can occur. Currently, Kingdom is working to promote coopera- ment and the Government of Greenland ships sailing to Greenland must report to tion on maritime safety in all key forums, about a renewal of the nautical charts for the so-called GREENPOS reporting system, particularly in the International Maritime Greenland, which means that the charts which requires ships in Greenland waters Organisation (IMO), where binding rules for for most of Southwest Greenland (from to continuously report their position to the navigation in the Arctic are drawn up, but Cape Farewell to Uummannaq) - the busi- Greenland Command. Larger ships already also through enhanced cooperation in the est Greenland waters - will be corrected send their positions via the satellite-based Arctic Council. and digitized no later than 2018. Due LRIT (Long Range Identification and Track- to the vast sea areas, large areas of the ing) system. Surveillance is expected to be To increase the safety of ships navigating Greenland waters will be unsurveyed be- improved, for example by using new tech- in Arctic waters, Denmark has introduced yond 2018 while still greater areas become nology with satellite reception of ships’ AIS improved port State control of cruise ships accessible to shipping as the ice melts. signals (Automatic Identification System) planning to sail to Greenland. Moreover, For reasons of safety at sea the Kingdom as almost all larger ships are equipped other countries have been urged to do the will furthermore continue to prioritize the with AIS. same when these ships enter their ports work of the International Hydrographic before sailing to the Arctic. Furthermore, the Organization (IHO), such as in the regional The Faroese Maritime Authority follows Ministry of Economic and Business Affairs commission on the Arctic which was es- international developments and handles has entered into an agreement with the tablished in 2010. Faroese interests in the IMO because of Government of Greenland (Naalakkersuisut) its status as an associate member of on the establishment of a liaison committee Similarly maritime safety is supported by IMO. With the introduction of AIS and in order to ensure that a high safety level of ensuring the availability of reliable informa- LRIT, which are based on IMO mandatory navigation in Greenland waters is sustained tion on weather, sea conditions and ice. requirements, it has been possible to im- and developed, whether this takes the form The Greenland Ice Services at the Danish prove the monitoring of foreign and Faro- of international shipping or in the form of Meteorological Institute was established ese vessels in Faroese waters. In addition domestic navigation to and from Greenland in 1959 as one result of the shipwreck of to this, cooperation has been established ports. The liaison committee will prepare a M / S “Hans Hedtoft”. The Service’s main between Denmark, Greenland, the Faroe joint plan in 2011 to ensure this. task so far has been to map the ice con- Islands, Norway and Britain for the mutual ditions in the Cape Farewell area for the exchange of AIS data in the North Atlantic Increased maritime traffic also places safe navigation of cargo ships between region. greater demands on infrastructure as Greenland and Denmark. Because of 18 Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020

Over a number of years, both the Faroe which could come to the rescue if a the unique challenges of security, the Islands and Greenland have entirely or in maritime incident occurs. The Kingdom Kingdom will consider implementing part been responsible for the monitoring of will work in the Arctic Council to gather non-discriminatory regional safety and the marine environment and pollution con- knowledge of cruise lines’ own safety environmental rules for navigation in trol in territorial waters. Furthermore, the standards for navigation in order to pro- the Arctic in consultation with the other Faroe Islands has responsibility for search mote “best practices” for the navigation Arctic states and taking into account in- and rescue services. In light of increased of cruise ships in the Arctic, and also ternational law, including the Convention activity in the region further knowledge consider the need for increased focus on the Law of the Sea provisions regard- and exchange of findings and cooperation on port State control prior to cruise ing navigation in ice covered waters. will be needed to solve these tasks. ships sailing to the Arctic. • The Kingdom will work to strengthen • The Kingdom will promote cooperation • The Kingdom will continue preparing cooperation with neighbouring coun- with other Arctic states and other key new nautical charts for Greenland to tries on monitoring, search and rescue, countries with significant maritime avoid maritime accidents in Greenland such as supporting the implementation interests in major marine policy issues waters and to support mineral resource of the joint Arctic cooperation agree- concerning the Arctic, such as maritime activities. The Kingdom will support ment on strengthening coordination safety. Cooperation with other Arctic the surveying of the Greenland waters and data-sharing in relation to search states must support a sustainable and cooperation with other coastal and rescue, entered into under the aus- maritime growth, for example by es- states of the Arctic Ocean within the pices of the Arctic Council in May 2011. tablishing a better knowledge base on Arctic Hydrographic Commission. Mari- navigation in the Arctic. time safety must also be supported • Given the clear correlation between the by ensuring the availability of reliable rise of maritime activity and economic • The Kingdom will reinforce concrete information on weather, sea and ice in development in the Arctic, efforts will be preventive measures to improve safety collaboration with other Arctic states, strengthened to involve Greenland citi- of navigation in the Arctic. In particular better information about navigation in zens in tasks within areas of maritime this involves endeavours, in coopera- Greenland waters and the tightening safety, such as surveying, buoying, and tion with the other Arctic States, for up of port State control of ships sailing search and rescue at sea, perhaps by adoption by the IMO of a mandatory to the Arctic, and finally working for the establishing a voluntary coastal rescue Polar Code to ensure high safety levels international dissemination hereof. service. in Greenland waters, regardless of the ships’ nationality and for a requirement • The Kingdom will work to introduce • The Kingdom will examine the need that crews have the requisite skills for binding global rules and standards for for the establishment of new shipping navigation in Arctic waters. navigation in the Arctic and it is a high routes, and implement this to the ex- priority to reach agreement on a global tent it promotes maritime safety and • To work for the inclusion of require- regulation of shipping via the IMO, cf. marine protection. For example, there is ments in the polar code under IMO Ilulissat Declaration. Should it prove that particular need to establish recognized auspices that cruise ships coordinate agreement on global rules cannot be routes in Faroese waters for both cruise their navigations with the emergency reached, and in view of the especially ships, tankers and other vessels with services, including other cruise ships, vulnerable Arctic environment and respect to safety and the environment.

Navigation in Greenland

There are many different maritime ac- also an increasing activity of vessels used with fishing vessels, passenger transport, tivities in Greenland waters. In particu- for oil exploration and marine studies, just supply of Greenland towns, etc.. lar, cruise tourism has increased mark- as the shipping of minerals with bulk car- edly: From 15,654 passengers in 2004 riers is expected to rise significantly. Ad- to 30,271 passengers in 2010. There is ditionally, there is considerable local traffic Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020 19

The new shipping lanes

The continued melting of ice in the over 40% compared to the route via the with 41,000 tons of iron ore concentrate Arctic Ocean is expected over a 10 to Suez Canal. Furthermore, the opening of from Kirkenes in northern Norway to 20 year period to result in the open- these alternative routes means that the China was around 30% shorter than if the ing (at least during parts of the year) military and commercial shipping will no ship had used the traditional route via of the Northwest Passage over North longer be dependent on passage through the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean America and the Northeast Passage the political unstable Middle East nor the and took place in close cooperation with over Russia. The economic benefits of piracy-infested routes through the South the Norwegian Tschudi Shipping Com- these new routes are potentially sig- China Sea, the Malacca Straits and the pany and the Russian authorities. In Au- nificant. The opening of the Northwest Gulf of Aden. gust 2008, the Danish cable ship “Peter Passage will reduce the distance from Faber”, assisted by Canadian pilots, sailed Seattle to Rotterdam by almost 25% Danish pioneers: In September 2010, the as the first commercial vessel through compared to the route via the Panama heavy ice class bulk carrier, “Nordic Bar- the Northwest Passage thus saving 15 Canal. The possibility of navigating the ents”, of the Danish shipping company, days on its voyage from Japan to New- Northern Sea Route via the Northeast Nordic Bulk Carriers, sailed via the Arctic foundland in order to lay cables between Passage will reduce the distance be- and the Northeast Passage to Asia as the Greenland and Canada. tween Rotterdam and Yokohama by first cargo ship ever to do so. The voyage,

Northwest Passage

Northern Sea Route

Source: Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal 20 Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020

The Polar Code

The Polar Code will supplement the navigation and navigation in uninhabited the International Maritime Organisation international maritime safety and envi- areas to allow for Arctic conditions. The (IMO) and the rules are expected to come ronmental conventions which already Polar Code must also allow for the chang- into force in 2013-2014. apply in the Arctic with additional rules ing requiretments imposed by geography on rescue equipment, fire fighting, ice and seasons. The work is taking place at

Agreement on aeronautical and maritime search and rescue in the Arctic Council and preparedness in Greenland

At its meeting of foreign ministers in the event of an accident, it is possible to overall responsibility for the SAR response May 2011, the Arctic Council adopted receive rapid assistance from neighbouring in Greenland. The daily operational man- a mutual agreement on Search and countries’ emergency services. The Ministry agement is handled by the Greenland Rescue (SAR), which aims to strengthen of Economic and Business Affairs, Ministry Command, the Air Rescue Service and the coordination of rescue efforts, so in of Transport and Ministry of Justice have Chief of Police office in Greenland.

2.3. EXERCising of sovereignty The long-term political agreement on The range of tasks of the Arctic Response and surveillance defence (Danish Defence agreement Force is for defined periods and in de- The Arctic is and must be a region char- 2010-2014) involves a stronger focus on fined areas anticipated to strengthen the acterized by peace and cooperation. Even the tasks of the Danish Armed Forces in armed forces’ enforcement of sovereignty though the working relationship of the the Arctic. The agreement includes four and surveillance, for instance through Arctic Ocean’s coastal states is close, overriding initiatives that must be viewed military exercises. The force could also be there will be a continuing need to enforce in light of climate change and increased deployed in other situations such as in as- the Kingdom’s sovereignty, especially in activity that would foreseeably result in an sistance to the Greenlandic society. light of the anticipated increase in activity increase of tasks for the armed forces. in the region. While the Kingdom’s area in Thirdly, a risk analysis of the maritime en- the Arctic is covered by the NATO treaty Firstly, the Armed Forces North Atlantic vironment in and around Greenland is to be Article 5 regarding collective defence, the command structure will be streamlined by conducted in the light of an anticipated ex- enforcement of sovereignty is fundamen- the amalgamation of the Greenland Com- pansion of traffic and activity in the Arctic. tally a responsibility of the Realm’s central mand and the Faroe Command into a joint authorities. Enforcement of sovereignty service Arctic Command. Fourthly, towards 2014 a comprehensive is exercised by the armed forces through analysis of the armed force’s future tasks a visible presence in the region where sur- Secondly, the ability of the armed forces in the Arctic is to be carried out, including veillance is central to the task. In addition, to conduct operations in the Arctic en- opportunities and potential for closer coop- the armed forces play an important role in vironment will be strengthened through eration with partner countries in the Arctic the provision of a range of more civilian- the establishment of an Arctic Response concerning surveillance and the like. In this related duties. Within the entire spectrum Force. The response force would not be connection it is to be examined whether of tasks, the Kingdom attaches great im- established permanently, but designated the Thule Air Base may play a larger role in portance to confidence building and coop- from existing armed forces and emer- regard to the tasks performed in and around eration with Arctic partner countries. gency preparedness units with Arctic Greenland by the Danish Armed Forces in capacity or the potential to develop one. cooperation with other partner countries. Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020 21

The Danish Defence aspires, as other public the Faroe Islands with regard to the tive initiatives between countries in institutions, to reflect the surrounding com- enforcement of sovereignty and surveil- the Arctic. The Kingdom will stress the munity. Indeed, it is a Danish-Greenland lance. The North Atlantic command potential for increased cooperation on hope that citizens of Greenland can be in- structure is to be streamlined by the surveillance. creasingly involved in the tasks of the armed establishment of an Arctic Command forces and with that, participate in a wide and an Arctic Response Force is to be • The possibilities to enhance coop- range of training opportunities, whether designated from existing units. eration in regard to the armed force’s they be basic training, civil/military special- tasks will be looked into, including the ist and management training programs or • The Kingdom will reinforce confidence- involvement of Greenland’s citizens in customized further education at all levels. building in cooperation with other Arctic the handling of key tasks of the armed The armed forces will thereby also greatly states to maintain the Arctic as a region forces in the Arctic. The possibilities for benefit from Greenland local knowledge. characterized by cooperation and good targeted information and recruitment neighbourliness, just as the Kingdom campaigns and the establishment of • The armed forces must be visibly will continue to play an active role in customized courses will be studied. present in and around Greenland and creating and promoting new collabora-

Key tasks of the armed forces in the Arctic

Enforcement of state sovereignty is a portation route and to the utilisation of fundamental task of the armed forces marine resources. in all parts of the Kingdom. Sovereignty enforcement is the primary task of the Climate change in recent years, in particu- Danish Armed Forces in the Arctic and lar the melting of ice masses, has resulted the level of presence in the area is deter- in an increase in the navigable areas and mined accordingly. Units from the army, the commercial activities that follow in navy and air force carry out tasks in the Greenland in the summer from mid-May Arctic. They undertake surveillance and to mid-October and this trend looks set to Challenger CL-604 patrol aircraft enforcement of sovereignty of Green- continue. In winter, there has not been a land and Faroese territorial waters corresponding change of activities in the and air space, as well as the Greenland area. How this development will affect the exclusive economic zone and the fish- armed forces’ tasks is analysed as part of ing zones to ensure that no systematic the Defence Agreement 2010-2014. violations of territory can take place. Likewise, the Sirius Patrol oversees the The armed forces adapts its deployment National Park in Northeast Greenland of vessels, aircraft and other capacities in and enforces sovereignty there. accordance with the distinct difference in seasonal activity. Because of the enor- Off shore patrol vessel and patrol vessel As part of its presence, the armed mous dimensions of the Arctic, interna- forces is building a habitual picture of tional cooperation is an important element activities in the waters around Green- in resolving the armed forces’ tasks in the land and the Faroe Islands. The armed Arctic. forces presence and overview of activi- ties in the Arctic establishes a basis for solving many other tasks , including providing assistance to the Greenland community. Activities in the Arctic are largely related to the ocean as a trans- Sledge patrol Photo: Ivars Silis og Nukissiorfiit / Grønlands Energiforsyningsselskab Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020 23

3. Self-sustaining growth and development

• Mineral resources shall be exploited under the highest international standards of safety, health, environment, preparedness and response, and transparency with high returns for society. • The use of renewable energy sources must be increased significantly. • Living resources, including fish, shellfish and marine mammals shall be harvested in a sus- tainable manner based on sound science. • New opportunities in the Arctic must be exploited in close cooperation with industry, and an optimal regulatory framework will be created for exports and investments. • The Kingdom’s Arctic research will be at the global forefront, and research and training efforts must support the development of industry and society in the Arctic. • The Kingdom will promote Arctic cooperation on health and social sustainability, including research and best practices in areas of shared challenges.

It will be an overriding political priority for developments and the restructuring of which are the areas specifically addressed the Kingdom and particularly in Greenland industry. Integration into the new opportu- in this chapter. This concerns a number over the next ten years to seize the many nities in the Arctic will place great demands of strategic priorities for the Kingdom in opportunities in the Arctic to create more on the populations’ adaptability and mobil- relation to economic and societal develop- growth and development. The huge eco- ity. It will also be a significant challenge for ment in the Arctic, but also other impor- nomic potential in the Arctic must be real- Greenland to develop policies which, apart tant areas such as enhanced economic ized while appreciating its human impact, from the goal of social and societal-related development and diversification of the i.e. the economic and social integration sustainability, deal with the prospect of economy. This applies i.a. to the develop- of the population and with sensitivity to significant foreign labour migration. ment of the tourist industry and bolstering environmental concerns, thereby creating the overall development with adequate a healthy, productive and self-sustaining There is a close correlation between on the infrastructure. community. Greenland is already a fast- one hand realising the potential of natural changing society and peoples in the Arctic, resources, new trade and investment op- Today, tourism, second only to fisheries, including the Greenlanders, may have to portunities, and enhanced research and is the most important export industry in adapt to even more extensive changes in education contributions while on the other Greenland, and the tourist industry has the future due to climate change, societal promoting health and social sustainability, potential for growth in the future. This ap- 24 Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020

plies both to land-based tourism and the Infrastructure is a key element in the de- are important components of high-end cruise-liner business. Among the benefits velopment of the Greenland society and technology, including green energy tech- of the latter is that even small towns and to ensure long term sustainable develop- nologies. villages along the coast can be involved in ment, the Government of Greenland set up tourism. The land-based tourism gener- a transportation commission in 2009 for The mineral resources sector in Greenland ates by far the greatest revenue but is cur- the socio-economic analysis of the entire has significantly matured over the last rently dependent on only a few markets, infrastructure in Greenland. The Commis- 10-15 years as a result of a long-term and primarily the Danish. Therefore Greenland’s sion’s recommendations of April 2011 will deliberate strategy. After the adoption by Tourist Board is working on the develop- form an important element in future policy Parliament Act No. 7 of 7 December 2009 ment of a new national brand that more decisions on the evolution of Greenland in- on mineral resources and activities of rel- clearly defines Greenland as an adventure frastructure. This will include decisions on evance hereto, the mineral resources sec- destination focusing on sustainable tour- the location of ports and airports. These tor was fully taken over by the Greenland ism and which to a greater extent appeals projects will be costly and therefore private Self-Government on 1 January 2010 and to the global market. funding is seen as a possibility, just as min- is a key element to building growth indus- ing projects located near urban areas could tries and a self-sustaining economy. In be included in potential funding of larger 2008, Greenland had already adopted the Geological Survey local infrastructure projects. Parliament Act No. 6 of 5 December 2008 of Denmark and on Greenland’s Mineral Resources Fund, Greenland GEUS which is inspired by the Norwegian model 3.1. High standards so that oil and gas revenues also benefit The Geological Survey of Denmark and for the exploitation future generations. Greenland (GEUS) is responsible for of mineral resources the scientific exploration of the geo- Studies from the U.S. Geological Survey, The vision is to exploit mineral resources logical survey of Denmark and Green- among others, estimate that there may be in the Arctic under the best international land, including their respective shelf enormous, as yet unproven oil and gas re- practices, and in continued close coop- areas. GEUS will conduct research at sources in the Arctic, just as previously ma- eration with relevant authorities of the the highest international level on is- jor discoveries were made of gas especially Danish Realm and international partners. sues of importance to the exploitation (in Russia) but also oil (in Alaska). Specifi- Greenland and the Faroe Islands shall be and protection of Denmark and Green- cally, it is estimated that the Arctic may attractive areas for exploration, and the land’s geological natural resources. contain up to 30% of the world’s undiscov- management of mineral resources must GEUS also carries out mapping, moni- ered gas resources and approx. 10% of the be competent and efficient in ensuring toring, data collection, data manage- oil resources. Approximately 97% of oil and that such mineral resources are explored ment and the presentation of these gas resources are believed to lie within the and exploited under the highest standards issues. GEUS provides geological Arctic States’ exclusive economic zones, of safety, health, environment, emergency advice to public authorities on nature, and are thereby allocated. preparedness and transparency. The min- environment, climate, energy and min- eral resource industry must be developed eral resource related questions and In Greenland’s case, it is estimated that while strongly taking into consideration participates in the authority’s regula- 31 billion barrels of oil and gas off the the fragile Arctic environment so it con- tory work within these areas. GEUS coast of Northeast Greenland and 17 bil- tributes to sound economic development, is a national geological data centre lion barrels of oil and gas in areas west including the creation of new jobs and and in that capacity makes data and of Greenland and east of Canada could a maximum return to society. Mineral knowledge available to the authorities, be discovered, though the probability resource activities will also be carried educational institutions, businesses is greater for discoveries in Northeast out with sufficient preparedness that and individuals. GEUS’s tasks in rela- Greenland. Greenland is also rich in the public is kept from harm (based on tion to Greenland are generally defined mineral deposits, including zinc, cop- the polluter-pays-principle) and that the in the Self-Government Act and are per, nickel, gold, diamonds and platinum Kingdom’s international obligations can described in the Mineral Resources Act group metals, and has substantial depos- be met in case of major unscheduled inci- for Greenland. its of so-called critical metals, including dents. This should be a model for resource rare earth elements, several of which exploitation across the whole of the Arctic. Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020 25

In the oil and gas sector, licensing rounds and employment opportunities which the use and improvement of best avail- have been held biannually since 2002 wholly or partly are attributable to explora- able techniques and practices. This will and alongside rising oil prices in recent tion activity on the Faroese Continental include inspiration from other countries´ years, there has been a breakthrough in Shelf. One condition for acquiring a license regulations, not least the Norwegian the international interest in Greenland’s oil is that a commitment must be entered NORSOK standards. potential. An area of more than 200,000 into to finance activities that build up local km² offshore South and West Greenland competencies. This enhancement of com- • Cooperation will be expanded with is now covered by 20 exploration and ex- petence must be commercially oriented authorities in similar areas, including ploitation licenses, and in 2010 seven new though not necessarily be related to the oil Norway and Canada, and participation exploration licenses were issued in Baffin industry. The arrangement should be seen in relevant international fora such as the Bay off the coast of Northwest Greenland. as an investment in both the present and Arctic Council’s working groups is to be A licensing round for oil exploration off the future, and already several hundred pro- given high priority. coast of the northernmost part of East jects, both large and small, have been car- Greenland will be held in 2012/2013. In ried out. This has created a solid basis for • The Kingdom will work actively in the the coming years in particular, there will local involvement provided that commer- United Nation’s Maritime Organisation be a need to maintain the level of activity cial discoveries are made on the Faroes. (IMO) or other international fora, for the offshore of West and Northwest Green- establishment of an international liabil- land, while ensuring a broad professional In the mineral sector, exploration in ity and compensation convention and knowledge building in the more inaccessi- Greenland in recent years has especially a possible international compensation ble areas off Northeast Greenland. With re- targeted gold, zinc, iron, copper, diamonds, fund for pollution damage caused by spect to oil and gas finds and subsequent rubies and a number of critical metals, in- offshore oil exploration and exploitation. production, a number of new challenges cluding rare earth elements. The prospects and tasks will emerge. As a result, coordi- are bright that the development of the • Terms and conditions for licenses to nation and cooperation with neighbouring mineral sector can significantly underpin exploit must be reasonable for both Arctic states with similar challenges will be the development of an economically self- larger and smaller companies, resilient a major priority. supporting Greenland. The Government to fluctuating market conditions as well of Greenland is expecting that a number as simple and easy to administrate for In 2000 the first licenses for exploration of mature projects developed with for- companies and authorities. of the Faroese shelf were issued. Subse- eign partners and partial involvement of quently there were two licensing rounds in Danish companies will create over 1,000 • Mineral sector activities must be con- 2005 and 2008. In total, 17 licenses have new jobs by 2015. Regarding radioactive ducted responsibly as regards environ- been issued, of which 12 are currently minerals, the Self Government follows a mental, health and safety concerns, and active with a total of 11 licensees. Of the zero-tolerance policy, which means that it an appropriate supervisory body must 7 wells drilled so far, 5 contain hydrocar- does not permit the exploration and exploi- ensure compliance hereof. bons, but finds on a commercial scale tation of deposits that contain radioactive have not yet been confirmed. There is still elements, either as a main product, by- unexplored potential for exploration in product or residue. In 2010 an amendment structures that could potentially contain was made to the standard terms for explo- large amounts of hydrocarbons. Currently ration, which permits the carrying out of there are two outstanding drilling commit- feasibility studies, including environmen- ments, of which the first well will be drilled tal, health and safety studies of deposits in 2012. containing radioactive elements.

The current relatively modest level of activ- • Greenland will continue the successful ity has already had favourable effects on licensing policy and strategy of com- the Faroese economy through direct and petitive tenders in the oil and gas sector. indirect taxes in connection with drilling Sets of rules will be continually adapted and area fees. Another significant benefit to optimize safety, health, environment is the boost in commercial competencies and transparency standards through 26 Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020

Oil and gas activities in Greenland

High standards for activities lowing international standards regarding has been very positive. The self-govern- In connection with the exploration and financial guarantees and insurance for oil ment has used Norwegian consultants exploitation of oil and gas resources and mineral activities. for the regular monitoring of compliance regulated by the Greenland Mineral with stringent safety requirements, and Resources Act, the licensee must en- Before new offshore areas are designated similarly the self-government has estab- sure that safety, environmental and as oil / gas licensing areas, the Govern- lished cooperation with the Canadian health risks are identified, assessed ment of Greenland sets in motion the government in the area. Cairn Energy has and reduced as much as practically and preparation of strategic environmental also complied with the Greenland author- reasonably possible. impact assessments in order to ensure ity’s demands for financial guarantees that any oil / gas activities can be imple- in case of an accident, oil spill or a major The Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum mented on an environmentally sustain- environmental emergency. Cairn Energy, (BMP) guidelines and terms of approval able basis. The strategic environmental affected municipalities and Greenland’s are based largely on the Norwegian impact assessments are prepared on a Self Government have also entered into NORSOK standards which determine scientific basis by the National Environ- a cooperation agreement on recruiting how the licensee can comply with in- mental Research Institute and Greenland’s Greenland labour in the future, including ternational best practice in relation to Institute of Natural Resources. In connec- initiatives which develop relevant courses specific operational procedures and tion with an application for the carrying as part of the self-government’s efforts practices. The BMP follows strict com- out of concrete oil / gas activities which in using the resident workforce and lo- pliance with international standards, are likely to have a significant impact on cal businesses wherever possible in the supplemented by an emergency com- the environment, such as exploration future. mittee broadly composed of authori- wells, the licensee is required to conduct a ties of the Danish Realm (including the specific assessment of the environmental Licensees in oil and Danish Armed Forces and the Danish impact (EIA). The EIA report is submitted gas sectors in Greenland Maritime Authority) and Greenland for public hearing and must be approved As of 1st January 2011 there were 20 authorities. The Emergency Commit- by the Government of Greenland before active exclusive right licenses for explora- tee monitors the precautionary actions the application to carry out the activity can tion and exploitation of oil and gas in the taken by the licensee, and is responsible be approved. sea around Greenland. During 2012-2013 for coordinating the authority’s efforts a licensing round will be carried out cover- in accident and emergency situations Under the Mineral Resources Act, compa- ing offshore Northeast Greenland. There on offshore installations. nies seeking a license for exploitation must is great interest from a number of differ- also prepare an Assessment of Societal ent companies and as of January 2011 Thus, permission is only given for Sustainability (SSA report). The report the licensees are: NUNAOIL (Greenland), exploration and exploitation activi- must, for example, describe the utilisation DONG (Denmark), Maersk Oil (Denmark), ties provided that the Government of of Greenland manpower and enterprises in ExxonMobil (U.S.), Chevron (U.S.), Husky Greenland is fully assured that the the project, including how the proportion (CAN), Cairn Energy (UK), PA Resources activities are performed properly in a of Greenland employees and subcontrac- (SVE), ConocoPhillips (U.S.), Shell ( NL), safe and healthy manner and stringent tors can be increased through training and Statoil (NOR), GDF Suez (FRA) and Petro- requirements are made of licensees re- skills development. nas (Malaysia). garding their own capacity to deal with accidents and emergencies. Under the Cooperation with Cairn Energy Mineral Resources Act, the responsibil- Scottish Cairn Energy’s exploratory drilling ity for clean-up operations and com- for oil in waters west of Qeqertarsuaq and pensation always lies with the party Nuusussuaq Peninsula is presently the causing damage, whereby a number of most advanced project, and collaboration stringent requirements are imposed fol- between the company and the authorities Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020 27

Oil Activities in the Faroe Islands

High standards for activities tion of offshore safety authorities in countries Energy Directorate), which also deals with The execution of exploration activities in in Western Europe with an oil industry. As the public sector geological interests, and has the Faroes takes place with continuous exploration activity on the Faroese shelf is an advisory function regarding energy is- regard for the environment and the exist- geographically close to activity in the UK and sues. ing fishing industry. Safety procedures Norwegian waters, the emergency prepared- Umhvørvisstovan (the Environment for example are on par with the Danish, ness is also tied to response equipment on Agency) is responsible for the Faroese ma- Norwegian and British. This includes the respective British and Norwegian conti- rine environment act and the Faroe Islands requirements for the licensees regarding nental s helves. To a great extent, this places Marine Rescue Coordination Centre (MRCC) their technical and economic expertise emergency preparedness on the Faroese Torshavn is responsible for coordination as a part of their responsibilities. Further- shelf on a par with that in Norway and the UK. regarding incidents offshore. more, exploration activity must always live up to best practices in the industry and Authorities’ responsibility Oil companies active in the Faroe Islands be geared to the circumstances of the for oil drilling in the Faroe Islands Atlantic Petroleum (FO), Cieco (Korea), specific drilling location. To be updated on The Faroese Ministry of Trade and Industry Dana Petroleum (UK), DONG (DK), ENI (ITA), developments in safety matters, the Faroe has overall responsibility for exploration activ- Exxon Mobil (US), Faroe Petroleum (FO), Islands is a member of NSOAF (North Sea ity in the Faroes. The everyday management First Oil Expro (UK), OMV (Østrig), Sagex Offshore Authorities Forum), an associa- is delegated to Jarðfeingi (Faroese Earth and Petroleum (NOR), Statoil (NOR).

Greenland’s strategy for Minerals

The Government of Greenland’s strat-

egy and plan of action for exploration 100 No. of prospecting licences and exploitation of hard minerals is No. of exploration licences 80 described in the sectoral plan “Mineral No. of exploration licences No. of mines in production Strategy 2009”. The main objectives of 60

the strategy are that all projects must 40 be implemented socially sustainably, 20 and ensuring that: 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 1) The society will receive a competi- tive share of profits gained from Development of mineral activities in Greenland mining. 2) Greenland manpower and enter-

prises are used to the greatest 25.000 possible extent. 20.000 3) All mineral activities are to be con- ducted properly in terms of safety, 15.000

health and the environment. 10.000 4) The population is ensured participa- 5.000 tion and knowledge in the develop- 0 ment of the mineral sector. 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 5) The development proceeds with respect to Greenland values. Area (km2) covered by exploration licenses 28 Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020

Critical metals / rare earth elements and deposits in Greenland

A raw material/ mineral is considered ments. The time span from exploration to 1) Geological conditions; ‘critical’ if it is used for purposes for the opening of a new mine will generally 2) Technical factors; which there are no other satisfactory not be less than 10 years; therefore the 3) Social conditions; alternatives. A given mineral resource’s mining industry has difficultly in keeping 4) Political factors, and criticality is dynamic and is determined pace with market requirements for new 5) Economic conditions by issues of supply, demand and the resources. There may be various reasons – i.e., whether or not the potential reuse of the resource. New why it can be difficult to obtain a given raw material is available technology can change the require- commodity, for example: on the market.

Mining Opportunities in Greenland Overview of mineral resources which can be critical in the long term Overview of critical minerals (short term) 1 Known deposits in Greenland 4

Mineral Area Rating Mineral Area Rating of resource of resource

Antimony East Greenland Moderate Aluminium - Low 5

Beryllium South Greenland Low Zinc South, West and North Greenland Moderate

Cobalt - Low Nickel East Greenland Moderate

Fluorspar East Greenland Low Manganese - Low

Gallium East Greenland Moderate Iron South, West and North Greenland Large

Germanium - Unknown Chrome Southwest Greenland Moderate

Graphite West- and East Greenland Moderate Molybdenum East Greenland Large

Indium - Low Vanadium South and East Greenland Large

Lithium - Low Titan South and East Greenland Large

Magnesium - Low Copper North and East Greenland Large

Manganese - Low Uranium 6 South Greenland Moderate

Niobium South Greenland Large

PGM 2 West- and East Greenland Large

REE 3 South Greenland Large

Tantalum South Greenland Large

Tellurium - Unknown

Tungsten East Greenland Moderate

1 Estimated by the EU, respectively (Raw Materials Supply Group. EU 2010), U.S. (Minerals, Critical Minerals, and USE economy 2008) and UNEP (Critical Metals for Future Sustainable Technologies and their recycling potential; UNEP 2009), respectively. 2 PGM = Platinum Group Metals. 3 REE = rare earth elements. 4 Estimated by the EU (Raw Materials Supply Group. EU 2010). 5 Can be high with other technology. 6 Greenland currently has zero-tolerance policy on uranium and thorium. Photo: Greenland Tourism 30 Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020

3.2. Exploitation of there is currently no access to hydropower. Greenland’s commitment renewable energy potential The Government of Greenland provides to renewable energy The Kingdom will pursue ambitious and support for developing renewable energy active energy and climate policies. The projects, including micro hydropower plants, In 1990, the use of renewable en- energy policy objectives of Greenland, Den- and solar and wind power projects that aim ergy in Greenland was almost zero, mark and the Faroe Islands respectively at a green and self-sufficient Greenland en- but since 1993, Greenland’s Self- are to create security of supply, to reduce ergy supply. Furthermore, the utilisation of Government has annually invested an emissions of greenhouse gases and air renewable energy in the transport sector is average of approx. 1% of GDP in the pollution while creating a basis for com- being explored. The development of renew- development of hydropower and other mercial development. A shared ambition able energy sources is a key issue in Green- renewable energy sources. Today, is to significantly increase the harnessing land’s international cooperation. renewable energy makes up 60% of of renewable energy sources. Denmark’s the public energy supply via the power commitment to renewable energy targets • Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe supply company, Nukissiorfiit. When under the EU is 30% by 2020. Greenland Islands will increase the share of renew- the Ilulissat hydroelectric plant comes will increase its share of renewable energy able energy sources in the energy supply into operation in 2013 as expected, to 60% of total energy production by 2020. in order to increase the security of supply, the proportion will rise to approx. 70%. The Faroe Islands will increase the use of reduce emissions of greenhouse gases renewable energy, including the target of and air pollution, and thus create the The Greenland 75% of electricity production based on re- basis for enhanced commercial develop- hydroelectric power plants: newable energy by 2020. ment and knowledge sharing through • Buksefjord Power Station at Nuuk training and participation in projects. (1992/2008) with an output of 45 MW; Greenland has a tremendous natural po- tential for renewable energy, which among • The Government of Greenland will • Tasiilaq hydroelectric plant (2005) other things can be utilised for the develop- continue to promote the utilisation of with an output of 1.2 MW; ment of emerging industry. An example renewable energy in Greenland. In the is the designing, in collaboration with the smaller towns and settlements, the • Qorlortorsuaq hydroelectric plant American company, Alcoa, of an aluminium development of local energy solutions (2008) with an output of 7.2 MW; smelting plant in Maniitsoq which will be based on renewable energy must be operated solely by hydropower. Increasing supported. The Government of Green- • Sisimiut hydroelectric plant (2009) focus in Greenland is placed on small-scale land will also promote Greenland’s with an output of 15 MW; solutions for renewable energy to be used potential to house industrial production in smaller towns and settlements where based on renewable energy. • Ilulissat hydroelectric plant (to be inaugurated in 2013) will have an output of 22.5 MW.

Through the annual Greenland Finance Act account for the Support of Re- search and Development of Renewable Energy a number of concrete projects are supported, including the installa- tion of solar panels and wind turbines, installation of remote readers and the dissemination of renewable energy. Since 1993, an average of 1% of GDP has been invested annually on the development and establishment of hydropower. Photo: Ivars Silis and Nukissiorfiit Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020 31

3.3. Sustainable exploitation The biological advice is provided by the tions are undertaken by the Greenland of living resources Greenland Institute of Natural Resources and Faroese authorities who monitor that The Arctic regions are unique ecosystems and a number of regional organizations, both Greenland and Faroese, and relevant that represent important values biologi- particularly the ICES and NAFO. international fishery regulations are com- cally and socially. The natural resources plied with by all vessels in their respective have shaped the development of Arctic Faroese fishing of pelagic stocks and fish- waters, as well as by Greenland and Faro- fishing and hunting cultures and tradi- ing in other waters under bilateral and ese vessels operating internationally. The tions, and the utilization of fish and marine multilateral agreements is mainly based inspection of vessels and catches at sea mammals has always formed the bedrock on quota systems, while for groundfish is undertaken by the Danish Armed Forces of Arctic societies and economies. Histori- fisheries around the Faroe Islands there and the Faroe Islands Fisheries Inspection cally, supply-related and cultural consid- is a special system of fishing days and ar- Fiskiveiðieftirlitið. Furthermore, regional erations are fundamental to the Arctic eas which are closed as required. Besides cooperation on inspections remains a population’s relationship to the exploita- their own expertise, the Faroese also draw priority. tion of living resources, whether fish or ma- on international advice, particularly ICES. rine mammals. The exploitation of living Greenland and the Faroe Islands each have General increases of temperature in the marine resources is one of the essential agreements with one another and also Arctic and rapid melting of ice can make economic factors in both Greenland and with the EU, Norway and Russia, and the new areas of the Arctic Ocean potentially the Faroe Islands. Faroe Islands furthermore with Iceland. attractive for fishing. This presents new The Faroe Islands, though also Greenland, challenges with regards to national and The structure, function, diversity and in- shares fishery stocks with close neigh- international regulation of these areas tegrity of the ecosystem in the Arctic are bours and exports of fish and fish products due to insufficient data about them. In crucial to the productivity. The Arctic must form a large part of the economy of both addition, illegal, unreported and unregu- therefore be managed so as to ensure countries. The Faroe Islands’ export of fish lated fishing is a serious threat to marine a healthy marine ecosystem with eco- and fish products represents approx. 90% ecosystems which has considerable impli- nomically sustainable species and stocks. of total exports and for Greenland, approx. cations for conservation and rational man- Ecosystem-based management means 85% of total exports. agement of marine resources. It is a huge that management of the ecosystem is task for small communities with large eco- based on a holistic approach where all The Greenland fishery industry is facing a systems to provide adequate expertise for parts of the ecosystem and all impacts, structural challenge of adjustment, includ- the management and control of fishery. In including those from human activities, are ing the need of larger and more modern the Arctic, there is relatively limited knowl- taken into account in management. The vessels and the need for future regulation edge of fish stocks and fishery opportuni- management of living marine resources in of the industry in relation to ownership pro- ties, which means that the precautionary the Arctic must ensure a high return within visions and access to capital. This restruc- principle should be applied to protect the the ecosystem’s capacity, ensure minimal turing process will also cause an outflow environment and fishery resources. impact on the ecosystem, and guarantee of labour to other industries and make respect for the ecosystem’s capacity for demands on social policy. Greenland’s Self- Hunting is an integral part of the Arctic future production of living resources. Government has initiated a project concern- community and a sustainable exploita- ing the consequences of climate change on tion of hunting resources is important Greenland and the Faroe Islands’ fishery the fishing and hunting industry with a view for the local economy and for cultural takes place mainly in the North Atlantic, to identifying opportunities for adaptation self-identity. The best possible basis for the Denmark Strait and the David Strait. that manage the challenges while exploit- decisions should be ensured in the exploi- Greenland’s fishery is based on a quota ing new opportunities. The adaptation tation of these resources nationally and system whose aim is to ensure a sustain- of industry and retraining initiatives in for internationally. Similarly, it is essential able exploitation of certain stocks. There- example the fisheries industry, might be that hunters have confidence in the basis fore, an annual “Total Allowable Catch” one element of a new phase of partnership for decision-making so that limitations (TAC) of the principal species is stipulated, between Greenland and Europe. on hunting are observed. The Greenland based on biological advice and respecting seal-hunting industry is currently under socio-economic concerns, commercial A key element in fishery management is pressure partly because the European and interests and international obligations. control and enforcement. Control opera- North American markets for sealskin have 32 Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020

virtually collapsed after pressure by special fishery and hunting, and also work for Key organizations and interest groups on consumers. Internation- international agreements on poten- others in the fishery and ally, there is very limited understanding tially attractive Arctic high seas not hunting sector for the catch of marine mammals. This is yet covered by the conservation and also true of the Greenland catch of large management systems. The parts of the • ICES - International Council for the whales, which is regulated by the Interna- Danish Realm will work to ensure that Exploration of the Sea: International tional Whaling Commission in accordance in general fishery does not commence organization that is responsible for with the exemption that applies to indig- where a conservation and management coordinating and promoting marine enous peoples. system is not available. research in the North Atlantic and adjacent seas, the Baltic and North • All living resources must be developed • The parts of the Danish Realm will work Sea. The organization has 20 mem- and exploited sustainably based on an to strengthen international cooperation ber states, including Denmark, with ecosystem management that ensures on scientifically based management of the Faroe Islands and Greenland. a high return in the long term, and is in shared fish stocks and fishery in inter- • NAMMCO - North Atlantic Marine compliance with international obliga- national waters with a view to promot- Mammal Commission: Regional tions, while at the same time the Arctic ing consensus on sustainable manage- management organization for ma- communities’ rights are defended in sup- ment plans and allocation formulas for rine mammals with Norway, Iceland, port of the fishing and hunting industry. the benefit of all relevant parties. the Faroe Islands and Greenland as Management must be based on scien- members. NAMMCO has observer tific advice that is founded on the col- • The parts of the Danish Realm will work status in the Arctic Council. lection, processing and analysis of data, towards the introduction of a special • NAFO - Northwest Atlantic Fisher- including from hunters and industry. regional form of control for a prudent ies Organization: Regional fisheries fishery in large ecosystems in sparsely management organization that pro- • The Kingdom will work internationally populated areas where there is no his- vides science-based advice, as well for the Arctic indigenous peoples’ right torical data and where it is particularly as managing and regulating fishing to conduct hunting and to sell products challenging to collect data and carry out in the Northwest Atlantic. NAFO from seal hunting, as long as it is based control. Methods must be developed consists of 12 members at present, on sustainable principles. for sustainable management in situa- including Denmark in respect of the tions of scientific uncertainty, whereby Faroe Islands and Greenland. • Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe models are developed that support a • NEAFC - Northeast Atlantic Fisher- Islands will work to ensure that the learning management system based on ies Commission: Regional fisheries utilisation of living resources, including the precautionary principle. organization that provides science- marine mammals, is founded upon an based advice and manages and ecosystem-based management model regulates fishery beyond 200 miles that places emphasis on scientific foun- in the North Atlantic and up to the dation and sustainability. North Pole. NEAFC currently con- sists of 5 members, including Den- • Work continuously to ensure regular mark in respect of the Faroe Islands scientifically based monitoring of living and Greenland. resources in the Arctic with the involve- • IWC - International Whaling Com- ment of its citizens. The precautionary mission: International Management principle should apply in cases where Organisation which regulates hunting there is a lack of adequate knowledge of large whales. Denmark, the Faroe about development in previously ice- Islands and Greenland are members. covered areas. Greenland allocates quotas on large whales by means of the so-called “Ab- • Effective management and control original Subsistence Whaling quota” regimes must be pursued to counter illegal, unreported and unregulated Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020 33

Whaling

Denmark is in a rather unique situa- dom is bound under the framework of the ated in connection to the society’s food tion when it comes to whaling, since International Whaling Commission (IWC). supply. Large whales are covered by the the Kingdom’s three parts - Denmark, The entire Danish Realm is thus bound by IWC’s regulatory powers. As a member the Faroe Islands and Greenland - each the IWC’s current ban on commercial hunt- of the IWC, the Kingdom therefore seeks, have their own whaling policy. This par- ing of large whales. at intervals, to obtain backing in the IWC ticular situation is similar to the U.S. and for quotas of relevant species of whales Russia, which also distinguish between In the Faroe Islands and in Greenland there in Greenland. The Faroe Islands has previ- population groups that rely on whaling is general support for a principled policy ously operated commercial hunting of and the rest of the territory. The Faroe and the political priority is to ensure the large whales, but has for many years only Islands and Greenland’s maritime policy populations’ right to hunt. In the Danish operated non-commercial hunting of is based on the principle of being able part of the realm, many people are fun- small whales, mostly pilot whales, which to live off marine resources in a sustain- damentally hesitant about whaling and are not subject to the IWC. The Faroe able way, whether it be fish, seals or whaling is not practised in Danish waters, Islands, however, continues to see sus- whales. Each part of the Danish Realm although there is understanding for the sit- tainable commercial whaling as a right is empowered to regulate the exploita- uation of Greenland and the Faroe Islands. and supports the right of other nations in tion of whale resources in their own wa- In Danish waters, EU rules apply, i.e. a total this respect. ters - though some whale species are ban on whaling. In Greenland, the hunting subject to decisions to which the King- of small as well as large whales is oper-

3.4. Stronger integration The heightened international interest re- Switzerland (and Liechtenstein), is covered in international trade quires the creation of attractive regulatory by free trade agreements concluded in the New opportunities for economic develop- frameworks for investments. Therefore, early 1990s. As regards Iceland, the Faroe ment in the Arctic are leading to increasing Greenland is working to conform to inter- Islands entered into a more comprehen- interest from international investors in national trade rules and obligations and sive economic cooperation agreement in the area. The Government of Greenland create a healthy investment environment. 2005 (Hoyvík Agreement). has set itself clear targets to attract more This will not only strengthen Greenland as foreign investors, and to ensure that an attractive investment destination, but Many Arctic regions are favourably lo- the exploitation of Greenland’s natural also give Greenland more opportunities cated in relation to the world’s two larg- resources in the future will constitute a to penetrate new markets. By virtue of est markets (the EU and U.S.), especially major source of revenue for the Greenland the Kingdom of Denmark’s membership, Greenland. The opportunities for a closer society. The new trading opportunities can Greenland and the Faeroe Islands come association to the surrounding markets contribute to the diversification of Green- under the World Trade Organisation. Since must gradually be expanded as the extent land’s economy and create the basis for the end of 2005, Greenland has worked of sea ice decreases. Trading requires infra- economic sustainability and prosperity. For continuously to bring Greenland law into structure, and it is essential that the infra- the Faroe Islands in particular, the open- compliance with WTO rules. Due to its OCT structure be developed to support growing ing of the Northeast Passage will unfold status (Overseas Countries and Territories) trade. In Greenland, the Transportation new opportunities as a result of increased Greenland goods have duty-free access to Commission has analysed the future navigation. The Government of the Faroes the EU. The Faroe Islands has duty-free ac- needs for adapting the infrastructure and has decided to set up a working group to cess to the EU for the majority of its goods its recommendations of April 2011 will assess the Faroese strategic opportunities pursuant to an agreement on mutual tariff form a weighty element in the basis for de- associated with increased enterprise in the exemption in 1991, renewed in 1996. Faroe cisions on the development of Greenland’s Arctic and North Atlantic area. trade with the EFTA countries, Norway and infrastructure. Photo: Fernando Ugarte, april 2011 / Polar bear sedated for research purposes Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020 35

• A close collaboration with the business Global warming affects the Arctic directly, ocean currents is essential to the rela- community must be ensured regarding including the Greenland ice sheet, sea ice tionship between the oceans, the global the increased opportunities in the Arc- and ocean currents, which in turn have climate and not least the Arctic, but it is tic. The markets for Greenland and Faro- far-reaching implications for global climate driven by sensitive mechanisms that can ese export goods are to be expanded, trends. Meanwhile, climate change also easily be weakened as the Arctic warms. and internal and external barriers to has direct consequences for the Arctic in The international scientific community exports removed. terms of changing circumstances for the has put considerable resources into chart- fishing and hunting industry, the potential ing patterns of ocean currents, following • Inside the Kingdom’s individual customs for mining and exploitation of hydrocarbon their changes and working out methods territories, the closest possible align- resources, and also navigational options to predict their development and future ment must be ensured with interna- for tourism and transport. impact on climate, living resources and tional trade regulations and obligations, humans. The Kingdom will seek to play an in particular the WTO’s regulations. Greenland offers so many unique oppor- active and leading role in the continuation tunities for research in nature, geography, of this research effort. • Cooperation must be strengthened biology as well as the interplay between concerning Greenland adaptation, as nature and humans. It is vital that research There is a long tradition in the Danish deemed appropriate, to the bilateral into and monitoring of the ice sheet and Realm for Arctic research and close co- trade agreements which Denmark en- research on climate and environmental operation in meeting challenges. Danish, ters into via the EU, and the Kingdom processes in the Arctic are disseminated Greenland and Faroese universities, and will work to maintain - and wherever and used internationally. It is also essential research and scientific centres take part in possible expand - preferential access for that research findings are of practical use numerous international research projects products from Greenland and the Faroe by Arctic peoples in supporting the rapid within a broad spectrum of paleoclimatic Islands in the EU and third countries, cultural, social, economic and industrial studies, research into Arctic ecosystems, including entering into agreements on development that other peoples have oceanography, glaciology, geophysics, geol- reciprocal free trade between the Faroe had generations to adapt to. Therefore, ogy, social sciences and health sciences, Islands and new third countries. Arctic research findings must clearly be and similarly a number of monitoring pro- promoted to the benefit of the Arctic pop- grams and Arctic research stations con- • Trade relations with the outside world ulations, not least the Arctic indigenous duct an essential monitoring of climate must be managed through an ongoing peoples. Here, social science and health impacts on the Arctic. infrastructure development. research will play a key role. In addition, a joint research initiative by the The Faroe Islands lies at the gateway to Danish-Greenland-Faroese Continental 3.5. Knowledge-based the Arctic. Nearly 90% of the total oceanic Shelf Project provides data collection on growth and development heat transfer towards the Arctic flows the seabed and opportunities for follow-up Greenland now plays a prominent role in in- through this area, and the heat brought research in other fields. ternational research because of the unique into the Arctic keeps large marine areas opportunities to study processes of global free of ice and far warmer than they would Research into Arctic technology, which importance, including the planet’s geologi- otherwise have been. This is the basis mainly takes place at the Arctic Technol- cal history, natural climate variations and for the huge pelagic fish stocks that feed ogy Centre in Sisimut West Greenland in global warming. Interest in Arctic research in the area , keeping surrounding land cooperation with the Technical University has been increasing rapidly in recent years, masses warmer than the global average of Denmark (DTU), is another area with po- which has resulted in major national and at this latitude. In the Arctic and subarctic tential, including requirements for the use international research programs and in- oceans, the water cools and then most of renewable energy in power systems and creased Arctic research funds from among sinks and returns to the world’s oceans as the development of Arctic infrastructure. others the Nordic Council of Ministers a cold deep-water current that transports and the EU. Nordic, European and wider carbon dioxide, oxygen and heat from the In 2009, the Ministry of Science and the international research and educational atmosphere into the deep water masses, Government of Greenland set up an in- cooperation will also be given high priority which are a prerequisite for all deep-water terdisciplinary climate research centre in in the future. fauna. This interconnected system of Nuuk. The centre works in partnership with 36 Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020

the Commission for Scientific Research in level in scientific research topics. Finally, as in the Arctic where research partner- Greenland (KVUG), the Greenland Institute part of the existing partnership agreement ships in for example natural resources of Natural Resources and the University of with the EU, Greenland receives about 25 and broader social science fields will be Greenland. The centre focuses on basic re- million Euros annually in budget support prioritized. The extensive research by search about the Arctic climate and the ef- for the education sector, in particular tar- foreign researchers must be dissemi- fects of climate change including the need geting the special educational drive where nated to a greater extent to relevant for mitigation and adaptation strategies, the societal needs are greatest. institutions and communities. and currently has approx. 80 Greenland, Danish and international researchers affili- It will remain a key priority to support the • Within the Kingdom, cooperation be- ated on a permanent or flexible basis. future economic and social sustainability tween research institutions must con- with educational initiatives. Besides the stantly be consolidated and developed, Nordic, European and wider international mineral resource sector, initiatives con- and researchers have to be familiar with research and education cooperation is to cerning new opportunities and challenges available options for funding of Arctic be given high priority. For example, Danish in the maritime sector will also be central. research. Continuity and stability in the and Greenland researchers are participat- research environment must be assured, ing in the top Nordic research initiative on • The Kingdom will maintain its leading for example, by the recruitment of climate, environment and energy, which position internationally in a number of young researchers. is one of the Nordic Council of Ministers’ research fields concerning the Arctic, globalization initiatives. The Kingdom also and will promote national and interna- • Greenland targets that by 2020, at least supports the running of the University of tional Arctic research. 2 / 3 of school leavers will have gained the Arctic - an association of circumpolar training leading to formal qualifica- universities that offers a rich variety of • The Kingdom will work to promote the tions, and the Government of Greenland courses relevant to Arctic students. Bilater- participation of Danish, Greenland and will prioritise supplementary further ally, education, language and research con- Faroese academic and scientific insti- education as new requirements arise. stitute key elements in Joint Committee tutions in international research and In particular, the Self-Government will cooperation between Greenland, Denmark monitoring activities. This includes the develop education and training in the and the U.S. - and Greenland is increasingly quantification of global and regional mineral resources area, so Greenland taking part in promising bilateral research impacts of climate change in the Arctic, will increasingly be able to offer relevant and education partnerships, as for exam- such as how Arctic ecosystems, sea and qualified manpower in the offshore ple with Canada. ice and ice sheets respond to climate and mineral industry. change and also the consequences and Research and education are closely con- importance of climate change for the • Possibilities will be considered for closer nected - and must be tightly linked with populations and communities in and involvement of Greenland’s citizens in economic and industrial development. outside the Arctic. the armed force’s education and train- For instance, in January 2011, the Govern- ing and tasks in the Arctic, including ment of Greenland set up a new mineral • Research and monitoring in the Arctic customized programs in Greenland with resources school by reorganising the Min- puts a strain on resources and logistics emphasis on the maritime domain. ing and Construction School in Sisimut. and therefore international cooperation The mineral resources school will function on such projects must continue to be • International training and exchange co- as a knowledge centre for the entire min- encouraged, as well as pursuing flexible operation will be a strategic priority for ing resource sector and develop training administration that facilitates access to Greenland, particularly with the U.S. and within the oil industry. The Government the regions and minimizes administra- Canada as well as the EU, where a new of Greenland also has ongoing initiatives tive burdens on projects. phase in the partnership could involve where research is used for the training further adaptation to trade and industry of the population. Among other things, • Research in the Arctic must also help to and / or retraining initiatives. a summer school in Kangerlussuaq has support the cultural, social, economic been launched in cooperation with the and commercial development. Know- United States under its auspices, where ledge and data must be built up even foreign scholars teach pupils at secondary more, firmly embedded, and also used Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020 37

Information a prerequisite for progress - building up of geographical infrastructure

The establishment of a well-developed must only be produced once and that all cal infrastructure for the entire Arctic infrastructure of geographical informa- additional data should be collected and region by building an Arctic SDI where ba- tion is important for the development maintained and made available in the sic topographical data from all the Arctic of the Arctic. Compiling geographical most effective manner. To manage this, countries can be assembled, displayed information and obtaining a complete the Greenland self-government has set and linked with other information on the picture of what is happening at a given up NunaGIS. The objective of NunaGIS is climate, wildlife, vegetation etc. location (maps, charts, records, etc.) is to gather all essential information across very important to the carrying out of the Greenland in a digital atlas, and link this authorities´ activities and for people’s information to a data and organizational access to information. The building infrastructure, also called SDI (Spatial Data up of a geographical infrastructure Infrastructure). Work is being done interna- is based on the principles that data tionally to establish a common geographi-

Topographical mapping

There is an agreement between the Na- that have been used for mapping in Den- tion of the topographical map, so that tional Survey and Cadastre (KMS) and mark are in some cases are too costly, and new data from the Faroese authorities Greenland’s Self-Government to jointly therefore new technologies for mapping, can be combined with existing topo- find a method to establish data for the including use of satellite images, need to graphical maps of the Faroe Islands. topographical mapping of Greenland at be explored. There is also agreement be- 1:100.000 and maintain these maps in tween Umhvørvisstovan (Environmental a simple manner. Since it is a vast land Office) in the Faroe Islands and KMS that area to be covered, traditional methods there must be an updating and moderniza-

NEEM ice core drilling

North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling, analogue for the future climate which is in DNA and pollen and thus be able to NEEM (2007 - 2011) is an international expected to be warmer because of global give insights into vegetation that existed research project coordinated by the warming. Ice cores from the Eemian period in Greenland during the last interglacial Centre for Ice and Climate, a scientific may thus contribute to understanding period and perhaps earlier. Further analy- research project at the Niels Bohr Insti- climate dynamics in the future. Previous sis of the approx. 2.5 km-long ice core tute at Copenhagen University, funded drilling in other parts of the Greenland ice will be undertaken by the Centre for Ice by the Danish National Research Foun- sheet (e.g., DYE-3, GRIP, GRIP2 and NGRIP) and Climate in collaboration with interna- dation. The goal of NEEM drilling in have also aimed at acquiring knowledge tional research groups. Northwestern Greenland is to retrieve about past climate changes, but none of an ice core reaching back through the the ice cores obtained from previous drills last interglacial period, the Eemian, have contained a complete uninterrupted which ended about 115,000 years ago. series of Eemian ice layers. On 27 July The climate in Greenland was warmer 2010 NEEM reached bedrock at a depth of during the Eemian period than it is to- 2537.36 m. The researchers expect that day, and is therefore considered as an the lowest meter of the ice core will be rich 38 Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020

Climate Research Centre’s collaboration with Canada

In 2010 Greenland’s Climate Research the Arctic. In addition, in early 2011 steps Climate Research Centre, the University Centre began collaborating with the were taken to establish a new “Centre for of Manitoba and the University of Aarhus. University of Manitoba, Canada where Arctic Research” at Aarhus University with Overall, this provides unique opportuni- the head of the Climate Research Cen- close ties to Greenland’s Climate Research ties for comprehensive research, educa- tre was awarded the post of Canada Centre, which creates the basis for a highly tional cooperation and synergy between Excellence Research Chair in Arctic integrated and coordinated climate re- the three centres. Geomicrobiology and Climate Change. search collaboration between Denmark, Thus, a new and extensive Greenland- Greenland and Canada around much of Danish-Canadian climate research col- the Arctic region. The new collaboration laboration was launched which is bring- will be structured in a new joint research ing together a number of the world’s partnership, the ‘Arctic Science Partner- leading scientists in climate research in ship’, with the participation of Greenland’s

Summer School in Kangerlussuaq and the Arctic Station

In July 2011 the first summer school in opportunity to make contact with Ameri- ics. The purpose of the schools at the Kangerlussuaq is going to be held for cans and Danes of the same age and learn field station was to motivate students to high school students from Greenland, about educational opportunities in the pursue science in higher education. The Denmark and USA. The summer school U.S. and Denmark. The project is target- result was extremely positive and several is taking place under the auspices of ing two of the three priority areas which students subsequently chose higher the trilateral “Joint Committee” coop- the Joint Committee has agreed upon in education courses in geology and biol- eration between Greenland, Denmark 2010-2011, namely to improve access for ogy. Pre-research schools at the Arctic and USA. Greenland is providing facili- Greenland’s students to U.S. institutions Station will resume in 2012. ties; the manager is Danish, while the of learning and to improve English skills in teachers are American scientists who secondary schools in Greenland. freely devote 2-4 days to train the students in scientific disciplines. The In July 2000, and 2001, so-called pre- purpose of the summer school is to research schools were held for high school arouse interest in science among young students at the Arctic Station on Disko people, to improve their language skills Island in West Greenland, where research- and to give the Greenland students the ers covered a wide range of scientific top- Photo: Helle Astrid Kjær / NEEM ice core drilling project, www.neem.ku.dk 40 Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020

3.6. Arctic cooperation on The Danish Realm supports cooperation further developed, especially based on health and social coherence which can improve people’s living condi- a Greenland context. Enhanced Arctic It is a shared core value in Denmark, Green- tions and health in a sustainable way, cooperation could include, research, land and the Faroe Islands to promote the including knowledge-exchange and the evaluation and also exchange of “good population’s health and also prevent and increased use of new technological ca- / best practices” regarding infectious treat illness, suffering and disability with pabilities, both within the Kingdom and diseases, public health, telemedicine, respect for the individual, his/her integrity Nordic cooperation and in cooperation with a culturally attuned health service and and independence. The parts of the Danish existing and new partners in the rest of the environmental medicine. Realm prioritize preventative and public in- Arctic. This applies generally, but also fo- formation efforts to improve diet, increase cusing especially on vulnerable sections of • It will be a priority to increase coopera- the number of physically active people, the population, including children and the tion in the Nordic and Arctic arena on reduce smoking and harmful alcohol elderly, and also the mentally ill. The Danish public health preparedness concerning consumption and also to maintain focus Realm will continue jointly to review health- disaster situations and other urgent on risk groups to combat the increase in care policy and other health-related chal- challenges to public health. lifestyle diseases. Furthermore, the parts of lenges, including specialized treatments, the Danish Realm prioritise the monitoring among other things as a follow-up to the • In cooperation with the international of the population’s state of health. Danish-Greenlandic agreement in Septem- research and scientific communities, ber 1998 on the continuation and expan- the Kingdom will continue to focus on Greenland today is facing a dual challenge sion of cooperation in the health area. The monitoring the state of public health, as from both old patterns of disease charac- Danish Realm also supports Arctic research well as the effect of climate change and terized by relatively high infant mortality, cooperation concerning the development global pollution on public health and so- accidents, and acute and chronic infec- of best practices, public health and health- cial conditions in Greenland. Greenland tious diseases such as tuberculosis, as related consequences of pollution. has a special responsibility for advice well as a new Western pattern of disease and internal dissemination of the moni- dominated by chronic and lifestyle-related Some Arctic communities are also facing toring and research findings generated diseases. difficult social issues. To deal with adverse in the Kingdom and internationally. social trends, the emphasis on social coher- In the field of environmental medicine, ence and integration is central to develop- • The Kingdom will promote Arctic Greenland faces the challenge of the long- ment in the Arctic. Denmark and Greenland cooperation and knowledge sharing range trans-boundary pollution, which are cooperating closely on projects and on social coherence, including the increasingly impacts on traditional food knowledge-exchange in the social sector. participation of the population in new resources and the population’s health, just Greenland is also sharing its experience opportunities in the Arctic, and their as the training of professionals as well as on family matters and gender equality involvement in international debates on recruitment and retention of health profes- with, among others, the Nunavut region of the future of the Arctic. sionals is a continuing challenge. Canada. Furthermore, the Nordic Council of Ministers has been focusing on changes in In 2011 Greenland has launched a health the Arctic from a gender perspective. reform which is expected to be fully imple- mented in 2013. Through the regionaliza- • The Kingdom will continue to develop tion of the healthcare system, the health cooperation in the health area, including reform will lead to greater and more equita- emergency and specialist treatments ble access to healthcare for the population, within the Kingdom – and in the case improved financial management and bet- of Greenland also with Iceland - and ter opportunities for recruitment and reten- training and recruitment within the tion of health professionals. The health Kingdom and through Nordic and Arctic reform is underpinned by the telemedicine cooperation. network which was developed with the help of Alaskan and Norwegian inspiration. • The cooperation between Arctic part- ners on common challenges should be Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020 41

Towards closer cooperation on Arctic health

The first Arctic Health Ministers’ Meet- knowledge and share experiences. This ap- such as the sharing of “best practices” ing took place on 16th February 2011 plies particularly to prevention, telemedi- and that the indigenous peoples in the in Nuuk with Denmark and Greenland cine and research, as well as mental illness Arctic to a larger extent should be in- as hosts. The Arctic countries are fac- and the prevention of abuse and suicide. volved in research, health promotion and ing a number of common challenges The meeting led to the “The Arctic Health prevention. in health and wish to work together to Declaration” which expresses agreement find the right solutions and exchange on closer cooperation on health issues Photo: Ólavur Fredriksen Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020 43

4. Development with respect for the Arctic’s vulnerable climate, environment and nature

• The Kingdom will pursue a vigorous and ambitious knowledge building on climate change in the Arctic and its consequences in order to foster global and local adaptation to far-reaching change. • The Arctic nature and environment must be managed based on the best possible scientific knowledge and standards for protection, and international cooperation in this endeavour must be promoted.

The Arctic has increasingly become a part pact of toxic substances like mercury and records began in 1840. Global climate of the international agenda, and global persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which models predict that warming will continue. developments have in turn increasingly can have harmful effects on public health The effects of continued warming of become a part of the Arctic. With the Arc- as well as ecosystems and biodiversity. Greenland’s climate, ice sheet and ocean tic Council’s publication of Arctic Climate are studied using regional climate models Impact Assessment from 2005, the world The following focuses on the strategic pri- with a view to facilitating adaptation to cli- discovered the magnitude and conse- orities to improve knowledge building on mate change. Arctic warming means that quences of climate change in the Arctic. the consequences of rapid climate change snow and ice are steadily melting faster However, 20 years earlier, the realization in the Arctic, and to strengthen the protec- and the permafrost is disappearing in the that heavy degradable man-made pollut- tion of the environment and biodiversity in southern part of the Arctic. The effects ants and heavy metals lead to pollution the Arctic. of these changes are extensive - includ- and the accumulation of toxins in animals ing rising sea levels, potential changes in and humans in the Arctic, had already the atmospheric content of greenhouse spurred the creation of the Arctic Council 4.1. Improved understanding gases, potential changes in global ocean as well as international agreements in of the consequences of currents, and so on - and climate change in 1998 that regulate pollutants. There is climate change in Arctic the Arctic is of crucial importance to global rightly an increased international focus Recent scientific studies conclude that climate and environmental conditions. on environmental regulation in the Arctic, warming in the Arctic since 1980 has been including nature conservation, biodiversity twice as much as the rest of the globe In order to anticipate how global climate and the marine environment. There is also and that in 2005 -2010 the Arctic had and environmental conditions will evolve, considerable attention to the growing im- the highest average temperatures since it is crucial to understand how climate 44 Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020

change affects the Arctic, and in turn how knowledge about how Arctic ecosys- must be strengthened on identifying changes in the Arctic affect global climate tems, sea ice and ice sheets respond measures to adapt to climate change trends. Such knowledge is essential for the to climate change. Such efforts include within the Kingdom. adaptation to climate change in the Arctic monitoring and research activities with and the rest of the world. The Kingdom is the involvement of Greenland, Faroese • The Kingdom will assist in reinforcing also working to support and promote the and Danish research centres. the rights of indigenous peoples in ne- conclusion of a global agreement on limit- gotiations towards a new international ing emissions of greenhouse gasses. • Research and monitoring must rein- climate agreement by promoting the force the knowledge base on climate visibility of indigenous peoples’ situa- • In cooperation with the international change impacts and their significance tion and also ensuring that the princi- research and scientific community, the for the populations and communities ples of the UN Declaration on the Rights Kingdom will strengthen the effort to within and without the Arctic as well of Indigenous Peoples from 2007 are quantify global and regional impacts of as incorporating local and traditional observed. climate change in the Arctic, including knowledge. Furthermore, cooperation

Arctic Climate Impact assessment (ACIA) and Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA)

In 2005, the Arctic Council released mate change on snow, ice and frost condi- melting faster; that global sea level rises a major scientific work on climate tions in the Arctic within the last ten years. at the end of this century may be 0.9 change and its consequences in the The work, based on scientific articles and to 1.6 m with a significant contribution Arctic - Arctic Climate Impact Assess- data is carried out by 200 of the world’s from Arctic ice; and that changes in snow, ment (ACIA). The ACIA- report pointed leading Arctic researchers. SWIPA results ice and frost conditions fundamentally out that climate change in the Arctic confirm the predictions contained in the change the Arctic ecosystem, which will will have major consequences for the ACIA report, but in some areas the pace be particularly challenging for local com- Arctic environment and peoples of of change is happening much faster than munities and traditional lifestyles. the Arctic and that the first signs of expected. SWIPA shows the following: that change are already visible. In 2011 the the years between 2005-2010 were the Arctic Council published a follow-up of warmest yet measured in the Arctic; that the ACIA report: Snow, Water, Ice and the summer sea ice could disappear within Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) which 30-40 years; that the Greenland ice sheet specifically focuses on the impact of cli- and other Arctic ice caps are continuously

Regional climate modelling in the Arctic

In cooperation with the Climate Re- as a tool to focus on increasing basic The latter is taking place as a pilot project search Centre in Nuuk, the Danish Me- knowledge about the climate in the Arctic, focusing on the Nuuk area where a range teorological Institute (DMI) is develop- with emphasis on Greenland and to assist of activities at the Climate Research ing and applying a model for the climate in a better understanding of the effects Centre are concentrated. This can be uti- system with high resolution (detail) to of climate change. The model system lised for model verification and a greater assess future climate change in the focuses mainly on the inland ice and its interaction in the Greenland society with area around Greenland. The project is interaction with the surrounding seas, but regards to climate change adaptation supported by the Commission for Sci- also contributes to knowledge of perma- initiatives. entific Research in Greenland (KVUG). frost conditions and the interplay between The model system is initially envisaged weather, sea and ice more generally. Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020 45

Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet - PROMICE

The contribution from the Greenland 2007. The goal of PROMICE is to determine • Observation-based modelling of melt- ice sheet to global sea rise levels has the ice sheet’s mass loss, explain why ing and the formation of icebergs accelerated over the past ten years and and provide data and observations to the the net loss of ice is now at about 200 global research effort in this area through: • Monitoring of the smaller ice caps and Gt / yr. The ice sheet will most likely be glacier’s mass loss the main contributor to the rise in global • A network of automatic weather sta- sea level over the next hundred years, tions directly on the ice sheet • Operation of database with free online according to the Arctic Council SWIPA access to all data collected report from 2011. Changes in ice sheet • Direct measurements of ice height and mass balance may further affect ocean ice thickness from aircraft PROMICE is a collaboration between circulation in the North Atlantic and the GEUS, the Danish Technical University marine resources around Greenland. To • Mapping of ice flow from satellite and Asiaq, Greenland’s Survey. establish a better knowledge base, a long-term national monitoring of the ice • Direct, continuous measurements of sheet called PROMICE was launched in outlet glacier flow rate

4.2. Protecting the related anthropogenic impacts can affect future management in Greenland that is environment and biodiversity biodiversity. This applies, for example, to based on sustainable utilisation and pro- The Arctic nature and wildlife are unique increased traffic and its associated dis- tection of the Arctic environment. and fragile. This is due to the fact that turbance and erosion, fragmentation of ecosystems have evolved under low tem- habitats, and increasing use of areas in Parameters such as migration routes, peratures in the Arctic. Global warming open land for commercial and recreational area utilization and core habitats may also is leading to increasingly ice-free seas in purposes. change in line with anticipated changes summer periods, and the lower prevalence in climate and ice conditions. Further of sea ice can have a major impact on On this basis, we can anticipate greater analysis could lead to more accurate iden- the living conditions and distribution of pressure on the Arctic ecosystems and tification of problem areas and to possible species associated with sea ice. Similarly, fragile biodiversity. At the same time, there future changes. Identifying these areas longer periods of open water will result in is an accumulation of pollutants through and estimates of future changes will be of increased activity, such as shipping in ar- the food chain which could have major great importance for the implementation eas that previously couldn’t be navigated, implications for the Arctic society. It is of necessary adjustments to ensure sus- just as increased mineral exploitation, therefore essential, in collaboration with tained and effective protection of nature fishing and tourism pose a risk of pollution international partners, to ensure monitor- and the environment. and accidents. ing and studying of the environmental and health impacts to which the Arctic As regards environmental pressures and Increased shipping may also pose a risk peoples, the Arctic ecosystem and biodi- impacts, it remains necessary to ensure of an increased influx of invasive species. versity are exposed. It is equally important the monitoring and study of, for example, To this must be added the slow degrading to ensure knowledge-building by the persistent organic pollutants (POPs), mer- of problematic chemical substances that monitoring and study of migratory species cury, oil, particulates and other pollution are often long-range transported. Climate (eg. whales, polar bears, migratory birds), to which the Arctic populations and eco- change may likewise cause direct impacts ecosystems and biodiversity to be used in systems are exposed. Many years of con- on terrestrial biodiversity, while a num- international conservation work. This will tinuous data collection of environmental ber of climate-related and non climate- ensure the best possible foundation for impacts in the area provides important in- 46 Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020

formation both about the effect of existing • The continued monitoring of long-range expected expansion in traffic and activ- international agreements on the reduction transboundary pollutants and their ity in the area. Based on the risk analy- of long-range transboundary pollutants impact on ecosystems and humans sis, the Kingdom will assess to what ex- and information for use in future environ- in the Arctic must continue. Likewise, tent it may be useful to strengthen the mental work in the EU and other interna- continued monitoring and also the protection of the maritime environment tional fora. The impact of local pollution in prioritization of monitoring species and in the Arctic. Possible initiatives could the Arctic region has so far been minimal. ecosystems must be assured. Further- include increased international sharing One consequence of these environmental more, it is important to do an overall of knowledge and experience on pollu- challenges is that it is necessary to ensure assessment and monitoring of all the tion control, enhanced preparedness for that future monitoring is conducted in a threats to and impacts on the Arctic for the prediction of drifting oil spills and way that assesses all threats and impacts the protection of nature and the envi- strengthened international cooperation in the Arctic in an integrated way. ronment. on maritime emergency preparedness.

Efforts are to be focused on the national • The most recent knowledge about implementation of international agree- pollutants in the Arctic is to be made ments entered into on nature and the available and applied proactively. Fo- environment, and on safeguarding the cus must be enhanced on the use of marine environment against pollution for available information in international example by enhancing maritime safety. In fora relating to global negotiations of doing this, it is essential that the highest agreements such as the UNEP’s global international environmental standards are mercury convention and the Stockholm employed in the harvesting of resources Convention and other relevant agree- in the Arctic, and that due to the special ments on persistent organic pollutants. navigational conditions, the best possible prevention of maritime accidents in the • Prevention of marine pollution in the Arctic and possible pollution that results Arctic must be reinforced. This includes can be ensured. better international sharing of knowl- edge and experience on preventative • Nature and the environment must steps and cooperation, especially in the be managed based on the best pos- Arctic Council and the IMO on joint pre- sible knowledge base. This is ensured vention measures. through a long term monitoring and systematic collating of research find- • The Kingdom will participate in protect- ings. The protection of biodiversity ing the marine environment as soon as under international standards must be possible by implementing and ratifying enhanced by identifying important and the HNS Protocol on compensation ecologically sensitive areas. and liability for damages arising from hazardous and noxious substances, • Efforts will be made to ensure the rights and also the Ballast Water Convention of the Arctic countries and access to which will help in protecting the marine the exploration and utilisation of bio- environment from invasive species. logical resources in the Arctic, since the Kingdom is especially interested in • Moreover, towards 2014, the Kingdom protecting and utilising the genetic and will carry out a risk-analysis of the biological resources in the Arctic under maritime environment in and around the Convention on Biological Diversity. Greenland, including the risk of oil and chemical contamination caused by the Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020 47

Arctic Environment Ministers meeting in June 2010

In June 2010, an Arctic Environment against the effects of shipping. Twelve 1) Nordvandspolyniet Ministers meeting was held in Ilulissat vulnerable marine areas around Greenland (off Northwestern Greenland), in Greenland with the Danish Minister have been identified, and it was decided for the Environment and the Member that 6 of these must be investigated more 2) Disko Bay and Big Halibut Bank of Naalakersuisu for the Environment closely. The work will initially focus on (West Greenland) and and Nature as hosts. Following up on three high-priority fragile marine areas, the meeting, the Kingdom started work namely: 3) Ittoqqortoormii (Scoresby Sound) on identifying vulnerable marine areas and surrounding areas (East and is looking at ways to protect them Greenland).

Greenland Ecosystem Monitoring

The Arctic is characterized by a harsh the Zackenberg research station and a Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, climate with extreme light and tem- similar station in Kobbefjord near Nuuk, University of Copenhagen, Geological perature conditions, short summers multidisciplinary studies and research are Survey of Denmark and Greenland, and and snow and ice cover in winters. The being conducted that help to illuminate Aarhus University. ecosystems and the species that live in the workings of the Arctic’s ecosystem and the Arctic have had to adapt to these its development. For example, changes in extreme conditions and high natural biodiversity, the system’s intake / release variability from year to year. Knowledge of greenhouse gases and their resilience of how Arctic ecosystems function, how in the light of climatic development. To- the systems affect the surroundings, gether, the two programs are called the what year-on-year variation in, for ex- Greenland Ecosystem Monitoring and ample, weather conditions means and are carried out in collaboration between how systems alter as a consequence Greenland and Danish academic and of climate change requires large-scale research institutions, including ASIAQ, study programs over long periods. At Greenland Climate Research Centre, the

Greenland Environmental Atlas of areas particularly sensitive to oil spills

Commissioned by the BMP in Green- preparedness in case of an oil spill in order archaeological sites that are especially land, the Danish Environmental Re- to mitigate damage to nature and the en- sensitive to potential oil spills. In addition, search Institute has developed an vironment. the atlas contains data on the physical Environmental Atlas which is an atlas environment - such as coastal types, of Greenland marine areas and fjords The atlas forms an essential part of the oceanography - logistics and ways to that are particularly sensitive to oil overall preparedness that is being estab- control oil pollution. The atlas covers the spills. The atlas enables oil companies lished in connection with oil exploration. It entire area from Cape Farewell (60 ° N) and the Greenland Self-Government to contains information about the local wild- in the south to the southern part of the ensure the best possible emergency life, local fishing and hunting interests and Upernavik area (72 ° N). Photo: Lars Schmidt Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020 49

5. Close cooperation with our international partners

• The Kingdom will prioritize global cooperation relevant to the Arctic, including, in particular, an ambitious focus on climate change, protection of nature and the environment, strict global maritime rules, and continue giving high priority to indigenous peoples’ rights. • The Kingdom will enhance cooperation in the Arctic Council. Cooperation with the EU is to be promoted and the Arctic to be given more weight in the Nordic context. “Arctic 5” is an essential complementary regional forum for the coastal states of the Arctic Ocean. • To optimise the safeguarding of interests, the Kingdom will upgrade bilateral cooperation and dialogue regarding the Arctic, both with established and new partners.

International interest in the Arctic will and in security and defence matters in 5.1. Global solutions continue to rise in coming years. A grow- NATO among others. to global challenges ing number of states, corporations, civil The Kingdom will pursue a vigorous and society organizations and international The Kingdom’s Arctic strategy will form ambitious climate policy to tackle the organizations will engage themselves in the basis of our cooperation with inter- challenges that climate change poses in the region. This requires a solid and ef- national partners on the Arctic and Arctic the Arctic and other vulnerable regions. fective regional and global cooperation issues. A number of themes and organiza- The Kingdom’s climate policy stems that constantly adapts to new opportuni- tions discussed in this chapter will make from the UN’s Climate Change Conven- ties and conditions. It is natural that the up the Kingdom’s strategic priorities in tion (UNFCCC), whose goal is to stabilize Kingdom plays a key role in shaping the foreign policy on the Arctic. The point of atmospheric greenhouse gases at a level future international architecture of the departure will be that today we have the that prevents climate change that is Arctic. Many international agreements requisite international legal basis and that dangerous to humanity. In negotiations and cooperation fora are relevant to the the Arctic continues to be a region of co- on a future global climate agreement, Arctic and whose interests require active operation. In particular, we will build on the the Kingdom continues to work towards safeguarding by the Kingdom. For exam- Kingdom’s firm tradition of cooperation achieving the common objective of limit- ple, this concerns world trade within the with our Arctic neighbours, in parallel to ing global temperature increases to a WTO, environmental and nature conser- the prioritising of other relevant collabora- maximum of 2 degrees above pre-indus- vation within UNEP, in research, health, tions globally, regionally and bilaterally. trial levels. 50 Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020

Denmark shares the EU’s ambition of • The Kingdom will continue, for example, strategic plan under the Biodiversity reducing total global greenhouse gas emis- through the Arctic Council, to contribute Convention are implemented focusing sions by at least 50% in 2050 compared with knowledge and information inputs on problem areas of particular relevance to 1990, as well as reductions for the on Arctic climate change to the relevant to the Faroe Islands and Greenland. The industrialized countries of 25-40% and 80- international forums in which a global Kingdom will bolster the knowledge 95% in 2020 and 2050, respectively - both climate agreement under the UNFCCC base for the international protection and compared to 1990. The target requires is to be promoted. This also includes sustainable use of biodiversity and eco- that sufficient global reductions in green- the need for climate change adaptation system services among others through house gas emissions are achieved in the initiatives in the Arctic. The Intergovernmental Science-Policy short and longer term. The government’s Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem ambition is that Denmark should become The Kingdom’s global policy on nature and Services (IPBES) and the Global Biodiver- independent of fossil fuels by 2050 and the environment in relation to the Arctic is sity Information Facility (GBIF). that Denmark’s binding renewable energy particularly focused on the Convention on target under the EU in 2020 is 30 percent. Biological Diversity and the Ramsar Con- • The Kingdom will work in relevant vention on Wetlands of International Im- global fora in order to reduce pollutants Greenland aims to reduce greenhouse gas portance. Denmark, the Faroe Islands and brought by sea and air to the Arctic. The emissions by 5% in the period 2013-2020 Greenland have a long tradition of working Kingdom will work for a globally binding for the society, as it looks today, and as together in global fora such as the Ramsar mercury agreement under the auspices regards energy supplies that at least 60% and Biodiversity Convention. The aim is of UNEP and work to strengthen exist- of total energy production in civil society to promote the protection and sustain- ing chemical agreements such as the must be based on renewable energy by able harnessing of the Earth’s biological Stockholm Convention on persistent or- 2020. Activities within the minerals and diversity and to ensure regeneration and ganic pollutants and the LTRAP protocol. hydrocarbons sector that are currently preservation of the ecosystem services being developed, are not covered by the that underpins communities and well-be- Greenland and Denmark have a tradition reduction of emission goals, but will be de- ing. Under the Biodiversity Convention of of close and constructive cooperation in veloped in accordance with international October 2010 in Nagoya, Japan, three im- ameliorating the conditions of the world’s principles of sustainability. portant agreements were adopted to pre- indigenous peoples. Indigenous peo- serve biodiversity globally. The agreement ples are in some situations particularly Faroese climate policy, which involves a contains the Nagoya protocol on access exposed to human rights violations when reduction of greenhouse gas emissions of to genetic resources and benefit-sharing new challenges arise, such as climate at least 20% by 2020 compared to 2005, (ABS), the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity change. To the extent that their rights are will entail that 75% of electricity produc- 2011-2020, and the Resource Mobilization recognized, which in itself has been diffi- tion must be based on renewable energy Strategy. cult at times, one of the major challenges by 2020. The effects of climate change is to ensure respect for and observation are already being felt, and the Kingdom Furthermore, reaching a global mercury of these rights. Denmark and Greenland underlines the importance that adapta- agreement has long been a priority of the possess experience and historical back- tion measures are carried out in order to Kingdom. Mercury is a toxic heavy metal ground, giving them sound credentials mitigate the already unavoidable climate that accumulates in the food chain. In the to work together to promote indigenous impacts. Arctic region especially, mercury is a threat peoples’ rights. The effort has resulted in to public health since local and traditional the UN, at the initiative of Denmark and • The Kingdom will work towards the con- diet such as seal, whale, sea birds and eggs Greenland, having established a Perma- clusion of an ambitious global climate can contain high levels of mercury. Under nent Forum on Indigenous Issues which agreement that includes reduction the auspices of the Arctic Council, there is has functioned since 2002. commitments and actions which, in particular focus on monitoring the levels accordance with current and future as- and effects of mercury, and these findings This forum has already proved its worth sessments of the UN’s climate panel, are a part of the basis of global negotiations. as a venue for governments and repre- are consistent in keeping the global sentatives of indigenous peoples world- temperature rise to a maximum of 2 • The Kingdom will work to ensure that wide and is the only forum where individu- degrees above pre-industrial levels. the 20 intermediate objectives of the als and groups of indigenous peoples are Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020 51

represented. The forum actively seeks UN International Maritime Organization • The Kingdom will ensure in the IMO that to raise awareness of the situation of in- (IMO) is the UN’s specialised agency for the Arctic and Greenland conditions are digenous peoples within the UN system. maritime safety and security of interna- taken into account in the IMO’s work Moreover, Denmark and Greenland have tional shipping and the prevention of pollu- and decisions regarding development also actively participated in negotiations tion by ships. The IMO has 169 members, opportunities for the maritime industry, on the UN Declaration on the Rights of including Denmark, and 3 associate mem- increased maritime safety, protection Indigenous Peoples, adopted in 2007. bers, including the Faroe Islands. The IMO of the marine environment and coastal The Declaration is an important starting is absolutely critical to the global establish- zone, and also reduced emissions of point for future work in ensuring the rights ment of technical requirements of ships to greenhouse gases and reduction of air of indigenous peoples and their survival avoid distortion in the world’s free trade. It pollution. through respect for their culture, language is a fundamental principle of the IMO that and way of life. ships must be treated equally, whichever flag they fly. • The Kingdom will promote and protect indigenous peoples’ rights. Denmark / The IMO is working to introduce the high- Greenland are working to ensure that est possible standards for health, safety the principles outlined in the UN Decla- and environment. Only by establishing ration on the Rights of Indigenous Peo- global requirements can it be ensured that ples of 2007 are carried out in practice. safety standards are not compromised. In recent years there has been a particular • Denmark and Greenland also support focus on the environmental agenda in the the work being done by the UN special IMO, including the protection of sensitive rapporteur for indigenous peoples, while marine areas, increased regulation of oil also working to ensure that the Expert transportation, requirements of the ships’ Mechanism on Indigenous Peoples’ fuel and emissions, and not least the cli- Rights (EMRIP) under the UN’s Human mate change agenda. In these areas, the Rights Council contributes positively to Kingdom is playing a significant role in en- promote and protect indigenous peo- suring the creation of solutions that ben- ples’ rights. efit both the environment and shipping.

Danish / Greenland contribution to indigenous peoples’ rights

Greenland and Denmark have for many Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, and General Assembly, among others, on years worked closely to promote indig- which was also created on a Danish/ resolutions relating to indigenous peo- enous peoples’ rights. Denmark’s first Greenland initiative and the UN Expert ples’ rights. strategy in 1994 to support indigenous Mechanism on Indigenous Peoples’ Rights peoples was prepared based on a Dan- (EMRIP). Denmark / Greenland were also In 2011, a review of Denmark’s strategy ish / Greenland initiative, and just work- important players in the adoption of the for support to indigenous peoples was ing with Greenland has helped to give UN Declaration on the Rights of Indig- finalised. The review concludes that the Denmark a high international profile in enous Peoples. Danish / Greenland cooperation has led the field. to groundbreaking institutional results The establishment of the Self-Government and to improved living conditions for in- Denmark and Greenland have histori- arrangement for Greenland in 2009 is an digenous people. cally been active in a number of relevant illustration of Denmark’s implementation international forums where indigenous of the UN Declaration. Finally, Denmark/ peoples’ rights are discussed. These Greenland participates actively in nego- include the annual sessions of the UN tiations in the UN Human Rights Council 52 Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020

5.2 Enhanced evant countries and organizations with resources in the Arctic, including oil, gas regional cooperation interest in the Arctic. The Kingdom will and minerals and critical metals such as It is a central goal of the Kingdom to emphasize that the human dimension, rare earth elements. strengthen cooperation in the Arctic Coun- i.e. people’s living conditions and well- cil. As the only organization that has all 8 being, is given increasingly more space Denmark, the Faroe Islands and Greenland Arctic states as members and additionally in cooperation. work to ensure a broad and close partner- 6 organizations of indigenous peoples as ship with the EU. It will be in the Kingdom’s equal partners, the Arctic Council is the pri- The Kingdom will retain the “Arctic 5” interest to leave its mark on the shaping mary organ for concrete cooperation in the format consisting of the coastal states and implementation of EU policies, for ex- Arctic. The Council’s work originates from of the Arctic Ocean - Canada, Denmark / ample, in energy, climate, fishing, hunting, collaboration on environmental issues, but Greenland, Norway, Russia and the US - as exploitation of minerals and the relation- over time has been extended, for example, a forum for issues primarily relevant for the ship to the populations and indigenous to include sustainable development and five coastal states, currently the continen- peoples in the Arctic. For the parts of the the populations’ living conditions. Recently, tal shelf issue. All three parts of the Realm Kingdom that are not in the EU it will be the Arctic Council has been instrumental in are participating in the continental shelf is- of interest to participate in relevant EU the development of a binding agreement sue while the Faroe Islands is ensured con- programs where desirable and possible. between the 8 members on search and tinued opportunity for scrutiny of any other Furthermore, it will be important that the rescue (SAR) with the Faroe Islands and activities in this forum. “Arctic 5” have met EU’s involvement in the Arctic takes place Greenland as “co-signatories,” which is twice at ministerial level in 2008 and 2010, on the Arctic populations’ own terms. We needed because of the increased access to and in some cases at departmental level. must seek to avoid further cases where areas that were previously covered by ice. Common to these meetings was that they the laws, traditions, cultures and needs of concerned matters relating primarily to Arctic societies are neglected, as for exam- The Kingdom wants to ensure a future - these coastal states. ple in the EU’s ban on the import of seal oriented Arctic Council, i.e. that the Council products. has an increasingly direct impact on the • The Kingdom will promote its Arctic Arctic peoples. The Arctic Council must strategy in all relevant meeting formats, It is of particular importance to promote evolve from a ‘decision-shaping’ to a ‘de- including any future meetings under good relations between Greenland and the cision-making’ organisation. The Council’s “Arctic 5” auspices concerning specific EU and expand the cooperative relations function as an instrument exerting influ- action on joint issues. which exist between the parties involved. ence on nation states and international In addition to this, endeavours must be organizations should be reinforced, and Based on the European Commission’s made to make the Faroe Islands more vis- where feasible, the possibility of real deci- communication of November 2008, the ible to the EU as part of the Arctic coopera- sion-making ought to be developed. It is European Union (EU) adopted in December tion. The Kingdom will work to ensure that also important to ensure cooperation with 2008 and December 2009 the Council’s the EU has a place in the Arctic, including all countries and organizations that are of conclusions on the Arctic and the Euro- in relevant institutions such as the Arctic importance to the Arctic and can contrib- pean Parliament adopted in early 2011 a Council where the Kingdom supports the ute to cooperation within the Council. Dur- report on a sustainable EU policy for the EU’s wish for observer status. ing the chairmanship of the Arctic Council Arctic. Both the Council’s conclusions and 2009-2011, the Kingdom has worked for the report are an expression of the grow- • The Kingdom will actively contribute to a strengthening of the Council including ing interest that the EU has for the Arctic. the shaping of EU policies relevant to the establishment of a permanent, jointly- Thus, the ground has been prepared for the Arctic and Arctic challenges, and in funded secretariat and the admission of the EU to develop an overall Arctic strategy. this context seeks to ensure the Arctic new permanent observers. The EU currently has interests in the Arctic peoples’ rights and interests. The King- in the form of, among others, research dom will contribute towards the EU hav- • The Arctic Council must be reinforced as and fisheries and has indirect influence on ing a space in international discussions the only relevant political organization the Arctic through e.g. its environmental on the Arctic. that has all Arctic states and peoples as laws. Furthermore, the EU and its member members. At the same time the Arctic countries have interests in transportation • The Kingdom collectively and each part Council must cooperate with all rel- and access in order to benefit from natural of the Danish Realm will advance the Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020 53

development of cooperative relations • The Kingdom will promote the Arctic • The Kingdom will seek to promote between the EU and Greenland and the as a cross-disciplinary focus area of the cooperation in and around the Arctic in Faroe Islands, respectively. Nordic Council of Ministers’ work. the range of organizations representing regional or sector-organized interests, The Nordic Council of Ministers has al- Important cooperation in and about the especially NORA, West Nordic coopera- located a grant for collaborative projects Arctic is being undertaken in a wide range tion and NAMMCO. concerning the Arctic region and contrib- of organizations other than the above- utes financially to the Arctic Council’s mentioned, for example through NORA, work. In addition, a number of collaborative the Nordic Atlantic Cooperation (Faroe projects of Arctic relevance are being car- Islands, Greenland, Iceland and coastal ried out in the Nordic Council of Ministers’ Norway), West Nordic Cooperation (Ice- various ministerial councils. The Kingdom land, the Faroe Islands and Greenland) and wants the Arctic aspect of the Nordic in sector organizations, such as NAMMCO Council of Ministers’ work both directly (North Atlantic Marine Mammal Com- and through ministerial councils to be mission - consisting of Iceland, Norway, given greater weight, both politically and Greenland and Faroe Islands). To this must financially. be added organizations that cover fishery, environmental or scientific interests.

Facts about the Arctic Council

On the initiative of the Finnish govern- called permanent participants. Moreover, Norway, sets up a task force to develop ment, officials met from the eight Arctic a large number of countries and organiza- an instrument for preventing and manag- states (Canada, Russia, USA and the tions participate as observers. The Arctic ing potential oil spills in the Arctic and five Nordic countries) in Rovaniemi Council’s traditional driving force has been mandates an enhanced communication in 1989 to discuss cooperation and the Council’s six working groups that mon- effort for the Arctic Council. Furthermore, measures to protect the Arctic envi- itor developments in the Arctic on various the ministers signed an agreement on ronment. This led to the adoption of parameters and prepare scientific reports search and rescue in the Arctic (SAR), the Arctic Environmental Protection with expertise, recommendations and sug- which as the first legally binding agree- Strategy (AEPS) in 1991. At the AEPS gestions for follow-up in the Arctic Council ment under the auspices of the Arctic Ministerial Meeting in 1993 in Nuuk, the and other international bodies. Council adds a new dimension to the participating category of “Permanent Council’s work and bodes well for strong Participants” was introduced covering The Danish Kingdom’s chairmanship of future cooperation in the Arctic region. the Arctic indigenous peoples. In 1996, the Arctic Council in 2009 -2011 was an cooperation was expanded in the set- important priority for Denmark, Green- ting up of the Arctic Council in Ottawa, land and the Faroe Islands. The Foreign Canada, from a narrow environmental Ministers meeting hosted by Denmark focus to a broad program covering all / Greenland in Nuuk in May 2011 was in aspects of sustainable development. terms of substance the most weighty and With this, the focus was expanded from with the greatest ministerial participation a solely environmental one to include in the Arctic Council’s history. At the meet- more general living conditions of peo- ing the Nuuk Declaration was adopted, ples in the Arctic. Arctic Council mem- which among other things determines bers include, besides the eight Arctic the role and criteria for admission of new States, six organizations representing observers, establishes a permanent sec- indigenous peoples in the Arctic, the so- retariat for the Arctic Council in Tromso in 54 Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020

Thule - future Arctic hub and collaboration platform?

The melting of the polar icecap and the to the tasks of the armed forces in and thermore, Thule Air Base has the potential consequent increased activity in the around Greenland in cooperation with other to become a broader platform for sup- Arctic will lead to greater need for the partner countries. Thule Air Base is, with its porting the collaborative intentions of the presence of and entail more tasks for the deep water port, airport and well-developed Illulisat Declaration of 2008 between the 5 armed forces in the area around northern infrastructure (including tank and storage coastal states in the Arctic Ocean. Collabo- and north-western Greenland. Under the capacity, workshop, hospital, quarters, sup- ration on the logistical facilities in Thule defence agreement of 2010-2014, the port and office facilities), a unique capability could thus eventually include assignments armed forces is carrying out a streamlin- in the Arctic region north of the Arctic Circle. and emergency preparedness in relation ing of the North Atlantic operational com- to the maritime environment, a base for mand structure (see section 2.3), and in There is thus already an existing opportunity exercises in connection to joint procedures the course of the duration of the agree- to provide the logistical prerequisites for such as search and rescue services, and ment it must be considered whether the increased presence in the area around the also be a platform for joint research in the Thule base may play a larger role in regard northerly and north-westerly Greenland. Fur- Arctic.

5.3. bilateral safeguarding of engaged in international cooperation in cantly increased their research-related the Kingdom’s interests the Arctic. For example, under the aus- engagement in the Arctic, including the The rapid changes and the increasing im- pices of the Danish-Russian governing construction of icebreakers and the estab- portance of the Arctic where new opportu- council, there is great mutual interest lishment of permanent research stations nities and challenges are constantly arising in closer cooperation on strengthening on Svalbard. and a number of new actors are register- the safety of navigation in Arctic waters. ing their interest in the region, requires Enhanced cooperation with Russia could It is encouraging that the three Northeast that we also make a gear-shift in bilateral also incorporate scientific collaboration, for Asian countries are joining the consensus safeguarding of the Kingdom’s interests example, on the continental shelf. It could among the coastal States that the United in the Arctic. We will also work closely on also include the exchange of findings on Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea a bilateral basis with all our partners. The economically, socially and environmentally must be the central foundation for the bilateral cooperation is also a good plat- sustainable development, as well as confi- legal regulation in the Arctic. The Kingdom form to promote multilateral initiatives in dence building and studies on potential co- supports their respective wishes for ob- the Arctic, of which the continental shelf operation between the Danish and Russian server status in the Arctic Council. Bilateral project is a good example. defence, particularly in the maritime area. dialogues have also been established, especially on maritime law issues such as Canada, USA, Norway and Iceland will Beyond the Arctic states, other legiti- claims on the continental shelf in the Arctic remain key partners for close cooperation mate stakeholders also have increasing region and unresolved boundary issues. in areas such as the exploitation of re- interests in the Arctic. These interests are Furthermore, special collaborative projects sources, maritime safety, climate and en- particularly linked to research on climate have been set up, for example between the vironment, indigenous peoples, research, change, new international transportation University of Copenhagen and a number of education, health and defence. Further- opportunities, as well as opportunities Chinese universities within natural science, more, we will maintain close contact with to profit from the exploitation of supply- and a budding collaboration between the Finland and Sweden on Arctic issues. related energy and mineral resources in the Danish Technical University and Harbin In- Arctic. Among these stakeholders is the stitute of Technology on Arctic technology. In addition, the Kingdom also wants to EU, but also the three Northeast Asian further expand and develop cooperation countries, China, Japan and South Korea. Global interest in the Arctic will inevitably with Russia, which has been increasingly Both China and South Korea have signifi- increase even more in the coming years. Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020 55

More countries will want to gain insight new stakeholders in the Arctic and benefit • In order to efficiently pursue the Arctic into and influence on international co- from the resources and expertise that they strategy’s diversified goals and interests, operation in the Arctic as its strategic, bring along through cooperation in com- the Kingdom will develop close bilateral economic and energy-related potential merce and R & D. Alongside this, the new partnerships with our Arctic neighbours. becomes clearer. Here the Kingdom can actors will be integrated into the norms As a major actor in the Arctic, the King- play a major role in promoting an open and and values that the Kingdom and other dom will play a part in fostering new bilat- inclusive dialogue in bilateral relations. The coastal states in the Arctic Ocean believe eral collaborations and dialogues on op- Kingdom will strengthen the dialogue with should apply to the Arctic. portunities and challenges in the region.

Joint Committee cooperation with the USA

Joint Committee cooperation between • An agreement on the update of the The Joint Committee is a tripartite fo- Greenland, Denmark and the U.S. arose defence agreement of 1951 and the rum for Greenland, USA and Denmark from the Igaliku Agreement, signed in establishment of an advisory group which aims to strengthen and promote 2004 by then U.S. Secretary of State hereto (Permanent Committee) economic and technical cooperation be- Colin Powell, then Minister for Finance • A joint statement on cooperation tween Greenland and the U.S. with spe- and Foreign Affairs Josef Motzfeldt and regarding environmental issues at cial focus on research, health, technology, then Danish Foreign Minister Per Stig Pituffik (the U.S. base at Thule) education, culture and tourism. Moeller in the South Greenland village • An agreement on technical and of Igaliku. The Igaliku Agreement con- economic cooperation sists of three parts: (Joint Committee cooperation)

Close collaboration with Canada

Denmark / Greenland, as part of the erations. The agreement serves as a cata- ment formalises cooperation between the Continental Shelf Project in 2002, lyst for intensifying day-to-day collaboration two authorities on information exchange collected data in three areas north of between Greenland’s Command, Joint Task of regulatory policy, specific oil and natural Greenland. These collections have been Force North in Yellowknife and MARLANT gas drilling and the overall development conducted in close collaboration with Maritime Forces Atlantic in Halifax. It is of their respective energy markets. The among others Canada, and the close expected that close Danish - Canadian mili- agreement specifies that the parties will cooperation has led to very successful tary cooperation will be further enhanced meet at regular intervals. Similarly, it paves measurements. In mid-2010 it was over the coming years partly via mutual the way for the exchange of personnel, the decided to intensify the bilateral techni- exchange of findings in survival techniques carrying out of joint emergency exercises, cal cooperation via the establishment in the Arctic, patrolling and surveillance and building up of a joint emergency response, of a joint task force which among other partly via continued participation in joint and that henceforth data and reports are things must explore ways to coordinate military exercises. shared. The formalized collaboration is a submissions of claims to the Commis- big step forward as both Greenland and sion for Continental Shelf Limits (CLCS). As a direct consequence of the oil disaster Canada will obtain prior knowledge of in Louisiana, the Greenland Bureau of Miner- initiatives which due to their geographi- In May 2010 Denmark and Canada als and Petroleum and the National Energy cal proximity will affect the counterpart. signed a bilateral Memorandum of Un- Board of Canada, which are responsible for Furthermore, Denmark and Canada are derstanding (MoU) on enhanced opera- determining the respective regulations for party to the CANDEN-agreement on en- tional defence cooperation in the Arctic, Greenland and Canadian exploitation of oil vironmental cooperation, which ensures focusing on joint military exercises, staff and natural gas in the Arctic, entered into information exchange in case of oil spills exchanges and cooperation in rescue op- a bilateral agreement in 2010. The agree- and marine pollution, among other things. Photo: Polfoto Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020 57

6. Implementation and follow-up

• In order to ensure effective implementation, a steering committee is to be set up for the Kingdom’s Arctic strategy, reinforced foreign policy coordination and cooperation, and intensified public diplomacy / public relations work regarding the Arctic.

The Kingdom’s strategy for the Arctic for Arctic-related activities of the Kingdom • In collaboration between the Govern- marks an important milestone towards and the three parts of the Realm towards ment, the Government of Greenland 2020 and beyond and aims to contribute 2020. and the Government of the Faroes to a sound foundation for positive devel- concrete efforts are to be initiated to opment in the Arctic into the future. The A number of measures will be initiated bolster foreign and security policy co- Kingdom consists of three societies, each immediately to ensure the effective imple- ordination and cooperation with regard with their own political priorities and social mentation of the strategy: to the Arctic. In addition to the existing structures. Therefore, the strategy’s im- dialogue mechanisms (also at ministe- plementation in each individual area will • A cross-disciplinary Steering Committee rial level) and the establishment of a be adjusted to each part of the Realm’s is to be established for the Arctic Strat- cross-disciplinary platform qua steering unique legislation, political priorities and egy, consisting of representatives of committee for the Arctic strategy, ele- budget issues. the government (ministries with Arctic ments could include enhanced dialogue activities), the Government of Green- regarding multilateral and global eco- The Kingdom’s Arctic strategy falls within land and the Government of the Faroes nomic organizations and issues, more the existing division of competences and at high level. The steering committee is systematic cooperation through the responsibilities between the State and to meet on a biannual basis as a mini- network representation abroad, estab- Greenland’s Self-Government, and the mum. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs will lishment of an exchange mechanism State and the Government of the Faroes. serve as chairman and secretariat of the between the Department of Foreign steering committee in close collabora- Affairs in Nuuk and the Foreign Ministry A chief aim of the Arctic strategy is to pro- tion with the Government of Greenland in Copenhagen and also joint public di- mote information exchange and coordina- and the Government of the Faroes and plomacy / advocacy efforts (see below). tion of efforts in all areas related to devel- the Prime Minister’s Office. In order to opment in the Arctic, and thereby to obtain promote the coordination of activities • At the same time, the Arctic strategy a clearer focus on common priorities and and safeguarding of the Kingdom’s in- represents an ambition for intensified promote collaboration internally and exter- terests in the Arctic, the Foreign Ministry and more systematic outreach efforts nally where there is mutual interest. The will appoint a special Representative for both in the three parts of the Realm strategy will thus provide the framework the Arctic. and internationally, for example via the 58 Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020

representations abroad. This key en- The Foreign Ministry, on behalf of the deavour, in the form of public diplomacy Government and in cooperation with the / advocacy initiatives such as seminars, Government of Greenland and the Govern- cooperation with think tanks, etc., could ment of the Faroes, will report annually on focus on issues such as how climate developments in the Arctic and the status change affects the Arctic, the Arctic as of the Strategy’s implementation. The aim a region of cooperation, the new trade is to carry out a mid-term evaluation of opportunities in the Arctic, the King- the Strategy in 2014-2015 and consider dom’s cultural and political diversity, the preparation of a new strategy in 2018- international law and the Arctic, etc. The 2019. Foreign Ministry will allocate resources hereto. Publishers published Design and layout Ministry of Foreign Affairs Department of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Foreign Affairs August 2011 India Asiatisk Plads 2 Government of Greenland Government of the Faroes DK- 1448 Copenhagen K Postbox 1340 Tinganes ISBN Print Phone: + 45 3392 0000 3900 Nuuk FO-100 Tórshavn, Faroes 561-5 Rosendahls-Shultz grafisk a/s Fax: +45 3254 0533 Greenland Phone: +298 306100. E-mail: [email protected] Tel +299 345000 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.um.dk E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.mfa.fo Web page: www.nanoq.gl

Photo: Fernando Ugarte/ARC-PIC.COM