May 8, 1971, EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 13827 By Mr. RARICK (for himself, Mr. By Mr. THOMPSON of New Jersey (for H. Res. 1096. Resolution amending Rule FROEHLICH, and Mr. HAMMER­ himself, Mr. BARRETT, Mr. BIESTER, XIII of the Rules of the House to require SC~MIDT): and Mr. VANDER VEEN): reports accompanying each bill or joint reso­ H.R. 14700. A bill to amend title XI of the H.R. 14705. A b111 to provide for the estab­ lution of a public character (except reve­ Social Security Act to repeal the recently lishment of an American folkllfe center in nue measures) reported by a committee to added provision for the establishment of the Library of Congress and for other pur­ contain estimates of the costs, to both pub­ professional standards review organizations poses; to the Committee on House Adminis­ lic and nonpublic sectors, of carrying out to review services covered under the medi­ tration. the measure reported; to the Committee on care and medicaid programs; to the Com­ By Mr. VEYSEY: Rules. mittee on Ways and Means. H.R. 14706. A bill to direct the Secretary of By Mr. BROWN of Michigan (for him­ By Mr. RARICK (for himself, Mr. ST the Treasury to determine if bounties, self, Mr. BYRON, Mr. MILLER, Mr. GERMAIN, Mr. RONCALIO Of Wyoming, grants, or export subsidies are paid by for­ FRENZEL, Mr. STEELMAN, Mr. KEMP, Mr. JoHNSON of Colorado, Mr. WYATT, eign countries with respect to dairy products Mr. GUNTER, Mr. RIEGLE, Mr. GROSS, Mr. MITCHELL of New York, Mrs. imported into the United States, and for Mr. FROEHLICH, Mr. O'BRIEN, Mr. GRASSO, Mr. KYROS, Mr. ABDNOR, and other purposes; to the Committee on Ways CHARLES WILSON Of Texas, Mr. Mr. PRICE of Texas) : and Means. HEINZ, Mr. BUTLER, and Mr. MUR­ H.R. 14701. A bill to amend the Internal By M.r. ASHBROOK: THA): Revenue Code of 1954 to allow a deduction H.J. Res. 1008. Joint resolution to prevent H. Res. 1097. Resolution amending rule from gross income for social agency, legal, the abandonment of railroad lines; to the XIII of the Rules of the House to require and related expenses incurred in connection Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com­ reports accompanying each bill or joint res­ With the adoption of a child by the taxpayer; merce. olution of a public character (except reve­ to the Committee on Ways and Means. nue measures) reported by a committee to By Mr. RANGEL: By Mr. FULTON: contain estimates of the costs, to both public H.R.14702. A bill to amend title 10 of the H.J. Res. 1009. Joint resolution designat­ and nonpublic sectors, of carrying out the United States Code 1n order to count, for ing the promises occupied by the Chief of measure reported; to the Committee on purposes of nonregular retirement pay, serv­ Naval Operations as the official residence of Rules. ice before World War n in certain State the Vice President, effective upon the ter­ militia units which were racially segregated; mination of service of the incumbent Chief to the Committee on Armed Services. of Naval Operations; to the Committee on By Mr. RANGEL (for himself, Ms. Armed Services. MEMORIALS ABZUG, Mr. BADILLO, Mr. BIAGGI, Mr. By Mr. KUYKENDALL: BINGHAM, Mr. BRASCO, Mr. BROWN of H.J. Res. 1010. Joint resolution to desig­ Under clause 4 of rule XXII, memo­ California., Ms. BURKE of California, nate the third week of September of each rials were presented and referred as fol­ Mr. BURKE of Massachusetts, Mr. year as National Medical Assistants•· Week; lows: CARNEY of Ohio, Ms. CHISHOLM, Mr. to the Committee on the Judiciary. 472. By the SPEAKER: Memorial of the CLEVELAND, Ms. COLLINS of lllinois, By Mr. RANGEL: Legislature of the State of Tennessee, rela­ Mr. CONYERS, Mr. CORMAN, Mr. H. Con. Res. 490. Concurrent resolution for tive to U.S. sovereignty and jurisdiction over DIGGS, Mr. EDWARDS of California, negotiations on the Turkish opium ban; the Panama Canal; to the Committee on For­ Mr. EILBERG, Mr. HARRINGTON, Mr. to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. eign Affairs. HAwKINs, Mr. HEcHLER of West Vir­ By Mr. THOMPSON of New Jersey: 473. Also, memorial of the Senate of the ginia, Mr. HELSTOSKI, Ms. HOLTZMAN, H. Con. Res. 491. Concurrent resolution ex­ State of Maryland, relative to mandatory al­ and Mr. METCALFE) : pressing the sense of the Congress with re­ location of asphalt cement; to the Committee H.R. 14703. A bill to authorize grants to spect to the imprisonment in the Soviet on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. States for the establishment of vision screen­ Union of a Lithuanian seaman who unsuc­ ing programs for public school students; to cessfully sought asylum aboard a U.S. Coast the Committee on Education and Labor. Guard ship; to the Committee on Foreign By Mr. RANGEL (for himself, Mr. Affairs. MITcHELL of Maryland, Mr. MoAK­ By Mr. BROWN of Michigan (for him­ PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS LEY, Mr. MURPHY of New York, Mr. self, Mr. DERWINSKI, Mr. BAFALIS, Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private PODELL, Mr. RIEGLE, Mr. ROE, Mr. Mr. HOSMER, Mr. FORSYTHE, Mr. bills and resolutions were introduced and RosENTHAL, Mr. RoYBAL, Mr. SAR­ DEVINE, Mr. FISH, Mr. VANDERVEEN, severally referred as follows: BANES, Mr. STARK, Mr. TIERNAN, Mr. Mr. HINSHAW, Mr. LAGOMARSINO, Mr. VANDER VEEN, Mr. CHARLES H. WIL­ MADIGAN, Mr. CEDERBERG, Mr. CLEVE­ By Mr. LEHMAN: SON of California, and Mr. YoUNG of LAND, Mr. COLLIER, Mr. MAYNE, Mr. H.R. 14707. A bill for the relief of Joseph Georgia): HUBER, Mr. TREEN, Mr. LANDGREBE, Hoffman; to the Committee on the Judiciary. H.R. 14704. A bill to authorize grants to Mr. CRANE, Mr. McKAY, Mr. MICHEL, By Mr. MARAZITI: States for the establishment of vision screen­ Mr. MITCHELL of New York, Mr. H.R. 14708. A bill for the relief of Miss ing programs for public school students; to VANDER, JAGT, Mr. WAGGONNER, and Leonor Young; to the Committee on the the Committee on Education and Labor. Mr. HENDERSON): Judiciary.

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS throughout the Cotton Belt; the Arkan­ sociation was a fledgling. Nowadays, half the ADDRESSOFCARLALBERT world 1s busy bidding up the prices of the sas-Missouri Cotton Trade Association, food and fiber produced by our American HON. ED JONES Atlantic Cotton Association, Southern cornucopia. But in those grim Depression Cotton Association, Texas Cotton Asso­ years, instead of shortages and rising prices, OF TENNESSEE ciation, and the Western Cotton Ship­ there was glut, with producers getting prices IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES pers Association. that did not return to them their costs of Wednesday, May 8, 1974 Meeting in San Francisco last week production. As an example, back in 1933 (a year no one Mr. JONES of Tennessee. Mr. Speaker, to celebrate their 50th anniversary, the here is under any obligation to admit was Memphis, Tenn., is the world capital of association was honored by the attend­ other than his year of birth), the Agricul­ the cotton trade. Our cotton merchandis­ ance of 1,000 guests from every im­ tural Adjustment Administration asked sev­ ing firms reach out from the Midsouth portant cotton market in the United eral million cotton producers to do something States and the principal foreign markets. that badly upset them-they asked them to to all the points on the globe develop­ The keynote address was delivered by destroy the fruits of their labor. Southern ing markets for the various growths of the Speaker of the House, the Honorable cotton-growers were preparing in that long­ U.S. cotton. CARL ALBERT of Oklahoma. I insert ago summer to harvest a bumper crop from Headquartered in Memphis is the prin­ some forty milllon acres. This meant that a.t cipal trade representative for the cotton Speaker ALBERT's address in the record: least sixteen million bales would be added industry, the American Cotton Shippers ADDRESS OF CARL ALBERT to the huge carry-over from prior seasons. Association. Its members handle over For half a century, your great Association Although it was too late to check planting, has played a. vitally important role in the the AAA sent out twer.ty-two thousand 70 percent of the domestic crop and 80 American econOllly. Today the agricultural agents, mainly volunteers, to persuade percent of the export market for U.S. segment of the most magnificently produc­ farmers to plow up about a fourth of their cotton. The ACSA is comprised of 500 tive of a.U the world's economic systems, of­ acreage, in return for cash payments rang­ firms who are members of 5 federated fers a sharp contrast to the days of the ing from six to twenty dollars an acre, no associations, located 1n 16 States Depression which came along when your As- mean sums 1n those days. The crop-limitation C.XX-871-Part 10 13828 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 8, 1974 evangelists returned to AAA offices with ago that, "The accumulation of all powers, democratic system's only national public agreements from growers to take more than legislative, executive, and judicial in the forum, will then indeed and at last be able to ten million acres out of tillage. same hands, whether of one, few, or many, assert its rightful place as an equal !branch Some of the livestock were violently anti­ and whether hereditary, self-appointed, or of the Federal government. New Deal, however. Newspapers reported that elective, may justly be pronounced the very Congress must have its own tools, and a the Southern mule, trained to walk between definition of tyranny." variety of them, to cope with lnstablllty and rows, stubbornly refused to trample growing Our Constitutional system has lasted al­ slowdown for more than five years. Our shaky cotton as he pulled behind him the plow of most two hundred years; under it we have economy is of overriding concern to Congress, destruction. His master who had seemed at become the world's most powerful and eco­ our people, and worldwide, and with good first more tractable, instead showed himself nomically successful nation. If we need reasons: so reluctant early next season to sign up something to buck us up nowadays, we Inflation is the worst in almost a quarter for crop-limitation (because he was hoping should remember that, at the beginning of of a. century; to reap the benefit of rising prices) that Con­ our Federal government, there was fear that Decline in first quarter production is the gress had to pass the Bankhead Cotton-Con­ the system enjoined by the Constitution worst in 16 years; trol Act of 1934, which laid a heavy tax on might not survive. As the time for the first The Gross National Product declined at an all fiber brought to the gin in excess of a Congressional elections under the Constitu­ annual rate of 5.8% during the first quarter grower's assigned quota. tion drew near, George Washington anx­ of tills year; Today, the tide has turned. With a surging iously wrote to a friend: "As the period is now Buying power of American workers is 4.77~ demand for cotton at fair prices, the indus­ rapidly approaching which must decide the below a year ago; and try stands in an auspicious position. I have fate of the new Constitution, as to the man­ The prime bank interest rate is the highest it on good authority that there is a real ner of its being carried into execution and in history. chance to recapture markets lost in the past probably as to its usefulness, it is not won­ These somber statistics describe an econ­ to synthetics. Cutbacks in polyester produc­ derful that we should all feel an unusual omy which has been pulled out of recog­ tion have already taken place. degree of anxiety on the occasion. I must nizable shape over the past five years by the Even before the energy crisis reduced the acknowledge that my fears have been greatly forces of alternating recession and infla­ supply of petrochemicals for man-made alarmed, but still I am not without hopes. tionary -expansion. fibers, the synthetics industry had nearly ... There will, however, be no room for the Now we are once again entering a period reached full capacity. It requires only a fifth advocates of the Constitution to relax in where two famtliar economic concerns loom as much energy to produce one pound of their exertions; for if they should be lulled before us: a downturn of uncertain depth man-made fiber. Cotton flammability cost into security . . . the consequences which and duration, and an inflation rate of un­ the industry almost all of the chtldren's you so justly dread may be realized." questionable seriousness. sleepwear market after the issuance of last It is necessary today, just as it was when Three years ago we could have combat­ year's Federal regulations. This problem has Washington thus expressed his concern, that ted these problems with potent, innovative now been entirely overcome; all-cotton those who prize the blessings of freedom alternatives. Today our alternatives for bet­ woven cloth can be made fire-retardant by permit no relaxation in their efforts in de­ tering the economy are significantly reduced a new chemical process and yet retain its fense of the Constitution of the United because mistakes of the past have left our cotton absorbency, strength and color­ States. I can assure you that Congress will economy shell-shocked and weary. Current acceptance. Because of polyester shortages, perform its Constitutional responsibilities in problems cannot be isolated from past mis­ we may soon see a blend of sixty percent our present difficulties so that the American takes. Had it not been for the stringent cotton and forty percent polyester, instead people's confidence in their government wm budget policies and tightened money mar­ of the fifty-fifty blend now found in most lbe restored. kets that triggered a full scale recession in permanent press fabrics. Our Constitution's separation of powers, 1970, our economy would have been stronger In a significant beginning on the road back and its checks and balances upon the exer­ today. Had it not been for a senseless delay to an adequate supply, the Agriculture De­ cise of their powers by the separate branches, of more than a year in invoking wage and partment estimates that 14.6 mtllion acres were called by the 51st Federalist Paper "the price controls, our economic health would will be planted with cotton this year. The interior structure of the government (whose) have been better today. Had the economy not cotton marketing mechanism, which your several constituent parts may, by their mu­ been overstimulated in 1972 and controls Association so well represents, is a marvel of tual relations, be the means of keeping each disastrously dropped early in 1973, inflation efficiency and enterprise. other in their proper places." This magnifi­ would not be the major problem it is today. The world's (and history's) largest and cent piece of Constitutional engineering is Had not poorly administered self-destruct­ best-organized endeavor for the production working at this very moment under a full ing controls been used as an erratic compen­ of food and fiber, our American agriculture, head of steam. sation for Phase III failures, our economy's did not merely survive the Great Depres­ We have legislated internal reforms of the outlook would be brighter today. sion. It battled its way out of it, enlisting Congress to help it do its Constitutional These multiple mistakes, steadily stabbing the Federal government in the cause, and work better. In its dealings with the execu­ at the economy, have drained it of its vital­ succeeded more quickly and on a greater tive branch, Congress has gradually lost some ity. How could the economy remain healthy scale than many European and domestic crit­ of its effectiveness in budgetary matters. By after being dipped in an acid bath of full­ ics thought humanly possible. In the same this summer Congress wtll have adopted a scale recession, followed by the shock of a way, we shall overcome the present discon­ new system that will do much to give re­ rocky voyage through no control, control, de­ tents that afllict the body politic of the newed vigor to our Constitution's separation control, recontrol, and no control again, all world's greatest constitutional system. What of powers and checks and balances upon the in less than three years? Mismanaged eco­ other democratic system could have endured exercise of those powers. Under the present nomic policy over the past five years has the turmoil of the past decade? What other system, Congress could only react with a transformed the American economy from a. system of government could continue with sense of helplessness when the executive sturdy, resilient vehicle of general prosper­ the effective performance of its responsi­ branch sent up its proposed budget each ity into a fragile assortment o! confitct\n.g bilities, under the pressures now borne by January. The !budget the White House interests, vulnerable to collapse under each ours? shipped to us this year breaks the $300 bU­ new pressure. After such a nightmare, I can­ American citizenship under our Constitu­ lion barrier, lifts the Federal debt above the not blame both business and labor for cry­ tion is and will remain a glorious personal half-trillion mark, increases Federal spending ing out against government intervention. possession, the fulfillment of the dreams and $36 btllion above the amount first estimated The American people demand and deserve a struggles of men for centuries. Our Con­ for the year, requires $30 billion to pay in­ return to stabillty, a stablllty conceived in stitution, guaranteeing priceless freedoms to terest costs on the public debt, and contains, confidence and nurtured by the strong and our citizens, sets forth a concept of liberty locked in its maw, the fourteenth budget steady hand of consistency. The key to eco­ that has been an inspiration to th.ose seek­ deficit in the past fifteen years. nomic stabllity lies in sensible policies, stead­ ing freedom throughout the world. The sta­ In passing the new Budget and Impound­ fly executed and candidly explained. The bility of our system of government, func­ ment Act, we had to ask ourselves whether American people deserve no less. tioning under this Constitution, is a mighty the executive branch was to lbe allowed to As of midnight April 30, when authority fortress which cannot be shaken by the trem­ decree what would and what would not be for wage and price controls expired, the bur­ ors of the present. spent. The answer was that Congressional den for our return to economic stabtllty to Despite the enlargement of Presidential stewardship of the Federal government is im­ a great extent Ues with the business com­ powers during wartime, it was a wartime possible without control by Congress of Fed­ munity of this nation. Business working with Democratic President, Woodrow Wilson, who eral spending. The new system will give Con­ labor must strive to unshackle the American said: "Liberty has never come from the gov­ gress, for the first time, its own office of the people from the cancerous inflation that has ernment. Liberty has always come from the budget. The House and Senate wm set spend­ ravaged the economy. Inflation wtll not die subjects of it. The history of liberty is a ing levels and have, at last, a comprehensive of old age; business must fight this disease history of the limitation of governmental concept of expenditures in relation to rev­ vigorously with long-range prudent pollcies power, not the increase of it. When we re­ enues. This reform lays the foundation on that thoughtfully and rationally balance the sist, therefore, the concentration of power, which future Congresses may erect additional economic scales. we are resisting the processes of death, be­ bulwarks against the excesses of executive The next few months will be crucial to cause concentration of power is what always power. The new arrangement is a basic step our prosperity. Double figure inflation con­ precedes the destruction of human liberties." in preserving the stability of our system of tinues with a vengeance. The Gross National And James Madison, "The Father of the government by strengthening the Constitu­ Product's decllne in the last quarter indi­ Constitution" as he is called, warned us long tional separation of powers. Congress, our cates an increasing downturn of the economy. May 8, 1974 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 13829 However, most economists expect some basis of power from Czar to Commissar. graduate fellowships, including the re­ abatement in inflation during the last quar­ Modern China. had one revolution in 1911 quired payment of sizable institutional ter of this year and predict improveme1;1t of and, after a protracted civil war, a. Commu­ the Gross National Product performance dur­ nist revolution in 1948-49, that led inevitably stipends. Under the existing law, the ing the coming quarter. Housing is poised to dictatorship. India, after winning its free­ $750,000 appropriation already available for a recovery if interest rates can be re­ dom by a revolution of passive resistance, will support only 31 students rather than duced. With gasoline supplies already approx­ launched a. mixed economy with socialist ele­ approximately 200 if the program is al­ imating those of last year, auto sales are ex­ ments. Of the Latin American nations, Brazil lowed to operate as it has in the past. pected to revive to just under 10 million and Argentina. are typical in having broken My bill will allow the program to func­ units for the year. away from European rule by revolutions tion much as it has so successfully done The climate is favorable for an upturn in which were followed by internal revolts and up to now. the economy and a. return to stability if military coups. Even in Britain, where a business, labor and government work to­ capitalist system has lasted longer than any­ Mr. Speaker, this bill has the support gether for the cumulative benefit of our where except in the United States, the pres­ of the organizations and individuals in­ nation. sures toward a socialist economy and society volved in the CLEO program. I commend Today I challenge every businessman in have been stronger than anything in the the administration for calling our atten­ America. to realize the enormous responsi­ American experience. tion to the need for this legislation and bility they now have to return stability and Ours has been a. system of remarkable for its support. Because prospective pro­ prosperity to the economy of this nation. stability, well able to survive transitory but gram participants are already being con­ The next few months will document fully major problems-a. traumatic civil war, two the degree of seriousness and good faith put world wars, depression, riots, and troubles of tacted about participating in the program forth by American business during this hour all kinds. In the United States, national ad­ this summer, it is very important that of testing. ministrations, whether Federalist or Jeffer­ our committee act as expeditiously as Not only do Americans seek stability in sonian, Whig or Jacksonian, Republican or possible in approving changes to the au­ the economy but they seek it in their gov­ Democratic, have in the past stayed within thorizing legislation. ernment. For 187 years the Constitution of roughly the same broad framework of beliefs the United States has supported the world's and values. We in Congress intend to keep it most powerful and successful nation. Despite that way. all our troubles, we have much to be thank­ The Constitution is the nourishing spring ful for, especially in the Constitutionally­ of our nation's faith, the bedrock of our PENSION INCREASE FOR DISABLED protected freedoms we enjoy. Wrote Emer­ freedoms, the great treasure which we must VETERANS son, "We think our civilization is near its preserve, protect and defend, as the only meridian, but we are yet only at the cock­ conceivable basis for our stable system o:f crowing and the morning star. Our coun­ government. Woodrow Wilson wisely cau­ . HON. C. W. BILL YOUNG try's highest ideal, equality under the law, tioned us that democracy and its government OF FLORIDA is civilization's highest ideal. The United flourish only as they are nurtured from their States was the first country to revolt success­ roots. "A people shall be saved," he said, "by IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES fully against colonial rule, and, as the first the power that sleeps in its own deep bosom Wednesday, May 8, 1974 new nation, it has been an inspiration to all or by none. The flower does not bear the root, of the many countries which have followed but the root the flower." Mr. YOUNG of Florida. Mr. Speaker, in its steps toward their own independence. today the House unanimously passed The greatest German writer of all time, H.R. 14117, a bill to provide increases in Goethe, wrote: the rates of disability compensation for "America, thou fa.rest better BILL TO EXTEND AID TO DISAD­ disabled veterans and the rates of de­ Than our own continent, the old one; VANTAGED LAW STUDENTS pendency and indemnity compensation Thou hast no crumbling castles, for their families. This is a much-needed No basalt wreckage. cost-of-living increase for our disabled Thou are not shaken in this hour of life HON. JOHN DELLENBAC'K veterans and their dependents, and I By useless memories and futile strife." OF OREGON hope that House-Senate differences in As Goethe understood, our new United IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the legislation can be speedily resolved States had no ancient historical sites, relics, and the measure enacted into law with­ and memories, but it also had no tyrannical Wednesday, May 8, 1974 out delay. feudal system to overthrow, either. It was a. new country, but a. free country (once we got Mr. DELLENBACK. Mr. Speaker, to­ We are all well aware of the harsh rid of the British), a country whose two­ day I am pleased to introduce a bill to impact which inflation has on those hundredth anniversary we shall soon be amend the Higher Education Act to pro­ living on a fixed income. The cost of celebrating. vide opportunities for legal education for living index has risen almost 13 percent Baedeker, the famous editor of travel those with disadvantaged backgrounds. since the 1972 compensation increase for guides of years ago, advised any European Joining me in cosponsoring this proposal, disabled veterans-but even more un­ planning to visit the United States in the which was recommended by the adminis­ fortunate is the fact that the cost of late nineteenth or early twe.ntieth century tration, are Representatives QuiE, that he "should, from the outset, reconcile such essentials as food and health care himself to the absence of deference, or servil­ BRADEMAS, ERLENBORN, ESCH, KEMP and have increased at double that rate. ity, on the part of those he considers his BIAGGI. Therefore, I am especially happy that social inferiors." Actually, this legislation is designed to the Veterans' Affairs Committee provided Whether they liked what they saw or not, allow the continuation of a successful rate increases larger than the increase most foreign observers did not doubt that program that has been in existence for in the cost of living, because this is a America was a. democratic society. Different 6 years and which has already received more accurate reflection of the needs of American occupations brought differences in · an appropriation for the coming year. prestige, but neither the occupations nor the disabled veterans and their families. prestige implied any fundamental difference The program is known as CLEO-Coun­ Briefly, H.R. 14117 provides assistance in the value of individuals. Even hostile vis­ cil on Legal Education Opportunity. in the following manner: itors confirmed the judgment that in America. CLEO has received support from sev­ Increases the basic rates of disabil­ sharp class differences were absent, since eral foundations and private corpora­ ity compensation from 10.7 to 18 percent many of these visitors found the arrogance tions in addition to grants, beginning in depending on the degree of severity of of American workers intolerable and hurried 1971, from the Office of Economic Oppor­ the disability; back to Europe where they belonged. tunity. The program is under the joint Provides a 15 percent increase in the The United States is one of the youngest of sponsorship of the American Bar Asso­ the great civilization of the world, but it is allowance to dependents of severely dis­ one of the oldest and most continuous of the ciation, the American Association of Law abled-50 percent or more--veterans; world's social systems. France had its revo­ Schools, the National Bar Association Increases the dependency and indem­ lution shortly after ours but a. series of and the Law School AdnUssion Council. nity compensation rates-DIC-by 17 catastrophes in three successive wars wiped Originally under OEO, the program percent, across the board; and out much of the staying power of the ruling was then transferred to HEW. An Extends the presumption of service­ class and brought about a chronic instab111ty amendment to continue this program oonnection to those veterans who served of regimes alleviated only by the one-man rule of the late General Charles DeGaulle. within HEW was made to part D of title between the end ·of World War II and Germany had a frustrated social revolution IX-Graduate Programs-of the Higher the beginning of the Korean War. in 1919 and a Fascist one in 1933 for which Education Act as part of the Education Mr. Speaker, of the 29 million living it has had to pay heavily in social chaos. Amendments of 1972. The problem with veterans in America, over 2 million have After several abortive attempts, Russia's that provision is that it is tied to re­ been disabled in the military service of communist revolution in 1917 changed the quirements meant for other Federal their country. Those who have died of 13830 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 8, 1974 such disabilities have left nearly 375,000 by $129 billion, or nearly 200%, while those Quality of service is, of course, much harder survivors who look to a grateful Nation of state and local entitles have also tripled to measure than cost. But even without bene­ with a rise of $122 billion. :flt of statistics, it 1s apparent th81t postal serv­ for assistance. While we can never fully Just in the past four years, total federal ice has been going downhlll for years despite repay these men and their families for expenditures have jumped $78 billion, or by the sharp increase in its rates. In the early their service and sacrifices, we can as­ nearly two-fifths. The entire rise in spend­ part of the period under review we received sure that the value of the benefits which ing has been for non-defense activities. It two dally postal deliveries at home, four at they receive from veterans programs seems incredible, but this increase in civ111an the office. Now we are supposed to get one at keeps pace with the cost of living. H.R. outlays is nearly 10 times as much as the home and two at the office. Despite fast planes 14117 provides this assurance, and I am U.S. government paid out for all purposes and express highways, business mall from happy to join with my House colleagues in any year prior to World War II. New York frequently falls to arrive here untn Moreover, Washington 1s constantly press­ the second day--even though it 1s less than in this unanimous expression of the ing, or being urged, into new fields--educa­ an hour's flight and a five-hour train or truck continued gratitude of America to her tion, health care, credit, housing. Problems trip. In contrast, a phone connection to al­ veterans. that are essentially local in nature-such as most any station in the country takes but mass transit, traffic, urban decay-are now a few seconds-a. fraction of the time it did being passed on to federal bureaus. So the 40 years ago. public sectors grows and grows. Now what effect have these two systems POST OFFICE VERSUS MA BELL A question that puzzles us 1s why anyone had upon us as taxpayers? Table IV shows should think that such spheres of activity the postal deficit and the taxes paid by the can be conducted more effectively under pub­ Bell Telephone companies, both annually and HON. ROBERT J. LAGOMARSINO lic than private management. Does anyone on a cumulative basis. Publlc operation OF CALIFORNIA conceive that federal administrators have makes a strikingly poor showing here. Even IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES greater talents than private business man­ though as consumers we pay much higher agers or local civic leaders? postal rates than ever before we are even Wednesday, May 8, 1974 A good illustration of the striking differ· worse off as taxpayers. We now contribute ences in public vs. private management 1s $1.4 bilUon a year to make up the deficit be­ Mr. LAGOMARSINO. Mr. Speaker, I afforded by a comparison of the two giants insert the attached article "Post Office tween postal receipts and expenses, or 20 of the communications field-the U.S. Postal times as much as when the letter rate was versus Ma Bell," a comparison of public Service and the Bell Telephone System. It 1s only two cents. and private industry to be printed in the interesting to observe now these two orga.· RECORD: nizatlons have affected us as consumers and TABLE I-FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT POST OFFICE VERSUS MA BELL taxpayers over the years. As a starting point, ACTIVITY let's take a look at the trend of postal rates (NoTE.-This is a reprint of the Weekly since the early 'Thirties. The first class rate Staff Letter for March 28, 1974, issued by for a one-ounce letter has risen as follows: Percent David L. Babson & Co. Inc., investment coun­ Employ- of total Expendi- Percent ment employ- tures of total sel, Boston, Massachusetts.) [In cents) (millions) ment (billions) economy One of the most disturbing proposals we've heard lately is the Senate bill to create a fed­ Regular 1973.--- 13.7 16.2 $407 31.6 erally operated oil enterprise. Its sponsors mail Airmail 1967 ____ 11.4 15.3 243 30.6 claim that it would stimulate competition 1963 ____ 9. 2 13.6 167 28.3 and serve as a yardstick for measuring the 1955.--- 6. 9 11.1 98 24.5 petroleum industry's performance. Naturally, 1974_------10 13 1947---- 5.5 9.6 42 18.3 8 11 1940 ____ 4.2 8.8 18 18.4 it would be subsidized by taxpayers with 1971_------1929 ____ 1968_------6 10 3.1 6.4 10 9. 8 cheap capital and exemption from tax and 1963_------5 8 royalty payments. 1958_------4 7 Some Congressmen and editorial writers 1957------3 6 In contrast, note that while the Post Office 3 5 want to take a bigger immediate step and 1947------has drained off $23 billion from our tax 1933_------3 6 nationalize the oil companies right away. 1932.------2 5 revenues since 1932, the Bell Companies And several politicians here in Massachusetts have, over the same period, put $54 billion have been making noises about the "need" into public coffers through tax payments. to take over electric ut111ties as well. In recent years, various public commissions, And this figure does not include the federal This latest outbreak of governmentalitis­ Congressional committees and the White excise taxes paid by Bell customers-$18 btl­ along with the current leap in postal rates­ House have investigated and criticized the lion in the past 20 years. reminded us· of a Staff Letter first written in "infiationa.ry" pricing pollcles of private bus­ Moreover, the Bell Companies have mllllons 1964 and reissued in 1967. Titled "Govern­ iness. Yet it is a matter of record that during of stockholders-American Telephone itself ment vs. Private Operation-A Striking Con­ the past 10 years the Post Office has hiked its has three million, including colleges, trast," it compared the operating results of rates 65%-100%. Now let's see how prices churches and other institutions as well as the nation's two communications giants­ of the privately-operated telephone system individuals. Last year's dividend payments the U.S. Postal Service and the privately run have fared o•er the past four decades. The came to $1.7 billion vs. $248 million in 1950 Bell Telephone System. So we decided to re­ rates for three--minute toll calls between and $39 mllllon in 1930. In the past two print the Letter this week-the only changes Boston and other major cities are shown in decades, these disbursements have created being to bring the figures up to date. Table II. $4 billion of federal income taxes to help It has become the fashion--especially In addition to the rate drops shown in the finance the postal deficit. among politicians, union bosses and business­ table, Bell recently introduced a 35¢ rate for Altogether, the contrast in the results of men-to call more and more on the govern­ one-minute, coast-to-coast calls made after these two organizations 1s startllng. If the ment for action. The extent to which its 10 p.m. While toll charges have declined sub­ government ever gets into the oll business share of the economy has mushroomed over stantially over the years, the cost of local tele· and runs it like the Post Omce, toda.y•s gaso­ the years is shown in Table I. phone service has been trending upward. But line prices will be remembered as wistfully Note that the public share of employment even here, the rise since 1932 has been less as the 10% income tax and the 2¢ ~tamp. has been raising almost as fast since 1947 as than half that of the consumer price index it did during New Deal days. Also observe that and only one-quarter as much as the increase TABLE 11.-STATION-TO-STATION TOLL RATES t FROM 16.2% of all workers (one out of six) are now in postal charges for regular mall. BOSTON on public payrolls compared with 6.4% (one Thus, it's obvious that as consumers we out of 16) in 1929. have fared much better prlcewise with the The table also shows that the public sector privately-operated organization than with New York Chicago San Francisco now accounts for close. to one-third of total the publlcly-run one. This is largely a refiec­ Year Day Night Day Night Day Night economic activity against less than one-tenth tion of the degree to which each of the two in 1929. Our federal government is the big­ systems has been able to lift its efficiency or 1974 ______$0.80 $0.55 $1.15 $0.65 $1.45 $0.85 gest employer, borrower, lender and spender "productivity." Despite some improvement in 1967------. 75 • 55 1.40 • 70 7. 75 1.00 in the world. One out of nearly every three recent years, the public operation again 1963.------.75 . 55 1. 50 1. 20 2. 25 1. 75 dollars of personal and business income now makes an unfavorable comparison (see Table 1955 ______• 75 .55 1.60 1. 30 2. 50 2.00 1947------. 75 . 45 1. 65 1. 25 2. 50 2.00 goes to a tax collector somewhere. III). Note that over the past 43 years the 1939 __ ------.80 . 50 2. 50 1. 50 6. 75 4. 50 Particularly disturbing 1s the fact that this postal service has managed to increase the 1932.------1.00 .60 3. 25 1.75 9. 50 5. 75 speed-up in public spending has been taking number of pieces of mall handled per em­ Percent decline place during a period of record economic ploye by 56%, but the Bell System takes care 1932-74 _____ 20 8 65 63 85 85 prosperity. In the past decade, non-defense of 2.7 times as many conversations per worker outlays in the federal budget have shot up as it did then. 1 Excludes liederal excise taxes. May 8, 1974 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 13831

TABLE Ill a vote. The Democratic Caucus 1s scheduled sey is one of the Nation's oldest craft in­ to meet on Thursday. Its vote may very well dustries; and Volume per determine the ultimate fate of this necessary Whereas, the lace and embroidery industry Number of employe reform package. is one of the largest industries in northern employees Volume (1980 equals The House Republican Policy Committee Hudson and eastern Bergen Counties, em­ (thousands) handled 100) is on record in support of the objective of ploying thousands of people; and Bell (bil· (mil- Bell the Bolling Committee report. Individual Whereas, there are more than 500 em­ PO Cos. lions) 1 lions)~ PO Cos. Members can and wm differ on particular broidery manufacturing plants in New Jersey aspects of the report. But the overall objec­ making it the largest embroidery center in tive is enthusiastically endorsed. At the very the Western World; and 1973 ______701. 1 798.9 89.7 432.0 156 269 1966_. ______675.4 650.8 75.6 295.7 136 225 least, the Members of the House have a Whereas, the machine made embroidery 1963 ______587.2 571.4 67.9 251.4 140 218 right to expect the chance to vote on the industry was started in the United States one 1962 ______588.5 563.9 66.5 242.4 137 214 amendments on the House Floor. hundred years ago; and 196L -----·--- 582. 4 566.6 64.9 226.4 135 189 In my view, it would be a grave miscarriage Whereas, the size, role, history and 1m­ 1957 ------·- 521.2 640.9 59.1 188.3 137 146 1950 ______500.6 523.3 45.1 140.8 109 134 of leadership responsibility to deny the com­ portance of the embroidery industry should 1940 ______353.2 275.3 27.7 79.3 95 141 mittee reform amendments access to the be brought to the attention of the residents 1930 ______339.5 318.1 27.9 64.0 100 100 House Floor. It is my hope that the Members of New Jersey; Percent of the majority party recognize the essen­ Now, therefore, I, Brendan Byrne, Gover­ increase 193Q-73 _____ 107 151 222 575 56 169 tial nature of committee reform, and act in nor of the State of New Jersey, do hereby a way that places the interests of the en­ proclaim 1974 as "Embroideries and Laces tire Congress over the interests of a power­ Year" in New Jersey. 1 Pieces of mail ful few Members. 2 Daily number conservations. Progress is never possible in an atmosphere where change is prohibited. With only a 30% TABLE IV approval rating, it is obvious that this Con­ gress must act positively to regain the con­ YOUNG AMERICA! LEAD THE WAY (In millions of dollars) fidence of the American people. The impor­ tance of meaningful committee reform must Deficit of Post Office Taxes paid by Bell not be ignored by this Congress. HON. JACK BRINKLEY Department Companies OF GEORGIA Cumulative Cumulative IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES from from Annual 1932 Annual 1932 EMBROIDERY INDUSTRY OBSERVES Wednesday, May 8, 1974 100TH ANNIVERSARY Mr. BRINKLEY. Mr. Speaker, last 1973 ____ 22,703 4,350 54,454 1966 ____ 1,~~ 12,843 2, 718 30,045 week as part of its observance of Law 1963 ____ 819 10,454 2, 246 22,301 Day 1974, the Columbus, Ga., Lawyers 1961_ ___ 826 8,860 1,972 17,952 HON. DOMINICK V. DANIELS 1958 ____ Club, of which I am a member, sponsored 891 6,832 1, 483 12,442 OF NEW JERSEY 1950 ____ 545 2, 233 499 4, 472 an area high school essay writing con­ 1940 ____ 41 687 185 .1, 000 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES test. The winner of this contest, selected 1935 ____ 428 94 352 66 Wednesday, May 8, 1974 from more than 50 competitors, was Miss Linda A. High, a student at Pacelli Mr. DOMINICK V. DANIELS. Mr. High School. HON. JOHN RHODES SUPPORTS Speaker, one of the most interesting and STRENGTHENING THE HOUSE Linda's winning essay is just excellent useful industries in Hudson County, N.J., and I was most impressed with the is the embroidery industry. This indus·try mature perspective and insight which it employs thousands of people in northern contains-in fact it was reprinted as a HON. WIUIAM A. STEIGER New Jersey, and maintains over 500 em­ guest editorial in the May 1, 1974, edition OF WISCONSIN broidery manufacturing plants in New of the Columbus Enquirer. ~ THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Jersey making it the largest embroidery Mr. Speaker, Linda's essay is one well center in the western world. This year we Wednesday, May 8, 1974 worth repeating and, at this time, I are observing the 100th anniversary of highly commend it to the attention of Mr. STEIGER of Wisconsin. Mr. the establishment of this industry in the our colleagues. Speaker, the distinguished Republican United States. The essay reads: leader, JoHN RHODES of Arizona, released Realizing the size and importance of an incisive and thoughtful statement yes­ the industry Hon. Brendan T. Byrne, YO'C'NO AMERICA! LEAD THE WAY terday on the report of the select com­ Governor of the State of New Jersey, of­ (By Miss Linda A. High) mittee. It deserves the careful attention ficially proclaimed 1974 as Embroideries Between the America of yesterday and the America of tomorrow stands our generation. of all Members and I am pleased to make and Laces Year in recognition of the To us has fallen the duty of preserving the it available to my colleagues: machine-made embroidery industry in faith, honor, strength, and glory of America. JOHN RHODES SUPPORTS STRENGTHENING TBB the United states. The proclamation was This duty cannot be fulfilled in one day: It HouSE presented by the Governor to Leonard requires a day-to-day exercise--a program Reform of the House COmmittee structure LaVerghetta, president of the Schiffii consisting of six basic steps. 1s essential if Congress 1s to revitalize itself. Lace and Embroidery Manufacturers As­ First, we must accept our responsibllities The present committee system was devised sociation, Union City, N.J., during a as citizens. People who exercise their rights in 1946. Since that time, there has been ceremony held in the Governor's office at are the foundation of our country. They form llttle change and virtually no improvement. the power group who leads the country It was with this realization in mind that the Trenton Capitol. toward tomorrow by accepting respon­ the Select Committee on Committees was Governor Byrne in turn was presented sib111ties today. They fulfill an obligation to established over one year ago. That bi­ with a framed set of embroidered Apollo themselves, their community, and their partisan committee, under the able leader­ Astronaut emblems-the same emblems country. ship of Chairman Richard Bolling of Missouri worn by the astronauts on the space Second, we must become doers. The doers and Vice-Chairman Dave Martin of Ne­ shots-by Seymour Schwartzberg, the know what is happening in their own braska, spent fourteen months receiving president of the Schi1Hi Embroidery backyard as well as across the nation. They testimony from House Members, academic oppose anti-democratic matters and speak witnesses and many outside interest groups. Manufacturers Promotion Fund. out against wrong and injustice. They grasp The result was, in my judgement, a monu­ The resolution follows.: opportunities to move forward instee.d of mental work, most of which I approve. With PROCLAMATION "letting George do it." the exception of Congressional budget re­ Whereas, Man has been engaged in the Third, we must think. Thinkers are always form, I can think of no other single item honorable art of beautifully embel11shing important because they a.llow nothing to slip that Congress needs to enact in order to be­ textiles for apparel and home furnishings for by without fully understanding it. Their at­ come a responsive institution of government thousands of years; and titude is that nothing can be ignored. They once again. Whereas, creative embroideries and laces share their ideas with others but do not force Unfortunately, recent indiootions have have brought color, interest and beauty to others to accept their ideas. given rise to the fear that the important the life we know; and Fourth, we must become well-informed. recommendations of the Bolling Committee Whereas, the Schlffil Lace and Embroidery An informed people listen to and read about report may never reach the House Floor for industry. concentrated in northern New Jer- sign11lcant news for analyzation. By keeping 13832 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 8, 1974 up with events through the communication look with fresh eyes at the categories man Few who face th8!t question honestly are media, they learn how and why the govern­ has established for beasts, birds, fish, in­ pleased by the prospect. There is value 1n ment systems work effectively. They see sects, as well as the images we have conjured diversity. Life systems are more durable what needs to be done for the country. up about them. when they are complex. Even if this were Fifth, we must assume that nothing is too First there is the category, "live stock." not so, there 1s an irreducible value in the big or complex for us to endeavor. This means a living form of human wealth richness and beauty of a complex world. of Establishing a positive wttitude lays the to be slaughtered or disposed of entirely for myriads of strange creatures. This mysteri­ groundwork for expanding ideas. Through the economic benefit of the human master. ous wealth will be lost forever if we con,tinue determination and hard work, anything can For centuries these animals have been bred­ to rationalize and simplify for short-term be accomplished. or the wry euphemison "domesticated"-for human purposes. Sixth, we must always be prepared for their humanly exploitable qualities, not for Some of us also see that the human per­ anything. If we faithfully follow steps one their intelligence or capacity to survive in­ spective on the world is not the ultimate through five, then we have achieved step six. dependently. perspective. We dimly sense that in an in­ After successfully completing this exercise Second, there are "the resources of the clusive vision each species has its worth and program for becoming informed citizens, the ocean," especially fish and whales. Here, too, its place. For us to annihilate it is a youth are ready to accept the challenges in creatures are viewed as sources of food and desecration. today's society. They must accept the other human needs. The chief problem is A new way of looking at animals must be · challenge of preserving democracy instituted whether international agreements can con­ part of a deeper and broader change in hu­ by yesterday's generation. They must accept trol both pollution and the increasingly effi­ man thinking. It is part of a shift from a the challenge of maintaining world peace cient forms of exploiting these resources so purely human ethic to an ecological one; fulfilled by today's generation. They must that they can survive for another generation. from concepts of economic and. population accept the challenge of striving toward Third, there is "game." This once sug­ growth to ideals of sta.bllity, h·armony, and technological advances to be accomplished gested a source of food, but now it means balance; from the prizing of conquest and by future generations. By determining to chiefiy "killing for sport." It once suggested mastery to the prizing of restraint and gen­ accept these challenges and by getting in­ matching wit and skill against dangerous erosity. We must learn to respect and enjoy volved in the workings of the community, competitors. Now the competition is primar­ ctltrerences rather than seek to make over the youth learn the value of law in their lives ily between individual hunters who want to others in our own image or relapse into an and can appreciate its service to the society. match their skills With ever more bizarre indlfferent relativism. Without this larger Young America, stand up and lead the way equipment. context a changed attitude toward living to establishing a better place in which God. Fourth, there are "predators." These are creatures would bear no practical fruit and and man can live t the species that feed upon game and occa­ would only heighten our suffering as we sionally upon livestock. Here the element of watch the juggernaut of "progress" run competition remains, but it is now a com­ roughshod over all. petition between survival of animal species But as part of a total change that is al­ and the pleasure and wealth of human be­ ready occurring among sensitive people, new THE RELATIONSHIP OF ANIMALS TO ings. Predators are trapped, poisoned, or views of animals can contribute to a new MAN hunted. down in planes. self-understanding, a new vision of reality, Fifth, there are "specimens." These may be a. new life style, a new economics, a new legal kept in zoos for the observation of curious system-to the new world, in short, apart HON. G. WILLIAM WHITEHURST humans or in laboratories for study, medical from. which we may not bequeath to our OF VIRGINIA experimentation, and dissection. descendants any world. at an. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Sixth, there are "vermin." These are the rodents or insects that are best able to sur­ Wednesday, May 8, 1974 vive alongside of us because of their rapid Mr. WHITEHURST. Mr. Speaker, a reproduction rate and ability to adjust in some cases even to urban environments. To­ THE OAKLAND TRIBUNE SPEAKS marvelous article on the relationship of ward vermin the human goal is extermina­ OUT ON THE TAPES AND MR. animals to man and how animals are re­ tion. NIXON garded by mankind appeared in the May Seventh, there are "pets." Here at last 6, 1974 edition of the Christian Science there is a contact between our species and. Monitor. It articulates seven categories others that allows a moment of tenderness. HON. JEROME R. WALDIE in this relationship and goes on to pose But this tenderness Is bought by the four­ OF CALIFORNIA important questions that need answers footed at the price of total dependence upon IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES humans. Further, as human population on what manner of stewardship man will presses upon the limits of food production, Wednesday, May 8, 1974 give wild animals based on his past rec­ pets Will be the first to go. ord. The author, John B. Cobb, says that In our situation none of these dominant Mr. WALDIE. Mr. Speaker, in the past man must begin regarding animals in a ways of understand.lng animals entails re­ few days there has been a literal torrent new fashion if the harmony and balance spect for their integrity or inherent value. of opinion regarding the decision of of nature is to be preserved. I insert the The relationship is determined by the rela­ President Nixon to not comply with the article at this point in the RECORD. The tion of the animals to us and the effect has demands for taped conversation that article follows: become ruthlessly and one-sidedly destruc­ took place in the White House made by tive. the House Judiciary Committee. MEN AND ANIMALS Fortunately, many people are reacting (John B. Cobb, Jr.) against this human arrogance in relation to It is no secret that I view the Presi­ For the first time, in the history of our other aspects of life. New images are ap­ dent's noncompliance as an act of con­ planet, one species-human-has secured its pearing. From the Orient we are learning tempt. I have been outspoken in my be­ foothold in our worldwide ecosystem by conceptions of our species as one part of a lief that the President must fully comply threatening the position of all its creature­ natural system that includes many other with the Judiciary Committee's subpena competitors. species in harmonious interaction. From our and that there is no constitutional right Animals can now survive only on our suf­ own tradition we are rediscovering St. for him to determine what the commit­ ferance. Francis' sense of brotherhood. with wolves tee may or may not review or to limit the Before our eyes the last wilderness areas and birds. Albert Schweitzer's message of are disappearing and. the ocean depths are reverence for all life has a new resonance. nature of the committee's inquiry in any being mapped for human exploitation. In We can be moved by the songs of whales and way, the entire evolutionary history of the globe watch movies that present apes and dolphins Apparently, Mr. Speaker, many around this dominance of the planet by a single form as equal or superior to ourselves. We begin the Nation and in my home State of ot life is unprecedented., not just in ecological to think that other species have claims upon California share that view. My mail and terms, but in moral and. spiritual terms as us, natural rights that we should learn to telephone messages, now in excess of well. respect. 1,000, are running approximately 10-to-1 Since man, the species in question, has Now that human beings hold the destiny against the President's decision to again won his way chiefly by intell1gence and. of the biosphere in their power, we are for refuse to turn over unedited tapes to the adaptab111ty, one has the right to hope that the first time required to ask what matrix committee. he will respond to this novel situation in of living forms is to be desired. We recognize novel ways. However, this must mean more that continuing our present policies must Mr. Speaker, the editor and publisher than just expanding game preserves and pro­ lead to a highly simplified biosphere in which of the Oakland Tribune, Joseph W. tecting wilderness areas. It must mean deep large animals only will survive, under con­ Knowland, summed up the feeling of fundamental change of attitude toward all trolled. conditions. Monocultures of hybrid. many Americans, including those who created. things. grains will replace the profusion of plants have supported the President over many This means we need. to understand. the of the past. Is this biologically simplified years, in a front page editorial on April depth of the change required. We need. to future what we want? 30, 1974. It is too bad the President has May 8, 1974 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 13833 decided to continue his long policy of question that we should provide the fund­ Another point, John W. Dean's testimony evasion and concealment of truth. ing required for school lunch programs, against Mitchell and Stans was not believed The editorial, in the form of a letter but it should go through regular con­ by the jurors. In effect, they said he did not tell the truth. But it was Dean, you will re­ to the President, follows: gressional channels. member, who made the original Watergate TRmUNE EDITORIAL Besides the procedural conflicts, the coverup charges against President Nixon and (By Joseph W. Knowland) legislation weakens the program sup­ who was the star witness before Ervin's Sen­ Dear Mr. President: ported by the diverted tariff receipts. ate Watergate Investigating Committee last Last night you offered an alternate solu­ Section 32 of the Agricultural Adjust­ summer. tion to the destructive confrontation being ment Act provides that 30 percent of the Dean has admitted to criminal actions threatened by Congress. import duties are set aside primarily to while on the White House staff. And yet this In an effort to appease the hungry politi­ promote production of perishable com­ is the kind of man who has influenced a cians seeking your hide, and yet to bare your modities by purchase of surpluses. The major political crisis in the nation and re­ soul honestly to the concerned public, you leased a virus which has infected men and offered us edited transcripts of selected pres­ practice of diverting these funds has encourages them to pass judgment on their idential tapes. weakened this fund by nearly two-thirds, fellow men based on hearsay. You need not prove to me your honesty, jeopardizing food production in the fu­ If there is a lesson in the Mitohell-Stans because I do not question it. I do not believe ture. Mr. Speaker if the Nation runs out trial (and we believe there is) then it is you had any pre-knowledge of the Watergate of food no amount of Federal relief is that we should all be careful in forming firm incident. going to help. Section 32 funds are essen­ convictions and prejudging without knowl­ But I do question your sin of omission­ tial in maintaining our production. edge of what we are saying. your failure to use the full power and re­ There is no question about Congress WHO'S NEXT? sponsibility of your office to reveal to us, the supporting school lunch funding. The The Watergate prosecutions have produced electorate, the truth as soon as it has be­ a strange backlash. It is fear-fear on the part come known to you. Congress has acted repeatedly to sup­ port school lunch programs from general of ordinary citizens that what is done to the Each time we have searched for the truth, bigwigs can all the more readily be done to you have created roadblocks-red tape-all funds and I would readily vote to do so small fry like themselves. When men like in the guise of "national security" cloaked again. But I could not vote in support of President Nixon, his former vice president, by presidential "confidentiality," as though this most recent measure which skirts when top attorneys like his assistants can be it were not in the best interest of the public conventional funding channels and hauled before committees, denounced and to let the public know the truth . . . a sort weakens America's agricultural produc­ ruined, before even a fair trial has taken of "ignorance-is-bliss" philosophy; or "what tion potential. place-what will happen to lesser individuals you don't know won't hurt you." who offend by any Job or title the powerful This presidential cloak of secrecy has re­ Democrats who do these things to them? sulted in pubUc suspicion, which in turn On a recent trip we talked to a taxl driver; has widened the credibi11ty gap; "What is he a restaurant owner; to a plumber; a woman hiding, and why? Is he tell1ng us only half- WATERGATE ISSUES truths?" · with a small business of her own-and all Mr. President, which is more important at voiced similar statements. The housewife this time in our country's history, when the said she had read in school about the French very pillars of our democracy are being HON. BARRY M. GOLDWATER, JR. Revolution, how after the takeover the gov­ shaken: OF CALIFORNIA ernment was run by Committees like the Watergate one and where both high and low The executive privilege of presidential con­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES fidentiality, or the American public's respect persons were brought to be "judged" and for and faith in the office of the President Wednesday, May 8, 1974 then sent to the guillotine. They didn't have a chance, she said, "and neither does any Re­ of the United States? Mr. GOLDWATER. Mr. Speaker, Ire­ Now is the time to reflect on our country's publican today." bistory as well as its future. cently received copies of two editorials The taxi driver said he had unusual Truth is the foundation of all knowledge; from the Daily Chronicle in Santa Paula, agony over his income tax. What if some local freedom, the birthright of all mankind. The Calif. I want to commend the publisher, "committee" of those liberals (we won't try search for truth and spirit of freedom-these Mr. C. E. Phillips, for helping to lend to reproduce the original language) could are the pillars of democracy. The suppression some perspective to the serious national haul him up and denounce him for some of truth and restriction of freedom-these problems we face today regarding the nickels he didn't report ten years ago? He'd are the seeds of anarchy. lose his license, be kicked out of the union, Watergate issue. his kids would starve. In short, Mr. President, I recommend that The editorials give attention to a side you release to Congress the unedited tapes The restaurant owner said he was going to relating to Watergate. of the issue that many people seem to get out of business. "It's a laugh," he said, Perhaps then the United States Congress want to ignore, and I present these for "that Kennedy, Erwin, and that bunch have will set this poUtical issue to rest and proceed my colleagues attention: got Nixon and his guys pegged for prison. to solve the more important problems facing LESSON FROM MrrCHELL-STANS TRIAL Morals? Character? Don't make me gag. Somebody ought to get up and say what they our country today, such as inflation and law­ Have we become a nation which has aban­ lessness. know about them others. They wanta get the doned the American human tradition that country back. Then watch out I They'll be a man is innocent until proven guilty? The after you an• me. I thought this was the land trial of John W. Mitchell and Maurice Stans of the fair trial-not no more !~what's goin' THE SCHOOL LUNCH VOTE is a case in point. on in Washington today is like in the USSR. Had a poll been taken during the trial I've had enough." with the question: "Do you think Mitchell · While many across the nation may be HON. GUNN McKAY and (or) Stans are guilty?" the majority thinking like those. we talked to, the ma­ would have said "yes". This view of public jority aren't so cynical. Nevertheless, the OF UTAH opinion is made on the strength of those Watergate prosecutions have produced a IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES who asked us, "How long will these men be strange backlash. Where it will lead 1s any· in jail?" When the answer was, "But they one's guess. Wednesday, May 8, 1974 haven't been found guilty yet", it was not Mr. McKAY. Mr. Speaker, the House what they wanted. voted on May 7 to provide funding for the In the American system of justice, 12 men school lunch program, and I found my­ and women sat in the jury box for 10 weeks H. I. MAJOR: A DEDICATED CIVIL listening to testimony and weighing the evi­ SERVANT self among the few who opposed the dence presented in great detail by govern­ measure. Mr. Speaker, like other oppon­ ment attorneys and the defense rebuttal of ents of this legislation, I did not oppose the charges in the indictments. The jury the intent of the bill; I doubt if there are unanimously found the two former cabinet HON. GARNER E. SHRIVER a dozen Members in the House who would officers "not guilty" on all 18 charges. OF KANSAS vote against a legitimate appropriation Shouldn't this verdict suggest to some con­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES gressmen and others 1n public life who have for the school lunch program. Wednesday, May 8, 1974 But this was not such a measure. This made up their minds and sound off on the Watergate affair that just maybe a man ·Mr. SHRIVER. Mr. Speaker, I wish to legislation funnels money from tariff isn't guilty until all the evidence is in and receipts which clearly were intended for impartially considered? Shouldn't this sug­ take this opportunity to pay tribute to another important purpose, bypassing gest to everyone that opinions have little Mr. Howard I. Major, district director of both the Appropriations Committee and value in justice unless backed up with all the Immigration and Naturalization the Agriculture Committee. There is no the facts and prejudice has been eliminated? Service in Kansas City, Mo., who will 13834 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 8, 1974 conclude his Federal service on Friday, the small predominantly black parish, ad­ lence and spiritual quality of life that May 10, 1974. mits that it's not likely that the Pope would have exemplified the lifetime of the six come to St. Peter's. But he said it's the only Mr. Major will retire after nearly 39 church he has the authority to invite the American saints as nominated for this years of outstanding service within this Pont11f to. most blessed and spiritual beatification agency. A native Kansan, he entered on However, he said that 1f such a ceremony by the Holy See. duty in 1935 with Immigration and Nat­ were held 1n Sacred Heart Cathedral in uralization in a clerical position at Win­ nearby Newark, it would have "half a m1111on people 1n Branch Brook Park listening to nipeg, Manitoba. He has filled a number the ceremony over loudspeakers." The park of responsible positions within the serv­ is next to the cathedral. ice throughout his career. Mr. Major has Father McTague's main interest, however, POLITICAL ASYLUM served continuously as District Director is in promoting the canonization of the six: at Kansas City since May 16, 1960. Pierre Toussaint, Mother Elizabeth Se,ton, Mr. Major has been a dedicated civll Father Junipero Berra, Bishop John Neu­ servant who has performed his duties mann, Mother Katherine Drexel, Kater! HON. BILL GUNTER Tekekwitha and Sister Miriam Teresa Dem­ OF FLORIDA with efficiency, fairness, r..nd compassion. Janovich. He has been quick to respond in my ef­ Father McTague's list of candidates for IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES forts to assist constituents on immigra­ sainthood represents tlle diversity of Ameri­ Wednesday, May 8, 1974 tion and naturalization problems. can Ca.tholic culture. Pierre Toussaint, a black and a native of Mr. GUNTER. Mr. Speaker, my very I congratulate him on a job well done, good friend, Gwendolyn S. Cherry, who and wish for him continued happiness Haiti, died in New York in 1863 after years of working with orphans and helping needy is a State Representative from the 106th and good health in the years ahead. seminarians and missionaries there. District of Florida, sent to me a copy of Mother Elizabeth Bayley seton, a New York a memorial which was passed unani­ native and convert to Catholicism after her mously by the Florida House of Repre­ husband died, founded the Sisters of Charity sentatives. I believe it draws attention to in the U.S. at Emmitsburg, Md. She died A PROPOSAL OF SAINTHOOD FOR in 1821 and was beatifted-declared a very important subject, that being that SISTER MIRIAM TERESA DEM­ "blessed"-in 1963. a uniform policy for granting political JANOVICH OF NEW JERSEY DUR­ Father Junipero Berra, an early Spanish asylum in the United States is needed. ING AMERICA'S BICENTENNIAL missionary to North America, died 1n 1784 Mrs. Cherry, who serves her constitu­ OBSERVANCE after founding the major Franciscan mis­ ents in Miami very well, was the author sions in California. of this memorial resolution and I com­ Blessed John Nepomucene Neumann was mend it to my colleagues for their con­ a native of Bohemia and fourth bishop of sideration and their action by this body: HON. ROBERT A. ROE Philadelphia (1852-1860). In 1963 he became OF NEW JERSEY the first American bishop to be beatifted. MEMORIAL RESOLUTION IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mother Katherine Drexel, a Philadelphia A memorial to the Congress of the United native, founded the Sisters of the Blessed States requesting the institution of a uni­ Wednesday, May 8, 1974 Sacrament to minister to American blacks form policy With regard to the granting of Mr. ROE. Mr. Speaker, at the re­ and Indians. She died in 1956 at the age political asylum. quest of the Honorable John C. Sciranka, of 96. Whereas, the United States of America has distinguished editor of New Jersey's Kateri Tekakvitha was martyred in 1680 at long been a home for persons of all nations, the' age of 24. Born in New York, she 1s the of all colors, of all creeds, and of all politi­ highly prestigious Slovak news publica­ first North American Indian candidate for cal persuasions, and tion of the Slovak Catholic Sokol, the canonization. Whereas, this fact has for generations ap­ Falcon, I am pleased to call to the at­ Sister Miriam Teresa Demjanovich ( 1901- plied particularly to those persons suffering tention of you and our colleagues here 1927) was born in Bayonne, N.J., of Byzan­ persecution in their homeland for their be­ in the Congress a specially featured tine-Ruthenian Rite parents, but she lived liefs, both philosophical and political, and news item of worldwide spiritual sig­ the later part of her life in a Latin-rite parish Whereas, the "Golden Door" of America has nificance relating to the proposal of a and died as a member of the Latin-rite liberally granted a protective political asylum New Jersey priest, Father Charles Mc­ Sisters of Charity. Proponents of her cause to those persons who are, in words carved Tague, submitted to Pope Paul for the consider her a tangible link uniting Catholics into our own Statute of Liberty, "yearning of all rites in a strong bond of charity. to breathe free", and canonization of six American saints dur­ In his telegram to Pope Paul, Father Mc­ ing America's Bicentennial Observance Whereas, the granting of political asylum, Tague said the list of candidates for saint­ however, has often suffered from arbitrary in 1976. hood would "represent north, east, south standards applied in an irrational and dis­ Members of my district and the State and west, Anglo-Saxon, Germanic, Spanish, criminatory manner, and of New Jersey are particularly proud Slavic and Negro. Whereas, this fact has caused concern and of the nomination of Sister Miriam "We suggest Pierre Toussaint to repre­ frustration, both on the part of friends of Teresa Demjanovich who was born in sent the blacks," he said. "It was a teacher our nation in other lands and on the part of New Jersey in 1901 and died 47 years and student of this parish who discovered his residents and citizens of the United States grave." who have loved ones and friends remalning ago on May 8, 1927, at the young age of The "teacher and student" is Father Mc­ 26 years. It is indeed my privilege and Tague himself, who found the neglected in foreign lands, and honor to join in a special salute to her gravesite in old St. Patrick's churchyard on Whereas, a uniform policy establishing Mot St. in New York when he was a seminar­ standard criteria for the granting of political today on the anr.Uversary of her death. asylum would significantly ease thls problem The news article that appears in the ian 1n 1940. Even since he has promoted the cause of the Haitian slave turned benefactor and help America retain its reputation as a Falcon is as follows: of the New York's poor. home for the persecuted of the world, now, NEW JERSEY PRIES'l' AsKS POPE FOR SIX AMER· therefore, be it ICAN SAIN'l'S INCLUDING SIS'l'ER MmlAM • • • Resolved, by the Legislature of the State TERESA DEMJANOVICH Editor John C. Sciranka thanked Father of Florida: The following outstanding story was re­ McTague for this noble gesture and assured That the Congress of the United States is leased by N.C.W.O. News Service from Wash­ him of our continued cooperation for the respectfully requested to institute a uniform ington, D.C.: realization of this sacred cause. May 8 is the policy and to establish uniform standards A priest from Montclair, N.J., has proposed 47th anniversary of her blessed death. Please With regard to the granting of political asy­ remember her cause in your prayers. that Pope Paul VI canonize "at least six lum. Be it further North American saints" during the 1976 Her parents were born in Bardejov, observance of the United States bicentennial. Slovakia. Resolved, That copies of this memorial be And in a telegram to the Pope-copies of dispatched to the President of the United which have gone to all the bishops of the Mr. Speaker, I appreciate the oppor­ States, to the President of the United States country-he invited the Pope to come to tunity to seek this national recognition senate, to the Speaker of the United States St. Peter Claver Church, Montclair, N.J., to of Father McTague's noble efforts and House of Representatives, and to each mem· elevate the six to sainthood. know you will want to join with me in ber of the Florida delegation to the United Father Charles McTague. administrator of commemorating the standards of excel- States Congress. May 8, 1974 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 13835 DANIELS HAILS AMERICANIZATION Do you know what I see when I see Old try, have not given up. They remain DAY PARADE IN JERSEY CITY, N.J. Glory? Do you know what I see when I see the committted to a free society. All the Stars and Stripes? politics of economic manipulation have I see George Washington crossing the Dela- not changed the vast majority of them. ware. I see the Rough Riders on San Juan Hlll. During the years of rising taxes and HON. DOMINICK V. DANIELS I see Lincoln giving his Gettysburg Address. rising debt we have heard the supposed OF NEW JERSEY I see the Doughboys in Verdun and Ar- economic experts extol the virtues of us­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES gonne. ing the taxing power and the money sup­ I see the Marines on Iwo Jima. ply to counter what would be the natural Wednesday, May 8, 1974 I see the GI's on the Hills and fields and workings of the economy and assure, Mr. DOMINICK V. DANIELS. Mr. jungles of Korea and Vietnam. as they say, continuing prosperity. But Speaker, there is no greater day each And because I can see all of this, I can look I ask if this kind of patch-work program out on this field today and I can stm see and year in Jersey City than the annual salute the Star Spangled Banner! can succeed in the long run. I think we Americanization Day Parade sponsored Thank you and God bless you. are now facing the results of it in ana­ jointly by the city of Jersey City and the tion more endangered than ever before Clinton E. Fisk Post No. 132 of the Veter­ by inflation, more burdened with debt ans of Foreign Wars. than all the rest of the world combined, For many years I have attended their A SUBSTANTIAL TAX CUT FAVORED and with an economic future so clouded observance at Jersey City's Pershing that no economist can forecast for cer­ Field and I am proud to take a small part tain what lies ahead, even for the balance in the ceremonies as the Congressman HON. JOSEPH M. GAYDOS of this year. representing Hudson County's largest OF PENNSYLVANIA Perhaps the greatest lesson to be city. learned by this generation is that the It is traditional for Jersey City and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES basic laws of economics on supply and Hudson County officialdom to turn out on Wednesday, May 8, 1974 demand, interest rates, and productivity Americanization Day and this year the Mr. GAYDOS. Mr. Speaker, I favor cannot be tampe:t:ed with for long. Nor event was graced with the presence of Dr. the "substantial" tax cut proposed by can they be suspended or curtailed. We Paul T. Jordan, Jersey City's chief exe­ several other Members of this House and can only postpone the fury from violating cutive who served as grand marshal and of the Senate to help the American them. But we sometime must pay the other notables. people who are hard hit by spiraling piper. Such a time may now be upon us, Mr. Speaker, the main speaker this inflation. a time demanding action by this Con­ year was the Department Commander of I favor this cut not only for the reason gress in defiance, if necessary, of all the the New Jersey Veterans of Foreign given but also in the belief that this Gov­ administration's excuses and rationales Wars, Donald L. Scott. His remarks were ernment for far too long a time has been for keeping the tax burden unchanged. so much on point that I insert them at preying on the earnings and savings of I agree completely with Senators the conclusion of my statement for the the public. MANSFIELD, KENNEDY, and MONDALE and edification of my distinguished col­ Taxes are too high now. They have the others in Congress who are pushing leagues. been too high for years. And the effects for substantial tax reductions. Taxes Commander Scott's speech follows: on the economic well-being of the people need not be cut to stimulate the ailing CoMMANDER ScoTT's SPEECH have been evident for all thinking per­ economy. They need to be cut also in the It is indeed my pleasure to be here in Jer­ sons to see. Inflation has been with us for interest of getting us back to that free sey City with all you people who have turned a decade. Now it threatens to run wild. society which was once our pride and out today to help us celebrate the 43rd An­ Not only does inflation menace the under whose concepts our nation grew nual Loyalty Day-Americanism Day Parade. Nation, but the soaring Federal debt has to unrivaled greatness. We need to cut Loyalty day ... just what do these two words come to hang as a cloud over the lives of taxes, and we need to reduce Government mean? .. Loyalty Day ... a day we proclaim spending-to eliminate the scandalous our loyalty to our country. A day we rededi­ generations yet unborn. It is not scare cate our love for a nation. A nation which talk to say that, unless something is done waste which is contained in the current believes in the freedom of speech, the free­ soon, the free and progressive American budget and which has been the condi­ dom of religion. the freedom of the press, and society may collapse in time under the tion here in Washington for too long. the freedom from want and fear. load of its economic irresponsibilities. One must wonder with all of this going for I have been for a sizable tax reduction us, why would anyone wa.nt to tear it down since I entered Congress back in 1969. or destroy it? THE 26TH ANNIVERSARY OF Oh, we are not perfect. We have our prob­ Indeed, tax relief was one of the issues lems. We have areas for improvement in local, upon which I first campaigned in my ISRAEL'S INDEPENDENCE state and national government. But in spite heavily industrialized district. I can as­ of these faults, this is still the greatest sure you that the vast majority of the democracy God has ever let be created. working people and most of the small HON. MARIO BIAGGI Many of your friends and relatives fought and large business interests in my sec­ OF NEW YORK for what we have today and yes, many died for it. Some of them believed in its worth tion of the country are united on the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES long before our time. In fact, almost 200 need for lower taxes. Wednesday, May 8, 1974 years ago. In two more years we wUl celebrate It ought to be asked repeatedly where our 200th Anniversary. To survive this long this Government received the authority Mr. BIAGGI. Mr. Speaker, it is my has taken many wars and conflicts and lives to take money from the people which 1s pleasure to join with millions of Jews and suffering. But we must be doing some­ not essential to the conduct of internal both in the United States and through­ thing right. affairs and the national security of the out the world in celebrating the 26th In 1917 William Tyler Page wrote the country. I am amazed at times when I anniversary of the creation of the nation "American Creed" ... and I belleve it sort of of Israel. It is a tribute to the untiring sums up our appearance here today. consider how blissfully we have come to speak of taxes as an economic regulator efforts of the Israeli people that they THE AMERICAN CREED and not in accordance with their con­ have been able to survive these 26 tu­ I believe in the United States of America multuous years as a free state. as a Government of the people, by the people, stitutional purposes. 1or the people, whose just powers are derived Have we become, without fully realiz­ Yet as we celebrate this important from the consent of the governed: A ing it, a socialistic, planned-economy na­ event, it is tarnished somewhat by the Democracy in a Republic; a sovereign nation tion? If so, then we should admit as continued unrest which continues to pre­ of many sovereign states; a perfect union, one much to our constituents and cease our vail in the Middle Eastern sector of the and inseparable, established upon those pretensions about free enterprise and, world. In fact, for the quarter century principles of freedom, equality, justice, and indeed, freedom itself and instead pro­ in which Israel has been a free state, humanity for whioh American patriots sacri­ she has been forced to fend off constant ficed. their lives and fortunes. I therefore be­ claim the standards of a regimented, lieve it is my duty to my country to love it; tax-controlled state. However, I do not threats to her security, including two to support its constitution; to obey its laws; think we have come this far yet and for major wars fought on her soil, against to respect its flag; a.nd to defend it against all one good reason. The people, who still her stronger Arab neighbors. enemies. hold the basic sovereignty of this coun- Despite these adversities, Israel CXX--872-Part 10 13836 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 8, 1974 through a sense of solidarity and perse­ Paris said lettuce, tomatoes and potatoes taken a very forthright stance on this verance among her people has developed will show the greatest increases, but corn also very vital domestic issue. into a strong, and vibrant nation. There Will be more expensive. As the national organization of physi­ are many whose genius and dedication "I think salads wlll be the highest, Boston lettuce, chicory and escarole," he said. cians and dentists in all forms of group has contributed to the present day State "Tomatoes wm be more than 29 cents a practice, the American Association of of Israel. No one man played a more iil­ pound and they could go as high as 39 and Medical Clinics is well known as a dy .. fiuential role in the creation and early 49 cents a pound. Last summer they were 28 namic leader in the health care field. development of Israel than David Ben­ cents. Long recognized as a prestigious or­ Gurion, whose death this year plunged "Boston lettuce wlll be about 39 cents a ganization of high professional stand­ Israel and the world into mourning. head retail. It was 29 cents a head last year. ards, the American Association of Medi­ As we take this opportunity to com­ Corn, I have a feeling will be higher than $1 a dozen. It could be close to $2 a dozen at cal Clinics has been innovative in im­ memorate this occasion, let us renew our the beginning of the season. Last year lt proving the delivery of ambUlatory health efforts at finding the just and viable averaged between 79 and 89 cents a dozen,'' care to the American public for over a peace which has eluded Israel for so long. Paris said. quarter century. The brave people of Israel have worked He also predicted that as California po­ Its membership includes groups rang­ hard and long toward the common goal tatoes become available they will sell for from 25 to 30 cents a pound. He said the only ing from the large multiple specialty re­ of developing the nation into a respecta­ ferral centers with involvement in re­ ble world power. Yet they are now weary time he could see any easing in potato prices will be in September when local farmers and search and education to the smaller of the bloodshed and anguish which has Maine farmers begin getting in their crops. multiple and single specialty groups or­ tormented them, and threatened the se­ "For what you get, fresh vegetables will iented toward providing quality health curity of their beloved nation. still be a good buy," he said. "There will be care to their communities. These include Israel's second generation of citizens times when supply will exceed the demand, groups whose practice is on a fee-for­ are emerging today ready to contribute and prices will be low. People should buy service basis, those who provide care on to the continuing growth of Israel. Let them then and put them up-in jars or freeze us fervently hope that theirs can be a them," he said. a totally prepaid basis and groups with a generation of peace. There is no greater Paris said the main thing is supply and combination of the two payment mecha­ demand. He said the fuel emergency a.lso 1s nism. challenge before us. involved, and it may cause more people to For the benefit of my colleagues, I stay home this summer. would like the American Association of "If they stay home, there will be more Medical Clinics statement included in the cookouts with more salads, and this could RECORD: HOW DOES YOUR GARDEN GROW? cause the demand to continue high and the prices too," he said. AMERICAN AsSOCIATION OF MEDICAL CLINICS Paris also said the production of beans POSITION STATEMENT ON NATIONAL HEALTH HON. JAMES A. BURKE and peas is about the same as last year, INSURANCE OF ~ASSAC~SETTB which means the prices will be about the PREAMBLE IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES same. He said if the weather remains all right The American Association of Medical the consumer won't be paying much more Clinics believes that every American has a Wednesday, May 8, 1974 for cucumbers, yellow squash and zucchini. rlght to quality health care. This care should Cassidy said most of the damage to the be available, accessible and acceptable. We Mr. BURKE of Massachusetts. Mr. apples was in the Nashoba Va.lley on May 1 believe that everyone, regardless of financial Speaker, may I take this opportunity to and last Sunday. resources, should have the ability to obtain bring to the attention of the U.S. Con­ "We've come to the conclusion that we're the full range of needed health services at gress a prediction of sharp vegetable talking about a one million bushel crop loss," reasonable prices. price hikes this summer from Mr. Guy Cassidy said. "That's about a third of the The AAMC believes very strongly in main­ Paris, assistant director of markets for crop, as we see it now. That translates to $3 taining the free enterprise system-freedom the Massachusetts State Department of million or $4 million to the farmer. for the practitioner to choose the mode in Agriculture. This bad news is springing "Delicious apples look extremely hard hit," which he will practice and freedom for the he said. "There's not much damage done to patient to choose the manner in which he up all over the country in addition to the the Mackintosh. We've lost a good percent­ wants his health care provided and by whom. prediction that this Nation can be fac­ age of our Delicious apples in Middlesex and These principles can best be met by main­ ing real food shortages in the years Worcester counties." taining control of the health care dellvery ahead. What is the U.S. Department of Cassidy said the apples were in a delicate system in the private sector with appropriate Agriculture doing? The answer is very bud stage when the frost hit and they were input from providers, payors and the public. little. The American people are away about two weeks ahead of normal because of We feel that a cooperative alliance among ahead of them. the hot weather last month. providers, payors, government and the publlc The need for this Nation to provide "Pollination is another factor that is wor­ ls the best means for quality assurance and rying me," he said. "Bees will not work in cost containment in the health care delivery seeds upon the request of Americans this type of cold, cloudy weather. They need system. throughout the country can be brought warm, sunny days." Furthermore, the AAMC feels strongly that about by legislation I filed. A bill that Cassidy said the state's apple crop is worth group practice is the more efficient and ef­ was heard yesterday by the Subcommit­ about $10 million annually, but the depart­ fective means of delivering health care. Its tee on Agriculture, headed by its distin­ ment will not be able to assess the exact ex­ cost containment incentives coupled wt.th guished chairman the Honorable JosEPH tent of the crop loss until the small apples quality controllnltlatlves must be recognized VIGORITO appear on the trees in early June. in the health care marketplace. of Pennsylvania. The need for Accordingly, the AAMC supports the in­ this legislation is now. Let us return clusion of the following basic principles into America to the soil, let us fight high any National Health Insurance Program. prices, let us keep America healthy by producing good healthy nutritious food. ADMINISTRATION GROUP PRACTICE TAKES POSITION We feel that any National Health Insur­ Let us promote the general welfare, ON NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE ance Program should be administered particularly as it applies to the young through a Cabinet Level Department of people in our urban areas. Let the slogan Health. This level of authority and respon­ be "How Does Your Garden Grow?" HON. WILLIAM R. ROY sibility is essential to deal effectively with the myriad health problems in this country. We I include an article that appeared in OF KANSAS the Boston Herald American today: support a National Health Advisory Council IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES in the White House to set overall policy and SHARP VEGETABLE PRICE HIKES SEEN guidelines for program operation. A prediction that the price of fresh vege­ Wednesday, May 8, 1974 Day-to-day administration of any National tables will probably be up from 15 to so per­ Mr. ROY. Mr. SpeaKer, I recently Health Insurance Program should be carried cent in Massachusetts this summer was made received the position statement of the out at the State level. Local and regional yesterday by Guy Paris, assistant director of American Association of Medical Clinics differences require local decision-making markets for the state Agriculture Dept. machinery for effective and relevant admin­ James Cassidy, chief market investigator of on national health insurance. When I istration. the department, had more bad news for the read it I was pleased to learn that this We feel that both regulatory and policy­ consumer when he reported about one-third organization of physicians and dentists making bodies s}lould consist of a majority of the state's apple crop may have been lost in group practice with whom I have been of persons whose principal professional ac­ because of frost. working closely for some time now has tivity 1s in the health care field. Consumer May 8, 1974 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 13837 representation is appropriate at all levels in ginning with provisions for immediate Na­ ty and bad judgment of John Dean, John an advisory capacity. tional Health Insurance coverage for Medi­ Ehrlichman and H. R. Haldeman. They kept We support State and local regulation of care, Medicaid and Maternal and Child Care their knowledge from the President. private health insurance carriers to include beneficiaries. We also support the ultimate Did Mr. Nixon act wisely and responsibly mandated uniform benefit packages estab­ phasing-in of all other Governmental health once he heard the story? The answer is yes lished by National guidelines. programs such as CHAMPUS, Veterans Ad­ and no. He acted humanly. BENEFrr PACKAGE ministration, Federal Employees Health Ben­ Let me dwell on this last point especially. efits Program, and Indian Health Service The President's critics are stuffed like sau­ We support the concept that any National into a comprehensive and uniform health sages with wisdom, virtue, and morality. For Health Insurance Program should include the past week they have been clucking and both basic and catastrophic benefits. insurance system. We feel strongly that any National Health sighing. The basic benefits should include at least: Mr. Nixon, they say,.did not react instantly (a) full hospitalization coverage for physical Insurance Program should include appropri­ ate incentives for the use of ambulatory care with public cries of shame and remon­ illness and injury with appropriate ut1l1za­ strance; the President did not leap from the tion control; (b) all physician services, and preventive health services in lieu of more expensive individual institutional serv­ Oval Office and cry for guards to haul his wherever rendered, subject to appropriate aides away in chains. The President re­ peer and utUization review; (c) out-patient ices consistent with the medical needs of the pa.tient. sisted-and stlll resists-full disclosure of his prescription drugs with moderate patient words and acts. · cost-sharing; (d) mental health care with Incentives should also be provided to en­ basic in-hospital treatment and some pro­ courage better distribution of services to Very well. Let me suggest an analogy from vision for post-institutional management; medically underserved areas, and to foster everyday life. The parents of a 16-year-old (e) extended non-acute institutional care the development of alternatives designed to girl suspect something is wrong. They are upon order of a physician without the re­ improve access, cost and quality, and achieve concerned and anxious, but no one likes un­ quirement o! a prior hospital stay; (f) home a better system of organization for more pleasantness. They avoid direct confronta­ health care on physician prescription, sub­ efficient delivery. tion. Then one day in March she faces them :: Ject to appropriate utllization controls; (g) Mr. Speaker, I personally wish the "You have to know," she says, "I'm preg­ preventive services to include preventive American Association of Medical Clinics nant." dental care for children up to age 12 years every success in their endeavors and look To listen to the sa usage moralists, you with appropriate phasing-in of other dental would suppose that the girl's parents should forward to my continued working rela­ react with instant sermons on chastity; they care for all ages, well-child care up to age tionship with them. six years and eye exams by physicians or should cry reproaches; they should hurl her optometrists; {h) family planning; (i) pe­ into the street. riodic health testing, when ordered by a This is not the way the world is. The prob­ physician; (j) necessary rehabilitation serv­ abilities are 99 in 100 that the girl's parents Ices; and (k) patient education services THE QUESTIONS ANSWERED would respond with questions. They would when ordered by a physician. try to think what to do next. They would Catastrophic benefits should supplement discuss options: Forced marriage? Abortion? the basic program so that no individual or HON. DAN KUYKENDALL Have the child in secret? It might be a long family is subjected to the possib1Uty of fi­ OF TENNESSEE while before someone said o! abortion, "but nancial ruin due to illness or injury. IN 'l'HE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES that would be wrong." They would be concerned with salvaging ELIGmiLrrY Wednesday, May 8, 1974 Any National Health Insurance Program whatever might be salvaged of their daugh­ should be universal in coverage by providing Mr. KUYKENDALL. Mr. Speaker, col­ ter's reputation and future. The girl's father the opportunity for equal participation by umnist James J. Kilpatrick in the Wash­ might keep saying, "I am just trying to think ... I want to get all of this in my mind all persons, regardless of age, economic or ington Star-News of today, addresses if I can." health status. himself to some of the vital questions of Persons classed as categorically poor The transcripts are enormously, painfully should be fully subsidized. Partial subsidies the ongoing Watergate controversy and embarrassing to the President. They provide should be provided !or the medically indi­ comes up with answers that ought to be an opportunity for his critics in polltics and gent, decreasing as the ab111ty to pay in­ of interest to any thinking person. the media to pluck him like a live chicken. creases. Persons with high health risks I compliment Mr. Kilpatrick and com­ He says and does things that are less than should be covered through a "pool insurance mend this column to your attention: admirable. Bvery deletion-and there are arrangement" with partial subsidy from gen­ many deletions-is certain to provoke new THE QUESTIONS ANSWERED suspicions. eral tax revenues, if necessary. (By James J. Kilpatrick) FINANCING One is reminded, ironically, of poor old Job, When it was announced a week ago that who was scorned by his friends and smitten We believe that funding for National the White House would release transcripts by his enemies. "How long wlll ye vex my Health Insurance should come !rom two of certain presidential tapes, I voiced a sure soul," he asked, "and break me in pieces with sources-mandatory employer-employee con­ prediction: Someone is going to say, "The words?" Job was convinced he had acted tributions and general tax funds. transcripts raise more questions than they rightly, and that the record would show it· Employer and employee contributions answer." "Oh that my words were now written! Oh should be the primary means of purchas­ Sure enough, the next voice on the tele­ that they were printed in a book!" ing qualified private health insurance cover­ vision screen was the voice of Carl Stern Well, Mr. Nixon's book is now written not age for the majority of the population. of NBC. He was saying, "The transcripts raise General tax revenues should be administered by his adversaries but by himself, and my more questions than they answer." Non­ own impression is that he emerges from its through a separate National Health Insur­ sense. The transcripts do raise certain new pages in pretty good shape. ance trust fund for the payment of health questions, having to do with the transcripts insurance premiums on behalf of the poor themselves, but this monumental publication and the medically indigent. answers more Watergate questions than most Reimbursement to all providers, institu­ Americans will ever want to ask. tions and practitioners, should be on the What were the big questions? Let me SANFORD MASSIEN TO RECEIVE basis of assured payment. Institutional pay­ grapple with two or three. B'NAI BRITH "MAN OF THE YEAR" ment should be on the basis of prospective Did the President know 1n advance about AWARD budgets. Practitioner fees should be deter­ the bugging and burglary of Democratic na­ mined by the "usual-customary-reasonable" tional headquarters? The answer is, he did method with peer review at the local level. not know. In the whole of these 1,308 pages HON. THOMAS M. REES A system of co-payments should be utilized there is not a line, a hint, or a breath of a in order to contain program costs and as a suggestion of any such foreknowledge. OF CALIFORNIA means to preclude overutiliza:tion of services. Did Mr. Nixon know of the ensuing cover­ IN THE HOUSE OF' REPRESENTATIVES QUALITY CONTROL up? He did not know. By early March of Wednesday, May 8, 1974 National guidelines on health care services 1973 he had inkllngs, but it was not until may be appropriate; however, we feel that 10:12 o'clock on the morning of March 21 Mr. REES. Mr. Speaker, it is with they should be used only as guidelines. that he began to get the whole story. great pleasure that I take this oppor­ Standards of care !or use in peer review and Do the transcripts tell us how and why tunity to pay tribute to one of my con­ quality assurance should be established and Watergate happened? Yes, they do. This stituents. On June 1, 1974, Sanford Mas­ administered at the local level by physicians wretched business happened because Gordon sien will receive the 1973 B'nai Brith and other health care providers. Liddy was strong and persistent; because John Mitchell was weak and preoccupied; be­ "Man of the Year'' award. It is a fitting MODIFXCATION OF CURRENT HEALTH DBLrvt!:RY cause Charles Colson was vain and pre­ tribute for a man whose whole career has SYSTEM sumptuous; because Jeb Magruder was been dedicated to the welfare of others. We support the inclusion of all current obedient and inexperienced. The subsequent Sanford Massien, born 1n Cleveland Governmental health insurance programs be- coverup resulted out of the misguided loyal- Ohio, in 1921, received his formal educa;

l .I L u ! I r ' 13838 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 8, 1974 tion in Los Angeles. After completing his resting place provided by the country they that a proud and loyal segment of Amer­ tour of duty with the U.S. Navy, and be­ so selflessly defended, and ican society wants to preserve for itself, ing honorably discharged, Mr. Massien Whereas, it is proper for the state to par­ its children and to share with all Amer­ became a hospital administrator, having ticipate in the selection of a location for a veterans' cemetery, Now, therefore, be it icans. become familiar with hospital adminis­ Resolved by the Legislature of the State In a country which was founded under tration at the U.S. Naval Hospital Corps of Florida: God and looks to God for guidance and School. While in the Navy, Mr. Massien It is the intent of the legislature to pro­ inspiration, the National Shrine of Our met and later married his lovely wife vide for, encourage, and promote the wel­ Lady of Czestochowa is proof that the Sandy. They have two children, Jeff and fare and dignity of veterans. In this regard religious freedoms which our Pilgrim Bonnie. • the United States Congress and the Veterans Fathers sought and established are still In addition to a long and outstanding Administration are requested to provide alive and flourishing today. a:ffiliation with the B'nai Brith, Mr. Mas­ cemetEn"ies for military veterans to be located in central and south Florida; be it further The Very Reverend Michael M. Zem­ sien is a former president of a City of Resolved, That a copy of this memorial brzuski, O.S.P., who is 65 years old, cele­ Hope Chapter, Beverly Drivers, a mem­ shall be spread upon the journals of the brated his 40th annivesary as a priest ber of the Friars Club, a member of the House of Representatives and Senate of the and his 40th anniversary of service to Attorney General's Advisory Council, a State of Florida and copies shall be for­ people of all faiths on March 30, 1974. recipient of the B'nai Brith Akiba Award, warded to the President of the United Mr. Speaker, it is most appropriate and one of the founders of the Physicians States, the President of the United States with Polish Constitution Day a recent Support Group of the Medical School of Senate, the Speaker of the United States memory that we recognize Father Zem­ the Technion Institute in Israel. In 1968, House of Representatives, and to each mem­ brzuski's great contribution to the fabric Mr. Massien also received a nomination ber of the Florida delegation to the United of American culture and heritage. to the American College of Hospital Ad­ States Congress. ministrators. As a member of the Hollywood Wil­ shire Lodge 11-11 B'nai B'rith for the REV. MICHAEL ZEMBRZUSKI AND A TRffiUTE IN MEMORIAM TO past 27 years, Mr. Massien has personi­ THE SHRINE OF OUR LADY OF PATROLMAN GEORGE A. FREES fied the high standards set by this group. His laudable record is ample proof of a CZESTOCHOWA career of service to the community and HON. JAMES R. GROVER, JR. his fellow man. Sanford Massien will re­ HON. EDWARD G. RIESTER, JR. OF NEW YORK <:eive the "Man of the Year" award for OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 1973, but it is indicative of his many IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES years of dedication and work for the wel­ Wednesday, May 8, 1974 Wednesday, May 8, 1974 fare of others. Mr. GROVER. Mr. Speaker, the House Mr. BmSTER. Mr. Speaker, I would of Representatives last week passed leg­ like to call the attention of our col­ islation which acknowledges the cour­ leagues to the Very Reverend Michael M. ageous and faithful service of our men in .FLORIDA LEGISLATURE CALLS ON Zembrzuski-a man who came to the CONGRESS blue by providing survivors' benefits United States in 1951 with $36 in his where a policeman's life is lost in the line pocket and a dream. of duty. The dream was to inspire the Polish­ This legislation was long overdue and HON. C. W. BILL YOUNG American community of the United although his survivors may not benefit OF FLORIDA States to build an American Jasna Gora, from it, it was my memory of the tragic :IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES a sister to the Shrine of J asna Gora lo­ loss of the George A. Frees family that Wednesday, May 8, .,974 cated in the city of Czestochowa, Poland. impelled me to support the legislation For centuries, the shrine has been the with enthusiasm. Mr. YOUNG of Florida. Mr. Speaker, spiritual capitol of the Polish people and ·one of the long-standing veterans prob­ This week, hundreds of people will lems facing the Congress has been the the Polish Nation. gather at the Colonie Hill in Hauppauge, The Shrine of Jasna Gora in Poland L.I., New York, to do homage to the first need to provide for additional national has always been an inspiration to the of Suffolk County's 1,000 man police de­ cemeteries so that the current severe Polish people, the overwhelming major­ shortage of space is alleviated. Last year partment to give his life in performance we passed the National Cemeteries Act, ity of whom are devout Roman Catholics. of his duty. transferring responsibility for all na­ In 1966 a miracle occurred in the Mr. Speaker, I submit for the RECORD tional cemeteries from the Department United States that received national and the comments of Chic Pizzurro, president international attention and acclaim. of the Patrolman George A. Frees Me­ of Defense to the Veterans Administra­ A large segment of the Polish-Amer­ tion and directing the VA to submit a morial Fund: report to the Congress on the develop­ ican community in the United States had A TRIBUTE IN MEMORrAM TO PATROLMAN ment of the new National Cemetery rallied around the Reverend Michael GEORGE A. FREES Zembrzuski with money and support. On On a cold drab day, April 6, 1971, a call System. October 16, 1966, the American Jasna was put in about a disturbance in Am1tyv1lle. The need for new national cemeteries Gont-the National Shrine of Our Lady A patrol car with two pollee officers an­ in Florida has long been critical, and of Czestochowa--was dedicated as the swered the call. They were Ptl. George A. I have introduced legislation to provide Shrine of Poland's Millennium of Chris­ Frees and Ptl. W1lliam Staub. for national cemeteries in the central tianity-966 to 1966-and as a monument When they approached. the driveway a west coast area. As further evidence of to Christianity on the free soil of Amer­ shotgun blast went through the windshield the continued importance of this need, I and hit Ftl. Frees in the neck kUling him ica by John Cardinal Krol, in the pres­ instantly. A second shot was fired wounding have just received a copy of House Me­ ence of the President of the United Ptl. Staub and in spite of his wound he called morial No. 2277, approved by the Florida States, Lyndon Johnson, and more than for assistance. The cars responding were then Legislature during its regular session 135,000 people. also fired upon. 1974, requesting the U.S. Congress and This event served to reinforce and re­ Ptl. George A. Frees died in the line of the Veterans Administration to provide affirm the traditional links between the duty, becoming the first patrol officer in cemeteries for veterans in central and Suffolk County to be sla.in 1n the twelve years Polish and American people which have of its existence. south Florida. The text of the memorial existed since the days of George Wash­ follows: The citizens of Suffolk County joined to­ ington and the American Revolution. gether to assist with the problems of Mrs. HoUSE MEMORIAL No. 2277 Annually more than 600,000 people Frees and her three chUdren. With the help (A memorial requesting the United States come to Doylestown, Pa., to visit the of the news media, and the radio stations, a Congress and the Veterans Administration shrine-to pray and to enjoy or partici­ memorial fund was created to aid not only to provide cemeteries for veterans in cen­ the Frees famUy but all the widows and tral and south Florida) pate in a full calendar of religious, civic, children of other police officers who are slam Whereas, the people of Florida sincerely cultural, and ecumenical events. The or permanently disabled in the line of duty. appreciate the sacrlftces of Florida veterans shrine is a place for spiritual fulf:lllment One can see that whenever a dreadful in times of war and peace, and and human renewment, but it is also a event like thls takes place, citizens from all Whereas, veterans are entitled to a final repository of Polish culture and tradition walks of life rally and help in the splrit and May 8, 1974 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 13839 the good nature that we Americans seem forward to owning their own home has of the individuals involved in a. particular to possess. gone a-glimmering. And this is now the case. The Patrolman George A. Frees Memorial case in many places. These rules, no less than the law itself Fund 1s unique because it 1s the first of its or the Constitution, ca.nnme quarters to federalize the work­ mittee ally, I offer an article from the in Kansas City, since he spends his "vaca­ men's compensation program, I list be­ American Legion's Missouri Legionnaire, tions" in St. Barthelemy Island in the French low a resolution on this subject as ap­ Show Me, of February 1974, written by West Indies. proved by the American Bar Association Jack Sanders, Department Americanism William Hecht, who handles Internal Secu­ House of Delegates in February 1974: Chairman: rity Committee matters for !chord, was re­ AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION: SECTION OF IN• ported by the Kansas City Star as saying SURANCE, NEGLIGENCE, AND COMPENSATION .ABOLISHMENT OF HOUSE COMMITTEE ON !chord will not sit st111 for putting internal LAW INTERNAL SECURITY security under the Judiciary Committee. The Resolved, That the American Bar Associa­ For years--ever since it was the Dies Com­ comment also was that !chord said his ego tion reaffirms its position that our Work­ mittee--the Communist Party has been try­ does not require the committee chairman­ men's Compensation systems remain there­ ing to abolish the House Committee on Un­ ship, and that his family would be happy sponsib111ty of the several states, opposing American Activities, now known as the House to have some other person do the work. The federal legislation that would infringe upon Committee on Internal Security. assignment has brought "considerable har­ state systems, and that the states be given You wm remember that in San Francisco assment which has been unpleasant." This every encouragement to effect any neces­ in May of 1960, during House Committee on would indicate to the writer that Dick sary improvements in their own statutes; Un-American Activities hearings into Com­ !chord is sacrificing an easier public life and Resolved, That the American Bar Associa­ munist activity and inflltration in Northern perhaps richer rewards, for work he considers tion supports the creation by each state or California, misbehavior of witnesses and vital. an advisory commission, charged with the re­ spectators occurred. There was mob rioting While "liberal" newspapers such as the spons1bU1ty of studying the Report of the in the rotunda outside the hearing room and Kansas City Star give him little 1n affirmative National Commission on State Workmen's mass picketing of City Hall where the hear­ reviews, !chord's committee, under difficult compensation Laws and recommending to its ings were held. The fracas was filmed by TV pressure, conducted hearings into subversive governor and legislature such changes as are cameras. It was so bad that the Committee influences in riots, looting and burning in essential to modernize that state's Work­ later used the TV films to tllustrate the 1968. It conducted the all-important investi­ men's Compensation Law and the admin­ tactics of disruption in a :fUm entitled, gations of the Students For A Democratic istration thereof; "Operation Abolition." You wtll also remem­ Society (of which Hayden, husband of Jane Resolved, That the American Bar Associa­ ber that more recently in Chicago more civil Fonda, was a founder), the Black Panthers, tion supports the proposition that all state commotion occurred which involved lawyers and revolutionary parties and organizations. Workmen's Compensation Laws be reeval­ trying to disrupt the hearing and demanding !chord went b~i!fore the House on many oc­ uated, commencing on July 1, 1975 (the date abolition of the Committee. casions to warn Congressmen and the coun- established by the National Commission on May 8, 1974 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 13841 State Workmen's Compensation Laws), by a country today of a back to the land move­ in the conversion of farmland to industrial, committee of Workmen's Compensation ex­ ment, if you will, which in my view will commercial or residential purposes. As de­ perts appointed by the President of the Unit­ place tremendous pressures on rural States, velopment surrounds the few farmers hold­ ed States or the Congress. such as Vermont, and all States in this ing on in a growing area, such elements as Union that are located within a stone's taxes and assessments, change rapidly, bring­ throw of major population areas. ing to bear pressures or presenting tempting And we have also learned this, Mr. offers which the owners cannot resist. It is PROTECTING FARMLAND UNDER Chairman. We have learned that when the the supreme irony that these pressures are competition in the market place comes down the greatest around the larger urban areas THE LAND USE PLANNING ACT to competition between the farmer and the where open space is most needed and in forester and the developer, the developer shortest supply. HON. MORRIS K. UDALL . usually wins because he will pay the long During a public hearing in Washington price, and regrettably that has become in this County preliminary to the formation of an OF ARIZONA country in very large respects the bottom agricultural district there, farmer Anthony IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES line. Recent statements of our own Senator Turi spoke as follows: Wednesday, May 8, 1974 George Aiken attest to this. "I am not a native of Cambidge, having Senator Humphrey pointed out that the come to the area from a part of New Jersey Mr. UDALL. Mr. Speaker, the Subcom­ next potential major natural disaster that that has seen a rapid change from a semi­ mittee on the Environment recently con­ this planet may face 1s the scarcity of food, rural environment to a highly developed ur­ cluded 3 days of additional hearings on and yet while reasonable men would agree ban area. Most farmers in the area were with this principle we sit back idly in this forced out of farming, primarily because of the Land Use Planning Act of 1974, H.R. country and we permit every month of every high taxes brought about by the demands 10294. I think these h~arings were help­ year thousands of tillable acres of land to be for more services and schools. Some of the ful and provided a good forum for addi­ converted to nonagricultural uses. Unless we farmers attempted to continue farming, but tional dialog on this legislation. I am develop a mechanism, Mr. Chairman, in the soon found it was impossible and sold out hopeful that some of the fears and mis­ States with some aid and assistance from the to builders and developers. Others prolonged understandings concerning the provisions Federal Government to deal with this prob­ the inevitable by sell1ng a few building Iota of this bill were answered as a result of lem, we have got trouble, and that trouble annually." is spelled with a capital T:· Although many people do not think of these hearings. New York as an agricultural state, it ranks One criticism of this legislation made The State of New York has had similar 14th in the nation in terms of total value by sincere individuals representing ag­ problems and has reacted with what of farm production-$1.1 btllion in 1971- ricultural interests is that this act will seems to be a sensible program of land and farming is the state's largest single in­ be detrimental to agriculture, to the use planning to save farmland. A recent dustry. In every state where similar statistics farmers of this country. This allegation article in Farmland News by Alvin S. abound, farming is the hub of an industrial disturbs me very much and as the spon­ complex which employs thousands of people Fick is an excellent description and anal­ in support firms involved in processing, sor of this bill I want to assure the Mem­ ysis of the New York experience and I packaging, selling and transportation, as well bers of the House that this is simply not submit it for the Members' attention. as in direct services and goods to the farmer. the case. On the contrary, the act en­ The article follows: Food on the table is the most obvious courages the States in their planning to NEW YORK MOVES To SAVE FARMLAND AT THE connection the average citizen has with take into account the significance and LOCAL LEVEL farming, but he is also tied to the land which importance of agricultural, grazing and (By Alvin S. Fick) nourishes him by an intricate economic web. forest lands within their borders. Less easy to measure than dollars on a graph As population increases, preservation of but no less important is the effect on the Although the States are left to develop good farmland for its unique qualities es­ environment of millions of acres of open their own substantive policies, planning sential to the production of crops assumes land. In announcing formation of New York's must focus on our renewable resource more importance. New York state's agricul­ first agricultural district, Commissioner lands on which we depend for future food tural dlstricting law has moved into this relatively unguarded breach, providing the Henry L. Diamond, whose Department of En­ and fiber production. Indeed, the intent means for guidance of the direction of vironmental C1.>nserva tion administers the of section 412(a) (3) of the bill is to as­ growth and the preservation of open land. new program, said, "Healthy and productive sure that participating States do take Under the law, which went into effect farmland leads to a healthy and productive measures to protect these renewable re­ in June 1971, the decision to protect and environment." source lands from development which preserve viable farmland is a local one which The dual role of farming in the production reflects the wishes of the landowners. of food essential to the support of life and would cause a reduction or loss of long the preservation of open space buffers is well range productivity. There is widespread activity across the state in the formation of districts. "Agricul­ understood. For aesthetic, psychological and The simple fact is that prime agricul­ turalness and ruralness are rather fragile," health reasons we need the visual relief from tural land is fast becoming a scarce com­ one Northeastern agriculture spokesman said, cellular urban living. The cleansing effect on modity in this Nation under the con­ "Once gone they seldom return . . . Agri­ our atmosphere of millions of acres of green stant pressure of urban sprawl and fast­ cultural districts can provide the occasion open space is incalculable. buck developments. With the corre­ for rural people to rededicate themselves to Under New York's law, landowners benefit sponding rise in property taxes that often the reasons why they are rural, and to make from a mandate that policies of state agen­ accompanies such developments, farmers this rededication a matter of public record." cies and local governments must encourage Since New York's farmer attitudes differ maintenance of viable farming within the simply cannot afford to remain on the little from those of their Midwestern districts, and shall not unduly restrict agri­ land and farm. For this reason, the Land counterparts, one finds a common ground of cultural practices. A limitation is placed on Use Planning Act would also require sentiment concerning the family farm re­ the power of service districts to impose as­ States to look at their tax structures. vealed in a letter written to New York's sessments and levies. The exercise of emi­ The question is, can we afford, in the Environmental Conservation Department by nent domain is curtailed through a process of face of increasing national and interna­ the West famlly of Cloverlands Farm, Wills­ public accountablility. In addition, farmers boro, N.Y.: in the districts are helped to resist pressures tional food shortages, to let this kind of from land speculation through tax relief irrational nonplanning go on-to allow "As owners and operators of a 300-cow dairy, 1,000 acres (owned and rented land) based on an agricultural assessment ce111ng thousands of acres of farm and forest family farm located within the boundaries which may be applied to land committed to land to be consumed monthly? of one of these proposed districts, we would agricultural use for five years. This point was eloquently made by like to state the following reasons for our Farmers whose land is on the fringe of Gov. Thomas P. Salmon of Vermont in active support of the formation of Agricul­ suburbs may choose to decline making the his testimony during the recent hear­ tural Districts within Essex County: ... As annual commitment to agricultural purposes ings. Governor Salmon's State is primar­ the fourth and fifth generations to own and in order to preserve their speculative options. Inquiries concerning its districtlng pro­ ily rural and agricultural but is vulner­ operate our family farm which dates back to the 1830's, and with three young men who gram received by New York's Department of able to developmental pressures because wish to continue in the West tradition of Environmental Conservation from state of its proximity to large population cen­ dairy farming, we are very anxious to avall agencies across the nation indicate the ters; his experiences are worthy of our ourselves of every means that will enable our groundswell interest in methods of preserv­ attention. Governor Salmon stated: sons to continue on in the business of farm­ ing good farmland. In New York, six basic All of us in this room know that these ing. We feel an Agricultural District would steps are involved in the creation of an United States of America today represent a facilitate in ensuring our sons, and others agricultural district : mobile society. Despite inflation, discre­ Uke them in the county, their right to re­ 1. Landowner submission of application to tionary income is up, and I suggest to you main on the land." county legislative body. that there is discernible evidence ln thls Economic stresses are the largest factor 2. Referral by county legislative body to 13842 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 8, 1974 agricultural advisory committee and county which nourishes him and his family. As on why no officers were indicted, and why planning board. much as the farmer needs a thriving popu­ Sylvester T. Del Corso, former Adjutant Gen­ 3. Public hearing held by county legisla­ lace as a market, even more do those teeming eral of the Ohio National Guard, has recently tive body. millions need him and the land under his refused to comment on the question of who 4. Decision by county legislative body. stewardship. authorized the loading of M-1 rifles. 5. Certification by Department of Environ- Beyond the part played by the Guard, there mental Conservation. · are other curious aspects of the case yet to 6. Final county action. be fully investigated, either by the Justice If no agricultural districting advisory Department or Congressman Don Edward's committee exists, one must be formed pre­ FOUR YEARS AFTER KENT STATE civil rights subcommittee of the House Judi· liminary to the formation of a district. The ciary Committee. To what extent, for in~ committee is made up of four active farmers, stance, was the administrative hierarchy of four agribusinessmen residing within the Kent State University informed of a possible county, and a member of the county leigsla­ HON. CHARLES B. RANGEL decision to suppress the demonstration by tive body who acts as chairman of the com­ OF NEW YORK force? Why did Dr. Robert I. White and Dr. mittee. Certification by Environmental Con­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Robert E. Matson, the university's president servation encompasses determinations made and vice president at the time, go to lunch by the Agricultural Resources Commission Wednesday, May 8, 1974 in the town of Kent immediately after a and the Office of Planning Services. Care 1s Mr. RANGEL. Mr. Speaker, it is now meeting with Assistant Adjt. General Rober~ thus taken to assure that the area to be 4 years, almost to the day, since four H. Canterbury, at which it was decided that districted consists primarily of viable agri­ college students were shot to death and the noon rally on May 4, 1970, would be dis­ cultural land, and affirms that districting persed by troops equipped for combat? In­ of the area is not incompatible with state nine others wounded by Ohio National stead of being on the campus, they were at comprehensive plans and objectives. Guardsmen on the campus of Kent State the restaurant when word came of the The !act that the formation of agricultura.l University. On May 14, 1970, two students shootings. districts in New York is strictly a locally were shot dead by Mississippi highway In 1970, Frank Haas, a guardsman, was in· initiated decision has instllled confidence in patrolmen at Jackson State College. tensely questioned by Federal agents when it the program and generated widespread in­ As a member of the Subcommittee on was discovered that his .45-caliber pistol had terest among rural residents. Speaking edi­ Civil and Constitutional Rights of the been fired, even though he was six miles away torially in The Oonservationtst magazine, from the campus at the time his weapon was Robert Hall stated, ". . . saving farmland House Judiciary Committee that is pres­ used by another guardsman. He was able to !rom development for non-farming purposes ently looking into the matter, I have satisfy the F.B.I. that it certainly was not pos­ is socially desirable, environmentally neces­ pressed for a full investigation to answer sible for him to have used the weapon, but sary, and essential to the production of feed the unanswered questions. why was this vital fact kept secret? It was for our growing population . . . In the final Peter Davies, author of "The Truth not until last October that it was learned analysis, it is the control of land use which About Kent State: A Challenge to the publicly, by The Akron Beacon Journal, that is the heart of the problem. In the metro­ American Conscience" has written an ar­ someone had fired Frank Ha.as's .45 on May 4, politan areas, planning and zoning-the tools 1970. Inevitably, this stunning disclosure di­ ticle which recently appeared in the New rected attention to an odd statement in the of land use control-have come to be ac­ I cepted as a necessity. It is in the rural areas, York Times. After reading the article Justice Department's summary of the F.B.I. where such tools are increa.singly needed, decided to insert it in the CONGRESSIONAL report on the Kent State killings: "The F.B.I. that the strongest opposition exists. RECORD for the information of my col· is currently in possession of four spent .45 "This isn't hard to understand. The self­ leagues. cartridges which came from a weapon not be­ reliance, independence and individualism of FoUR YEARS AFTER KENT STATE, UNANSWERED longing to any person who admitted he fired. the countryman, the product of his way of QUESTIONS The F.B.I. recently obtained all .45's of per­ sons who claimed they did not fire, and is life, are admirable qualities. It is paradoxical (By Peter Davies) that they should also become obstacles to a checking them against spent cartridges." remedy called for by the threat to that way Unlike previous anniversaries of the May 4, The American people stm have not been in­ of life." 1970, shootings at Kent State University, formed of the result of this check, even One of the protections built into the dis­ today's scheduled ceremony on the campus though eight guardsmen have been indicted. tricting law serves to relieve concern for takes place in the aftermath of Federal grand As for the eight guardsmen, I wonder to what may seem to the farmer to be restrictive jury indictments of eight Ohio National what degree their lawyers are going to feel arrangements which modify his traditional Guardsmen and a unanimous United States free to solely represent the interests of their independence. Each district must be reviewed Supreme Court decision that the parents of clients at the expense of the interests of every eight years, and perhaps revised, de­ the four dead students, as well as the nine former state officials. pending on changes within the county. wounded, have the right to sue Ohio officials Gov. John J. G1lligan of Ohio recently over­ Farmer acceptance of these assurances is and Guard officers for having violated the ruled his attorney general and ordered the reflected in the formation of more than 110 students' civil rights. state to pay the legal expenses of the indicted districts. Largest of these is one encom­ It is the first anniversary that is not guardsmen. It is difficult to see how their passing 58,146 acres in Montgomery County. marred by clouds of cover-up and injustice. lawyers, depending upon the state for their One area includes the second largest muck­ But what do the eight indictments mean in fees, can disregard the high stakes involved land in the United States (only the Florida terms of over-all responsib111ty for what hap­ when it comes to the responsibllity for what pened at Kent State four years ago? happened at Kent State. Everglades is larger), famous for its onions, None of the guardsmen alleged by the celery, lettuce, potatoes, corn, spinach, grand jury to have "w1llfully" assaulted and The local coverup of 1970 was effectively radishes and pumpkins-$20 million in an­ intimidated the students held ranks higher conducted by James A. Rhodes, then Gov­ nual agricultural output. Many others are at than that of sergeant, and none are accused ernor of Ohio, and the National Guard of• various stages in the 6-step formation proce­ of having ordered the shooting or of firing ficers, Major General Del Corso and Brigadier dure. In addition, the Cooperative Extension the first shot that triggered the thirteen­ General Canterbury. This was nationally sus­ Service estimates that lanaowners m mor6 second volley of fatal gunfire. tained by the 1971-72 decisions of former than 200 towns are considering the formation Was there an order to fire? Who bears ulti­ United States Attorneys General John N. of agricultural districts. mate responsib111ty for issuing live ammuni­ Mitchell and Richard G. Kleindienst, against Speaking out at a public hearing, Chester tion to the hundred or so soldiers sent out to permitting a Federal grand jury to hear the Hardt, 141st District Assemblyman, said, break up a lawful rally? Was the shooting case. "The time has come for all of us to recognize the result of some kind of decision reached The local cover-up was evident in the selec­ that urban penetration cannot be allowed to at the state, or even the national level, in the tion of Seabury Ford as one of the state's continue unchecked, with arrogant disregard context of a natural White House desire to special prosecutors for the Ohio grand jury for our precious land resources. We have to put a lid on campus demonstrations against in Portage County, which exonerated the begin to promote the essential concept of President Nixon's decision to support the guardsmen and indicted 25 students on vari­ the compatlbllity of both urban and agri­ South Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia? ous counts. Mr. Ford. once a member of the cultural growth, realize the basic interde­ These questions, and more of a speclfio same guard unit involved in the shootings, pendence of the two, and work towards a nature, have not been answered sequently, told a newsman that the guardsmen "should realistic compromise between farming and the indictment of eight low-ranking guards­ have shot all the troublemakers." non-farming interests." These precepts ap­ men calls to mind the Watergate burglars When Elliot L. Richardson, as Attorney: ply to the larger farming areas as well a.s to and how their indictments and convictions General, reopened the investigation of the the more populous states where the urban­ left such an abundance of haunting ques­ Kent State incident last year, it culminated rural problem is more acute. tions that were not answered until James W. in the indictments. Nevertheless, the burn­ The city dweller tends to equate the rural McCord Jr. wrote his famous letter and John ing question on this fourth anniversary is a in visions of rolling green hllls and fields, Dean appeared before the Senate Watergate remarkable refiection of the same question of bosky dells and wooded slopes, perhaps Committee. left unanswered by the trial of the Watergate all too infrequently recognizing that the It is possible that when the trial of the burglars: Who set the wheels in motion that countryside also is the source of the food eight gets under way some light will be shed led to the crime and why? May 8, 1974 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 13843

THE CRISIS OF FEAST TO FAMINE: WE'RE RUNNING OUT OF WHEAT I Hard Red Spring-Used in rolls and also as WILL BREADLINES REPLACE THE The U.S. is running out of wheat! Impos­ a bread wheat blend. GASLINES? AMERICA'S BAKERS sible I We produce three times more wheat Here is the USDA's latest supply projec- than we consume. But here are the USDA's tion for each class: ANALYZE THE WHEAT SUPPLY Hard Red Winter 1______-23.0 SITUATION own figures through February 3, 1974. Read Soft Red Winter______'em and weep American consumers- 6.3 9.2 U.S. wheat supply and demand situation White ------­ Durum ------2.8 HON. ROBERT A. ROE [Wheat (1973-74 Crop Year)] Hard Red Spring______67.4 OF NEW JERSEY Mtllions 2 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of bushels Total ------62.7 Supply (as of Feb. 3, 1974) :1 Wednesday, May 8, 1974 1 In mUUons of bushels a.s of February 1, Carryover July 1, 1973------­ 488 1974. Mr. ROE. Mr. Speaker, the exporting Crop 1973------1, 711 2 Exports of flour and other products wm of wheat, particularly since the Russian Inaports ------­ 1 amount to an estimated 50 mlllion bushels, wheat deal, has been a crucial matter ---- leaving an insignifiMnt carryover. 1Xdal supplY------2,150 of deep concern to all of us and there We calculate the necessary carryover for is no question that the ever-spiraling Domestic disappearance (as of Feb. the second quarter of 1974 at 250 to 300 mn­ prices of basic food staples, and partic­ 3, 1974) ;1 Uon bushels. This will provide an adequate amount for production processes and the ularly wheat, which has long been con­ Food ------­ 532 sidered a staff of life, must be curtailed. 80 transportation pipeline from farmer, to mil­ Seed ------­ ler, to baker. In your opening statement to our sec­ Feed ------160 ond session of Congress, Mr. Speaker, The huge prospective deficit for hard red 772 winter is especially ominous. It means we face you stated: the real possibility of a bread blackout. That The administration kept wheat export Balance left for export______1,378 23 mllllon bushels would produce over 1.2 subsidies at artificially high levels in July billions pounds of bread-enough to feed the and August 1972 even while massive wheat Exports (as of Feb. 3, 1974) : entire country for more than a month. sales to•Russia were being consummated ... Exports shipped 1 ______814.7 $7 BILLION IN ADDED COSTS TO CONSUMERS The Department of Agriculture took millions Exports unshipped1 ______514.2 In 1972, Americans paid $125 billion for of acres of wheatland out of production at Estimated wheat exports as fiour the same time that they were negotiating food. In 1973, our total food bill jumped $14 and other products ______50.0 billion to $139 billion. 3ary L. Seevers, the the huge Russian wheat deal ... Members agricultural expert on the Council of Eco­ of the House are now hard at work on Total destined for export__ 1,378.9 nomic Advisers, has estimated that "perhaps legislation to assure that should further Carryov.er July 1, 1974 (deficit)_ (0.9) grain sales be arranged, the abuses we have half of the acceleration in food prices could 1 Statistical Reporting Service U.S.D.A. be attributed to factors associated with the experienced in the past will not be repeated. worldwide boom in export demand." Thus the Legislation is indeed needed now. Our Unless the government takes immediate export binge has cost the American consumer action there could be no bread on our tables $7 billion from his frayed pocket in 1973. congressional efforts with the adminis­ for up to four weeks this spring. tration which I have participated in over THE USDA'S "NO WIN" POLICY FOR AMERICAN No hamburger buns. CONSUMERS the past 2 years to recognize the serious­ No rolls for hot dogs at the ballgames. ness of this growing problem and take No bakery snacks for children. Despite the stark, overwhelming evidence administrative action to resolve same No birthday cakes. of an impending wheat shortage USDA has have gone by the wayside. In the absence And no pizza. no idea how much wheat will be needed to of definitive action by the administra­ These are the USDA's own figures. We are assure an adequate domestic supply until not alone in reaching this conclusion with the new crop is harvested late this spring and tion, as you know, I have introduced summer. Moreover, USDA maintains it has considerable legislation seeking a legis­ their figures. Frederick Uhlmann, head of the Chicago Board of Trade, also projects a zero no responsibility to assure an adequate do­ lative remedy to the continuing short­ total CS\rryover. Yet USDA cUngs to the of­ mestic supply of wheat. USDA believes its ages crises that are delving into many of fl.cial rl.ction of a 178 milllon bushel carry­ only responsibility is to provide a free and our country's critical materials supplies over. open market for buyers and sellers. This may and causing foreign invasion of our Na­ be classic theory but in reallty, it means in­ FROM SURPLUS TO DEFICIT-THE EXPORT dividual American buyers must bid against tion's economic security. My most recent BINGE the state monopolies of Russia, China and legislative action dealing specifically At the end of the 1971-72 crop year, the other countries, some of whom can buy on with the wheat situation was to join with U.S. had a wheat carryover of 863 naillion generous American credit terms as the Soviet Congressman TIERNAN of Rhode Island bushels, and at the end of the 1972-73 crop Union did in 1972. It's an exciting game­ and others in a bill establishing a Na­ year it was 438 million bushels. Yet today we but the American consumer loses most of the tional Wheat Council and providing for are projecting the smallest wheat carryover time. The USDA policy amounts to nothing a wheat export marketing stamps pro­ in 25 years. How did we get here from there? more than Russian roulette with the Ameri­ gram to regulate the price of wheat in The answer begins with the Soviet wheat can grain supply. order to stabilize food prices-the New York Times, Apr. 3, 1974) supply 1s exhausted, so they can sell it for ments until after July 1. OIL BILLIONS FOR THE FEW-SAND FOR THE whatever the traffic wm bear, like the Mid­ Third, the government should review STARVING dle East oil sheiks. If this occurs, dollar a loaf planned concessional sales and donations bread could look cheap. under the PL 480 program to determine (By Chester L. Cooper) Third, there 1s no evidence the export which ones could be postponed without caus­ WASHINGTON .-By the grace of Allah, a stretch-out strategy is paying off. Actual ex­ ing undue hardship in foreign lands. few Middle Eastern nations have become rich ports are continuing at a high level. The an­ Finally, 1f these methods do not yield the beyond even the wildest dreams of the fa­ nounced Soviet deferral was relatively small, necessary assured domestic supply, the Sec­ bled potentates of ancient Araby. Through and has been offset by other sales and ship­ retarys of Commerce and Agriculture should little effort of their own, 55 m111ion people­ ments. If the Department knows how many move under the Export Administration Act of or, more accurately, their leaders--of Saudi bushels can be saved for domestic use by this 1969, to establish an export licensing sys­ Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, Iraq, Abu Dhabi, Qat­ method over the next five months, it has an tem. This should be combined with an 1m­ ar and Libya "earned' '$16 billion in 1973 and obligation to come forward and tell the Amer­ mediate announcement that 1973-74 U.S. are expected to "earn" almost $65 billion ican people. For if it cannot, then the Amer­ wheat is "sold out" and that no additional this year. The spice trade was but salt and ican economy wm truly have been burned far export licenses will be granted for sale of pepper compared with commerce in black worse than Secretary of the Treasury George such wheat. This would allow most exist­ gold. Shultz knew last September, when he ac­ ing contracts to be filled, but permit the gov· The roll of the dice and the leaders' greed knowledged that we had gotten "burned" in ernment to adjust actual shipments as nec­ have combined to raise havoc with the en­ the Soviet wheat deal. essary to provide an adequate wheat supply ergy-intensive, interdependent economies of (Rubbing salt in our wounds, the Russians for American consumers. Western Europe, Japan and the United States have now indicated they might sell us back We believe a combination of these actions and to jeopardize the development prospects some of our own wheat, to ease the shortage wm succeed in keeping bread on the Ameri­ of scores of countries in Mrica, Latin Amer­ USDA created, but not at the price we sold can table this spring. But obviously, these are ica. and Asia. Because of quantum jumps in it to them, at the going market price-a gi­ emergency measures. They should not be re­ oil prices, worldwide lnfiation is sharply ac­ gantic profit for the Soviet Union!) peated year after year. In the future we must celerating. International monetary arrange­ Nothing could more perfectly lllustrate the have better planning and a long range policy ments, chronically fragtle in the most stable folly of USDA's unlimited export policy. Only for allocation of our wheat between domestic of times, are under severe stress. The specter through gross mismanagement could the needs and foreign markets. of a worldwide depression is becoming an too United States, which produces nearly three Unless USDA acts, and acts quickly, there real. times more wheat than we consume, reach may be a bread shortage or no bread in Meanwhile, life goes on, at least for some-­ a position where we are dependent on the America this spring and summer. People may the lucky ones whose only urgent need is oil. good wm of foreign governments for the have to stand in line for a loaf of bread, at But milUons of Africans are facing another, maintenance of our wheat supply. much higher prices, the way they now wait more terrifying crisis. They are dying of President Nixon has established a national in line to buy gasoline. thirst and hunger. Unknown thousands have goal of energy independence by 1980. We be­ Bread shortages and empty bakery shelves perished over the last year and scores of lieve it is just as important that the United can be avoided. If there is enough wheat thousands have fied from baked fields and States be independent of foreign nations for there wm be enough bread. But the Agri­ destroyed herds to rot slowly away in unfa­ our supply of basic foods which we produce culture Department gives us nothing but miliar, frightening cities. in abundance. All our mechanical energy wm words. We can't bake words and Americans On his return recently from the sub­ be of little value 1f our people lack essential can't eat words. Inaction now will mean Sahara region of Africa, Secretary-General food energy in their diet. breadlines later. Waldheim of the United Nations was aghast Wheat is the largest single source of human at what he had witnessed. "Peoples and energy, accounting for more than 15 percent countries could disappear from the face o! of our requirements. In contrast, beef sup­ OIL MONEY AND THE POOR the map," he said. "This region has not seen such a. disaster in two centuries." pltes only half of wheat's energy contribu­ The international community, or rather a t1on-(7.4o/o). Paradoxically, while the Food HON. HENRY B. GONZALEZ part of 1t has not remained unconcerned. and Drug Administration has just acted to Approximately $350 m1llion in aid-food, OF TEXAS make bread more nutritious by increasing its money and services (not including airlifts)­ B vitamin and calcium content, the USDA is IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES have been contributed to the stricken coun­ following a policy which threatens to remove Wednesday, May 8, 1974 tries of Senegal, Mali, Mauritania, Chad, bread from our stores. Thus, the Federal Gov­ Niger and Upper Volta. Of this, the Unlted ernment gives with one hand, and takes away Mr. GONZALEZ. Mr. Speaker, every­ States, despite domestic problems, has con­ with the other. one in this country realizes the awesome tributed more than a third. The European May 8, 1971, EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 13845 Economic Community, racked by balance-of­ interests of a Member and of his prin­ leaving a net Federal tax payment of $8,- payment problems and infta.tion, has con­ cipal assistants, which might conceiv­ 429.00. Of a. total income of $39,132.08 2 in tributed slightly less than a third. ably involve, or appear to involve, any 1973, 26.8 percent was paid in State and The United Nations and its subsidiaries, Federal taxes. not including the Food and Agriculture conflict of interest. Closely related to Additionally, during 1973, I incurred ex­ •Organization, has given approximately 7 personal financial disclosure is the Fed­ penses incidental to my omce in the total per ;!ent. The F.A.O. has provided separate eral Election Campaign Act of 1971 amount of $13,641.27 of which only $7,- assistance, largely :from American and Euro­ which imposed limitations on campaign 728.40 was reimbursed. pean contri".>utions. France, West Germany, communications and media spending Mr. Speaker, in addition to this data, Canada., China, Nigeria. and the Soviet Union and established a series of recordkeep­ have made up the remainder. I would add that although I made ap­ ing and disclosure requirements further­ proximately 50 trips to the 26th Congres­ On rereading the roster of contributors, ing the objectives of deterring potential one has the feeling that it must be incom­ sional District in New York during 1973 plete. Are there not some countries missing? conflicts of interest and minimizing the and appeared before more than 100 Some of the very rich perhaps? Some Mos­ influence of special interests. groups, I received no honorariums. lem countries, since most of the stricken In the present Congress, campaign people south of the Sahara are also Moslems? spending and financing is again an issue Some fellow African countries, possibly? We of concern, as we continue to seek appro­ had better review the omcial data. priate means by which to assure equal Strictly speaking, three countries were ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-FIVE overlooked: Libya contributed $760,ooo-­ access to elected public office and to elim­ MEMBERS FROM 48 STATES HAVE from the $2.2 bi111on it collected in oil reve­ inate the high costs of campaign fi­ nancing which have made aspiring pub­ COSPONSORED RARICK'S BILL TO nues last year. Kuwait contributed $300,ooo-­ ALLOW A TAX DEDUCTION FOR from the $2.130 billion of its oil earnings in lic officials vulnerable to special inter­ ADOPTION EXPENSES 1973. But what of Saudi Arabia, which earned ests. twice as much as Libya? Not a dollar 1n 1973, I am committed to the objective of and only $2 million so far this year. And Iraq, which earned as much as eliminating such conflicts of interest, as HON. JOHN R. RARICK Kuwait? Not a. penny. Abu Dhabi, which a cosponsor of the Anderson-Udall "Clean Elections Act of 1973." OF LOUISIANA earned over $7 b1llion, or about $23,000 for IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES every one of its inhabitants? Nothing. And Full public disclosure by Members of Qatar, which earned almost $400 mtllion, or Congress of their finances is not required Wednesday, lYiay 8, 1974 about $2,600 per capita? Zero. Bahrain? Zero. by law; House Members being required Algeria? Another zero. And what of Iran, with Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, today I almost $4 billion in oil revenues tn 1973 and only to file with the House Committee reintroduced legislation which would $15 b1llion projected for this year? A further on Official Standards of Conduct a. form allow taxpayers a personal income tax zero. listing business interests. I am, therefore, deduction for expenses incurred in the Altogether, then, the Middle Eastern oil­ taking this opportunity to further dis­ adoption of a child. exporting nations have contributed less than close the following of my financial in­ A total of 125 Members, representing 1 per cent of the total aid to the starving terests, aside from the annual salary I 48 of the 50 States-with the exception people south of the sahara. receive as a Member, in recognition that of Delaware and Vermont--have joined This is not to say tha. t they remained en­ the public confidence entrusted to me in tirely aloof. Not at all. They raised the price me in cosponsoring this much needed of oil, not only for the rich industrial coun­ public office imposes a responsibility to legislation. tries but for the desperately poor ones as make public pertinent information con­ I am encouraged by this widespread, well. As a. consequence, virtually all of the cerning my personal assets and liabllt­ bipartisan support that this bill (H.R. American financial assistance to the stricken ties: 1858) has generated in the House. countries of sub-Sahara Africa will be ab­ FINANCIAL STATEMENT Existing law allows a tax deduction sorbed by the increased cost of their oil im­ 1. My sources of income, apart from my for certain medical expenses connected ports--a. "contribution" by the oil exporters Congressional salary: $410.00 1 from the "26th with the birth of a child. It is only right to the needy that should not go unnoticed. Club," an account for unrestricted, nonpolit­ To be sure, the Arab League, with all de­ icn.l contributions for the reimbursement of that the Congress act to extend similar Ubera.te speed, has been discussing easing the travel expenses beyond those officially al­ tax advantages to those people who seek borrowing terms and doubling to about $400 lowed by the Congress. to provide a home and family for chil­ million, the capital of the Arab Bank for Eco­ 2. The identity of my creditors for all un­ dren through legal adoption. nomic Development in Africa.. And there has secured indebtedness: Empire National Bank, Adoption expenses could run as high been talk of preferential oil prices for some Middletown, New York. as $1,000 or more for an adoption ar­ of the developing countries and some desul­ S. The sources of all reimbursements for ranged through a private agency and tory discussion of eventually doing some­ expenditures other than from the U.S. Gov­ thing about the famine. But, meanwhile, by $800 for an independent adoption. Even ernment: $410.00 from the 26th Club for through a public agency which does not the grace of Allah, the oil flows out and the transportation (previously noted in item billions flow in. And life goes on, for some. charge for their services, attorney fees No. 1). could cost adoptive parents $450 or more. 4. Identity of all stocks, bonds and other Adoption expenses consist of legal fees, securities owned outright or beneficially: social agency costs which may include (a.) Mortgagee on Hare Premises and Dl­ FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE akopolos Premises in the City of Middletown, medical care of the natural mother and STATEMENT New York. infant, court costs, and the costs of mak­ (b) 25 shares of Equitable Gas Company, ing the necessary social studies to insure held in trust for my children. that the ch!ld is placed in the correct HON. BENJAMIN A. GILMAN 5. Identity of all business entities and home. foundations in which a. position is main­ The general range of adoption expenses OF NEW YORK tained as a. director, officer, partner, or in parallels the cost of medical costs of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES which service is performed in an advisory of childbirth. While birth expenses are Wednesday, May 8, 1974 managerial capacity: I am on leave from the usually covered by some form of insur­ law firm of Gilman, Gilman & Goldstein, ance or are tax deductable, adoption ex­ Mr. GILMAN. Mr. Speaker, I am Esqs., of Middletown, New York. I have not pleased to join my colleagues in the New practiced law since becoming a. Member of penses are not. York State Delegation to Congress, in Congress and I do not receive any income Since many middle- and low-income providing data concerning my financial from that firm. My wife, Jane Prizant Gil­ families who may want to adopt a baby status for 1973. Financial disclosure by man, continu.es to be an active, practicing are unable to afford to pay these high public officials is a matter of growing partner in that firm. expenses, thousands of children remain public concern in the interest of assuring 6. In 1973, my total income tax liability homeless. the integrity of those who hold positions (State and Federal) was $10,490.16 of which $2061.00 was paid to the State of New York. 2 While a. Member's authorized annual sal­ of public trust. Federal taxes in the amount of $9,027.16 were ary is $42,500, the first-year income of a Recognizing this concern, Congress, withheld, including an overpayment of $598, Member ts $38,722.08 based on payments from. time to time, has addressed itself from January 3rd to November 30th, 1973. to the issue of financial disclosure. In 1 Income of the 26th Club was included in The payment of salary for December, since 1968, the House adopted rule 44, re­ gross income for tax purposes with offsetting it was not paid until January 1st, 1974, will quiring the disclosure and filing of those business expense deductions. be reported as 1974 income. 13846 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 8, 1974 The Child Welfare League of America Mississippi: David Bowen, G. V. Mont- REPRESENTATIVE LEHMAN SPEAKS estimates that there are approximately gomery. ON FEDERAL DIRECTORS IN EDU· 190,000 children in foster homes and in­ Missouri: Gene Taylor, Bill Burlison. Montana: John Melcher. CATION stitutions who have not been placed in Nebraska: Charles Thone. permanent homes. Nevada: David Towell. Adoption costs are one of the big fac­ New Hampshire: James Cleveland. HON. IKE F. ANDREWS tors in determining whether or not a New Jersey: Henry Helstoski, John Hunt. OF NORTH CAROLINA child continues as a ward of the State or New Mexico: Manual Lujan, Harold Run- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES finds a welcome home and family en­ nels. Wednesday, May 8, 1974 vironment. New York: Thaddeus Dulski, Hamilton At the present time, these thousands Fish, Frank Horton, Jack Kemp, Otis Pike, Mr. ANDREWS of North Carolina. Mr. of children who are in public institu­ Bertram Podell, Charles Rangel, Angello Ron­ Speaker, recently my colleague on the calla, Lester Wolff. Education and Labor Committee, Mr. tions and foster homes represent a fi­ North Carolina: David Henderson, Wilmer nancial drain on society. They must be Mizell, Walter Jones, Charles Rose. LEHMAN, was invited to speak before a supported through public funds or char­ North Dakota: Mark Andrews. joint session of the Florida House and ity. Ohio: Wayne Hays, William Minshall, Don- Senate Education Committees on Fed­ My proposal would help ease this fi­ ald Clancy, Tennyson Guyer, Walter Powell. eral directions in several areas of educa­ nancial responsibility of the taxpayer, Oklahoma: Happy Camp. tion. Oregon: Wendell Wyatt. I am inserting the text of his remarks while at the same time offering homes Pennsylvania: Daniel Flood, John Ware, to homeless children. for the attention and interest of my Lawrence Williams. colleagues: I originally introduced the adoption Rhode Island: Fernand St Germain. bill in the 92d Congress and again early South Carolina: Mendel Davis, Edward SPEECH BY REPRESENTATIVE LEHMAN in the first session of this Congress with Young, James Mann. It's a great pleasure and honor for me to 57 cosponsors. South Dakota: Frank Denholm, James be here this evening, and I appreciate very I am greatly encouraged by the wide Abdnor. much this opportunity to explain some of the Tennessee: Ed Jones, John Duncan, directions Congress is taking in the areas of range of support this bill has received in Richard Fulton, LaMar Baker, Joe Evins, community education, bilingual education, this Congress. James Qulllen. consolidation of educational programs, and The cosponsors represent a cross sec­ Texas: Omar · Burleson, Miss Barbara the guaranteed student loan program. tion of the country, conservatives and Jordan, James Collins, Olin Teague, Henry I would like to begin with community edu­ liberals, Republicans and Democrats, Gonzales, Robert Price. cation, as this is a subject that interests me whites and blacks. The diversity of the Utah: Gunn McKay. greatly, and is one in which I have seen some congressional backers indicates to me Virginia: Tom Downing, Kenneth Robin­ personal success in promoting at the Federal son, David Satterfield. level. that there is an increased awareness on Washington: Floyd Hicks, Mike Mc­ As you may know, both the House and the part of Congress of· the need to help Cormack, Mrs. Julia Butler Hansen, Thomas Senate versions of the omnibus education ease the plight of orphaned and home­ Foley. bill include provisions for community edu­ less children in this country. West Virginia: Ken Hechler. cation funding by the Federal government. With this broad base of support, I feel Wisconsin: Harold Froehlich. H.R. 69, the House version, contains the certain that the Committee on Ways and Wyoming: Teno Roncalio. "Community Education Development Act," Means will be inclined to act favorably Guam: Antonio Won Pat. which I authored. on this legislation. The first year of the program is devoted to H.R. 1858 planning at both the State and Federal level. There is nothing more valuable to a $1 million is authorized for planning grants child than parents who love him and A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code to the states so that the states will have will help him establish roots and a sense of 1954 to allow a deduction from gross in­ concrete understanding of how the program come for social agency, legal, and related of belonging. Our society owes this much expenses incurred in connection with the can best be administered. At the Federal to our children. level, a National Advisory Council on Com­ adoption of a child by the taxpayer munity Education would be established, with I insert a complete list of cosponsors Be it enacted by the Senate and House of of H.R. 1858 and a copy of the bill fol­ responsibility for establishing guidelines and Representatives of the United States of Amer­ regulations for the program. lowing my remarks: ica in Congress assembled, That (a) part Beginning with Fiscal 1976, $12.5 mllllon 1s COSPONSORS OF ADOPTION TAX CREDIT Bn.L VII of subchapter B of chapter 1 of the In­ authorized for grants to the states on the Alabama: John Buchanan, Tom Bevill. ternal Revenue Code of 1954 (relating to basis of population for allocation to the local Alaska: Don Young. additional itemized deductions for indi­ educational agencies for the establishment, Arizona: Sam Steiger, John Rhodes. viduals) is amended by redesignating section expansion and improvement of community Arkansas: Blll Alexander. 219 as section 220 and by inserting after education programs, on a matching grant California: Phil Burton, John Rousselot, section 218 the following new section: basis. $15 million is authorized for this pur­ Pete Stark, George Brown, Del Clawson, Wil­ "SEc. 219. Adoption expenses. pose for FY 77. The state educational agen­ lian Ketchum, B. F. Sisk, Ronald Dellums, "(a) ALLOWANCE OF DEDUCTION.-There cies would determine how to allocate the Alphonzo Bell, Mrs. Yvonne Burke, George shall be allowed as a deduction the amount funds to the local educational agencies Danielson, Carlos Moorhead. of any adoption expenses (as defined in sub­ within the state. Colorado: Jim Johnson. section (b)) paid by the taxpayer during the Federal assistance is limited, however, to Connecticut: Mrs. Ella Grasso. taxable year. those local educational agencies receiving Florida: Blll Chappell, Don Fuqua, Louis " (b) DEFINITION .-As used in this section, Title I funds, to determine whether commu­ Frey, Wllliam Lehman. the term 'adoption expenses' means expenses nity involvement in education proves bene­ Georgia: Dawson Mathis, John Flynt, which pertain to the legal adoption of a ficial to those students who are educationally Robert Stephens. child by the taxpayer, and which are in­ disadvantaged. Hawaii: Spark Matsunaga. curred in accordance with applicable State A program of assistance to the State edu­ Idaho: Steve Symms. or Federal laws, including social or adoption cational agencies is also established. In both Illinois: Robert Hanrahan, Morgan Mur­ agency fees, court costs, attorneys' fees, and FY 76 and FY 77, $2.1 million is authorized phy, Tom Railsback, Robert Michel, Melvin other necessary costs and fees in connec­ to strengthen the States' resources in the tion with the adoption of the child. Price. "(c) EXPENSES OTHERWISE ALLOWABLE AS area of community education. No state could Indiana: William Hudnut. receive more than $40,000 in each year. Fur­ DEDUCTION.-No amount which is allowable ther, and this is important for Florida, 1t Iowa: Neal Smith, H. R. Gross. as a deduction under any other provision of Kansas: LaiTy Winn. the Commissioner of Education determines this part shall be allowed as a deduction that the State's resources are already ade­ Kentucky: Romano Mazzoli. under t:his section." Louisiana: John Rarick, David Treen, John quate in this field, these funds may be used (b) The table ef sections for part Vll of for allocation to the local school districts. Breaux, Gillis Long, Mrs. Lindy Boggs, Otto subchapter B of chapter 1 of such Code is Passman, .Joe Waggonner. amended by striking out $2 million is authorized for FY 76 and 77 Maine: Peter Kyros. "Sec. 219. Cross references." for the purpose of training grants, to be Maryland: Lawrence Hogan, Mrs. Marjorie and inserting in lieu thereof awarded by the Commissioner of Educatum Holt, Robert Bauman, Goodloe Byron. "Sec. 219. Adoption expenses. to institutions of higher education. Massachusetts: James Burke, Harold Dono­ "Sec. 220. Cross references.". $200,000 is authorized for a national clear­ hue, Robert Drinan, Paul Cronin. SEc. 2. The amendments made by this Act inghouse on community education for FY 76, Michigan: Robert Huber, Donald Riegle. shall apply only with respect to taxable and each succeeding fiscal year, tor the col­ Minnesota: Bob Bergland, John Zwach. years beginning after December 31, 1972. lection and dissemination of information May 8, 1974 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 13847 on programs in community education around consolidated program would be called the that the State shoulder the addit1onat the nation. Special Projects Act, and $220 mlllion is au­ burden. The chief d11Ierence between the House thorized for it for FY 76, and each of the Mr. Carlucci made three recommendations-~ and Senate bill is that the Senate btll pro­ two succeeding fiscal years. First, an increase of $35 million for Title vides for a system of grants to be made by Bilingual education is another area that VII, to allow the Federal government to the Commissioner of Education directly to has received nationwide attention since the allocate more funds for training, selected the local educational agencies, with no pro­ Supreme Court's recent Lau v Nichols deci­ projects and curriculum development, and vision for matching grants. The bill does pro­ sion, in which the Court held that the fail­ leaving for later the development of a long vide that the Commissioner shall not approve ure of the San Francisco school system to term approach to the problem. any application unless the State educational provide special programs designed to rectify Second, he recommended a budget amend­ agency has been given an opportunity tore­ the English language deficiency of students ment increasing funds available to the Na­ view and comment on such application, how­ of Chinese ancestry who do not understand tional Institute of Education in the amount ever. or speak English, and the failure to provide of $4.5 million for research in bilingual What is left out of the Senate version is, equal access for these students to the school education. briefly this: ( 1) $1 mtllion in planning grants district's instructional programs, is a viola­ Third, he recommended an increase of $5 to the states; and (2) $4.2 million for tion of Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. mlllion above the FY 75 budget request to strengthening state resources in community Questions which were left unanswered by provide technical assistance to school dis­ education. the Court were ( 1) what is the appropriate tricts seeking to come into compliance with I prefer grants going through the State remedy and (2) at what point does the duty the Lau decision. Departments of Education, because I believe to provide bilingual instruction arise. The What is clear out of all of this is that this mechanism assures greater coordination Court remanded the case for the develop­ vastly greater Federal funds are going to be­ among all the various agencies of the State ment of an appropriate remedy. necessary. In FY 73, an average of $310 in. government. This is to be desired in a pro­ On the Federal level, bilingual education Federal project grant funds was spent on gram such as this, where various kinds of funds are provided for by Title VII of the each child participating in a bilingual edu­ expertise are useful, and perhaps necessary. Elementary and Secondary Education Act. cation program supported by Title VII. Since the passage of H.R. 69 by the House, Funds are available, on a project grant basis, Even taking the Office of Education's low and the probability that the Senate version for programs in schools having high concen­ estimate of 1.8 million children in need of wm reach the Senate floor for action in· the trations of low income children. such special services, the Federal Govern­ near future, consolidation has become a mat­ For FY 74, the appropriation for this pro­ ment would have to provide $558 m1llion, ter of considerable interest to a variety of gram is $53 million. In FY 73, the last year more than half a billion dollars, to provide groups, including state legislatures. for which figures are available, 111,000 chil· the same kind of program to all of these chil­ In return for the President's promise to dren participated in the 217 projects funded dren, assuming that the average cost per forward-fund education programs, and in re­ by the Act, through the FY 73 appropriation child remains at $310. sponse to complaints of burdensome and du­ of $35 m1llion. Frankly, I think it's doubtful that you will plicative paperwork, the House, in H.R. 69, 80% of these projects served Spanish see such Federal support. In light of the passed a consolidation plan, which, inciden­ groups only. Altogether, the 217 projects Administration's unwillingness to go beyond tally, the President finds acceptable. Briefly, served a total of 24 language groups. the "demonstration project" kind of program the House consolidation plan would merge While the Office of Education estimates with Title VII, State governments are going Title II of ESEA on libraries, Title III of that there are 5 million children with to have to contribute as well. NDEA on equipment, as well as guidance and English speaking deficiencies, it figures there Lastly, I will address myself to the guaran­ counse111ng, into a new category entitled "Li­ are only 1.8 to 2.5 m1llion children falllng teed student loan program. This has been an brary and Instructional Resources," for which with the mandate of the Lau decision. area of particular concern to the Special $395 million is authorized. H.R. 69 makes several changes in the Education Subcommittee, of which I am a The secondary category, "Support and In­ b111ngual education program. member, which has jurisdiction over higher novation," would consolidate Title m of First, it expands the eligibllity of schools education matters, as well as students, par­ ESEA, on innovative programs, Title V of which can be funded under Title VIII to ents and lending institutions. ESEA, strengthening state departments of include those which do not have high con­ Lenders are faced with problems trying to education, Dropout prevention and School centrations of children from low income convince loan applicants that they can't Health and Nutrition. The authorization for families. However, these schools would only make commitments until other forms are this category is $350 million. become eligible after a finding that the needs processed; the inab1lity of a lender to make a As a result of this consolidation, there of the students in schools with such high loan commitment to a student without concentrations have been met. Criteria for worrying about learning later that only a would be but one allocation to a state instead portion of it can be subsidized; and the work of 8, 1 state plan instead of 5, 2 grants to determining this would be developed by the Oftlce of Education. and costs of collecting interest on non­ local educational agencies instead of 8, and 1 subsidized loans while the student is in application from a local educational agency Second, the Commissioner of Education 1s authorized to make grants to public or non­ school. instead of 8. Parents and students have equally trying In order for this consolidation to occur, profit agencies for the purpose of operating research and demonstration projects, and problems. Often when they seek loans in July the amounts appropriated for the new cate­ and August, they face an application process gories would have to at least equal the aggre­ programs designed to provide pre-service and in-service training for b111ngual teachers. In which often delays receipt of funds until well gate amounts previously appropriated for the past the time tuition is due. several categorical programs. this regard, it is significant to note that the National Education Association estimates Too often, after learning they do not meet In addition, 95% of the funds received by the test for eligibility, students and parents the State under these two categories would that at least 84,500 Spanish-speaking teachers are needed. Obviously, there is also discover that the lending institution is un­ have to be passed along to the local educa­ willing to make them even an unsubsidized tional agencies. a need for teachers with a second language proficiency in other languages as well. loan. The Senate blll, on the other hand, which Last year saw a sizable decrease in both the the President has not found acceptable, con­ Recently, the General Education Subcom­ number of students who received guaranteed tains three consolidations. mittee held several days of oversight hearings loans, and the volume of loans. Many have First, it would consolidate and simplify the on bilingual education. Mr. Frank Carlucci, blamed the needs analysis requirement. paperwork necessary for receipt of federal Undersecretary of Health, Education and Prior to 1972, any student whose adjusted funds. Each state desiring to participate in Welfare, appeared before the Subcommittee family income was below $15,000 could qual­ programs for which federal funds for school at that time. In his statement to the Sub­ ify for interest subsidies. After the effective districts are made available through the committee, he pointed out that under the date of the 1972 amendments, students whose state department of education, would file a Lau decision, local education agencies are adjusted family incomes were greater than single general appllcation. Programs covered obligated to develop affirmative action pro­ $15,000 could also qualify for interest bene­ by such a general application would include grams for dealing with the bilingual problem, fits. Regardless of income, however, each Titles I, II, and III or ESEA, Title III of where it exists. student had to submit to a needs analysis NDEA on equipment, adult education and Mr. carlucci also made plain the Admin­ conducted by the college. The college then vocational education. istration'·s position on what should be the made a recommendation to the lending insti­ Second, the Senate blll would consolidate Federal role in bilingual education. Accord­ tution as to the size of the loan needed by several programs into a new category entitled ing to Mr. Carlucci, lt should be one of re­ the student to meet his or her financial "Assistance to the States for Supplemental, search, testing, and dissemination of educa­ needs. Both the bank ahd the college were Auxtllary and Supportive Educational Serv­ tional approaches, curriculum development given substantial fiexib111ty in the size of the ices." This would include Titles II, III and V and teacher training. He was quite adamant recommendation. of ESEA, Title m of NDEA, and guidance in stating his position that a proper Fed­ But the Congress' attempts to broaden the and counselling. eral role does NOT include the financial sup­ eligib111ty for student loans has backfired. Third, the Senate bill would consolidate port for the actual provision of educational It seems that once the bank and college have most of the discretionary programs at the services. Where a local educational agency determined through the needs analysis that. elementary and secondary level administered 1s fiscally unable to provide the special the student doesn't need a subsidized loan. by the Commissioner of Education. This new educational services, Mr. Carlucci suggests the student ends up with no loan at all. 13848 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 8, 1974 In the meantime, the default rate in scripts covering most of the tapes sought by to part with large sums of money to buy guaranteed student loans ha.s also increased the House Judiciary Committee. time against witnesses "blowing the whistle," from 4.3% in FY 72 to a.n estimated 7.2% In doing so, it should be borne in mind but unw1lling to offer clemency to them be­ at the end of this fiscal year. The House ap­ that our decision to urge him to resign was cause it would not be politically feasible. propriations Committee ha.s approved $30.785 not based upon any determination by The There are other revealing portions in the million to pa.y for increased defaults. Journal that the President had either unlaw­ sea. of words, but one in particular should The House a.nd Senate have sent legisla.· fully engaged in covering up criminal acts or hold meaning from the viewpoint of the tion to the President easing the requirments that there was criminal fraud involved in trust people can put in Nixon. Quoting from that students would have to meet in order his underpayment of nearly a. half-milUon the tapes: to get a. guaranteed student loan. According dollars in his income tax. "Dean: . . . When I say this is a. growing to the b1ll, a. student whose adjusted family The decision was "based upon recognition cancer, I say it for reasons like this. Bud income is less than $15,000 a. year, a.nd who that the President's reputation is now so Krogh, in his testimony before the grand is seeking a. loan no greater than $2,000, seriously stained that his continuation in jury, was forced to perjure himself. He is would not have to submit to a. needs analysis. office presents a burden no longer tolerable haunted by it. Bud said, 'I have not had a Need would be presumed. to the overwhelming majority of the people." pleasant day on my job.' He said, 'I told my Looking a.t the President's budget request The Journal concluded that President wife all about this. The curtain may ring for 1975, the President has asked for a.n Nixon no longer could meet the test of the down one of these days, and I may have to additional $825 milllon for Basic Opportunity "essential need of the people for faith in face the music, which I am perfectly w11ling Grants, a.nd a.n additional $31 million for their elected leader." to do.' subsidies on guaranteed loans and default While avoiding making a determination on "Nixon: What did he perjure himself on, payments. whether he obstructed justice or had fore­ John? On the other hand, the President ha.s rec­ knowledge of criminal acts, we believe the re­ "Dean: Did he know the Cubans. He did. ommended a. decrease of $210 million in sup­ lease of the transcripts must have a strong "Nixon: He said he didn't? plementary opportunity grants and a decrease bearing on how the people feel about the "Dean: That is right. They didn't press of $20 million in college work/study man in the White House. him hard. programs. First, there is the fact that again, in a. "Nixon: He might be able to .... I am Under this request, BOG grants would be fam111ar pattern, President Nixon waited un­ just trying to think. Perjury is an awful available to all students. The average grant til the eleventh hour before responding to hard rap to prove. If he could just say that would be $800, with the maximum grant strong pressures and then fell short of doing I . . . well, go ahead.'' $1400. what he said he would do. It is not what is in these conversations a.s The basic thrust of the Administration's (This from the man who repeatedly has much as what is lacking that wm alienate budget request is toward increased assistance accused his opponents of "dragging out" the Richard Nixon even more with a vast num­ to students, rather than institutions. Watergate investigation for political pur­ ber of citizens and make his position as the A problem which w111 probably be receiving poses.) leading citizen of a stm moral nation more more and more attention as an increasing Once again, he did not respond directly untenable. number of states pass legislation whereby to the House committee, but in a. too-care­ Where is the indignation over the very idea. the age of majority is 18, is who is actually fully staged television appeal asked the pub­ of blackmail? Where is the instant resolu­ financially responsible for the student's edu­ lic to trust him implicitly and to keep him tion to "cut out the cancer" of which Dean cation, and can we look at the parents' finan­ in office because he is essential to our foreign speaks, not because it might grow but just cial situation to determine whether or not polic-y. because it exists? Where is the horror of an the student should receive assistance. (This from the man who time and again honest lawyer over the very idea of perjury As one witness at our hearings testified, has accused his opponents of conducting a rather than contemplation of legal niceties "'It is the student and not the parent who "trial by press and television" rather than which make it a rap that can be beaten? has the prim.a.ry responsib111ty to repay the rightfully letting the law take its course Where is any spark of compassion for a loan which has been borrowed for educa.­ without outside pressures.) faithful servant haunted by a. crime com­ tlona.l purposes. Given this fa.ct, it seems in­ How do these transcripts affect the willing­ mitted to help his leader? .congruous to have the amount of that loan ness of the people to respond to leadership This ts a. different picture of President based on parental resources." from the President in these times of stress? Nixon than most of his followers have clung We will be hearing this more and more, as It is probable that some of the "warts and to. This is not the "law and order" man who students apply for l081ns who a.re, in a. real blemishes" on the tapes of which the Presi­ promised to fight crime of all kinds. This sense, emancipated and therefore not legally dent spoke wm damage him in the eyes of is not the Quaker moralist whose eulogy of dependent on their parents' income. some of his most loyal supporters. The la.n· his former chief, Dwight D. Eisenhower, I'd also like to say a. brief word about guage is often coarse, the descriptions brutal. dwelt upon leadership which swells from Title I funds under H.R. 69. Florida's alloca­ But those who eavesdrop (and in essence great moral fiber and innate honesty. This tion increases to $56,173,000 under H.R. 69, that is what 1s being done as the result of the ts not the campaigner posing a.s the inspira.· from $25,295,000 in actual FY 74 allocations. President's approval of pervasive bugging of tional leader who could "bring us together." That's an increase of close to $31 million, his own offices) should expect and accept No, this is a political creature, caught in and doubles this year's allocation. that. Insiders wlll be aware that Nixon is no a web spun of too great ambition, too self­ worse in this than was President Lyndon B. centered motivation and a grandiose self­ Johnson, who at least was more imaginative image of the indispensable man bedeviled and colorful in his use of scatologic words by evil conspirators seeking to thwart his great accomplishments. TRANSCRIPTS OF PRESIDENTIAL and obscenities. It is the President's contention, however, After the tax revelations, we became con­ CONVERSATIONS that a. study of the tapes will reveal that vinced that the foundations upon which he righteously rejected proposals to cover President Nixon stood had dwindled so up the watergate offenses. greatly he could no longer successfully serve HON. DONALD W. RIEGLE, JR. Again without trying to set what criminal as the nation's leader. OF MICHIGAN guilt might be involved, surely these quota­ How much more true it is one month later that his one remaining saving act of grace is IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tions from the tapes on the "bla.ckma.Uers" do not bear out the impression he seeks to to voluntarily leave the White House to his Wednesday, May 8, 1974 rna.ke: successor. "Nixon: let me put it frankly. I wonder if Mr. RIEGLE. Mr. Speaker, I am in­ that doesn't have to be continued? Let me [From The Wall Street Journal, May 7, 1974] serting in today's REcoRD two important put it this way: Let us suppose you get the THE lli/IAGINABY MEN newspaper editorials. One comes from million bucks and you get the proper way to In our first comments on the presidential the Wall Street Journal of May 7, 1974, handle it. You could handle that side? tapes we remarked that it helps to separate the other from the Flint Journal of May "Dean: Uh-huh. two questions: The general propriety of the 5, 1974. Both editorials bear on the edited "Nixon: It would seem to me that would conversations, and evidence of impeachable transcripts of Presidential conversations, be worthwhile." offenses. We have tended to emphasize the and are especially relevant at this time. Another time: latter, and will return to it shortly. But today "Nixon: First it is going to take a. million we would Uke to 111.y aside impeachment and [From the Flint Journal, May 5, 1974] dollars to take care of the jackasses who are other legal issues, and simply address what TAPES Rum IMAGE NIXON SOUGH'l' in Jail. That can be arranged." the conversations tell us about Richard One month ago, The Flint Journal called Another time: Nixon, his administration and American for the resignation of President Richard M. "Dean: You have to wash the money. You politics. Nixon as the "only decent and clean way out" can get $100,000 out of the bank and it all This is of course what the rest of the press of what we saw as an impossibl£\ situation. comes in seria.llzed bUls. and the nation at large have been discussing It is only right that we do as most people "Nixon: I understand." all along, and we should perhaps apologize are doing toda.y: Reassess our position in the What comes through clearly from these and for the quirk of mind that led us lo believe light of the release by the President of tra.n- similar conversations is a President Willing the question on the table was whether to May 8, 1974 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 13849 impeach the President. In any event, having tent of the danger the moment he learned the Maddox was crash-dived by a Japanese said so many times over the last year that of it, was tre-ated as an object of faint kamikaze plane. Eight men were killed and even without a case for impeachment Water­ ridicule. two score wounded, including Ensign Laird, gate will have done enormous harm to the This is ultimately the President's doing hit by bomb fragments in back and shoul­ American Republic, we can scarcely disagree and the President's fa111ng. He has accom­ der. On Feb. 15th, Laird's mother wrote the with the widespread conclusion that the plished much and promised more, but he Navy urging that Melvin be sent home imme­ tapes reveal a flawed mentality. filled his inner world with imaginary men. diately because she had already lost one son If the case for criminal complicity does Empty men committed the type of blunder in the war. Laird remained with the Mad­ fail, for that matter, it wm be only on the you would expect of them, and the President dox, which took more kamikaze attacks, was narrowest of grounds. The President's at­ himself proved too empty to limit the dam­ in on the liberation of the Ph111ppines, and torney will be arguing: Yes the President age. For this he has paid with his reputa­ got back to the States after V-J Day. Laird talked about paying blackmail, yes his words tion and may yet pay with his job, and to was awarded the Purple Heart and other dec­ say several times he thought paying the the ofiice and nation he sought to protect orations. You. can't learn any of this from money was the only immediate answer, yes and restore, his legacy is further grief and Laird; he won't talk about it. someone might construe that as approval, further cynicism. He was stm in the Navy when his father but no tbat isn't what he meant, and no died unexpectedly March 19, 1946. The pre­ his words were not directly connected to the ceding October, Laird had married Barbara actual payoffs. Even if all this is true, what a Masters, whom he met at Carleton College, defense for a President of the United States MELVIN LAffiD-PART II five years before. Shortly after his father's to offer. funeral, Laird announced he would come More broadly, the tapes reveals a whole home after his discharge that summer and litany of presidential failings: A casual run for his father's seat. He was 23. The an­ attitude toward lawbreaking by his sub­ HON. WILLIAM A. STEIGER nouncement carried weight. The Lairds and ordinates. In particular a casual attitude OF WISCONSIN the Connors {his mother's maiden name) toward perjury, indeed remarks that some IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES were prominent in the area, not only in poli­ lawyers construe as subornation of perjury. tics, but in Presbyterianism and in busi­ A reach for public deception, in particular Wednesday, May 8, 1974 ness. Laird, a Scottish name, means "Lord," a willingness to invoke natLonal security and Mr. STEIGER of Wisconsin. Mr. and though they were hardly aristorcartic, executive privilege for expedient reasons. A the Lairds were leaders in central Wiscon• disinclination to probe and question his top Speaker, yesterday I inserted into the sin. subordinates on such questions as moving RECORD the first part of an article by His newspaper ads showed a serious, slim, large monies or "deep sixing" documents. And syndicated columnist Nick Thimmesch balding young man stating that he was run­ above all, a general disposition to concen­ about Melvin Laird. The second part of ning for his father's unexpired term, that he trate almost entirely on the question, what that piece tells about Mel Laird's life, served with Halsey's Third Fleet in World can we get away with? at the expense of the detailing his political career and giving War II, that he was a promoter of "Good question, what would be right? an excellent view of the man he calls the Government--honest, efiicient, economical Some things can of course be said in and representative," and that he was trained exoneration. The President apparently didn't Master Back-Room Dealer in Waiting. in economics and political science. know much before March 21, and part of his The article follows: Toward the end of that summer campaign, reaction was perhaps confusion. The Presi­ MELVIN LAIRD Sen. Robert M. LaFollette, Jr., was supposed dent is not a district attorney, and at least Who would think that under that warhead to be the principal speaker at the Eagles up to a point is entitled to assume that dome was a mind conditioned by Wisconsin's picnic at the Stevens Point fairgrounds, but prosecutors will do their job without his help old-fashioned Bob LaFollette progressivism? he didn't show up. Laird filled in and told the on each fact. There are points, as in sending a Its attribute are a skepticism about meddling crowd of 5,000: "We cannot be secure in message to John Mitchell not to refuse in other nation's affairs, and the old business peace if men of a certain complexion, of cer­ testimony to protect the President, at which of walking softly and carrying a big stick. tain racial antecedents, and of certain reli­ he shows a concern with getting the story Both sides of Laird's family were rooted in gious beliefs, flatter themselves with the mu­ to law enforcement authorities. central Wisconsin, and state politics. His sion of a superiority that justifies them in Yet even on a sympathetic reading, the father, a Presbyterian minister, had taken a. oppressing other men. We can be secure only record must be that faced with a mounting church in Omaha., Nebr., where Melvin R. if we taka to heart the great principles upon crisis, Mr. Nixon reacted deplorably. He was Laird, Jr., was born, September 1, 1922. But which this country was founded, that all men willlng to consider patently wrong courses the following year the Lairds were back in are created equal." of action. He was willing to trip along, and Marshfield, Wise., the ancestral home. Laird's (The Third Regiment band then played a even conceivably over, the line of outright granfather, W. Duncan Connor, was Repub­ concert, then the WLS National Bam Dance Ulegality. He coupled any moves to expose lican county chairman and once served a.s was held. A county judge named Joseph R. crimes with moves to limit and contain the lieutenant governor. Laird's mother was dele­ Mccarthy was soon to upset LaFollette 1n exposures. And finally, he chose and pro­ gate to Republican National conventions, the Senate primary.) tected all of the aides whose personalities are talked all the time about politics, and later "I was running in the primary against a so brutally revealed in these conversations. served on the Board of Regents of the Uni­ veteran Republican who had already served A preoccupation with image rather than versity of Wisconsin. When Laird's father left in the legislature," Laird recalls. "He called reality, it seems to us, is the characteristic the ministry to take over his wife's fa.mUy me the kid. But my father left me a. good that runs through both the conversa~ions lumber business, he also got into politics, name, and I beat him. I was unopposed in and the faults they reveal. In conversation and was elected to the State Senate. the general election. after conversation, it becomes impossible to Wood County is dairying, cheesemaking, "When I got down to Madison, the older tell whether the participant.Q are trying to farming and pulpwood country. It's the kind men in the legislature did everything they recall events or concoct a story. One gets the of area where neighbors bring hot coffee and could to help me. I was the youngest person feeling they did not distinguish between donuts when there's a death in the family. ever to serve in the Wisconsin legislature." the two in their own minds, that to ~h~m ;Nobody's too rich and only the nearby In early 1947, when the legislature con· there was no reality, only the image they Menominee Indians are really poor; the rest vened, Laird looked like a man in his thirties could paint. may not have too much but they don't con­ as he posed woodenly with the only Progres­ And always there was a concern not with sider themselves poor. Laird mixed with sive Party member in the state senate. Within the meaning of events but with their "PR!' them all. a few weeks, Laird authored a reform bill When in a conversation with Assistant At­ "When I was 18, my father thought of (which passed) requiring legislators to file torney General Henry Petersen it became running for legislature, and I encouraged a.mdavits for travel expenses; the practice had apparent that eventually Mr. Haldeman and him." Laird reca.lls. "I went out and made been to . collect trip money whether they Mr. Ehrlichman would have to go, the ques­ speeches for him." The Marshfield News­ traveled home or not. Next, Laird announced tions on the President's mind were: Can one Herald noted that young Laird, while having opposition to a state bonus for World War II go without the other? Should it be before no vote of his own, "has done more than any Veterans, thus joining a drive by the Wiscon­ the Magruder testimony or after? Should it voter in the 24th Senatorial district, in­ sin unit of the quite liberal American Vet­ be before Dean goes or after? cluding Wood, Clark, and Taylor Counties, to erans' Cominittee. We come back to a point we have made push the candidacy of his father." · Next, Laird was eulogized in the progressive many times. The inhospitality of the Nixon His father was elected; Mel Laird went otr Madison Capital Times this way: White House to men of vision, intellect or to college, and then joined his two older "In contrast to the crop of young Republi­ stature. It is quite impossible to imagine brothers 1n the Navy. In 1943, Connor Laird, cans who have more moss on their backs than these conversations going on as they did 1! five years older than Mel, was lost at sea in their reactionary leaders. State Sen. Melvin R. they had included, to pick two men no Ion;;er a minesweeper disaster in the Pacific. A year Laird, Jr., Marshfield, 1s a left of center ·m the White House at the time. Arthur later, Ensign Melvin Laird, 22, put to sea on youngster who has already established a rep­ Burns or Daniel P. Moynihan. To understand the U.S.S. Maddox, a destroyer. utation for integrity, intelligence and fair· why such men were so few there, observe On Jan. 21, 1945, after combat duty near ness." -that Leonard Garment, who did see the ex- the Phtllppines, Luzon and the China Coast, Laird became a kind of whiz kid in the 13850 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 8, 1974 legislature, sponsoring btlls for: compulsory As l'lanking minority member of the H.E.W. In the years following, Laird came down health insurance providing benefits for per­ subcommittee, Laird was a steady, ardent hard on the Johnson administration's con­ sons who lost time due to illness; expanding backer of health research. He was the ma.n duct of the war, and said it was far too pro­ mental health programs; outlawing monop­ controlling the levers. Honors: recipient of tective of the Soviets who were supplying oly practices in the building industry; and the 15th Annual Albert Lasker Medical Re­ Hanoi. When Nixon got into the 1968 cam­ cutting the expenses again for state legisla­ search Award: Presidential Citation of the paign, Laird was recruited !or his expertise tors. He also published the "Laird Report" American Public Health Association: "Man on H.E.W. as much as defense. He privately on the state tax system which became a text­ of the Year" by the American Cancer So­ urged Nixon, to de-Americanize the war, but book for anyone studying Wisconsin's taxes. ciety, the National Association :for Mental publicly, Laird accused the Johnson admin­ He met a young Democratic state Senator, Health, the National Research Foundation istration with planning a unUateral with­ Gaylord Nelson, in 1948, and they immedi­ to Prevent Blindness and the American Asso­ drawal of U.S. troops. Shortly before the ately became friends. "Mel was the most for­ ciation of Medical Colleges and t:'niversities. election, Laird circulated a story to news­ midable senator on the Republican side," A list to warm a do-gooder's heart. men that LBJ was being urged to dramati­ Nelson says. "But we'd go to dinner at night Moreover, in 1957, Laird introduced the cally reduce the war on election eve to help and then to my apartment to argue politics. very first revenue sharing bill in the Con­ Hubert Humphrey. Naturally, Nixon issued a He's tougher than hell, but fair. He wa.s gress. It was beaten of course, but he put it statement that he couldn't believe such a generally middle-of-the-road, but on health in every year, and the sophisticated bill he charge. Wily Laird, the political fighter. matters he was ahead of us. He loves it." offered in 1966 formed the model for the With Nixon the winner, Laird wanted to By 1952, Laird was for Taft, seeing in him first revenue sharing act passed ( 1972). He return to the Congressional seat he had won an appealing sort of dynamic conservatist. won his revenue-sharing argument in part for the ninth consecutive time (by 64 per­ so at a.ge 30, Laird was a Taft delegate and when the Health Planning and Services Act cent of vote). He was asked to help recruit also a candidate for U.S. Congress. Faced with was passed in 1966, consolidating a batch of Sen. Jackson as Defense Secretary, and the charge that he opposed unions, Laird categorical aid programs, and thus giving thought Jackson was signed on. But 24 hours quickly associated himself with a Bill of local health units more leeway in admini­ before Nixon's scheduled announcement, Rights for the Working Men which allowed stration. Laird forever lamented that there Jackson demurred, and Nixon pressed the for the union shop. He wasn't about to go the were over 500 bureaus in Washington hand­ job on Laird. For months, Laird told visitors, Right-to-Work route. ing out aid, with great overlapping and waste. "I didn't want this job in the first place." Laird won his congressional seat easily, and His name seldom appeared in the learned The Viet Nam war was raging full force the following eight elections as well, although journals, but he had a practicing politician's when the Nixon administration took office. the Seventh District gradually became Demo­ knowledge of what was going on in the Laird was more tuned to the feeling the cratic. He generally voted conservative on departments at universities, and today he American public now held on the war, than :fiscal matters, pushed weapons spending, but numbers many friends on faculties. That's he was to the plans Nixon and Kissinger championed enough health and welfare is­ one reason he urged the m111tary brass to were making to negotiate our way with sues to keep himself centrist. speak on campuses, even during the protest Hanoi, Moscow and Peking. His political Always a stout defender of Wisconsin period. urge was to get the hell out fast, but he real­ cheese, Laird attacked cheese imports and While the 1nte111gentsia frolicked in the ized that first, the South Vietnamese would insisted that more cheese be included in Kennedy administration, Laird quietly have to be armed to the teeth and tested school lunch programs. "Mel Laird is Dairy­ sought out scholars who differed with con­ in battle, while American forces were grad­ land's Best Friend in Washington," so the ventional liberalism. In 1964, he served as ually withdrawn. political ad read. Sensitive, too, to his duck­ editor of "The Conservative Papers," and the Laird's job was to beat down the generals hunting constituents, he demanded that the principal contributor on foreign policy was on troop withdrawals, and simultaneously Department of the Interior up the goose Henry Kissinger. Laird's second Doubleday fend off anti-war moves in Congress. He ac­ quota from 14,000 to 25,000, and when the book was "Republican Papers" ( 1968), a c;:omplished this by listening to all manner feds used explosions and loud noises to problem-solving approach to domestic affairs. of argument and griping-at the Pentagon frighten geese away, Laird protested mightily. Among the contributors were Pat Moynihan, and on the Hlll---once sitting through a Drew Pearson roasted him once for fighting then Congressman Charles Goodell, Paul Mc­ three-day marathon with the Joint Chiefs to get $800,000 for the Menominee Indians Cracken, Milton Friedman, and a number of of Staff over the withdrawal of only 7,000 of his district when Laird showed no en­ Republican congressmen described as pro­ men. How many cigars, scotches and Man­ thusiasm for spending money on anti-drug gressives. hattans, how many bear-hugs and jokes? programs, then considered far-out. It is downright difficult to find telling cri­ How many nights on the narrow bed, fresh He polished and polished his political skills. ticism of Laird the Congressional leader. Lib­ sheets by U.S. Navy, in the small room adja­ He was forever photographed with Wisconsin eral outfits like the National Committee for cent to his Pentagon office? But the troop folk---exa.mining hungry deer, the handclasps an Effective Congress and the Democratic withdrawals were announced regularly by at Kiwanis, the beaming smiles with the Study Group, usually lamented his views, but Nixon, and the money fiowed from Congress ladies from the League of Women Voters, saluted his ab111ty. At worse, he was reputed to President Thieu's military. And Henry the stout men at the Republican dinners. to be steely and shrewd ... (with) ... enor­ Kissinger kept going to Paris. In 1966, Laird's opponent was Norman L. mous energy and organizational skUl," a man He and Kissinger developed a respect for Myhra, 41, who had lost both hands in World who "cultivated the image of a •pragmatic each other's skills, particularly in bending War n. Myhra hit hard at Laird in the cam­ liberal.'" The Conservative Human Events men's wllls. Laird usually looked to the paign, and his personal criticism became suspec~ Laird is a pragmatic liberal. immediate impact of an action, whUe Kis­ harsh. Laird got 64 percent of the vote. My­ On Capitol Hill and in party circles, Laird singer pondered the grand design. bra, who had been a state senator, needed a was always dependable. He dispensed beer When North Korea shot down a U.S. job and sounded out Senator Gaylord Nelson and cheese from his hideaway office on the Navy plane in early 1969, Laird opposed the about the postmastership at Stevens' Point. Htll, wheeling-and-dealing, and lifting Kissinger view that a retaliatory air-strike "Mel heard about it and called me," Nel­ spirits of Democratic and Republican col­ would give the administration a new option. son remembers, "and said if I wanted to Sip­ leagues alike. He served on the G.O.P.'s high­ Kissinger saw the opportunity !or new point him, go ahead, He said he always felt est policymaking body, the Republican Co­ signals to Peking, Hanoi, and Moscow. Laird for the guy who worked in the political vine­ ordinating Committee, and was Chairman thought of the bloody mess if North Korea. yard." Myhra is stm postmaster. of the House Republican Conference. He has got into the war. Nixon chose restraint. Because his noggin looks Uke a warhead, always been a sort of Chairman of the Board, When Gen. Earle K . Wheeler. Chairman of because his eyes squint and stare like a pol rather than a President. the Joint Chiefs, and Kissinger insisted on a.bout to make a deal, because he is a back­ Though Laird always argued that it's best using American troops in the Cambodian in­ room operator, Laird's mind, creativity and to keep our nuclear guard up against the vasion of 1970, Nixon went with them. Laird even his humanity 8/l'e usually hidden from SOviets, his reservations about committing had recommended that only South Vietna­ view. U.S. forces to war date back to the Kennedy mese troops be employed. In losing, Laird His name appears on few bills, but the years. He delights in telling how in the fall says he reminded Kissinger that, "Next year, senior bureaucrats at the Department of of 1961, he sat in a Chicago hotel room with when you want to do Laos, Henry, we're Health, Education, and Welfare and at the Adam Yarmollnsky (then in the Pentagon) going to set some limits. Let's have the South National Institutes of Health, know Laird as and Sen. Henry Jackson and citizen Charles do it alone then.'' And that's the way It hap­ a legislative man who had a lot to do with Percy. The way Laird tells it (and Percy pened in 1971, when the Laotian "incursion" \Vhere the big money was going to go. He verifies), YarmoUnsky launched into a pas­ was pulled off with mixed success. did it from the House Appropriations Com­ sionate essay on the case for Green Berets Laird was never against bombing l.f it were mittee which he was named to in 1953 when fighting Communists in jungles. Sen. Jack­ to stop the enemy, but when it was for dip­ he was only 30, and that's something in a son was all for it, too. Laird maintained that lomatic "signaling," as the May 8, 1972, de­ crusty old Congress. His two sub-committees, land war in Asia was no good for the U.S., cision to bomb Hanoi (an d mine Haiphong) Defense and H.E.W., accounted for appropria­ that superiority in nuclear weaponry and sea was, well, Laird set his jaw and went along. tions amounting to up to two-thirds of the power were keys to successful n81tional He liked to let it out that South Vietnam federal budget. security. could take care of itself, and he told friends ~ May 8, 1974 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 13851 privately, which therefore meant publicly, like some computerized monk-Laird wan­ We got up because he had a lunch date at that the deal the North Vietnamese offered in dered the halls, striking up conversations Paul Young's with a longtime friend from October was good enough. Thus, he opposed with military and civUtan alike. He did his Wisconsin, Claude Jasper. As we walked, peo­ the Christmas bombing (which Kissinger defense work, all right, but he couldn't re­ ple hurried by and nobody recognized Laird. urged on Nixon) and losing that one, put a. sist his old calllng either. He phoned and He could have been a Main Street tourist. big "X" on the calendar marking Jan. 20, consoled widows; helped an amputee get into "The President 1s going to give me the 1973-Nixon's second inauguration. "I'm medical school; went to the wedding of the Freedom Medal tomorrow night," he said. leaving exactly at noon that day," he told me daughter of his black chau:treur; braved "That wUl be a nice gathering. My son, John 1n December, 1972. But he didn't because campuses. (26) won't be there, though. He's teaching VietNam dragged on some more. If Laird does a. little time in purgatory, school out in the center city part of Los When he said goodbye to Congress, Laird it will be because of his sins of expediency Angeles. MOS1ily black and Chicano kids. God, being a man of Congress, was extravagantly at Defense. He authorized a "separate re­ that's something. He really has a fascinating praised. "The finest Secretary of Defense porting system" on secret air-strikes in Cam­ experience. It's the greatest thing in the ever," exuded Chairman F. Edward Hebert bodia-a deception. To keep Congress off the world to have experiences like that." of the House Armed Services Committee. administration's back, he exerted his colle­ Most Pentagon watchers agreed that Laird gial skills to the point of misleading old was a good one, better than McNamara. fans. He fuzzed arguments to get the A.B.M. H1s three, four-year goals--Vietnamiza­ and the MIRV. He apparently won his fight POST CARD REGISTRATION BILL tion, ending the draft and developing a new with the Brass over Vietnamization by get­ weapons system-were fairly well met. He got ting Congress to give them these weapons, the controversial ABM, two nuclear carriers, plus the Trident sub and the B-1. Perhaps HON. JAMES G. MARTIN the B-1 bomber and a new submarine pro­ the Lord wm ultimately understand, but OF NORTH CARO~A gram. He cut the military forces by 1.3 mU­ Congressman Otis Pike-who respects Laird­ lion, severed 300,000 civ111an employees and didn't, and indicated he would not vote for IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES canceled contracts involving 2 million work­ him if he were nominated for Vice-President. Wednesday, May 8, 1974 ers. Higher pay for the voluntary Army ate Through the worst of it, Laird kept his up the savings so the Defense Budget wasn't sense of humor. "God, isn't there any good Mr. MARTIN of North Carolina. Mr. reduced. news around here?" he cried out one day, Speaker, this afternoon the ill-con­ He didn't scrap McNamara's Office Systems startling his secretary. "Oh, hell," he said, ceived. post card registration bill bit the Analysis, but he gave the brass more say in "If there were, the President would talk dust, deservedly. While my preference the procurement program. He urged young about it himself. He leaves the bad news for would have been to defeat the bill itself, officers to speak on campuses instead of au­ me." Laird wasn't cheering anyone, Mr. rather than just to defeat the rule pro­ diences of Reserve Officer Associations and Nixon included, when he left office, in early viding for its consideration by the other "choirloft" organizations. He made 1973. POWs a political issue. To get his paycheck as senior counsellor House; it is probably good that it hap­ Civil libertarians bum-rapped him for the for national and international affairs for pened this way so as to make it a little Army's spying effort on anti-war and civil Readers Digest Laird wm travel and maintain bit easier for Members who knew it to rights leaders. When Detroit burned in 1967, contacts with the Digest's world network of be bad legislation-but who knew the in the nation's worst urban riot that year, enterprises. He will also author an occa­ pressures that were aroWld and about President Johnson sent Cyrus Vance to find sional piece. He made his debut 1n February to pass it any way-to help with the out why there was such chaos in Detroit. with, "Let's Not Fool Ourselves About U.S.­ funeral. Vance came back recommending that the Soviet Detente," led in by "A sobering warn­ Few areas of the country can boast of Army develop manuals on every riot-prone ing from a man who has been studying city so that fire and police-stations, hospi­ American-Soviet relations for a quarter of being clear of all vote fraud. It has not tals, ut1Uties and local troublemakers could a century." Laird's bottom line advice: "Un­ been very many years since we had our be identified and located in emergencies. At­ til we get them (reassuring actions and an­ own problems in North Carolina with torney General Ramsey Clark and Defense swers from Moscow), let's not delude our­ fairly significant abuses with absentee Secretary Clark Clifford approved the plan. selves about detente." ballots. We cannot forget the allegations, Like many government programs, it con­ Laird takes a hand at editing pieces, too, some of them substantiated, of fraud in tinued on its own momentum. When its ab­ and makes editorial suggestions. "The Digest elections in diverse areas of the country. surdities were revealed (like putting Sen. 1s big," he says. "We're going into movies I believe the tide has been turned on the Adlai Stevenson's name in a file) in late with Huck Finn. We have records, and tapes most blatant forms of fraud since the 1970, civil libertarians screamed without and books, and 14 editions of the magazine. bothering to check the program's origins. 700,000 circulation just in Australia. I'll be time years ago when one noted urban Laird appointed a civ111an dominated board visiting Europe and Australia this summer." politician said that the best man to find to oversee m111tary intelUgence operations, So Laird has been living with the crinkled on election day was the one with a full and to report directly to him instead of the old elephant for 33 years. He's always hoped beard because you could vote him fully Joint Chiefs of Staff. Even Sen. Sam Ervin, for a centrist path for America. The record bearded, mutton-chopped, mustached, ever vigilant, admits that Laird cleaned up of his work and writings shows that. But and finally clean shaven. But, fraud is most of the objectionable activities by mm­ he's still waiting for it to be fully realized by always to be guarded against. tary intelUgence agents. his Republicans. The postcard voter registration bill Laird says one of his worst days at the "The way the 1972 election went, I thought would have opened a whole new area for Pentagon was when a swatch of H.R. (Bob) we had it," he told me one morning in late Haldeman's resignation forms for top staffers March. "Now it's put aside by Watergate. We fraud-and a whole new area of activity were delivered to his office. "It was humili­ were never Camelot, but we would have been for those who could collect large numbers ating for some men to be asked to sign one, something solid. It's a shame. of the forms. If one thinks it would be after months or years of hard work," Laird "This year will be as bad as 1964, and it impossible, it should be asked why credit told me, "so I called in some of the fellows will be really bad on in~umbents. Voters want card companies are reluctant to mail for a cup of coffee. I told them tt would be them out. But 1976 wtll be a snap-back year their cards through the postal facilities best to fill them out, and I would then put for Republicans. Nobody should look at that of the Nation's Capital. them all away in a drawer and let the White presidency seriously unt111975 when the dust House come get them." is settled. Rockefeller can't really move until Had the rule to the post card registra­ He was shrewd enough to rule that re­ then, either, though I think the conserva­ tion bill been adopted, I would have been quests from other government departments, tives will buy Nelson now. on the floor to offer an amendment to the including the White House, be routed "Jercy Ford might be the kind of leader bill which would have authorized-but through his alter-ego, Carl Wallace (who that the country would respond to in 1976. not required-the States to require that even looks a little like Laird). If, say, a fanci­ He's forthright, and he can't be looked at in the post card forms be signed by the pro­ ful admlnlstrator wanted the services of the any way but honest. spective voter before a notary. In that Navy Band, he had to contend with Wallace. "I'm going to try and enjoy myself now way, someone would have to identify the And when David Young, of the National for a while. Read some good books and travel. registrant. The amendment would have Security Council staff (on loan to John Ehr­ But it's hard to stay out, for someone like prohibited notaries from charging fees lichman for plumbing duty) asked the Pen­ me who's been kicking around and running tagon to send all its files on one Daniel Ells­ for office as long as I have. I like to sit around for this service, and the notary as a berg, well, he was stopped cold. G. Gordon and talk with people. I did lt a fe·w weeks State official, would be legally required Liddy got the same treatment. back at a church dinner in Wisconsin. I like to seal the form only after being sure The big head was restless, and lnstead of to take the Metrollner to New York so I can whose signature he was witnessing. This st.tttng alone 1n the huge, ornamented Secre­ talk with people on the train. I like those would have presented no financial im­ tary of Defense's otllce-as McNamara did barber shops." pediment to registration and would have 13852 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 8, 1971, significantly impeded fraud. But, noth­ Harold Hughes of Iowa, and a conservative When all of us should be making ef­ ing could make this proposal completely Republican Protestant, Sen. Wallace Bennett forts to conserve energy, it seems to me fraud-free. of Utah. And Sen. Edward Kennedy (D­ only sensible that we begin a careful if Mass.) for some reason is not a co-sponsor. I hope that in the future further Whlle the Senate version gets a fair hear­ review of the throwaway container situa­ thought is given to this type of legisla­ ing under a Protestant, Bayh, the House ver­ tion. For that reason, I am today intro­ tion, the Congress will be very careful sion has been bottled up by Rep. Peter Ro­ ducing legislation to ban shipment and to build in safeguards against fraud. To dino (D-N.J.), a Roman Catholic. Actually, sale of nonreturnable beverage contain­ do otherwise would be to dilute the votes Rodino sent the House amendment by Rep. ers in interstate commerce and to ban all of those who really exist and really vote. Lawrence Hogan (R-Md.) to subcommittee :flip top cans. Passage of such legislation No. 5 where Rep. Don Edwards (D-Calif.), who 1s pro-abortion, is chairman. Edwards would not only assist us in saving energy, won't let the Hogan amendment onto the it would also be a major step in the bat­ tle against litter which imposes a con .. RIGHT TO LIFE AMENDMENT House floor. A discharge petition has netted 80 some signatures, but 218 are needed. siderable cost burden on States and lo­ MAKES THE ROUNDS The durab111ty of the Right-to-Life move­ cal communities. ment, and the persistence of its activists, an­ noys many pro-abortionists who are coming Hearings on this legislation could re­ HON. LAWRENCE J. HOGAN to realize that the Supreme Court ruling sult in some real eye-opening testimony. For example, according to Environ­ OF MARYLAND didn't settle this issue at all. Recently, Harper's Magazine published an mental Action, throwaway containers IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES article, "Enemies of Abortion," in which the made up only 5 percent of the soft drink Wednesday, May 8, 1974 writer, Marton K. Sanders, savaged the pro­ market in 1965. By 1973 the percentage Mr. HOGAN. Mr. Speaker, the pro-life life movement, laying all of its inspiration, of throwaway cans and bottles jumped direction and support on the Roman Catho­ to 65 percent of the domestic soft drink movement is sweeping across the country lic hierarchy. in the wake of the Supreme Court's Jan­ Besides including a number of factual er­ market. The shift from re:flllable to uary 22, 1973, decision which legalized rors, the· article so grossly mispresented the throwaway containers has resulted in abortion. It has been associated by many pro-life movement that it had the odd eifect more litter in parks and urban areas; as a Catholic movement, however, it is of giving encouragement to pro-lifers because increased the burden on solid waste fa­ far more encompassing than that. to be attacked unfairly shows the opposition cilities; increased the amount of energy The national syndicated columnist, must be worried. used for container packaging and in­ Contrary to what Marion Sanders wrote, creased the costs of throwaway container Nick Thimmesch, has a recent article there is no official link between the National products. which illustrates the far-reaching sup­ Right to Life Committee, Inc. and the Roman port that is behind the pro-life move­ Catholic Church. True, many Right-to-Lifers More than 18 months ago, Oregon en­ ment. I wish to insert the article in the are Catholics, but the organization includes acted mandatory deposit laws and the RECORD at this point: many Protestants and some Jews. Indeed, the State's Governor, Tom McCall, says it RIGHT-TO-LIFE AMENDMENT MAKES THE new executive secretary of the national or­ has been a "rip-roaring success." Ver­ ROUNDS ganization, Ray L. White of Salt Lake City, mont too has passed such a law and Utah, is a Mormon. similar provisions are being considered (By N·ick Thtmmesch) One of the most eifective Right-to-Life WASHINGTON .--one issue which many po­ speakers is a Methodist, Dr. Mildred Jeifer­ by a number of other States and local litical observers thought would go away when son, M.D., a black woman. Yet another 1s communities. The value of refillable bev­ the Supreme Court ruled on it 15 months Dr. Paul Ramsey, a leading Protestant erage containers is being felt in an in­ ago is abortion-on-demand. Abortion keeps thinker on ethics, from Princeton Theolog­ creasing number of communities with popping up a.s an issue, and the pro-li!e ical Seminary. positive environmental and economic movement is stronger than ever. The Right-to-Life movement 1s primarily results. Right-to-Li!e organizations have expanded concerned with the current abortion binge across the country, stimulated largely by but also focuses on positive euthanasia, I hope my colleagues will study this that Jan. 22, 1973, Supreme Court decision sterilization, medical experimentation, psy­ legislation carefully and conclude as I which liberalized abortion and made pro­ chosurgery and other activities which threat­ have that the energy aspects of this leg­ abortionists shout with joy, in seeming en the sanctity of life. islation make this a most timely piece of victory. Their upcoming national convention, legislation. The blli could also bring re­ Political ana.lysts who poked over the re­ scheduled for June in Washington, will ad­ lief to consumers by lowering prices and mains of the special election in Cincinnati dress itself to all these questions, and those help us clean up America by reducing awhile back were surprised to tlnd that one who d1sm1ss this organization as a bunch of factor which helped elect Thomas Luken was sign-waving zealots ought to drop around litter. a drive by the Right-to-Li!e organization on and become educated. The administration now supports the his behalf. Luken had simply taken a idea of a Federal law banning throwa­ stronger anti-abortion view than his way bottles and cans, according to opponent. TERRIFIC WASTE OF ENERGY VIA John R. Quarles, Jr., deputy adminis­ Similarly, the Right-to-Liters have pursued THROWAWAY CONTAINERS candidates for state legislatures, particularly trator of the Environmental Protection in Missouri and Illinois, to get them on the Agency. Mr. Quarles, in testimony Tues­ record as pro-li!e. day before a Senate subcommittee, ex­ The big push, however, is in Washington HON. MARVIN L. ESCH pressed the same reservations I have where an amendment authored by Sen. James OF MICHIGAN voiced about rushing into nonreturnable Buckley (Cons.-N.Y.) which would guarantee IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES containers without an adequate phase­ due process (therefore no deprivation of life) over period. We should recognize that to any "human being" (a term biologists Wednesday, May 8, 1974 might ascribe to the fetus) 1s having its use of nonreturnable containers grew hearing in the Senate. Mr. ESCH. Mr. Speaker, it was esti­ over a period of years and to call a halt The Right-to-Lifers themselves acknowl­ mated recently that packaging of beer to their use in just 6 months on a na­ edge that the hearings, conducted by Sen. and soft drinks in approximately 60 bil­ tionwide basis could be disruptive. in Birch Bayh (D-Ind.). have been fair and lion throwaway containers 1972 re­ For that reason, I am introducing leg­ that their viewpoint has been expressed. sulted in the waste of 211.5 trillion There is some lament that the media focused British Thermal Units of energy. That islation that would provide for a 3-year on the appearance of four Roman Catholic amount of energy would be the equivalent phase-in of the ban on throwaway bot­ cardinals who testified on behalf of the of enough electricity to supply the elec­ tles and cans and thus ease the economic amendment and tended to ignore the pro-life trical needs of 9.1 million Americans; impact on the consumer, manufacturers testimony of Protestant and Jewish clergy, and retailers. It also will set a deftnlte thus seemingly making anti-abortion a Cath­ enough energy to heat 2 million, three­ ollo issue. bedroom homes with gas: and enough target date for accomplishment of the Actually, all but two of the co-sponsors gasoline--1.69 bUllon gallons--to operate ban resulting in a much-needed savings of the Buckley amendment are Protestants. 1,690,000 automobiles averaging 10 miles on energy use and a cleaner environ­ Indeed, the co-sponsors can't be labeled. They per gallon for a driving year of 10,000 ment. I hope 'many Members of the include a liberal Democratic Protestant, Sen. miles. House w111 recognize the need for th1s May 8, 1974 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 13853 legislation and join in supporting the ban · thought there were overalls in the chowder ucat1onal benefits to an unemployment rate but by then he was back in the dining room that is still rising. on throwaways. where it was all breaking loose. Like some­ We do not plan to solve any problems to­ body had a big 11 ve fish right there on the day; however, we do hope that this is the table. first step towards correcting our present ad­ Cook B.-That's when we called you. verse situation. "A FINE KETTLE OF ( )" Mrs. M.-And I had hoped for a generation Our legislators, the ones who are concerned of peace in this boardinghouse and some­ with our plight that is, are with us today­ body puts (unintelllgible) overalls in the let our presence here today demonstrate that chowder. Now they'll go to the health de­ the Vietnam Era Veteran and their supporter HON. HOWARD W. ROBISON partment and who do we know over there are not complacent and won't be satisfied OF NEW YORK who could tell us what the waiter may have untU the Vietnam Era Veteran receives equi­ table treatment. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES told them? Cook A.-All we know is that they've got Wednesday, May 8, 1974 wind of it. He'll say he's innocent at first but Following are the major problems pre­ sented at the meeting: Mr. ROBISON of New York. Mr. we don't know how long before he cracks and brlngs us into the thing. We can get up PROBLEMS AND POTENTIALS OF VIETNAM ERA Speaker, like all of the rest of us here, I an answer for that. VETERANS spent most of last weekend wading­ Mrs. M.-It could be over in a week. They EDUCATION AND TRAINING: THE GI BILL word by laborious word-through my could forget it. Do the networks know? 1. The present G.I. Bill discriminates copy of the "White House Transcripts." Cook B.-They're doing a special on chow­ against the veterans who need the most re­ I found this a fascinating, if time-con­ der and could just bring in the overalls as adjustment assistance: minority veterans suming, task-but one also unleavened a tickler. (50% less G.I. BUl participation than non­ by humor, since the mood of the partici­ Mrs. M.-Well, so long as we can say we minority veterans); veterans in states with never saw the overalls. Did anybody see the pants in the Oval Room conversations high-cost public education (35-60% less G.I. overalls? I'm ready now to admit the chowder BUl participation than veterans in states with was one only very occasionally other tasted like overalls but that doesn't mean-it than grim. free or low-cost tuition); and veterans with doesn't follow-the overalls were in there. dependents (250% less G.I. Bill participation No conclusions as to my conclusions wm the walter tell them that? than single veterans) . should be drawn from my so stating, but Cook A.-He'll never get in that position-! 2. The World War II G.I. Bill paid · the the point of these remarks is to note mean wearing the overalls and getting in the equivalent of $3,804 (today's buying power) that my own increasingly grim mood was, chowder. They'll never think that through. for tuition, books and fees, and provided a at about that point, brightened consid­ He's such a, well, an unintelligible anyway. monthly subsistence allowance. The Vietnam erably by leaving the transcripts long Mrs. M.-Yeah. Era Veteran has $1,896 per nine-month school Cook B.-Uh huh. year, or $340 a month less "buying power" enough to read one of the weekend ef­ Mrs. M.-All right. Forget the chowder to­ forts of John McKelway, familiarly than did the World War II veteran. The night. Go with the stew. Put it out and see World War II GI BUl enabled program ot known as "The Rambler," to those of us 1f they'll swallow that. his choice. Today's GI BU1 discriminates who subscribe to the "Star-News" here against all veterans except single veterans locally. Mr. McKelway's column, entitled in states with readily accessible low-cost pub­ "A Fine Kettle of ( ) " made me feel lic and community colleges. a good deal better-for awhile-as I hope PROBLEMS OF VIETNAM VETERANS VETERANS UNEMPLOYMENT AND UNDEREM!?LOY­ it will my colleagues: MENT A FINE K!:Tl'LE OF ( 1. Vietnam Era Veterans unemployment (By John McKelway) HON. JOHN W. WYDLER statistics are now equal to nonveterans. How­ Following 1s the transcript of one tape OJ' NEW YORK ever, many of the employed vetera:as are in recording of a conversation concerning Over­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES deadend, nonproductive jobs just to eXist. alls as edited and made piiblic by Mrs. 2. 70% of the veterans placed through the Wednesday~ May 8, 1974 Murphy ... Veterans Employment Service were employed Mrs. M.-Hl. Sit down. So now maybe some­ Mr. WYDLER. Mr. Speaker, the prob­ in jobs paying less than $2.05 an hour. body can tell me who the hell threw the lems of the Vietnam veterans are seri­ 3. There has been much attention devoted overalls in the chowder? ous ones. Although similar to the prob­ to the problems of Vietnam veterans-lack Cook A.-Well, we can certainly say-put of skUls, unemployab111ty, alienation, drug it out-that you would be the last person lems faced by the veterans in the past abuse, violence-but there has been no rec­ to ,do that to the chowder. With so much wars, the Vietnam conflict being divisive ognition and little ut111zation of the tangible ahead. You wouldn't take the chance. in our Nation seems to have aggravated and intangible skills and assets of the vast Cook B.-Uh huh. But there was the meet­ what is always a difficult adjustment majority of Vietnam Veterans: team work, ing back there when you heard we were period. discipline, maturity and training. going- Recently there was held on Long Is­ VETERANS' PSYCHOLOGICAL READJUSTMENT Mrs. M.-When I decided to have chowder. land a Collegiate Veterans Forum and 1. The Veterans Administration has no But I didn't say what was going in the this was held on Vietnam Veterans Day, authority to assist veterans with psycho­ chowder. I stayed away from that one. So logical readjustment problems unless the we get overalls. Overalls chowder I (expletive March 29, 1974. The schools participat­ ing in this forum were the State Univer­ problems are severe that they require deleted). hospitalization. According to the Veterans Cook A.-I got a call from the waiter. He sity of New York at Farmingdale, State Administration the consequences of the VA's thinks they think he's about to leave. To University of New York at Stony Brook, inability to provide "preventive mental go over and jump the ship. He's soft. He's C. W. Post College, College at Old West­ health care assistance" to Vietnam era vet­ started to think maybe he did put the over­ bury, Southampton College, Hofstra Uni­ erans includes "major social and economic alls ln. versity, New York -Institute of Technol­ cost to society stemming from the faUure Cook B.-He had plenty of time. Coming ogy, Adelphi University, Nassau County of these veterans to make effective readjust­ from the kitchen into the dining room. He ments, as well as personal adverse psycho­ may have had this thing on his mind. He says Community College, Suffolk County Community College, and Dowling Col­ logical effects on the veterans and their he sipped the chowder and it tasted like over­ fam111es who served their country during a alls. lege. The meeting itself was held at the long and difilcult confiict." Mrs. M.-Did he say right there-out State University of New York Agricul­ 2. A joint VA-Department of Defense study loud-that this stuff tasted like overalls? tural and Technical College at Farm­ of enlisted Army veterans discharged in Sep­ Cook A.-Not there. Not there in the din­ ingdale. tember 1971 reported that six months after ing room. He just came in the kitchen and As a Member of Congress, I attended discharge: one in five was unemployed, one said he thought there were overalls in the this meeting and was welcomed by the 1n ftve had been arrested, and one in six chowder. married veterans was divorced or separated Cook A.-I saw Cook B when I came back chairman of the committee, Mr. William from dumping the trash. I didn't know any­ Brown as follows: from his wife. thing about this waiter business. Dear Congressman: On behalf of the 6% VETERANS DRUG ABUSE Mrs. M.-Who? million Vietnam Era Veterans we thank you 1. According to a Department of Defense Cook A.-The waiter. B told me­ for coming today. report, 20% of the Army enllsted men In cook B.-Uh huh. The Vietnam Era Veteran is faced by Vietnam during 1971 were addicted to heroin. Cook A.-He told me that the waiter many probleinS ranging from inadequate ed- Of those con1lrmed drug positive less than 13854 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 8, 1974 ten percent were using heroin six monthS 14. Inclusion of these Goals in the Con­ contributed hundreds o! thousands of daffo­ after their discharge from the service. Even gressional Record as a permanent record of dils, azaleas, tulips, chrysanthemums, flow­ though most Vietnam veterans were able to our grievance. ering shrubs and trees to the city. She has refrain from continued heroin use without 15. Immediate Congressional Investigation also watched a good portion o:t them wilt professional help or rehabll1tation. the of the Veterans Administration. and disappear, through indifference, neglect stigma of drug abuse is still e.ttached to 16. In conclusion I'd like to move that this and inadequate supervision. veterans. forum request the resignation of Donald She is, she said, a "frustrated" citizen. 2. Veterans stlll abuse drugs, mainly bar­ Johnson of the Veterans Administration. Frustrated she may be, but the woman biturates and amphetamines. Drugs that LOCAL COUNTY /TOWNSHIPS who has been called "P.rimavera in an as­ were readily available in Vietnam to cope 1. Increase awarding of County and Town phalt desert" hasn't given up the battle to with pain, fatigue, or stress are being used by Jobs to Vietnam Era Veterans instead of beautify the city and the nation. It isn't her veterans in an lllicit therapeutic manner to Politically-favored individuals. only concern-her front-line effort is re­ cope with readjustment problems that are 2. Formation of Vietnam Era Vetemns served for medical research ("You have to the Nation's responsibtlity to solve. Career/Job Placement Centers--composed of be alive to enjoy flowers")-but Mrs. Lasker's reserves are formidable. VETERANS' LESS THAN HONORABLE DISCHARGES Vietnam Era. Veterans. 3. Exemption of Disabled Vietnam Era Vet­ "What I've done has really been an act of 1. There are over 180,000 Vietnam Era. despair on my part," she said, sitting in a veterans with less than honorable discharges. erans from Jury Duty, sales tax, and admis­ sions fees to public County and Locally Spon­ tree-framed, flower-filled room of her East In most cases these discharges pre<:lude side townhouse. "It's not adequate or suffi­ benefits and entail severe stigma for the sored Athletic and Cultural Events and Parks. cient." remainder of the veterans life. Many of these It never wtll be adequate or sufficient un­ discharges were issued with little regard for 4. Exemption of 75% Disabled V.N.E.R.A. less governments-city, state, and Federal­ individual rights for such offenses as drug Veterans from county /local taxes. find a dynamic person to act as a catalyst use, homosexuality, subversion, and "unfit- 5. Exclusion of any "Duplicate Benefit" and step in with "big" plans, she added, leaf­ ness". clauses in benefits for Disabled Veterans ing through one of her many fat leather­ The present appeal system takes over a having 30% or more disab111ty. bound albums illustrating plantings year to review a discharge and upgrades 6. Expanded locally-funded work-study throughout the country. programs on and off campus, with relaxed Mrs. Lasker, the widow of the Chicago ad­ less than one in fifty. restrictions on total work hours allowed. DISABLED VETS vertising magnate, Albert D. Lasker, and a 7. A county-sponsored outreach program top-notch button-holer and lobbyist for a l.·Many of America's most severely disabled whereby each returning Vietnam Era Vet­ veterans are destined to spend the remainder dazzling number of causes, has put herself eran shall receive a mailed packet enumeTat­ out of the running for that particular job. of their lives as social outcasts, subsisting ing all benefits available through "local" on their disabtlity compensation. The Vet­ "I'm too busy doing something about the auspices. This outreach packet must include matter of surviving," she said." ... I'm very eran Administration's efforts to help veterans an offer making county-sponsored counseling find a meaningful and productive life in available. good on what we don't know in medicine society (apart from monetary compensation) . . . it's not the will of God, it's the dumb­ 8. A county-sponsored program whereby ness of man, and the lack of enterprise and are minimal at best. Over one-half of the Vietnam Era circuit-advisors will visit seriously disabled Vietnam veterans are money that's the problem." campuses and prominent public places on a A small part of the problem is being helped unemployed. regularly scheduled basis. The piece-meal by the Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation, OTHER AREAS AFFECTING VETERANS program now in effect is lacking. which she and her husband established in 1. Veterans and Famtlles. 9. Veteran preference and free or decreased 1942. Half of Mr. Lasker's residual estate, tuitions and fees at locally funded or spon­ 2. Veterans in Prison. estimated in excess of $11-milUon, was willed sored institutions of remedial, vocational or to the foundation after his death of cancer 3. Veterans OrganiZations and Their Rela­ higher learning. tion to the Vietnam Veteran. in 1952. 10. Free admission for all veterans to the The foundation supports medical research, 4. Vietnam Era OrganiZations and Self Help Nassau Veterans• Memorial Coliseum. Projects. presents anual awards in basic research and 5. Veterans and the Watergate Affair. clinical studies, and gives awards for out­ 6. Veterans and Society. standing medical reporting. 7. Veterans and the Mtlltary. Mrs. Lasker's priorities have remained con­ MARY LASKER HONORED stant since her marriage to her late husband FEDERAL PROBLEMS in 1940 (an earlier marriage, to Paul Rein­ 1. Initially increase Vietnam Era Veteran hardt, an art dealer, ended in 1934). benefits to a point comparable to the present During their courtship, Mr. Lasker asked cost of 11 ving standards. HON. SILVIO 0. CONTE her what she wanted to do most in life. 2. Increase Federal Employment opportuni­ OF ldASSACEnJSETTS "I want to push the idea of health insur­ ties for the Vietnam Era Veteran. IN THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES ance, and promote research in cancer, tu­ s. Increase Disab111ty payments and bene­ berculosis and other major diseases," she fits to e.ccura.tely match present living stand- Wednesday, May 8, 1974 said. ards. Mr. CONTE. Mr. Speaker, last week I Friends are still apt to relate a story about 4. To provide that each d1sab111ty case be the early days of the marriage when Mrs. reviewed without predetermined bias and/or had the great honor to be a guest at the Lasker was asked by her husband what would policies. ceremony at which the Government of make her happy. 5. The term of e11gib111ty for educational France recognized the extraordinary "Just fill the house with fresh flowers every benefits for the Vietnam E iVeteran should contributions in so many fields of human day," she said. He did. begin at the time his educa on begins. welfare of Mrs. Mary Lasker by naming A veteran of countless boards and com­ 6. Formation of Vietnam Era Veterans Af­ her an omcer of the National Order of mittees involved in medical, charitable and fairs Council composed of Vietnam Era Vet­ the Legion of Honor. beautification work, Mrs. Lasker is on none of the committees for the country's bicen­ erans who will act as ombudsmen for com­ ~- would like to share with my col­ plaints of Federal V.A. benefits. tennial. 7. Formation of Vietnam Era Veterans Af­ leagues my pride as an American, and "I don't want to be," she said emphatically, fairs Council units in all V.A. hospitals and as a friend, in the generosity of spirit but as Agatha Christie would put 1t, her counseling offices of Vietnam Era Veterans. and untiring and far-reaching work of "little gray cells" have been at work. Mrs. 8. Appointment of Non-political Adminis­ this gracious and great lady, The depth Lasker, herself, probably wouldn't admit to trators for the Veterans Administmtors for and range of her concerns are illustrated gray cells; she disapproves of depressing col­ the Veterans Administration. by the following two pieces, an article on ors. Her 7% -story house, facing the East 9. Adequate pay for qualified V.A. hospital River, is a landscape of impressionist paint­ her efforts to beautify this country that ings, crystal, sliver, inscribed photographs, staff and e.dministrators. No Political Ap­ appeared in the New York Times of Sun­ pointees. all of it set in a snowstorm of white, white 10. Relegate educational and disabtllty pay day, April 28, 1974, and the comments of and more white-walls, carpets, furniture. disbursements to Regional offices instead of His Excellency, Ambassador Jacques The cells, no matter the color, have come one main agency. Kosciusko-Morizet, in conferring the up with a practical idea for a national anni­ 11. Review of "Bad Paper" discharges by Legion of Honor: versary tribute. Practical, in Mrs. Lasker's vocabulary, means permanent and beautiful. Qualified Vietnam Era Veterans. (From the New York Times, Apr. 28, 1974] 12. Improved CONTACT Division in deal­ "I'm not against learned tracts and giving ing with Veteran problems. MARY LASKER: STn.L DETERMINED To parties ... banquets, tableaux, charades and 13. Vietnam Era Veterans with service con­ BEAUTIFY THE CITY AND NATION parades," she said, looking at once doubtful nected drug problems should be given fund­ (By Enid Nemy) but amenable to accepting another point of ing for a rehabilitation program of their Mary Lasker, a soft-spoken philanthropist view. "But I think we should do something choice. Who thinks in grand terxns, over the years has to permanently improve our country." May 8, 1974 EXTENSIONS OF llEMARKS 13855 The bright blue eyes shadowed a little, but Despite her love of :flowers, Mrs. Lasker ad­ the crunch of big government. I am re­ nothing could dim the pink and white com­ mits that her own skill at gardening leaves ceiving more and more mail from my plexion, as she continued: "It's hard to get something to be desired. constituents who want the Government through to politicians." "I'm a. planner," she said. , off their backs and out of their pockets. "Politicians," she elaborated, "don't un­ Was she not also a power--one of the most For many people, the recent shortages, derstand that people are lonely, depressed powerful women in the count;ry? caused by wage-price controls primarily, and deprived for lack of oxygen and pleasure "Powerful? I don't know." She thought for 1n green leaves and :flowers in big cities." a. moment "No, if I were really powerful, I'd and the creation of more regulatory bu­ Some of her current suggestions include have gotten more done." reaucracies such as the FEO have been planting the highway entrances to New York, the final straw. Recently I received an including the Major Deegan Parkway, the REMARKS OF His ExCELLENC'l!", AMBASSADOR outstanding letter from John Church, West Side Highway and the Harlem River JACQUES KoscrosKo-MoRIZET, MAY 1, 1974 president of the Lewiston, Idaho, Cham­ Drive, planting daffodils, azaleas and :flower­ Dear Mrs. Lasker, distinguished friends, I ber of Commerce. Mr. Church articulates ing cherries and pears in the parks, and would not dare introduce you, Mrs. Lasker, in a very direct manner the feelings of planting trees "all over." not only because all of us here tonight are many people toward "big brother." Mr. "It's a simple thought to celebrate-and your friends, but also because everybody in people feel so resentful by the coldness, the the United States as well as in Paris, knows Church's letter is as follows: steeliness of cities." you. GREATER LEWISTON -Mrs. Lasker's simple thoughts are rarely Your generosity and your extraordinary de­ CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, inexpensive but, she suggested, taken in the votion have no limits, nor do they have bor­ Lewiston, Idaho, March 25, 1974. context of city and industrial budgets, the ders. Hon. STEVEN D. SYMMS, cost would not be prohibitive. Your contribution, your marvelous con­ House of Representatives, "It would take about $12-mUUon to plant tribution, and your prominent role in the Longworth House Office Building, all of Manhattan with trees ... we'd need fight against cancer (not forgetting all the Washington, D.O. other fields of medical research) is invalu­ DEAR STEVE: The Economic Sta.b111zation about $90,000 to $100,000," she estimated. Act, empowering the President to impose "That's nothing for a city with a budget of able. Thousands and thousands of people owe you and your husband, owe the "Albert and wage, price, salary, and rent controls, expires $10- to $12-blllion ... and maybe the cor­ April 30, 1974. porations would give big gifts to see the city Mary Lasker Foundation", not only their gratitude, but, very often, their very lives. The Nixon Administration has asked that planted. It makes sense financially, it would its control authority be extended, in help real estate values." In addition to this gigantic task, you have taken the time to dedicate yourself to the amended form, through December 30, 1975, She hoped, too, that public-spirited, and Senate Bill 3032 has been introduced to wealthy individuals would contribute but, arts. You own one of the most beautiful and tasteful collections of 19th Century French retain mandatory controls over enumerated she said, with a voice of experience, she industri~s. would not do the asking. paintings. But again, inspired by your deep altruistic The Senate Banking Committee has com­ "My husband always said don't try to raise pleted hearings and is now drafting its bill. money from other people-get it from gov­ spirit, you did not limit yourself to being only a very fine art amateur. In this field The House Banking Committee is currently ernment-and give what you can yourself. If holding hearings. you get private funds, you are constantly you have sponsored, encouraged or helped so I urge you to vote against any legislation in the position of exchanging money with many activities, so many people, so many aimed at extending the authority of the :friends--you know, 'I supported your inter­ times that even you, I am sure could not keep President to impose wage, price, salary, and est, now you support mine.' " the entire record. rent controls under the Economic Stabiliza­ ·However, she added, hastily, there was no There is no need to say how we appreciate tion Act beyond Apr1130, 1974. reason why individuals couldn't plant ivy the splendid and so generous action you have It is clear that wage and price controls around trees, or telephone the Parks Com­ undertaken for Versallles and the Versa1lles have not in any way "stabilized" the econ­ missioner with indications of interest, or of­ Foundation. omy as the Act was intended to do. I offer fers of help, no matter how small. Dear Mrs. Lasker, if I wanted to enumerate the following comments in support of this all the achievements. you are responsible for, statement. About six years ago, Mrs. Lasker gave Cen­ here or in France, I could not do so, because, tral Park 300,000 daffodils and planted 10,- With respect to wages, the guidelines im­ if I did we would never have dinner tonight. posed by the Cost of Living Council for wage 000 daffodils and 350 cherry trees along the So, among all your qualities and all your West Side Highway. Some of the :flowers were increases was a maximum increase of 5.5 high merits, let me emphasize only one, the percenti per year. However, from the informa­ cut too quickly and many of the trees were one which sums them all: that is, your con­ left unpruned and untended. tion I have read in various publications, it cern for people, your concern for a better is becoming clear that the labor unions are "The Wagner Administration was receptive world, and your concern for a better under­ to the plantings we did," she reflected. "The going to press, and receive, average wage in­ standing among people: as Montaigne and, creases above the guidelines due to the rapid Lindsay Administration was unwilling to before him, the Latin author Terence said: continue ... they thought I should not only rise in prices and the increased corporate "Nothing of what is human is alien to you". profits during 1973. In the February 2, 1974, give the :flowers but help with the mainte­ That is so true and that is so unfrequent. nance." issue of Business Week, excerpts of which And those of your friends who gave us the are enclosed, it was stated that settlements The tribulations--and Mrs. Lasker still pleasure of being here tonight (as well as in 1972 averaged 8.5 percent for wages and looks a little forlorn and peeved about those-and they are thousands-who are not benefits. It was also stated that Cost of them-didn't permanently damage her spirit. here) know that. Living Council Chairman John T. Dunlop has The 73-year-old woman who left Watertown, Mrs. Lasker, the honor which is bestowed been quoted as saying he wouldn't be sur­ Wis., more than half a century ago for Rad­ upon you today is the recognition by the prised if bargaining this year resulted in cliffe, Oxford and New York, can still remem­ government of France for your outstanding gains above 8.5 percent. And the statement ber the trees, flowers and fresh air of her services not only to my country but also was made that "Predictions of 10 percent to hometown. Her own childhood, with a to the citizens of the world. 12 percent this year are becoming common." mother who loved and founded parks, en­ For this, please accept the gratitude of Business Week's March 9, 1974, issue re­ ables her now to make excuses for less for­ my government as well as the gratitude of vealed its estimate that U. S. corporations tunate children. all the people who are so indebted to you. will have made more than $70 billion after "They shouldn't do that," she will say as Mary Lasker, au nom du President de la taxes during 1973, which amounts to 27 per­ she comes across a photograph of youngsters Republique et en vertu des pouvoirs qui nous cent more than the $55.4 billion recorded in walking over the daffodils in Central Park. sont conferes, nous vous faisons Oftlcier de 1972. This is the biggest percentage increase "Bu;t it is lovely to walk in :flowers." l'Ordre National de la Legion d'Honneur. since 1955 and the largest dollar increase in Mrs. Lasker said that she had already asked U.S. business history. Mayor Beame to plant the city streets. "He That same issue revealed Business Week's said he didn't have the money ... he can't do WANTS GOVERNMENT OFF THEIR survey of 1,200 companies with total sales of everything he'd like to do." BACKS $261.5 billion in the fourth quarter, which But she has contributed 20,000 tulips to is an increase of 22 percent over the fourth Park Avenue this year, in honor of Mrs. Enid quarter of 1972. The profits of these same Haupt, a well-known amateur horticulturist HON. STEVEN D. SYMMS companies increased 23 percent and totaled (who herself planted 150 cherry trees on Park OF IDAHO $15.3 billion. In looking at the entire year Avenue and around various churches and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 1973, these companies had a 19 percent in­ hospitals). And she joined her stepchildren Wednesday, May 8, 1974 crease ln sales and a 25 percent increase 1n 1n giving hundreds of azaleas, 10,000 daffodils profits. and 300 cherry trees to United Nations Park, Mr. SYMMS. Mr. Speaker, the Amer­ The shortages in this country are atrocious 1n memory of her husband. ican people are reqlly beginning to feel and uncalled for. With price ceilings lm- 13856 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 8, 1974 posed upon the American manufacturer, controlled draft program, may want to dine industry to raise the necessary amount to production has been curtailed. Capital ex­ occasionally on New York steak. Yet he must hold an option on the area known as Tree penditures have been curtailed. Accordingly, limit himself to the staples and "low-priced" Hill, which option expires in January, 1975; the product manufactured is in short supply. meat products whlle telllng his famny to and The effect of price ce111ngs upon the small "keep the faith, baby". Whereas, the PATH organization is seek­ retailer or small individual manufacturer is It is high time pollticlans stopped worry­ ing through all channels the necessary fund­ frightening. More and more of these types of ing about politics and protocol. That was fine ing to raise $500,000 for the purchase of Tree businesses are ceasing business because of at the Philadelphia Convention, but the poli­ Hill; and rising costs of material, labor, "stabilized" ticians now have stopped wearing white wigs. Whereas, the Duval County School Board prices, and little or no profit. Because of the Congress must devote itself to looking around in accordance with mandates of the State lack of volume enjoyed by major manufac­ the country instead of the stone buildings Legislature and by choice have incorporated turers and large corporate business, the in­ and themselves. The polltical implications of into the curriculum of the Duval County centive to continue to "wait and see" what wage and price controls be damned! The eco­ schools environmental education; and the government is coming up with next is nomic stabllization of the country be Whereas, Tree H111 provides an ideal loca­ lost. cheered! tion for field trips for the firsthand study of In fact, I would venture to guess that the The American people and the AD1erican na/ture as it has existed for hundreds of mood for incentive in American business to­ businessman are tired of being raped by gov­ years; and day is lost. Prices are higher than ever in ernment control. It is time to recognize that Whereas, the Attorney for the Duval the history of the country. Wages are higher there is nothing wrong with a Uttle concept County School Board has ruled that pubUc than ever in the history of the country. that has been around for years--a Uttle thing funds available for the operation of Duval Shortages are in complete abundance and called supply and demand. You see, the con­ County schools cannot be utntzed to con­ are curtailing business production worse cept of supply and demand has something tribute to the purchase of Tree Hlll; than ever before. And the Nixon Administra­ controlling it that no other economic indi­ Now, therefore be it resolved, that the Du­ tion continues to call for economy in govern­ cator has-a big thing called the American val County School Board hereby petitions ment at the same time it is seeking the most people. the City Councn of the Consolidated City of gigantic federal budget in the history of the Jacksonv11le, the State Legislative Delegation republic. Yours very truly, JOHN A. CHURCH, Presfdent. from Duval County, and the Senators and To buy a gallon of gasoline, if it 1s avail­ Representa/tives of the Congress of the United able, would have purchased three loaves of States representing Duval County, to either bread two years ago. The price of meat has approve from appropriated funds or to ap­ to skyrocketed such proportions that the propriate the necessary funds for the pur~ American consumer has been forced to sub­ TREE HILL chase of Tree H111in the interest of the chil­ stitute nutrition for economy. dren of the Duval County schools and thtt Commencing on February 28, 1973, when citizens and taxpayers of Duval County. the prime rate of interest was 6%, %, the HON. CHARLES E. BENNETT Federal Reserve System's favorite economic indicator changed no less than 16 times to OF FLORIDA a high of 10 percent. This compares with IN THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES only four changes in 1972, which saw a high Wednesday, May 8, 1974 of only 6%. Already in 1974, the prime rate WEST FARMS VILLAGE has changed. five times, as recent as March Mr. BENNET!'. Mr. Speaker, in Jack­ 22, when the prime went from 8% percent to sonville there is a beautiful wooded hill 9 percent. which has been untouched by the sur­ HON. MARIO BIAGGI And the price of gold has recently soared from $90 to $160 an ounce. rounding increasing population. It is wild OF NEW YORK And Wall Street has reacted to all of this and unmolested, protected, by wooded IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES with such furor that the small investor is streams, from heavy intrusion. Although Wednesday, May 8, 1974 hoarding investment income allowing insti­ some funds have been raised from local tutional investors to control the Dow Jones contributions for the project, they have Mr. BIAGGI. Mr. Speaker, as Amerf.­ averages, which have dropped considerably. not been sUfficient to achieve protection cans view New York City, many would The American consumer during 1973, and of this land. There is in existence the :find it hard to believe that this great currently in 1974, is faced. with one of the Federal aid in :fish and wildlife restora­ sprawling urban mass was at one time, a most unpredictable, uncertain, and confus­ tion program providing up to 75 percent cluster of small almost rural villages. ing economies that has been seen since Paul reimbursement to State agencies, but so Within my home borough of the Bronx, Revere told us the British were coming. It far that course of action has not resulted there still exists one of these original was fine to dump the tea into Boston harbor villages, called West Farms. While it is to protest controls, but this country now in a solution. To make it work the State hasn't even got the tea. It is even surprising must make application and share in the far from the village it was 300 years ago, to note that the environmentaUsts let us keep funding. I sincerely hope that this course the community spirit and solidarity the harbor. of procedure or some other course may which marked the early days of this vil­ Take John Doe, upright American Vietnam yet protect this area. lage still exist today. veteran home from the war taking his wife Mr. Speaker, I have been asked to have A dedicated group of civic minded citi­ and three chlldren to church every Sunday, included in the RECORD the following zens in the late 1950's formed the Civil saying the pledge of allegience before retiring War Memorial Committee to try andre­ for the evening, registered voter, and sup­ resolution of the Duval County School Board on this subject: · store a memorial constructed to honor porter of free enterprise, free society, and the these residents of West Farms who died beloved Constitution of the United States RESOLUTION which protects him from all evn. He's a box­ Whereas, there exists a natural sanctuary in the Civil War. From this, they have boy in a local grocery store, receiving some of approximately 41 acres located in the Ar­ branched out and now' are involved in an Veteran's benefit assistance from Uncle, but Ungton area between Lone Star Road and extensive restoration of the famous West loves to fish, hunt, and go camping in foot­ the Arllngton Expressway; and Farms Soldiers Cemetery, one of the hllls that are not controlled by the govern­ Whereas, this natural sanctuary provides a oldest cemeteries of its kind in the ment and reserved only for backpackers who highly desirable llving laboratory for the United States. don't smoke. training of young people in environmental Mr. Speaker, the history of West Farms Question: Under the current economy of education; and Village is a fascinating and enlightening shortages, high prices, and high interest rates, Whereas, the number of acres of such nat­ ural sanctuaries is rapidly being diminished one. At this point in the RECORD, I would where is John Doe going to get his camper to traner, fishing rod, and rlfie? How does a by the encroachment of construction for like insert an article printed in the boxboy who fought his heart out for two years housing and industry; and Westchester Historian which describes in a jungle and can't return as President of Whereas, a highly dedicated group of pri­ the history of West Farms. The article General Motors going to pay for said items? vate citizens have formed a foundation to was wntten by the president of the Civil hopefully purchase and develop the 41 acres War Memorial Committee, Mr. Bert Sack And, finally, can John Doe afford to walk the described above and have been incm-pora.ted and I invite my colleagues to read over hallowed halls of Chase Manhattan to pay 12 into an organization founded 1n 1970 named percent on a loan that he may or may not PATH; and this excellent narrative describing the get, and may or may not be able to pay back? Whereas, the voluntary corporation called West Farms Village from its early days Purthermore, John Doe, who has eaten C PATH has been able through the donation to the present. rations, for the duration of his government of generous prlvate citizens and omcials of The article follows: May 8, 1974 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 13857

WEST FARMS Vn.LAGE earliest in 1704 when Kingsbridge Road (now getts, Sherwoods and others, are represented (By Bert Back) 182nd Street) was opened. West Farms Road by the names on the tombstones. ran to Hunts Point, following the old In­ Across the street from the church, where "From little acorns mighty oaks grow" and dian trail and Morris Park Avenue in 1716. now stands the Beck Memorial Church, and !rom little vlllages great cities grow. The V'aSt The industry of West Farms was diversi­ a gas station, there were wagon and carriage borough of the Bronx was once a cluster of sheds. Here, also was a Potter's field where sma.ll vmages which, when knit together, be­ fied. There were the paint mills, crockery mills, saw mllls, and carpet mllls. Willlam strangers, Indians, and slaves were buried. came the Bronx. In the beginning, however, it When 180th Street was widened, many old was a.ll part of Westchester County. Richardson set up two mllls on the Bronx Jonas Bronck was a Dane of some means, River in 1680. In 1734, Stephen De Lr.ncey graves were exposed. Among them was that who, living in Holland heard of the fine farm­ bought the mllls east of Boston Post Ltoad, of Capt. Wllliam Raspberry, killed in the land in New York City and anxious to escape which south of Tremont Avenue did not exist battle of Cedar Creek, whose remains were religious oppression, came over in 1636. He prior to 1825. The paint mlll south of Tre­ moved to the Butler cemetery. bought a piece of land extending from the mont Avenue and Booton Post Road was The Church had hard sledding for many Harlem River to the Bronx River and settled the largest and most successful enterprise of years and at first only four regular mem­ about where present Wlllis Avenue Bridge the village. bers. In 1815 the church was built, but was connects the Bronx with the rest of the city. In the days of virgin country and crystal not painted untU 1821. The mlnlster's sal­ At that time New York City was contlned to clear waters, the waters of the Bronx River ary was $500 per year, with the diocese of Manhattan Island. The land to the north were said to have certain properties bene­ Westchester contributing $250, the Mission­ was Westchester. ficial to the washing of wool; so carpet m1lls ary Society $125, and the Church contrib· Bronck built himself a fine house of stone came to West Farms. In 1836, Alexander uting the balance of $125. and tile. Since land was very verdant, and Smith brought his paisley looms to West During the 1820's the church borrowed wood was plentiful in that heavlly wooded Farms and establ1shed his first m111 on the $1,000 from the trustees of the Town of West­ area, he built a dam and a sawmill at about Bronx River. During the Clvll War, after chester Diocese. In 1830 the elders of West­ 182nd Street and the Bronx River. Many of the m111 burned down, he took his m111 to chester demanded repayment of the loan West Farm's first houses were built of wood Yonkers. plus $300 interest. The trustees of the West sawed by his mill. The Bronx was not as In 1844, the Mitchell Brothers sold their Farms Presbyterian Church immediately re­ dangerous as the West, but the Indians did carpet mill to Alexander Smith who had orig­ signed in a body. However two teachers of bum Hronek's mill, which was rebuilt a few inated a new process of tufting carpets. the church's Sunday School went to New years later. Their original loom may be seen in the Na­ York City to visit the church elder and re­ In our time we have seen great land booms tional Museum in Washington, D.C. ceiving a letter from him, collected the in Florida and California. The same thing About 1845 there was a tremendous flood needed sum and saved the church. They were occurred in the Bronx in its early years. in the Brnox River which wrecked dams and Miss Ann MacGregor and Miss Nancy Leg­ Wealthy landowners from New York City, caused great damage to the mllls. It is said gett. Miss MacGregor's grave is in the West learning of the beautiful country by the that most of the small stones, now seen in Farms Cemetery. Bronx River, bought large parcels of land the lower part of the river, were washed But the church had other problems. Among and bunt fine manors. A roster of these set­ down stream in this flood. Though flood and the attendants at the services in 1864 was a tlers looks like a map of the Bronx for many fires struck the carpet mills, they were re­ black man, possibly a slave. Some members Bronx streets bear the names of the owners built each time and the precious looms saved. of the church objected to his presence so of those estates. James Sloane (W. & J. Sloane of today) they left the church to found a new con­ Land was very cheap and some individual had had a carpet m111 here, and bags from a gregation and a new church, the First Dutch tracts were vast. For instance, Thomas Pell flour mill in the village were used to mend Reformed Church of West Farms. They pur­ was granted right to all lands from Larch­ clothes during the Civll War. chased land at 179th Street and Boston Post mont to the Bronx River and he erected a West Farms was the stopping place for Road. Not wishing to bury their dead in the v1llage on the site of Westchester Village. stage coaches from Danbury and Mamaro­ West Farms Presbyterian Church cemetery, This later became the County seat of West­ neck. An inn near 182nd Street where the they sought land for their own burial chester. In the 1640's the family of Throgg­ passengers rested before continuing to the grounds. morton settled on the neck of land jutting city, later became Planters Inn and still The Hedger-Edwards family owned a large into the Sound, now Throgg's Neck. Later later, Johnson's Inn. West Farms was divided piece of land and a farm near 173rd Street after trouble with Indians. Throggmorton into two villages, the Mill Village and the and Boston Post Road. Their .family cem­ moved to a new settlement ln New Jersey Stage Village, but later they merged into one. etery was at 174th Street and Boone Avenue. called New Ark, the site of that other great In 1790 Lewis Morris built an arched bridge This cemetery, which held the remains of metropolis. across the Harlem River, and a road sixty-six some Civil War soldiers, has disappeared. The Dutch raided the Village of West­ feet wide through Morrisania, West Farms The bodies were removed when the streets chester on March 3, 1656, and changed the and Westchester. The road followed present were laid out. name to Osidorp. Later, the English returned Third Avenue to 163rd Street, up Spring H111 Another church, which also had its birth and changed the name back to westchester to Union Avenue and 170th Street. To this in Wray's Hall, was the Catholic parish of St. V111age. point Morris had no trouble about right of Thomas Aquinas. This church was founded On March 3, 1663, Edward Jessup, a Quak­ way, since all this land belonged to him. From in 1878 by Father McGm. Until then the er from Fairfield, Connecticut, and John here, he had to buy land to 174th Street for nearest Catholic church was St. Augustine's Richardson from Stamford, bought a tract his road. From there it ran northeast to Bry­ at Franklin Avenue and Jefferson Place. of land from the Indians which extended ant Avenue, to Tremont Avenue, to West Later, property was purchased at 176th Street west to the Bronx River, north to a large Farms Square where it joined West Farms and Southern Boulevard. lake in Bronx Park and west to Pungay Road. In 1798, a new road was opened to In 1844, the West Farms Episcopal Church Creek. The Indians called this Uinna-hnng. Eastchester. The new section of the Boston was formed by Margaret Hunt. Rev. Washing­ Jessup called it West Farms to distinguish Post Road from 174th Street to West Farms ton Rodman was its first pastor and was it from the settlement of Westchester Vil­ Road was opened in 1825. instrumental in the founding of the Home lage. The land extended from the west side The early settlers in the village were "God for Incurables, now known as St. Barnabas of the Bronx River to a chestnut tree south Fearing," folk who formed congregations and Hospital. The land on which this institution of Jonas Bronck's dam, south to the East churches. One pioneer church was the West stands was donated by the Lorrnard famlly River and west to Sackwra.hung Brook. Farms Presbyterian Church. Reverend Isaac and was the site of their mansion. In the division of the land, Jessup took Lewis, a missionary from New Rochelle, as­ As the v111age grew, transportation became the east part (Hunts Point) and Richard­ sisted in the establishment of the new a problem. There were stage coaches which son took the land west to Barretto Street. church, in a meeting in Wray's Hall. In 1814 came through on their way from Danbury to A woman brought about the most important the first subscription for funds for the Nassau Street and Printing House Square in development of this land. Jessup's wife, who church, led by Stephen Hunt, brought in New York. Soon there were lines to Fordham. after the death of her husband, married Mr. $236. Then a new form of travel became available. R. Beecham, and deeded all her former hus­ A parcel of land was acquired by the In 1875 a horse car line was begun from 16lst band's property to her son-in-law, Thomas Church about 200 feet west of the Boston Street to West Farms. It was jokingly called Hunt, Jr. In 1681 Hunt married Martha Post Road on Samuels Street (now 180th Huckleberry Line because it was said travel Richardson. The land was mapped out and Street). The church was built on the wester­ was so slow the passenger could pick berries divided into twelve parcels, and then ly section with a graveyard surrounding it. as they went along. Later there were other changed hands many times as new settlers The easterly part of the land was purchased lines. The Boston Post Road line was known arrived ln the Vlllage. by John Butler as a private burial ground as the Green Line and the Third Avenue line Among the early roads was an Indlan Lane and it remained in the Butler famUy until as the Yellow Line. extending along the Bronx River to Hunts 1955, when it was taken over by the City of Along the old Boston Post Road route can Point, and around the site of Lafayette Ave­ New York. Mr. Butler hired Alfred Petit to stm be seen the 1Oth milestone at I 68th nue and West Farms Road. As the village parcel out his cemetery into private plots. Street and Boston Post Road. The others have grew, new roads were laid out; one of the Many old families, the Bathgates, Hunts, Leg- disappeared. The 11th stone stood about 13858 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 8, 1974 where the car barn bus garages are at 174th by Bert Sack, descendant of two CivU War Hidden in mtlk cans under the rubble of War• Street, and the 12th stone was at the Bronx Veterans, and W.W.I veteran. The committee saw University, architectural documents were Zoo. repaired the statue and, on Nevember 18, found which showed the survivors how to Among the fraternal organizations in West 1959, the statue was rededicated. The com­ !l'econstruct Warsaw-to literally raise 1t from Farms in 1852 were the Putnam Lodge of the mittee holds annual Memorial services each the grace and make it look "like old" again. I.O.O.F. and the Marion Lodge of the Masons. May and many prominent Bronxites partici­ And that is what these people did in the The Masons' Lily Lodge, an offshoot of the pate. With the cooperation of the city, the 1950s. With unprecedented energy and care, Marion Lodge, is still an active Lodge in the Committee has erected a sign, planted bulbs, they made an entire city of beautiful replicas Bronx. trees and flowers, some donated by interested of their ancient churches, palaces and homes. In 1846, the village of West Farms was citizens and has erected new stones. Today, one of the most charming areas formed and included Fordham and Morris­ We hope that this cemetery with its mem­ in the world must be "Old Town"---a. quaint, ania. In 187 4 West Farms was annexed to ories of the old V111age of West Farms w1ll cobblestoned, 1200-acre site of homes and New York City and separated from the v1llage never again fall to such depths. shops and churches, in the center of War­ of Morrisania. In 1897 the Borough of the saw but surrounded by walls made of bricks Bronx was formed, and in 1823 the County of rescued from the devastation. The town­ the Bronx was established. PROGRESSIVE MOOD OF MODERN­ houses along the area's narrow roads are owned exclusively by the original re-builders The Civil War brought excitement to the DAY POLAND village which had its share of advocates for of Warsaw. They w111 be handed down from both sides. When the draft riots in West­ generation to generation. "Old Town" 1s chester Square were stopped by the arrival of the reward and the pride of the Varsovans militia, the draft rioters marched upon the HON. DAN ROSTENKOWSKI who came back and reconstructed a city. village of West Farms. Their object was to OF n.LINOIS So unlike the Soviet Union, Poland re­ fuses to dwell on its unhappy past. And destroy the rolls of names for the draft board. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The v1llage was alerted in time and the rolls its people refuse to be docile, standing by hidden. The rioters wrecked the draft omce Wednesday, May 8, 1974 and taking orders. Much more attuned to a democratic way of life, it seems, the cit­ and spent their anger on the railroad, tear­ Mr. ROSTENKOWSKI. Mr. Speaker, ing up tracks as far as Yonkers. izens respect private ownership; 80 percent Opposite Wray'"' Hallin West Farm Square in a recent edition of the Boston Herald of the land still is privately owned, mostly was a flag pole around which were held many American there appeared a very well by farmers. Cooperative apartments are a patriotic demonstrations, parades and politi­ done article about Poland which was popular investment for citizens who can cal speeches during this period. West Farms written by Phyllis Battelle, a syndicated afford them, as are private vmas in the sub­ furnished several companies of men to the columnist with King Features. urbs. The city has an extraordinarily large 6th New York Heavy Art111ery. Among the In my opinion, Phyllis Battelle not only number of coffee houses, candlelit supper Civil War Veterans buried in West Farms clubs with jazz groups playing for dancing, accurately describes the progressive restaurants featuring Chinese, French and Cemetery are Samuel Pierce, whose family mood of modern-day Poland, but more owned much of the land where Public School Russian food, as well as Polish. No. 6 now stands; Pvt. John P. Dodge, a important, in her brief article she has The American influence is strong. I saw member qf the f'amily now in the manufac­ managed to capture the resolute spirit two baby carriages plastered with Donald ture of telephone cable; and Seaman August of the Polish people. Duck decals. Weiking, who not only served in the Army I hope that my colleagues will find this Taxis are plentiful, cheap and operated by but served in the Navy on the ship Merrimac English-speaking drivers. I asked one what article both enjoyable and interesting: were the problems of city life in Warsaw, before it fell into Confederate hands. Some [From the Boston Herald American] Civil War Veterans originally buried on and he said, "Crime." What kind of crime? Hart's Island were removed to West Farms LEAVING RUSSIA FOR POLAND LIKE BURSTING "Oh, like you, we have all kinds," he said Cemetery in 1916. A small marker, surrounded INTO SPRING cheerfully. by an iron fence, still marks the plot where (By Phyllis Battelle) Our hotel is the new Orbis-Forum, a mod­ originally interred on Hart's Island. ern, 34-story, glass-walled addition to the WARSAW .-Crossing the border from the chain of Intercontinental Hotels. It has a As the city grew after the Civil War, the U.S.S.R. into Poland is like bursting suddenly gradual deterioration of old vlllages came luxurious bustle about it, and among its out of winter into spring I western-style accoutrements are soft toilet bringing new streets and erasing many old The Poles have been under Communist tissue, thick bathtowels, lush carpeting, estates. The carpet mills had moved to control for 30 years. But never has the Krem­ quick service, shops and a beauty salon­ Yonkers and the flour mills of the Lydigs, lin succeeded in suppressing their wit, cour­ where I had an excellent shampoo and set Paint City, and the other mills had disap­ age, friendliness or devout religious (90 per­ in 50 minutes, for $1.20. peared. Little is left of that quaint, busy vil­ cent Catholic) faith. Warsaw abounds with shops which sell lage of yesteryear. But there is one spot In Warsaw the girls are slim and dressed the country's tourist bargains in lace, cut­ which still remains a glorious reminder of as smartly as New York secretaries. The men glass, wool tapestries, amber and coral jew­ the v1llage's past glory, the old West Farms are clean-shaven, quick to laugh. The people elry. And there are 17 theatres which offer a Soldiers Cemetery. Veterans of four of this w111 accept such benefits of a Socialist society wide variety of entertainment-from Po­ nation's wars, 1812, 1865, 1898 and 1917, are as free health care and low-rent state owned land's beloved Chopin (whose body is buried interred here. apartments-but don't try to muzzle their in Paris, but whose heart is preserved in a When the Civil War ended, the Boys in artists, collectivize their farms, restrict their museum here), to satiric political reviews. Blue org'anized their veterans organization, travel, close their western-oriented night And if a U.S. visitor ever should be home­ the Grand Army of the Republic. The two clubs or llmit their liberal life styles. sick, he can drop in on an Edward Albee posts best remembered in the Bronx and West "You as tourists, like we as citizens, can play or any of the many cinemas which Farms were the Vanderbilt Post and the freely go anywhere in Poland without any feature American movies. Oliver Hilden Post, 96 G.A.R. restrictions," says the director of Orbis, the It is a unique city, in a country that ls For many years the G.A.R. paraded up country's tourist organization, proudly. "And Communist without seeming to show it. Its Washington Avenue in honor of their com­ don't worry about language. Our people must people appear more friendly toward Ameri­ rades. And there were wagons loaded with learn one western language (as well as Rus­ cans than do most of the western European potted plants to decorate the graves of those sian) in elementary school. Most choose to countries. And the sense of humor is de­ who had died in the conflict. Each year they speak English." licious ... held a memorial service at the West Farms The city of Warsaw, itself, 1s a beautiful "In Poland," says a guide drolly, "When Soldiers Cemetery. Gradually the task was monument to the courage of its people. "War­ you go to the salt mines, you will find they handed over to sons and daughters. Finally saw must be completely razed to the ground," are excellent tourist attractions and health services were discontinued. Hitler cabled his generals on Sept. 1, 1939. resorts!" Then in 1958 when a new group of dedi­ Methodically, Nazi troops carried out the cated patriotic citizens formed to resume order, burning and dynamiting to rubble 84 services and to care for and improve the percent of the butldings. THE CASE FOR A FEDERAL on. AND cemetery, the city took over the old Butler In two months, they destroyed what it GAS CORPORATION-NO. 29 famUy cemetery property and erected a high had taken more than 700 years to build. wire fence which helped to keep out vandals. The Gestapo exterminated 6 mlllion Poles, Until then the cemetery had been vandalized and deported 2 mllllon more to labor camps HON. MICHAEL HARRINGTON in Germany. OF liiJ:ASSACHUSE'l"l'S and became a dumping ground for neighbor­ When the army of liberation entered War­ hood refuse. The statue of the Civil War sol­ saw in April, 1945, they found only scaveng­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES dier, erected by a citizens committee in 1909 ing rats on a dead landscape. Wednesday, May 8, 1974 was so badly mutUated that the city removed But some m11lions of Poles had survived. } lt. The new group, calling themselves the And gradually they returned to the lunar Mr. HARRINGTON. Mr. Speaker, a Civil War Memorial Committee was headed landscape which was their martyred city. year ago the concept of a Federal OU and May 8, 1974 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 13859 Gas Corporation rarely received mention Any profits would go to the U.S. Treasury. where it might continue and expand, less in the national media. Within a relative­ The corporation, generally comparable to the vulnerable to public oversight and criticism, ly TVA, would be controlled by a. board ap­ as part of the vast HEW apparatus, than short period of time, however, the Cor­ pointed by the President and confirmed in the more exposed environment of OEO. poration has come to be recognized as a by the Senate. Although many members of the "save OEO" serious legislative proposal. The Los An­ Breaking up majors. Several bills have coalition prefer a. continuation of the War geles Times, one of the Nation's most been introduced to break up the vertical on Poverty in a. separate agency, H.R. 14449, respectable newspapers, has cited the integration of the big oil companies and have the HEW transfer approach, is now on the Corporation as a major proposal to re­ production, refining and dlstribution con­ front burner. form our Nation's system of energy de­ ducted as separate businesses, all in the name The legislation, if approved in its present velopment. Such recognition of the Cor­ of promoting more competition and reducing form by the full membership of the House poration idea indicates a growing public discriminatory practices. One of the mUdest of Representatives, would establish a. Com­ bills, by Sen. Floyd Haskell (D-COlo.), munity Action Administration within HEW, awareness and acceptance of the con­ would require the oil companies to divest manned by the very LBJ and SDS liberals cept, and I would like to insert the Times themselves only of their cross-country pipe­ who comprise much of the present staff at article into the RECORD for the informa­ lines. Separate bills by Sen. Frank Moss the Office of Economic Opportunity. Fur­ tion of my colleagues: (D-Utah), Sen. James Abourezk (D-S.D.), thermore, it would assure guaranteed annual PROPOSALS TO CHANGE THE SYSTEM and Rep. Ben Blackburn (R-Ga..), would re­ income to the more than 185,000 poverty professionals who staff nearly 1,000 locally (By Donald Bremner) quire the big on companies to sell all but one phase of their operations. based, federally funded community action Some critics of the petroleum industry Passage of one of the complete divestiture politico-bureaucracies now located in virtu­ think something must, be wrong w1 th the bUls would mean a. shakeup comparable to ally every congressional district in America.. system to have brought such fuel shortages the breakup of Standard OU at the turn of The bUl does not just shift OEO to HEW; and higher prices as this country has had it increases its power. Specific language in recently. the century. Other proposals, while not changing the the blll would confirm the influence of pri­ Rejecting arguments by oil spokesmen that vate, issue-oriented, liberal groups like the the industry has done an impressive job of industry's structure, would change its prof­ its. A "windfall profits•' tax lost another National CouncU of Churches, the League of supplying the ravenous U.S. appetite despite Women Voters, the AFL-CIO, and the United obstacles, these critics offer a. variety of rem­ round last week, and may be dead for now. But there could be more support for a sug­ Auto Workers, to secure "broadening of the edies, ranging from better statistics to a resource base." In addition, the full range of complete sha.keup of the industry. gestion by President Nixon to change tradi­ tional oU industry tax shelters by abolish­ other "private nonprofit" agencies and orga­ With oil and energy certain to be among nizations would be eligible for HEW support the most controversial issues facing it this ing the depletion allowance on overseas oU to push their favorite causes. year, Congress will consider critics' proposals operations, and reducing the amount of for­ With similar authority at OEO, present for: eign income-tax credits the companies can and past OEO grantees have included such Information reporting. 011 companies now use to offset U.S. earnings. groups as the Center for the Study of Publlo voluntarily submit reports on their output Policy (Cambridge, Mass.), the Planned and stocks to the Bureau of Mines on a. Parenthood Federation of America., the Popu­ monthly and annual basis. These are not lation Council, the National Sharecroppers published for months, however, and govern­ REVIVING COMMONSENSE INSTEAD Fund, the Children's Foundation, National ment officials have relied mainly on weekly OF OEO CivU Service League, National Student As­ surveys by the industry-supported American sociation, the Brookings Institution, Rural Petroleum Institute. But government energy Housing Alliance, Change, Inc., the National officials say they need complete up-to-date HON. WILLIAM J. SCHERLE Council of Senior Citizens, the National Con­ figures from every producer and refiner. OF IOWA gress of American Indians, the Urban Insti­ A national energy information system tute, the National Urban Coalition, and the would be set up under a. bill sponsored by IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Southern Christian Leadership Foundation, Sens. Henry Jackson (D-Wa.sh.) and Gaylord Wednesday, May 8, 1974 all charter members of the Liberal Establish­ Nelson (D-Wis.). A censilll-like Bureau of ment, active in behalf of causes against Energy Information in the Department of Mr. SCHERLE. Mr. Speaker, in the which the President and most members of Commerce would collect and coordinate in­ May 11, 1974, issue of Human Events, Congress have campaigned. formation on energy resources, production Howard Phillips, the former Director of The bill provides for 51-member governing and supplies from the public domain and OEO, makes some highly pertinent re­ boards of CAAs under preva111ng rules which private industry. marks concerning hapless legislation to permit such political action groups as Wel­ Competitive secrets and national security prevent the demise of an experiment run fare Rights and Gray Panthers (elderly ac­ would be safeguarded by a system of three amuck-namely OEO. He correctly tivists) to represent the "private sector," libraries-public, confidential, and secret­ while other seats are turned over to local giving the public access to the bulk of the points to the falacies inherent in OEO's poverty representatives (usually chosen by data while protecting legitimate secrets. original conception, faults which would well-organized handfuls of political movers Hearings on the bill are set for this week. be perpetuated and compounded by H.R. and shakers) and designees of local officials Federal chartering, Sen. Jackson, chair­ 14449. Since its inception, OEO has (often middle-level, special interest-oriented man of the Senate Interior Committee and funded projects having nothing to do bureaucrats). an influential voice in energy matters, con­ with reducing poverty in America. Further control by activist organizations tends that the oil industry is "the most Rather, many of them have fostered a is fostered by language which says the "Di­ important industry in the Unlted States ... negative political bent aimed at wrench­ rector [of the HEW-OEO unit] shall require it has more impact on life, style, jobs, the community action agencies to establish pro­ environment than any other." Like util1ties, ing our Nation apart. I echo the cogent cedures under which . . . representative he says, oil companies should be chartered sentiments of Mr. Phlllips that we must groups of the poor which feel themselves in­ and regulated. His bill would require at least learn from our mistakes, particularly adequately represented ... may petition for the large international companies to obtain those made in the "Great Society." His adequate representation." charters and comply with regulations yet article follows for the benefit of my col­ "Representative groups of the poor" have, to be specified. Under his proposal, a. federal leagues, who, I hope, will joint with me in the past, been interpreted to include Black representative would sit on each firm's board in defeating this nonsensical piece of Panthers, youth gangs, and ad hoc cadres of directors to influence decisions on publtc legislation: of Marxist power-seekers. questions, particularly overseas negotiations To remove all doubt about where control and activities. H.R. 14449 Wot7LD REBUILD OEO of jobs and dollars shall repose, the law Public corporation. Most of the nation's (By Howard PhUlips) would read: "The powers of every commu­ on and gas reserves are on public lands, With only eight of its 37 members recorded nity action agency governing board shall in· only a small fraction of which have been in opposition, the liberal House Committee clude the power to appoint persons to senior leased to private companies. Sen. Adlai on Education and Labor has reported out staff positions, to determine major person­ Stevenson lli (D-Ill.) and eight other sen­ legislation to preserve and extend the 111- nel, fiscal and program policies, to approve ators sponsored a. bill to create a. federal oU conceived "War on Poverty." Rejecting even over-all program plans and priorities, and ... and gas corporation to explore and develop the very ltmited compromise efforts of Rep. approve proposals for financial assistance." these resources and distribute the fuels in Albert Qu1e (R.-Minn.), the "save OEO" lob­ In addition to community action, the bUl competition with th.) existing industry. In­ by Insisted on, and won, committee approval would transfer the present legal services pro­ dependents would have first choice, and the to move the guts of the Oftlce of Economic gram to HEW, without reform. It would a.lso public corporation could get into the pipe­ Opportunity, virtually intact, to the Depart­ establish in HEW a "Community Food and line business if necessary to supply them. ment of Health, Education and Welfare, Nutrition Program" which would authorize 13860 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 8, 1974 Hearst-like free food distribution by BEW In Title m of the blli, there is even a sec­ are pushing this legislation. In some cases, "without regard to the requirements of such tion authorlzing 15-year business loans in support has been purchased with cold cash; laws for local or state administration or fi­ amounts as high as $50,000 to be made by in other cases it derives from desires to curry nancial participation." the administrator of the Small Business Ad­ political favor with liberal elements; in stlll (In 1972, Nixon offi.cials Frank Carlucci ministration (SBA). The two alternative other instances it is simply the result of not and Leonard Garment, acting in response to criteria for receiving funds are ownership knowing any better. But, whatever the cause. the President's instructions, used OEO funds by low-income individuals or location 1n it would be most unfortunate for the coun­ to buy off American Indian Movement high poverty areas. try if this legislation were adopted. Once leaders who were directing the occupation of Consideration of other factors like bust­ done, it would be virtually impossible to put the Bureau of Indian Affairs.) ness competence or prospects for success is a halt to it, since, unlike the Economic Op­ An "Environmental Action" program is not required. although the SBA admin1stra­ portunity Act, under which OEO has func­ provided, d lathe New Deal, for such activi­ tor would be authorized "to provide financial tioned, HEW has a permanent statutory ties as leaf-raking and federally funded assistance to public or private organizations base. garbage disposal. Other authorized activities to pay all or part of the costs of projects Moreover, it now seems politically unlikely include "Senior Opportunities and Services," designed to provide technical and manage­ that conservatives will ·soon again be in a "Rural Housing Development and RehabiU­ ment assistance" to loan recipients. position to improve OEO or HEW legisla­ tation:• "Neighborhood Centers" (focal What incredible opportunities for corrup­ tively. However bad our situation now seems, points for consumer protection, "chlld de­ tion and waste! Wlll we never learn from the it shall probably get worse before lt 1m­ velopment," legal services, and the like, at mistakes of the past? proves. It is, therefore, now or maybe never street corner locations throughout America), The Day Care provisions in the new OEO to erode the massive political power, author­ "Design and Planning Assistance Programs" bUl authorize federal funding of labor un­ tty, and resources which the Establishment (free services to private organizations "not ions and private employers for such purposes Left gains from the OEO politico-bureau­ otherwise able to afford" their own archi­ as "renovation and alteration of physical fa­ cratic network. tects), "Consumer Action and Cooperative c111ties" to provide day care. To do the job, the Nixon Administration Programs" ("to develop means of enforcing To guarantee that no President would ever should take the gloves off and end the offi.cial consumer rights and educating low-income again have the opportunity to hold poverty cover-up of OEO abuse which now character­ persons with respect to such rights, proce­ bureaucrats accountable to his authority, the izes OEO programs, as they have in the past. dures, grievances, views and concerns), bill says "all federal personnel, employed on One of the left's most effective arguments in "Technical Assistance and Training,'• "Spe­ the effective date of this Act under author­ wooing naive moderates to the OEO cause is cial Assistance" (a grab-bag section which ization and appropriation of the Economic that there are no "new" horror stories about authorizes the director to fund any private Opportunity Act of 1964, as amended, shall OEO; that all its problems occurred long ago organization to aid those "not being effec­ be transferred to, and to the extent feasible, and that community action is now a tamed tively served by other programs"). assigned to related functions and organiza­ institution. The extent to which almost any quasi­ tion units ... without loss of salary, rank, Whlle there has certainly been far less political, private group with friends in bu­ or other benefits, including the right to rep­ press coverage of OEO abuses than in the reaucratic high places can have their .para­ resentation and to existing collective bar­ past and while some power-manipulative governmental activities paid by the taxpayer gain1ng agreements." techniques are less blatant and overtly out­ is clear in the section which reads: Stlll more liberal patronage is provided by rageous, there has been no change in the "Notwithstanding any other provision of authorization of the director to establtsh an political objectives or impact of many activist this title, the director is authorized to pro­ unlimited number of "advisory committees" groups and leaders subsidized through the vide financial assistance in rural areas to whose members can be compensated for their OEO programs. public or private nonprofit agencies for any services at rates approaching $140 per day, Since problems are "local," the national project for which assistance to community plus expenses. press usually overlooks them; there is vir­ action agencies is authorized, if he deter­ Nor are benefits under the act Umited to tually no investigative reporting of the sort mines that it is not feasible to establish a those whom the publtc normally think of as which media personnel gave to Watergate; community action agency within a reason­ poor. Any Harvard graduate who can't get a and CEO's in-house investigative responsi­ able period of time." job "commensurate with his health, age, edu­ bil1ties lie with persons who seem ideologi­ Unmindful of past abuses involving hu­ cation and abllity" qualifies for all the serv­ cally committed to sparing the program em­ man sterilization and abortion of life-ca­ ices and grants appropriated to fight barrassment. Worse, the Administration is pable, unborn boys and girls, the new law "poverty:• apparently unwllling to confront the present would require "that famlly planning serv­ The favored bureaucratic strategem for director, Alvin Arnett, and hold him to ac­ ices, including the dissemination of family keeping the money flowing to favored organi­ count, for fear of press repercussions. planning information and medical assist­ zations is kept alive by !;he blll's statutory If the President cared enough, he could ance and supplies [emphasis added] , are implementation of the phllosophy: "Once restore CEO's inspection capability and made available to all low-income individuals funded, forever funded," requiring incredible release present evidence of wrongful and who meet the criteria for eligibllity." legallstic exertions before the government criminal OEO activity to the public. There is The bill also gives the federal poverty di­ can terminate or deny refunding to a pro­ more than enough in the live OEO files to rector authority to intrude into the affairs gram that has once received a grant. match, page for page, the most titillating of any elementary or secondary school in Programs advanced under the bill also in­ excerpts from the Watergate tapes. America with funding for "special, remedial clude "Headstart," "Follow Through," re­ The Administration could also serve its and other noncurricular educational assist­ search, demonstration, and evaluation, In­ cause by cracking down on the violations of ance." dian projects, and health staff projects. the federal anti-lobbying act represented in Does fighting poverty justify such an un­ In its "community economic development" the use of OEO funds, directly and indirectly, usual grant of power to a single bureaucratic section, which assigns powers to the Depart­ to help the "save OEO" lobby campaign. offi.cial? And what about the "rural loan" ment of Commerce, the proposed law estab­ Those programs which are using federally provision which would give the poverty chief lishes its own system of racial and ethnic supported travel funds, personnel and equip­ power to make $3,500, 15-year loans to rural quotas, with special programs not for citi­ ment to lobby should be prosecuted. In fam111es which fail to qualify for other fed­ zens regardless of race, color, sex, or creed addition, CEO-funded publications should be eral loans? Such authority could be a potent but for "minority groups" and "low-income gotten out of the lobbying business. patronage weapon in any political campaign. whites," asserting that minorities "include, Legislators should think twice before One of CEO's most left-wing programs has but are not limited to, Negroes, Puerto Ri­ launching this new CEO-Titanic at HEW. been the SDS-dominated migrant and sea­ cans, Spanish-speaking Americans, Ameri­ Whether it's called ADVO, CAP, Commutlity sonal farm worker system of grants which can Indians, Eskimos and Aleuts." Such Action, or whatever, a rose by any other name too often go to private, leftist-dominated categorizations constitute the worst kind of stlll smells the same, and so does a cow nonprofit groups, which have sought to un­ racism and classism. pasture. Ionize and politicize farm workers to their There is much more 1n the 171-page bill If the goal is to help the poor, why sub­ own brand of leftist politics, including the which 1s worthy of denunciation than con­ sidize a powerful polltical network of "non­ Atzlan phUosophy of carrying out a new Chi­ siderations of space permit us to discuss profit organizations" and federal bureaucrats cano nation 1n the Southwest. This program, here, but the reader, I am sure, gets the gen­ whose salaries eat up 80 per cent of the pro­ which has been delegated to the Department eral idea. gram's money? of Labor, would be made permanent under Why does the Liberal Establishment need The American taxpayer stlll has enough the HEW transfer bUl. public financing, when under legislation of sense to support men and women who vote Purtherm.ore, as elsewhere 1n the bill, lan­ this sort, it is free to subsidize itself virtually against such nonsense, and to turn out of guage is included in the migrant section on without limit, and without any need for office incumbents who pander to special which expansion of the legal services pro­ balance or procedural accountab111ty? interest bureaucracies. His voice is not very gram, under diverse authorities, would be Yet there are moderates and even per­ loud in washington, but it w111 be heard at advanced. sons who call themselves conservatives who the polls in November. May 8, 1974 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 13861 .IMPEACHMENTS IN THE UNITED judiciary that they will require compliance gress' programs with his own, Johnson arro-· STATES With the highest standards of ethical be­ gated to himself the responsibllity of restor­ havior." ing the civll government in the South. He Most important for the purposes at hand claimed this as a right under his inherent is that Ritter was convicted for conduct war powers as co~ander-in-chief. He ap­ ·uoN. WILLIAM L. HUNGATE which was definitely not criminal. pointed and removed the m111tary governors OP MISSOURI However, the generally recognized water­ at wm, without Senate confirmation; he IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES shed of the law of impeachment is the Arch­ authorized state constitutional conventions ibald case. There, not one of the articles and provisional legislatures; set the prereq­ Wednesday, May 8, 1974 preferred by the House contained an indicta­ uisites by which Southerners could be fully Mr. HUNGATE. Mr. Speaker, this con­ ble offense. Respondent was accused of try­ restored to the Union. All Without as much ing to commercialize his potentiality as a as a nod of assent from Congress. As Les tinuation of an article by Timothy Walt­ judge by securing "business favors and con­ Benedict puts it: hall in the New England Law Review con­ cessions." This was conduct, as Brown points "He had set back the work of reconstruc­ tains comments which may prove helpful out, which would have been blameless if done tion ... and ensured that Southerners iio our consideration of impeachment: by a private citizen, but worse than a crime would resist the process instead of cooperat­ IMPEACHMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES when done by a judge. ing. To a large degree, the !allure of recon­ One might expect that were there am­ Thus, it must be concluded from analysis struction could be blamed alone on Presi­ biguity in the phrase as written, it would of these various sources that impeachment dent Johnson's abuse of his discretionary nave been easily settled in the first few im­ wlll be for serious noncriminal conduct as powers." peachments. Several problems unique to im­ well as for criminal breaches. In the con­ Worse, he embarked upon frustrating Con­ peachments have hampered such a resolu­ stitutional scheme it is the House of Repre­ gress' Reconstruction program by every. means tion. To begin with, there have been too few sentatives who make the initial determina­ avallable to him. He ignored the so-called impeachments: twelve in 186 years. Of these tion as to what is impeachable. The managers Test Oath Act, whereby appointees in the nine were of federal judges and one each of the House have not once falled to bring South were required to take an oath that were of a President, a Senator and a Cab­ at least one nonindictable charge on im­ they had never aided the rebell1on. This law inet officer. There have been only four con­ peachment. However, the Senate may disre­ was designed to prevent former Rebels from victions, two of which were not defended. gard the House's determination and vote quickly regaining power In the South and Worse in terms of setting standards of im­ according to their own criteria. Though the­ trampling over the rights of Southern Blacks peachablllty, the Senate does not vote sepa­ oretically a President may be Impeached for and loy,alists. rately on the issues or impeachab111ty and less than criminal offenses; though this is Johnson and his Attorney General James guilt. On each impeachment, the sole ques­ supported by the weight of English authority, Speed conspired to minimize the enforce­ tion submitted to the Senate is whether the most Constitutional commentators and the ment of the Confiscation Act, and the Freed­ respondent was "guilty as charged." Hence, Amerioan precedents; as a practical matter men's Bureau, designed primar11y to enfran­ an acquittal might be based on two alto­ Congress wlll not remove a President for chise the freed slaves and charitable orga­ gether different grounds: (1) the charges less than an indictable offense. This fact nizations who would use the land for schools preferred by the House are not impeachable could hardly be more clearly demonstrated and orphanages. Instead the land was re­ -offenses or (2) the charges brought, though than it was in the Johnson impeachment. turned to its former rebel owners, turning impeachable, were not proved. Thus, since THE IMPEACHMENT OF ANDREW JOHNSON Negroes in the South into a dispossessed and homeless class of indigents at the mercy of this separate question has never been deter­ When (then) Solicitor General Robert Bork mined by a vote of the Senate, each impeach­ the full fury of the embittered Southern asserted on October 5, 1973 that "impeaCih­ land-owning class. Furthermore, Johnson ment must hear anew pleas that the re­ ment trials, as that of President Johnson spondent may be impeached only where he steadfastly opposed black suffrage and other reminds us, may sometimes be influenced by efforts by Congress to guarantee equality be­ may be indicted. political passions ... that would ... be The result of all this is that acquittals fore the law for Southern Blacks. vigorously excluded from a criminal trial," The republicans first tried to compromise; are of diminished value as precedent of the he was playing upon a popular myth of the intermixture of fact and law in the deci­ then hesitantly resisted; and finally in 1867 Johnson Impeachment. Until recently John­ shucked Johnson's reconstruction program ~lons. As Simpson put it: "he has studied son had been regarded as a stubborn pa­ impeachments in vain who does not know as a fallure. Congress authorized the mllitary triot, perhaps not as able as Lincoln, whose commanders in the South to supervise a re­ that an acquittal under such circumstances only crime was to urge a humane policy for decides no legal principle." So we are left construction program guided by thei':' legisla­ reconstructing the South. Against him, so the tion. Johnson further obstructed the Repub­ with the four convictions: Pickering, Hum­ story goes, were pitted a gang of partisan phreys, Archibald and Ritter. But Pickering lican effort through his control of the m111- "Radical Republicans" in Congress, bent only tary governors. He ordered them to enforce and Humphreys did not defend themselves. on punishing the South and achieving con­ This somewhat dilutes the authority of these the law in such a way as to frustrate it and gressional superiority over the President. In removed those commanders who would not removals on the principal that an issue not line with this, the seven Republican recu­ contested is an issue not decided. do so. Finally Johnson set to work using sants who saved Johnson are pictured as patronage appointments in an effort to de­ Thus it is Ritter and Archibald which form martyrs who voted with their consciences and the core of impeachment law. Ritter's con­ feat the re-election of the radicals. Johnson's against political bias. interference on behalf of the South was so viction rested on a seventh article which Revisionist historians have persuasively ar­ essentially incorporated by refe·rence six arti­ blatant that many congressmen feared a gued that Johnson was not so innocent a coup-d'etat by the President. cles of which he was acquitted. That seventh vlotim and that Congress was nat so anxious article read in part : The French Correspondent and future to remove him as had been supposed. statesman, Georges Clemenceau, described The reasonable and probable consequence At the close of the Civil War, Andrew or the actions . . . of Halsted Ritter . . . as this deadly waltz: an individual and as a judge, is to bring Johnson and the "rump" Republican Con­ "[T]he radicals are limiting thexnselves ... his court into scandal and disrepute, to the gress held markedly different views as to to binding Andrew Johnson firmly with good prejudice of his court and public confi­ how to reconstruct the embittered and war­ brand new laws. At each session they add a dence in the administration of justice there­ torn South. Johnson favored Lincoln's con­ shackle to his bonds . . . and then when he in, and to the prejudice of publlc respect for c1Uatory attitude toward the former rebel is well bound up, fastened and caught in an and confidence in the federal judiciary, and states. The quicker past troubles could be inextricable net of laws and decrees.... render hlm unfit to serve as a judge. forgotten, the better for the country, so he they tie him to the stake of the Constitution Ritter's conviction would indicate that, thought. The Republicans were preeminently and take a good look at him, feeling quite although the managers could not prove that concerned with preserving the rights of sure he cannot move this time." Ritter had broken the law, what they had Southern loyalists and the new-freed slaves. "But then . . . Sampson summons au his shown at trial was sufficient to disqualify They saw a dangerous flaw in Johnson's ap­ strength and bursts his . . . bonds . . ., and him as a judge. proach: the renewed dominance of the pre­ the [radicals] fiee in disorder to the capitol Several aspects of Ritter are significant. civil war aristocracy and other former to set to work making new laws . . ., which First, this is precisely how the constitutional R®els. wlll break in their turn at the first test. plan of impeachment was meant to work. Whatever the merits of these opposed In 1867 the Republicans passed the Tenure Judges are removable for abuses of their points of view, it is clear that Andrew John· of Office Act, which read in part: authority, which may not be reached by the son sabotaged the Republican effort and dld "[E]very person holding any clvll office to criminal law. Second, it shows that judges not adequately substitute a program of his which he has been appointed [with the ad­ wlll be held to a higher standard of behavior, own for Southern reconstruction. The re­ vice and consent of the Senate] is, and shall as well they should given their position in sult was catastrophic, and we stm suffer be entitled to hold such office until a succes­ the community. As one commentator has today from the wounds lnfilcted upon the sor shall have been 1n like manner appointed put it, "Ritter should not be feared but wel­ nation by his short stint in oftice. and duly quallfled, except as herein otherwise comed as notice !rom the Senate to the Rather than seeking to accommodate Con- provided: Provided. that the Secretaries o! 13862 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 8, 197~ State, ... of War ... shall hold their of­ dalous harangues, and therein uttered loud the power vested in him by his electors: fices respectively for and during the term of threats and bitter menaces against Congress obedience to the law and the Constitution. the President by whom they may have been and the laws of the United States enacted by Even by the strict criterion of indictabil­ appointed and for one month thereafter, Congress, thereby bringing the Office of the ity, it is difficult to see why Johnson should subject to removal by and with the advice President into disgrace ..." have escaped conviction. From the opinion& and consent of the Senate. In this the managers made the classic submitted by certain of the Senators, it is • • • accusation of impeachment: that the Presi­ evidence that all save Charles Sumner de­ "SEc. 2 ...• That when any officer ap­ dent had rendered himself unfit for his office cided the matter on its narrow legal issues. pointed as aforesaid . . . shall, during a re­ by his actions. The eleventh article charged The six Republican recusants who filed opin­ cess of the Senate be shown, by evidence sat­ that Johnson had said that: ions all asserted impeachment would lie only isfactory to the President, guilty of miscon­ "The 39th Congress was a Congress of only for transgressions of positive law. Each duct in office, or crime, or for any reason part of the states and not a Constitutional showed that he had been persuaded by one shall become incapable or legally disquali­ Congress, intending thereby to deny its Con­ argument or another of the President's fied to perform it's duties, in such cases, stitutional competency to enact laws or pro­ counsel. and in no other, the President may suspend pose (constitutional] Amendments ..." The result was that the Johnson impeach­ such officer [and appoint an ad tnterim re­ This was prefatory to yet another accusa­ ment was clouded with every sort of legal placement and in such case it shall be the tion that Johnson had violated the Tenure pettifoggery imaginable at a Nisi Prius duty of the President, within twenty days Act and other laws of Congress. The idea was trial. In the heat of battle the Senators had after the first day of such meeting of the that Johnson had attempted to discredit the lost sight of the legitimate objective of the Senate, to report to the Senate such suspen­ validity of all laws passed by Congress to impeachment trial: ascertaining Andrew sion, with the evidence and reason for his justify his own unlawfulness. It was also an Johnson's fitness to remain President. action in the case ... (I]f the Senate shall accusation that Johnson had failed to faith­ The evidence is strong that Johnson was concur . . . and consent to the removal . . ., fully execute the laws. If we call this "mal­ no more acquitted for lack of proof that he they shall so certify to the President, who administration" it becomes another word broke the law than he had been impeached may thereupon remove such omcer, and, by familiar in the content of impeachment. for mere violation of the Tenure of Office and with the advice and consent of the Sen­ As might be expected the battle before the Act. Rather it would seem that the Sena­ ate appoint another person ... But if the Senate was not waged over Johnson's fitness tors were using legal justifications for de­ Senate shall refuse . . . such officer . . . to hold office but whether he had in fact cisions based on other considerations. shall forthwith resume the functions of his broken the law. In the last analysis, it was Most obvious of those other reasons was office ...." (emphasis added). a case of first impression for construction of the character of Johnson's would-be suc­ The act was designed as a clear-cut regula­ the Tenure of Office Act. Johnson's attorneys cessor, Benjamin Wade. Johnson of course tion of the President's removal power. John­ argued (1) that their client could be removed had no Vice President and, as President pro son considered it unconstitutional and only for a serious crime, directly subversive tempore of the Senate Wade was next in vetoed it; but Congress overrode his veto and of the fundamental principles of govern­ line. But Wade harboured "agrarian sym­ the act became law on March 2, 1867. ment or the public interest; (2) that the pathies" and favored high tariffs and "soft Edwin M. Stanton had been appointed Tenure Act was unconstitutional because the money" which aroused powerful interests Secretary of War by Abraham Lincoln in Constitution gave the President an inherent against him. Republicans feared that a Wade January 1862. In the building crisis between and absolute power of removal; (3) that administration would hopelessly divide their President and Congress, Stanton was torn Johnson had not in fact removed Stanton, party on these issues. These fears were ex­ between conflicting loyalties. He disagreed but had only attempted it; (4) that Stanton acerbated by an anti-Republican reaction with Johnson's policies, but was persuaded was no covered by the Tenure Act, his tenure gaining strength among the voters in 1867. to remain in office by Republicans who saw having expired with Lincoln's death; and Added to this were Johnson's extra-legal as­ him as a buffer between the President and finally (5) that Johnson was only "testing" surances to wavering Republicans of good the Army. When Congress began to restrict the constitutionality of the Tenure Act in behavior for the rest of his term and actual Johnson's power over reconstruction politics the only way that it could be tested and in cessation of interference while impeachment the President needed a Secretary of War who doing so he had at most made a mistake. progressed. would execute the law the way Johnson The managers countered that (1) the Sen­ Unspoken behind the above considerations wanted it. ate was not bound by rules of Nisi Prius and is yet a more general factor militating Stanton would not have been Johnson's that it could remove government officers against the removal of any President: the first choice in any event. On August 5, 1867, without averring any legal grounds at all; power of the Presidency itself. Impeachment during the recess of Congress, he discharged (2) that the President had no right to does not claim the niceties of the political Stanton and appointed Ulysses Grant Secre­ further exercise his judgement as to the "game" it is often made out to be. It is, tary of War ad interim. When Congress re­ constitutionality of a law after his veto had in the end, a crude exercise of raw power. convened, Johnson, in seeming compllance been overridden; (3) that the Senate was Andrew Johnson was particularly vulnerable with the Tenure Act, sent it a message detail­ not convened to quibble over the technical to impeachment. As Senator from Tennes­ ing his reasons for firing Stanton. His sufficiency of the charges made; (4) that see he had been the only Southern Senator reasons were that differences between him Johnson had waived his right to insist that to oppose secession. and Stanton had become irreconcilable and Stanton was not covered by the Tenure Act When the South did secede and after Lin­ that a President should not be responsible by fa111ng to assert such in his message to coln was killed, Johnson stood alone as a for the acts of cabinet ministers beyond his the Senate after the removal; (5) that to President without a political constituency. control. Significantly, however, Johnson did allow such "tests" and "mistakes" would As a Democrat from the South, he did not not agree that Stanton was not covered by substitute the will of the President for the share many of the fundamental goals of a the Tenure of Oftlce Act. action of the law-making power which was Congress dominated by northern Repub­ On January 13, 1968, the Senate rejected tantamount to government by one man. licans. Worse, though he followed as nearly Johnson's reasons and voted to reinstate On Saturday May 16, the Senate voted on as he could Lincoln's plan for reconstruction Stanton. On January 14, Grant handed the articles "eleven, one and two"-nineteen for of the South, he was "temporamentally keys back to Stanton. Johnson was incensed. acquittal, thirty-five for conviction. Seven flawed" for such an onerous task. He had not Notwithstanding an almost certain knowl­ Republicans had voted with twelve Demo­ Lincoln's roots in the north and the Repub­ edge that his act would appear as a clear-cut crats for acquittal. It was not enough to lican party; nor his ab111ty to compromise violation of the law, Johnson on February 21, meet the stiff two-thirds requirement for and leadership; nor Lincoln's sensitivity to 1868 removed Stanton and replaced him with conviction. Thereafter the Senate adjourned powerful political stimuli. It is a tribute to a "nondescript Adjutant General of the sine die, and the drama. was ended. the immense power of the Presidency that Army," Lorenzo Thomas. Congress was ap­ If ever a President deserved impeachment, Andrew Johnson was not removed from that palled by the President's disregard for the it was Andrew Johnson. As has been seen, in office in 1867. law. Now the Congressmen were fuming. pursuing his own reconstruction policy, he The picture that emerges from all of this That same day, the House of Representatives ignored some congressional enactments, vio­ is quite contrary to the commonly held view. dug up an old impeachment resolution and lated the spirit of others, and in the end It was not the recusants, but their Repub­ passed it with the vote of every Republican flagrantly violated the letter of still another. Ucan colleagues who risked their political member of that body. His lame excuse that he was merely testing lives to vote with their consciences. It was The articles exhibited against Andrew the constitutionality of the Tenure of Office not the radicals, but the recusa.nts who ap­ Johnson accused him of violating the Tenure Act, having already exercised his veto power, pear to have strained the law to acquit John­ of omce Act by removing Stanton and ap­ seems to have come to Johnson (or his at­ son for whatever motives they may have had. pointing Thomas. However, the tenth and That the Senators• real motives were not torneys) only as an afterthought. As Presi­ wholly judicial is of little significance. That eleventh articles went further. Article ten dent he was not content with faithful exe­ read in part that on August 18, 1866: they were obscured by a legal veneer is un­ cution of the law, or expression of his dis­ fortunate. It served only to depricate any "The President, with intent to set aside approval by veto provided for him under the value the proceedings might have had as the rightful authority of Congress and bring Constitution. Johnson had shirked those re­ precedent. As it is, Johnson's acquittal leaves it into contempt, delivered certain scan- \ spons1b1Ut1es paramount to the ex~rcise of us with two rather dubious principles: l May 8, 1974 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 13863

1. The President could refuse to execute Some contend that the partisan nature of ment in its present form. Hamilton sug­ any law he believed unconstitutional; and impeachment makes it a dangerous and un­ gested the President be impeached by a 2. He could replace Senate approved ap­ usable weapon. As Theodore Dwight opined, tribunal composed of the chief judge of the pointees with his own choices without con­ "it is the weakness of a political tribunal Superior Court of each state. John Dickin­ firmation in the Senate. I would suggest that that ... it labors under the imputation of son of Delaware proposed that the chief ex­ these positions would be untenable if ad­ faction." But this criticism goes to the nature ecutive should be removed by Congress upon vanced today. of our governmental system, not to impeach­ the request of a majority of the state legis­ OBJECTIONS ment as a part of it. If we have incompetent latures. A resolution by Governor Randolf Johnson's impeachment brings to mind the or malevolent men running our government of Virginia gave jurisdiction of impeach­ numerous objections to the process that have none of its processes w111 work. Abuse of the ments to the national Judiciary. Under this been voiced over the years. These objections impeachment power is only incidental. plan presumably impeachments might have may be divided into four categories: Of concern also is the fact that the major begun at the district court level. The Report 1. objections to it's logistical problems: it investigatory bodies of the government--the of the Committee of DetaU given on August 6, is too slow and expensive; too narrow and F.B.I. and the I.R.S.-are under the control 1787 provided for a trial of impeachments unavailable; of the President who is the target of the in­ of the House of Representatives in the Su­ 2. criticisms of the qualifications of Con­ vestigation. The House is not equipped with preme Court. Madison too favored some gress: the House can't investigate them the staff or the resources to compete with the tribunal including the Supreme Court to try properly and the Senate can't try them judi­ executive branch. This is a serious problem impeachments. ciously; not so much with impeachment as with the In this area too, much emphasis has been 3. that it confUcts with other provisions o:t distribution of functions between the on the judiciary. The only serious alternative the Constitution; and branches of government. I would only point to presidential impeachment is presented by 4. that it has been circumscribed by devel­ out in passing that the resources necessary the English Parliamentary system. By a opments since its adoption and is now ob­ are not out of reach of Congress under the majority vote of "no confidence" in both solete. Constitution. Congress could undoubtedly Houses a prime minister may be required. 1. That impeachments are laborious and appropriate itself the money necessary for a to resign. Though simple, this method is not time consuming is obvious. Some authors thorough investigation under the necessary attuned to the American concept of an in­ have further contended that impeachment is and proper clause (Art. I, sec. 8, cl. 18). . dependent executive. too narrow as it only entertains "serious 3. It has been argued that impeachment, Alhough no one has proposed an alterna­ matter" and is unavailable for lesser offenses particularly in its broad definition, conflicts tive method of removing the President, alter­ and disab111ty. with other provisions of the Constitution. natives to judicial impeachment may in­ I should first point out that these remarks Specifically, the prohibition of Attainder and directly affect executive removal by rellev­ have been made in the context of judicial ex post facto laws. (Art. I. sec. 9, cl. 3); the ing some of the burden upon Congress. In due process requirements of the fifth and addition, procedures adopted to streamline impeachments and are better addressed to fourteenth amendments; and specific guaran­ that genre of removals. When the President judicial impeachments should undoubtedly is on trial these drawbacks become mere in­ tees in the Bill of Rights, such as the self· be referred to in executive impeachment. conveniences dwarfed by the magnitude of incrimination provision of the Fifth amend­ Discussion of impeaching judges usually ment. begin from the premise that it is unrealistic the proceedings. To begin with impeachment, no matter But the cumbersome and unavailable to expect Congress to supervise federal dis­ how broadly defined, is not Attainder. The trict court judges by impeachment. The nature of impeachments serves a purpose: 1t practices grew up along side of one another shields the President from malicious or ill­ question then becomes whether impeach­ and have different histories, procedures, and ment is the exclusive means of removal founded prosecutions. In the design of the uses. The most obvious difference, observed Constitution impeachment reflects a delicate under the Constitution. in American impeachments, is the neces­ Potts has offered a fairly representative balance between two fundamental and com­ sity of a trial. Requiring a trial as a pre­ peting interests: the need to somehow limit proposal whereby only the President and requisite for removal goes about as far as his Cabinet would be amenable to impeach­ the use of executive power and at the same possible in this area to insure fairness in time to insure the independence of the ment. Lesser administrative officers would be determining a man's fitness to hold office. removable through administrative hearings. executive. If it were any more accessible it The two-thirds majority requirement may might too easUy lend itself to abuse and Potts would create a special tribunal to try also serve to distinguish impeachment. The impeachments of the members of the judi­ destroy the independence of the executive. same is generally true regarding ex post facto As to disability, the twenty-fifth amendment ciary. Under his plan, panels of judges from law, the main difference here again being the the circuit courts of Appeal would try the has removed the necessity of impeachments. requirement of a trial. The due process and Lastly, the impeachment process is not District judges and the Supreme Court would the Blll of Rights arguments proceed from try the Appeal court judges. Potts tnen sug­ beyond legislative repairs designed to stream­ the assumption that impeachment is in es­ line and modernize it. gests that a special panel of district judges sence judicial. The specific guarantees of the try the Supreme Court Justices. 2. It has been said that impeachment BUl of Rights and Due process would as­ places too much power in the Senate; that Potts :teals this would not require a con­ sume their due importance if the impeached stitutional amendment. He argues the fram­ the independence of the other branches are officer stood to lose his life, liberty or prop~ too threatened by the power of impeachment. ers did not intend impeachment as the only erty. Here again it should be realized that means of removal of federal judges. He To this I give you Justice Story's question: he only may lose a political office bestowed To whom else should we entrust such an suggests that this method could be enacted upon him by the grace of a sovereign people. under the Necessary and Proper clause (art. awesome power? Certainly not to the su­ 4. Finally, it is true that the efficiency of preme Court as it is appointed by the Presi­ I, sec. 8, cl. 18) pursuant to the judic1a.l impeachment has been diminished by pas­ tenure clause (art. III, sec. 1, cl. 1) which dent and is too small and corruptible. In this sage of the 22nd and 24th amendments. But the size of the Senate is a decided advantage. prescribes that the tenure of federal judges it should not be concluded that these pro­ shall be during good behavior. Recall by the electorate is destab111zing and visions have made impeachment obsolete. unreliable. Legislative proposals on the subject are The twenty-second amendment wlll limit scarce and have not fared well in Congress. In this connection it should also be noted the length of time an unfit President may that no man may be tried by the Senate and In 1936, Senator McAdoo of California intro­ serve, thus reducing the incentive to remove duced a bill providing for a court composed removed until he has been accused in the him by impeachment; the 24th amendment House of Representatives. So the power of of ten court of Appeals judges, one from each partially delegates the power to remove an circuit, and the chief justice of the District executive removal is shared with the House. incapable President to the Vice-President Furthermore, 1f impeachment fulfills a legis­ of Columbia district court of Appeals as the and either (1) a majority of the cabinet presiding judge. The Court would have the lative rather than a judicial function, Con­ or (2) a majority of some body designated gress is the most logical choice anyway. power to remove district court judges for by Congress for the purpose. However, it misbehavior under the judicial tenure clause The power of impeachment must, as a should be remembered that the power of matter of course, lessen the independence (art. II, sec. 1) by quo warranto proceedings impeachment st111 exists in such cases. Fur­ instituted by the Attorney General. In this of the executive; that is its primary purpose. thermore, these amendments do not abro­ This fear was expressed at the adopting con­ same vein, a btil introduced in 1969 provided gate impeachment in its most critical use. for a panel of five judges from the courts of vention but was subordinated to the interest That is where a Presider:t, by abuse of his in limiting presidential power. Furthermore, Appeals to recommend removal of federal authority, begins to impinge upon the judges. if the President is operating within the liberties of the people. proper bounds of the Constitution he will not Preble Stolz and Ph111p Kurland have cited be hampered by the prospect of impeach­ ALTERNATIVES AND RECOMMENDATIONS the opinions of justices Black and Douglas ment. Impeachment therefore is a recognized Impeachment never looks so good as when in the case of Chandler v. Judicial council of exception to the separation of powers, and it is compared to what might replace it. The the Tenth Oircuit in support of the exclusiv­ will not yield to the objection that it is a framers kicked around and ultimately re­ ity of the impeachment remedy. Stolz pro­ violation thereof. jected a number of variations from impeach- poses avoiding the exclusivity problem by 13864 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 8, 1974 modernizing the impeachment mechanism. mischief it seeks to prevent. However, I do the President had committed a crime. It has He enumerates !our attributes of an ideal recommend promulgation of some enactment been one aim of this note to urge that when system of impeachment: (1) one free from outllning impeachable offenses for our "civll things have reached the point of impeach­ partisanship; (2) confidential; (3) perma­ omcers" with a view toward putting them on ment such inquiries should become sub­ nently staffed; and (4) procedurally !air. notice that they may be impeached for less servient to the more important interests of Stolz !eels these objectives could be achieved than criminal misconduct. This would go far the state and its citizens. without the necessity of a constitutional toward satisfying any complaints as to the The legislators are compelled by no law amendment by a few changes in the Rules due process or e:c post facto clause require­ to impeach a man; even one they deem un­ of the House and Senate. ments. worthy. The danger always exists that myopic Stolz recommends the creation of a stand­ I would also advocate the adoption of set legislators, fa111ng to grasp the constitutional ing bipartisan committee on Judicial Fitness rules of procedure and evidence. This would importance of a President's actions, may in the House of Representatives. This com­ save the time of debating and adopting such allow our liberties to be eroded by a !allure mittee would be permanently staffed to avoid rules during diftl.cult periods. If Congress 1s to impeach. Fortunately, in the past the the characterization of act hoc that has at­ to continue to effectively supervise the be­ Congress has felt a moral compulsion to im­ tached to other committee staffs investigat­ havior of the judiciary, establishment of some peach which has demonstrated that im­ ing impeachment. The staff would investigate alternative removal procedure !or minor fed­ peachment is stm an effective removal complaints and draw up articles in appropri­ eral judges and lesser oftl.cers is inevitable. mechanism. ate cases. The Judici,al committee would vote I would follow Stolz's lead and set up a per­ We have also seen that hardly a viable al­ on the articles and the accused would be af­ manently staffed committee on Judicial Fit­ ternative exists given the peculiar history forded an opportunity to appear and answer ness empowered to investigate the conduct and circumstances of this country. How­ the charges in an executive session of the of the President. However, I would not en­ ever, certain supportive measures may be committee. dorse his proposal to allow the Senate to vote taken to strengthen the bond of Impeach­ If the articles were brought before the Sen­ on the report of a master. ment and make it more accessible as a check ate, that body would select a master to hear I feel that serious constitutional rights are on the Executive. the evidence and present findings of fact and affected, and such a change should come by It was pointed out in passing that two conclusions of law in a report to the full Sen­ constitutional amendment. Plans such as aspects of impeachment are central to Its ate. The Senate could then vote on this that proposed by Potts could also be explored, understanding. First that impeachment is a report. ever mindful of the constitutional problems legislative, not a judicial, determination. they raise. As such it should be evaluated under a some­ Something akin to Stolz's proposals areal­ Any certainty and ava1lab111ty lent to the what different set of rules. Second, that im­ most a necessity 1f the federal judiciary is to peachment wlll lie for non-indictable of­ be supervised. As regards the President, a law of impeachment by such enactments might also make impeachment more ap­ fenses. House Committee on Judicial Fitness could, In view of recent events in Chlle, Greece with a minimum of effort, extend itself to proachable by a timid Congress. This would be the greatest service that any such legis­ and many other places thoughout the world, cover the rare instances of executive impeach­ few words need be wasted in pointing out ment. Such a committee would also meet two lation might render. For no matter how well designed the device may be in theory, it that confidence in the rule of civil demo­ major objections to impeachment: that the cratic governments has been considerably House is not equipped for the investigations would be better not to have been created at all than to be so designed and never used. eroded in the past decade. In the United of impeachments, and the charge of bias. States, impeachment has long serviced a However, Stolz's recommendation that the CONCLUSION necessary political reality: the need for an Senate vote on a master's report rather than Though an impeachment is often com­ effective check upon the action of the execu­ hear the evidence themselves would deprive pared to an indictment, like all analogies it tive. It has often been the !allure to come the President of a full hearing before the is incomplete. We find impeachment to be to grips with this reality that has been the Senate provided for him in the Constitution. not a criminal prosecution, but a general In­ ruin Oil these democracies. As to Impeachment of the President, I quiry into the fitness of a man to hold oftl.ce. In this sense, impeachment should be as would not recommend a constitutional Theoretically a man need not commdt a dear to liberty in this country as the Bill amendment deleting or replacing the age-old crime to be Impeached; but in practice the of Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment. mechanism. Nor would I recommend any legislators have most often preferred to watt It is fundamental to the right of a people comprehensive law of impeachment. A cun­ !or a manifest violation of law. The only In­ to govern themselves. For In this connection ning executive would find just that excess not stance of presidential Impeachment was sub­ it should not be forgotten that the supreme prohibited under the hypothetical statute. merged in a quagmire of legal technicalltles, act of a sovereign people Is the removal of The language must remain as broad as the focused upon the sole question of whether an unfit ruler.

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