About the Author

Dr. Pranab Kumar Parua was born in West Bengal province of India in 1942 and graduated in civil engineering from Jadavpur University in Kolkata in 1963 with first class. His professional career started in 1964 in the Central Public Works Department of the Government of India in Kolkata. Next year, in January 1965, he joined the Farakka Barrage Project, then under way, as an Assistant Engineer and was associated with the design, construction and maintenance of the barrage across the Ganga at Farakka in Murshidabad district of West Bengal, about 300 kilometers north of Kolkata and later with the construction and maintenance of the Feeder Canal, a part of the project. He spent a large part of his career, over 30 years, in the project, climbing his career ladder to Superintending Engineer and General Manager (in charge) and retired in 2002. From 1985 to 1988, he worked for the Calcutta Port Trust as Engineer on Special Duty in the Hydraulic Study Department and supervised river-training work of the Hooghly estuary and its dredging operations. While in service, Dr. Parua registered his name for Ph.D. with permission from Calcutta Port Trust and qualified for the Doctor of Philosophy (D. Phil) degree in engineering from his alma mater, Jadavpur University in 1992. He received many awards for excellence in his profession, like Bharat Gaurav (‘Pride of India’) from International Friendship Society, New Delhi and was adjudged as ‘one of the best citizens of India’, 2000 by International Publishing House, New Delhi. He figures in the ‘Who’s Who in Science & Engineering’ of M/S Marquis, USA and also as a ‘leading scientist of the world, 2005’, sponsored by International Biographical Centre, Cambridge, UK. He is also associated with major engineering professional bodies of India and abroad, such as, Institute of Engineers (India), Indian Geo-technical Society, Indian Association of Hydrologists, Indian Roads Congress, American Society of Civil Engineers of India and the USA. At present, he is associated with the Asian Development Bank on water resources management and river basin management project of the Brahmaputra River Basin in north-east

P.K. Parua, The Ganga, Water Science and Technology Library 64, 327 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-3103-7, C Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 328 About the Author

India. He travelled to Bangkok, Singapore and Dhaka to attend technical confer- ences on invitation and presented in them many papers on concrete structures, river basin management etc. Dr. Parua is married with two sons and a daughter and lives in Kolkata. Appendix A

(i) JOINT INDIA-BANGLADESH PRESS RELEASE

EMBARGO: Not to be Published / Broadcast / Telecast before 1700 Hrs Ist/ 1730 Hrs BST on 18th April, 1975. DACCA/NEW DELHI : April 18:

The delegation from India led by His Excellency Sri Jagjivan Ram, Minister of Agriculture and Irrigation and the delegation from Bangladesh led by His Excellency Mr. Abdul Rab Serneabat, Minister of Flood Control, Water Resources and Power met in Dacca from the 16th to 18th April, 1975. The talks were held in a cordial atmosphere and were characterized by mutual understanding that exists between the two friendly countries.

The Indian side pointed out that while discussions regarding allocation of fair weather ﬂows of Ganga during lean months in terms of the Prime Ministers’ declaration of May, 1974 are continuing, it is essential to run the feeder canal of the Farakka Barrage during the current lean period, it is agreed that this operation may be carried out with varying discharges in ten-day periods during the months April and May, 1975 as shown below ensuring the continuance of the remaining ﬂows for Bangladesh.

Month Ten-day period Withdrawal

April, 1975 21st to 30th 11,000 cusecs May, 1975 1st to 10th 12,000 cusecs 11th to 20th 15,000 cusecs 21st to 31st 16,000 cusecs

Joint teams constituting of experts of two Governments shall observe at the appropriate places in both the countries the effects of the agreed withdrawals at Farakka, in Bangladesh and on the Hooghly river for the beneﬁt of Calcutta Port. A joint team will also be stationed at Farakka to record the discharges into the feeder canal and

329 330 Appendix A the remaining ﬂows for Bangladesh. The teams will submit their report to both the Governments for consideration.

Sd/- Sd/- C.C. Patel S. Z. Khan Additional Secretary Secretary

Meetings held in Calcutta for implementing Dacca Agreement of 18th April, 1975 on 24th and 25th April, 1975 relating to withdrawal at Farakka.

The following ofﬁcials participated:- (1) Government of Bangladesh (i) Mr. M.F.A. Siddiqui OSD, Planning Commission. (ii) Mr. M.L. Rasul Munsi Superintending Engineer (iii) Mr. M. Hossain IWTA

(2) Government of India (i) Shri V. N. Nagraja Members, JRC, Department of Irrigation. (ii) Shri R. Rangachari Joint Commissioner (JRC) Department of Irrigation.

(3) Calcutta Port Trust (i) Dr. S. K. Bhattacharjee Chief Hydraulic Engineer (ii) Shri B. B. Deb Chaudhury Engineer on Special Duty (iii) Dr S. K. Nag Deputy Chief Hydraulic Engineer (iv) Shri G. S. Paul Deputy River surveyor (P & R) (v)DrS.C.Roy Senior Scientiﬁc Ofﬁcer

(4) Government of West Bengal (i) Shri S. P. Sen Chief Engineer (II) Irrigation and Waterways Department Appendix A 331

1. Observation at Farakka Gauge and Discharge observation to be carried out by GBWRD, Government of India. Observation Station Ð Below Barrage, Feeder Canal and Barrage Pond.

2. Observation in the Hooghly

(i) Tidal gauge observation at Sagar, Haldia, Diamond Harbour, Garden Reach and Tribeni. (ii) Continuous gauge curves for study of bores. (iii) Inspection of day-time gauge sites. (iv) Track survey operation (v) Deployment of dredgers (vi) Other information relating to salinity at different locations. (vii) Information about Hydrographic survey charts, velocity, computed tidal inﬂux etc. for last ﬁve years.

3. Observation by Bangladesh

(i) Salinity regime in Gorai-Madhumati-Nabaganga-Bhairab-Pasur, Garai- Madhumati-Baleswar and Padma-Meghma. (ii) Gauge and discharge observation in the neighbourhood of tidal apex. (iii) Available rainfall data. (iv) Information on navigation channel, e.g. Ganga/Padma, Gorai-Madhumati and connected channels. (v) Water levels along navigation channels. (vi) Information regarding dredging/conservancy works, etc. (vii) Ganga-Kobadak pumping Project—facility of access and information on water level at Paksey/Hardinge Bridge, intake channel, Padma river at Gorai off take, Gorai-Madhumati rivers above the confluence with the Brahmaputra. (viii) Daily flow measurement at Paksey on the Ganga and Gorai-Madhumati. (ix) C/S and L/S of intake channel and measures for its maintenance. (x) Details of GK pumping plants, operation procedure, technical specification of pumps, daily pumping head and pump discharge, etc. (xi) Discharge observations at head reach of the main canal and important escapes etc. (xii) Informations for the last five years.

The progress of work was regularly monitored by holding meetings in Calcutta on 28.4.75, 7.5.75, 12.5.75 and 13.5.75 and at Farakka on 10.5.75 and 11.5.75. No further accord during monsoon of 1975. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, President of Bangladesh was assassinated on 15th August, 1975. Relation between the two countries became strained. A Bangladesh team visited Farakka on 9th May, 1976. Appendix B

Agreement between the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh and the Government of the Republic of India on Sharing of the Ganges Waters at Farakka and on Augmenting its ﬂows. Dated – 5th November, 1977. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF BANGLADESH AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDIA,

DETERMINED to promote and strengthen their relations of friendship and good neighbourliness, INSPIRED by the common desire of promoting the well-being of their peoples, BEING desirous of sharing by mutual agreement the waters of the international rivers flowing through the territories of the two countries and of making the optimum utilization of the water resources of their region by joint efforts, RECOGNISING that the need of making an interim arrangement for sharing of the Ganges Waters at Farakka in a spirit of mutual accommodation and the need for a solution of the long term problem of augmenting the flows of the Ganges are in the mutual interests of the peoples of the two countries, BEING desirous of finding a fair solution of the question before them, without affecting the rights and entitlements of either country other than those covered by this Agreement, or establishing any general principles of law or precedent,

HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOW: A. Arrangements for sharing of the waters of the Ganges at Farakka ARTICLE I The quantum of waters agreed to be released by India to Bangladesh will be at Farakka.

ARTICLE II (i) The sharing between Bangladesh and India of the Ganges waters at Farakka from the 1st January to the 31st May every year will be with reference to the

333 334 Appendix B

quantum shown in column 2 of the Schedule annexed hereto which is based on 75 per cent availability calculated from the recorded flows of the Ganges at Farakka from 1948 to 1973. (ii) India shall release to Bangladesh waters by 10-day periods in quantum shown in column 4 of the Schedule : Provided that if the actual availability at Farakka of the Ganges waters during a 10-day period is higher or lower than the quantum shown in column 2 of the Schedule it shall be shared in the proportion applicable to the period; Provided further that if during a particular 10-day period, the Ganges flows at Farakka come down to such a level that the share of Bangladesh is lower than 80 per cent of the value shown in column 4, the release of waters to Bangladesh during that 10-day period shall not fall below 80 per cent of the value shown in column 4. ARTICLE III The waters released to Bangladesh at Farakka under Article I shall not be reduced below Farakka except for reasonable uses of waters, not exceeding 200 cusecs, by India between Farakka and the point on the Ganges where both its banks are in Bangladesh. ARTICLE IV A Committee consisting of the representatives nominated by the two Governments (hereinafter called the Joint Committee) shall be constituted. The Joint Committee shall set up suitable teams at Farakka and Hardinge Bridge to observe and record at Farakka the daily flows below Farakka Barrage and in the Feeder Canal, as well as at Hardinge Bridge. ARTICLE V The Joint Committee shall decide its own procedure and method of functioning. ARTICLE VI The Joint Committee shall submit to the two Governments all data collected by it and shall also submit a yearly report to both the Governments. ARTICLE VII The Joint Committee shall be responsible for implementing the arrangements contained in this part of the Agreement and examining any difficulty arising out of the implementation of the above arrangements and of the operation of Farakka Barrage. Any difference or dispute arising in this regard, if not resolved by the Joint Committee, shall be referred to a panel of an equal number of Bangladeshi and Indian experts nominated by the two Governments. If the difference or dispute still remains unresolved, it shall be referred to the two Governments which shall meet urgently at the appropriate level to resolve it by mutual discussion and failing that by such other arrangements as they may mutually agree upon. Appendix B 335

B. Long-Term Arrangements ARTICLE VIII The two Governments recognize the need to cooperate with each other in finding a solution to the long-term problem of augmenting the flows of the Ganges during the dry season. ARTICLE IX The Indo-Bangladesh Joint Rivers Commission established by the two Governments in 1972 shall carry out investigation and study of schemes relating to the augmentation of the dry season flows of the Ganges, proposed or to be proposed by either Government with a view to finding a solution which is eco- nomical and feasible. It shall submit its recommendations to two Governments within a period of three years. ARTICLE X The two Governments shall consider and agree upon a scheme or schemes, taking into account the recommendations of the Joint Rivers Commission, and take necessary measures to implement it or them as speedily as possible. ARTICLE XI Any difficulty, difference or dispute arising from or with regard this part of the Agreement, if not resolved by the Joint Rivers Commission, shall be referred to the two Governments which shall meet urgently at the appropriate level to resolve it by mutual discussion. C. Review and Duration ARTICLE XII The provisions of this Agreement will be implemented by both parties in good faith. During the period for which the Agreement continues to be in force in accordance with Article XV of the Agreement, the quantum of waters agreed to be released to Bangladesh at Farakka in accordance with this Agreement shall not be reduced. ARTICLE XIII The Agreement will be reviewed by the two Governments at the expiry of three years from the date of coming into force of this Agreement. Further reviews shall take place six months before the expiry of this Agreement or as may be agreed upon between the two Governments. ARTICLE XIV The review or reviews referred to in Article XIII shall entail consideration of the working, impact, implementation and progress of the arrangements contained in parts A and B of this Agreement. ARTICLE XV This Agreement shall enter into force upon signature and shall remain in force for a period of 5 years from the date of its coming into force. It may be extended 336 Appendix B

further for a speciﬁed period by mutual agreement in the light of the review or reviews referred to in Article XIII. IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorized thereto by the respective Governments, have signed this Agreement. Done in duplicate at Dacca on the 5th November, 1977 in Bengali, Hindi and English languages. In the event of any conﬂict between the texts the English text shall prevail.

Signed/- Signed/- Rear Admiral Musharaff Hussain Khan Surjit Singh Barnala Chief of Naval Staff and Member, Minister of Agriculture President’s Council of Advisers in-charge and Irrigation, Government Of the Ministry of Communications, Flood of the Republic of India. Control, Water Resources and Power, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE FOR THE GOVERNMENT PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF OF THE REPUBLIC OF BANGLADESH. INDIA. SCHEDULE [Vide Article II (i)] Sharing of waters at Farakka between the 1st January and the 31st May every year.

Flows reaching Farakka (based on 75% availability from observed data Withdrawal by Release to Period (1948—73) India at Farakka Bangladesh

12 34 Cusecs Cusecs Cusecs January 1—10 98,500 40,000 58,500 11—20 89,750 38,500 51,250 21—31 82,500 35,000 47,500 February 1—10 79,250 33,000 46,250 11—20 74,000 31,500 42,500 21—28/29 70,000 30,750 39,250 March 1—10 65,250 26,750 38,500 11—20 63,500 25,500 38,000 21—31 61,000 25,000 36,000 April 1—10 59,000 24,000 35,000 11—20 55,500 20,750 34,750 21—30 55,000 20,500 34,500 May 1—10 56,500 21,500 35,000 11—20 59,250 24,000 35,250 21—31 65,500 26,750 38,750 Appendix B 337

Side letter to the Agreement: 1

5th November, 1977

Excellency,

In the course of the discussions which have taken place between us in connection with the conclusion of the Agreement between Bangladesh and India on the sharing of the Ganges Waters at Farakka and on Augmenting its Flow, the two Governments has reached an understanding to the effect that the words “proposed or to be proposed by either Government”, occurring in Article IX in part B of the Agreement, relate to any schemes which may have been proposed or may be proposed by Bangladesh or India and do not exclude any scheme or schemes for building stor- ages in the upper reaches of the Ganges in Nepal. The two Governments have also agreed to take such further steps as may be necessary for the investigation and study of any scheme or schemes.

The two Governments have further agreed that the proposals designed to ﬁnd a solution of the long-term problem, as mentioned in Article IX, shall be treated on an equal footing and accorded equal priority.

I shall be grateful if you will kindly conﬁrm that the above sets out correctly the understanding reached between our two Governments. Upon receiving your reply conﬁrming this understanding, Article IX of the Agreement shall be interpreted and applied along with the understanding embodied in this letter.

Yours sincerely, M. H. KHAN 338 Appendix B

Side letter to the Agreement: 2

5th November, 1977

Excellency,

I have today received your letter of 5th November, 1977 which reads as follows:

“In the course of the discussions which have taken place between us in connection with the conclusion of the Agreement between Bangladesh and India on the sharing of the Ganges Waters at Farakka and on Augmenting its Flow, the two Governments has reached an understanding to the effect that the words “proposed or to be proposed by either Government”, occurring in Article IX in part B of the Agreement, relate to any schemes which may have been proposed or may be proposed by Bangladesh or India and do not exclude any scheme or schemes for building stor- ages in the upper reaches of the Ganges in Nepal. The two Governments have also agreed to take such further steps as may be necessary for the investigation and study of any scheme or schemes.

The two Governments have further agreed that all the proposals designed to ﬁnd a solution of the long-term problem, as mentioned in Article IX, shall be treated on an equal footing and accorded equal priority.”

On behalf of the Government of India I hereby conﬁrm the understanding embodied in your afore-mentioned letter and agree that Article IX of the Agreement referred to in your letter shall be interpreted and applied along with the understanding embodied in the letters exchanged between us.

Yours sincerely, S. S. BARNALA Appendix C

INDO-BANGLADESH MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING New Delhi, October 7, 1982.

During the visit of the Excellency Lieutenant General H.M. Ershad, ndc, psc, President of the Council of Ministers, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh and his meetings with Her Excellency Mrs. Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of the Republic of India, the two leaders discussed the actual experience by the two sides on the working of the 1977 Farakka agreement, which would be coming to its end on the 4th of November, 1982. They agreed that it had not proved suitable for ﬁnding a satisfactory and durable solution and that with its termination fresh efforts were necessary to arrive at such a solution.

The two leaders recognized that the basic problem of inadequate flow of waters in the Ganga available at Farakka imposed sacrifices on both countries and that it was necessary to arrive at an equitable sharing of the waters available at Farakka. They further agreed that the long term solution lay in augmenting the flow available at Farakka and to this end directed their experts concerned to expedite studies of the economic and technical feasibility of the schemes which had been proposed by either side in order to settle upon the optimum solution for urgent implementation. It was decided that the Joint Rivers Commission would complete the pre-feasibility study and decide upon the optimum solution within 18 months of the signing of this Memorandum, at the end of which the two Governments would immediately implement the augmentation proposal agreed upon by the Joint Rivers Commission. Meanwhile, the two leaders agreed that the release for sharing the flow available at Farakka for the next two dry seasons, and the joint inspection and monitoring arrangements for this purpose, would be as in Annexure À’. It was further agreed that in the case of exceptionally low flows during either of the next two dry seasons, the two governments would hold immediate consultations and decide how to minimize the burden to either country.

It was also agreed that a further and ﬁnal sharing agreement would be reached immediately after the completion of the pre-feasibility study of augmentation, in

339 340 Appendix C the light of the decision on the optimum solution for augmentation that would be implemented following the pre-feasibility study.

Signed at New Delhi on the Seventh day of October Nineteen hundred and eighty two, in two originals, in English, each of which is equally authentic.

For and on behalf of the Government For and on behalf of the Government Of the Republic of India. Of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.

Sd/- Sd/- P.V. Narasimha Rao A.R.Shams-ud Doha Minister of External Affairs Minister of Foreign Affairs

ANNEXURE-A

Sharing of Waters at Farakka between the 1st January and the 31st May

Flows reaching Farakka (based on 75% availability from observed data Withdrawal by Release to Period (1948—73) India at Farakka Bangladesh

Cusecs Cusecs Cusecs January 1—10 98,500 40,000 58,500 11—20 89,750 38,000 51,750 21—31 82,500 35,500 47,000 February 1—10 79,250 33,000 46,250 11—20 74,000 31,250 42,750 21—28/29 70,000 31,000 39,000 March 1—10 65,250 26,500 38,750 11—20 63,500 25,500 38,000 21—31 61,000 25,250 35,750 April 1—10 59,000 24,000 35,000 11—20 55,500 20,750 34,750 21—30 55,000 20,500 34,500 May 1—10 56,500 21,500 35,000 11—20 59,250 24,250 35,000 21—31 65,500 26,500 39,000 Appendix D

INDO-BANGLADESH MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING New Delhi, November 22, 1985.

In pursuance of the understanding reached between H. E. Lt. General H. M. Ershad, President of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh and H.E. Shri Rajiv Gandhi, Prime Minister of the Republic of India during their recent meeting at Nassau, the Bahamas, the Irrigation Ministers of the two countries met at New Delhi from November 18 to 22, 1985 to set out the terms of Reference of a Joint study to be undertaken by experts of the two sides, of the available river water resources common to both countries, with a view to identifying alternatives for the sharing of the same to mutual benefit, including a long term scheme/schemes for augmentation of the flows of the Ganga/Ganges at Farakka and to sign a Memorandum of Understanding for the sharing of the Ganga/Ganges waters at Farakka for a period of three years commencing from the dry season of 1986 on the same terms as the 1982 Memorandum of Understanding. 2. It has already been recognized that the basic problem of inadequate flows of water in the Ganga/Ganges available at Farakka during the dry season imposes sacrifices on both countries, and that the long-term solution lies in augmenting these flows. At the same time, the need to arrive at an equitable sharing of the water available at Farakka has also been recognized. 3. Accordingly it is agreed to undertake a joint study with the following terms of reference:- (i). The objective of the study will be (a) to work out a long term scheme or schemes for the augmentation of the flows of the Ganga/Ganges at Farakka and (b) to identify alternatives for the sharing of the available river water resources common to both countries for mutual benefit. (ii). The study will be undertaken by a Joint Committee of Experts (JCE). The JCE will consist of the Secretaries concerned of the two Governments and the two Engineering Members of the Joint Rivers Commission from each side. The JCE will determine its own procedure and will take such other steps as may be necessary to ensure its completion within the time frame of 12 months.

341 342 Appendix D

(iii). The study will cover the following :-

(A) Sharing the available river water resources common to India and Bangladesh. (a) Ascertaining the available river water resources common to both countries based on the collection, collation and analysis of available relevant hydro- meteorological data in both countries. (b) Study of alternatives for sharing the available river water resources to mutual beneﬁt. (c) Identiﬁcation of the locations of the points of sharing, where appropriate.

(B) Augmentation of the dry season flows of the Ganga/Ganges at Farakka. Identification of scheme/schemes for the augmentation of the flows of the Ganga/Ganges at Farakka by the optimal utilization of the surface water resources of the region available to the two countries.

4. The study will start immediately and will be completed in 12 months from the date of the present Memorandum. There will be a review of the progress of joint study at the Ministerial level at the end of six months from the date of the present Memorandum of Understanding. At the end of the 12 months period, a summit level meeting between the leaders of the two countries will take place to take a decision on the scheme of augmentation of the flows of the Ganga/Ganges at Farakka and the long-term sharing of the rivers. 5. It is also agreed that on an interim basis, the release of the Ganga/Ganges water available at Farakka for the next three dry seasons and the joint inspection and monitoring arrangements and for this purpose will be as in Annexure À’. It is further agreed that in the case of exceptionally low flows during any of the next three dry seasons, the two Governments will hold immediate consultations and decide how to minimize the burden to either country. 6. Signed at New Delhi on the twenty-second day of November Nineteen hundred and eighty-five, in two originals in English, each of which is equally authentic.

For and on behalf of the For and on behalf of the Government of the Peoples’ Republic Government of the Republic of India of Bangladesh

Sd/- Sd/- (ANISUL ISLAM MAHMUD) (B. SHANKARANAND) MINISTER FOR IRRIGATION, MINISTER OF WATER WATER DEVELOPMENT AND RESOURCES FLOOD CONTROL. Appendix D 343

ANNEXURE-A SCHEDULE Sharing of waters at Farakka between the 1st January and the 31st May.

Flows reaching Farakka (based on 75% availability from observed data Withdrawal by Release to Period (1948Ð1973) India at Farakka Bangladesh

(1) (2) (3) (4) Cusecs Cusecs Cusecs January 1—10 98,500 40,000 58,500 11—20 89,750 38,000 51,750 21—31 82,500 35,500 47,000 February 1—10 79,250 33,000 46,250 11—20 74,000 31,250 42,750 21—28/29 70,000 31,000 39,000 March 1—10 65,250 26,500 38,750 11—20 63,500 25,500 38,000 21—31 61,000 25,250 35,750 April 1—10 59,000 24,000 35,000 11—20 55,500 20,750 34,750 21—30 55,000 20,500 34,500 May 1—10 56,500 21,500 35,000 11—20 59,250 24,250 35,000 21—31 65,500 26,500 39,000

1. If the actual availability of waters at Farakka during a 10-day period is higher or lower than the quantum shown in 2 of the schedule it shall be shared in the proportion applicable to that period. 2. The Joint Inspection and Monitoring of the above sharing arrangements shall be the responsibility of a Joint Committee consisting of an equal number of representatives on each side. The Joint Committee shall be constituted immediately and shall establish teams to be stationed at Farakka and Hardinge Bridge. These teams shall record at Farakka the daily flows below Farakka Barrage and in the Feeder Canal and the flows passing daily at Hardinge Bridge. The Joint Committee which shall decide its own procedures and method of functioning shall submit the data collected by it and its teams and a yearly report to both Governments. 3. The Joint Committee shall be responsible for implementing the sharing arrangement. Any difficulty arising out of the implementation of the above sharing arrangements and of the operation of the Farakka Barrage shall be examined urgently by this Joint Committee and any differences or dispsutes, if not resolved by the Committee shall be considered by a panel or an equal number of representatives of the two Governments to whom the Joint Committee shall refer the differences or dispute. If the difference of dispute remains unresolved by the panel, it shall be referred to the two Governments for urgent discussion. 344 Appendix D

Agreement on sharing of exceptionally low ﬂows at Farakka for 1986-88. As per Indo-Bangladesh Memorandum of Understanding of 22nd November, 1985, it was agreed that in case of exceptionally low ﬂows during any of the next three dry seasons, the two Governments would hold immediate consultations and decide how to minimize the burden of either country.

In case of exceptionally low ﬂows at Farakka during 1986-88 it is now being agreed that:-

(i) If the flow at Farakka is up to and above 75% of the standard flow for the corresponding ten day period, the release to Bangladesh would be pro rata release agreed to in the Memorandum of Understanding (The flow reaching Farakka for the various 10-day periods which are incorporated in the Memorandum of Understanding of 22nd November, 1985 will be termed as standard flow for the corresponding period). (ii) If the flow at Farakka is below 75% of the standard flow for the corresponding ten-day period, release for Bangladesh would be calculated as below:- (a) Calculate the pro rata release for Bangladesh at 75% of the standard flow. (b) Calculate pro rata release for Bangladesh at the actual flow. (c) `(a)’ minus `(b)’ would be termed as the burden. (d) The burden would be shared by India and Bangladesh, on 50 : 50 basis i.e. 50% of © would be added to ©.

Signed in two originals at New Delhi on 22nd November, 1985. Sd/- Sd/- (Mohammed Ali) (Rammaswamy R. Iyer) Secretary Secretary Irrigation, Water Development Ministry of Water Resources, FLOOD CONTROL. Government of India, And Flood Control, New Delhi. Government of Bangladesh Appendix E

TREATY BETWEEN INDIA AND BANGLADESH SIGNED (Thursday) on 12th December, 1996. [The Statesman, 13.12.1996. Friday].

India and Bangladesh signed a 30-year treaty on sharing of Ganga Water at Farakka. According to the pact, each country will receive a guaranteed ﬂow of 35000 cusecs of water during lean season between March1 and May 10. The treaty was signed by the Prime Minister of India, Mr. H.D. Deve Gowda, and the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Hasina Wajed (Mrs.). The treaty comes into force with immediate effect.

The sharing of water is based on a formula that takes into account the 40-year (1949—88) average availability of water at Farakka. The average availability has been around 70,000 cusecs. The formula stipulates that if the average availability remains the same, the waters are to be shared on a 50 : 50 ratio. If the availability increases from 70,000 to 75,000 cusecs, Bangladesh will still get its share of 35,000 cusecs with the excess water going to India. If the availability increases more than 75,000 cusecs, India will get 40,000 cusecs and the balance will be released to Bangladesh.

Water sharing between the two countries will be on an alternating three ten day period during the lean season. The treaty covers the water sharing arrangement between India and Bangladesh from January 1 to May 31 every year, but also takes note of the fact that the critical lean period is from March 1 to May 10. If the average availability of water at Farakka falls below 70,000 cusecs, both countries will receive reduced quota. Annexure II gives the details. The treaty ensures that even during this period each side gets its guaranteed share of 35,000 cusecs at least once in a three 10-day cycle of water release. The treaty has 12 articles:

Article I: The quantum of water, agreed to be released by India and Bangladesh will be at Farakka.

Article II: (i) The sharing between India and Bangladesh of the Ganga/Ganges waters at Farakka by ten daily periods from the 1st January to the 31st May every

345 346 Appendix E year with reference to the formula at Annexure-I and an indicative schedule giving the implications of the sharing arrangement under Annexure-I is at Annexure-II. ii) The indicative schedule at Annexure-II, as referred to in sub-para (i) above, is based on 40 years (1949—1988) 10-day period average availability of water at Farakka. Every effort would be made by the upper riparian to protect ﬂows of water at Farakka as in the 40 years average availability as mentioned above. iii) In the event ﬂow at Farakka falls below 50,000 cusecs in any 10-day period, the two governments will enter into immediate consultants to make adjustments on an emergency basis, in accordance with the principles of equality, fair play and no harm to either party.

Article III: Water released to Bangladesh at Farakka shall not be reduced below Farakka except for reasonable uses of waters, not exceeding 200 cusecs, by India between Farakka and the point on the Ganga, where both its banks are in Bangladesh.

Article IV: A joint committee will be constituted of representatives of both sides in equal numbers following the signing of this treaty. The joint committee will then set up suitable teams at Farakka and Hardinge Bridge to observe and record at Farakka the daily ﬂows below Farakka Barrage, in the feeder canal and at the Navigation Lock, as well as at the Hardinge Bridge.

Article V: The joint committee will decide its own procedure and method of functioning.

Article VI: The joint committee shall submit to the two governments all data collected by it and shall also submit a yearly report to both the Governments. Following submission of the reports the two Governments will meet at appropriate levels to enable them to decide upon further action as may be needed.

Article VII: The Joint Committee shall be responsible for implementing the arrangements contained in the Treaty and examining any difﬁculty arising out of the implementation of the above arrangements and of the operation of Farakka Barrage. Any difference or dispute arising in this regard, if not resolved by the Joint Committee, shall be referred to the Indo-Bangladesh Joint Rivers Commission. If the difference or dispute still remains unresolved, it shall be referred to the two governments which shall most urgently meet at appropriate level to resolve by mutual discussion.

Article VIII: The two Governments recognize the need to cooperate with each other in ﬁnding a solution to the long term problem of augmenting the ﬂows of the Ganga during the dry season. Appendix E 347

Article IX: Guided by the principles of equality, fairness and no harm to either party, both the Governments agree to conclude water sharing Treaty/Agreements with regard to other common rivers.

Article X: The sharing arrangement under this treaty shall be reviewed by the two governments at ﬁve years interval or earlier, as required by either party and needed adjustments, based on principles of equality, fairness, and no harm to either party made thereto, if necessary. It would be open to either party to seek the ﬁrst review after two years to assess the impact and working of the sharing arrangement as contained in this Treaty.

Article XI: For the period of this treaty, in the absence of mutual agreement on adjustment, following reviews, as mentioned in Article X, India shall release downstream of Farakka Barrage, water at a rate not less than 90 per cent of Bangladesh’s share according to the formula referred to in Article II, until such time as mutually agreed ﬂows are decided upon.

Article XII: The treaty shall enter into force for a period of 30 years and it shall be renewable on the basis of mutual consent.

Annexure-I of Agreement

Availability at Farakka Share of India Share of Bangladesh 70,000 cusecs or less 50% 50% 70,000 to 75,000 cusecs Balance of ﬂow 35,000 cusecs 75,000 cusecs or more 40,000 cusecs Balance of ﬂow

Note: Subject to the condition that India and Bangladesh each shall receive guaranteed 35,000 cusecs of water in alternate three 10-day periods during the period March 1 to May 10.

Annexure-II of Agreement (Sharing of water at Farakka between January 01 and May 31 every year ).

If actual availability corresponds to average ﬂows of the period 1949 to 1988, the implication of the formula in Annexure-1 for the share of each side is: 348 Appendix E

Average of total ﬂow India’s share Bangladesh’s Period 1949-88 (cusecs) (cusecs) share (cusecs)

January 1—10 1,07,516 40,000 67,516 11—20 97,673 40,000 57,673 21—31 90,154 40,000 50,154 February 1—10 86,323 40,000 46,323 11—20 82,859 40,000 42,859 21—28/29 79,106 40,000 39,106 March 1—10 74,419 39,419 35,000 11—20 68,931 33,931 35,000∗ 21—31 64,688 35,000∗ 29,688 April 1—10 63,180 28,180 35,000∗ 11—20 62,633 35,000∗ 27,633 21—31 60,922 25,922 35,000∗ May 1—10 67,351 35,000 32,351 11—20 73,590 38,590 35,000 21—31 81,854 40,000 41,854

(∗Three ten-day periods during which 35,000 cusecs shall be provided).

Delegates present during signing of Treaty at New Delhi on 12.12.1996 Indian side: 1.Mr.H.D.DeveGowda Prime Minister 2. Mr. Janeshwar Mishra Signatory of agreement Union Water Resources Minister 3.Mr.I.K.Gujral Foreign Minister 4. Mr. Jyoti Basu Chief Minister, West Bengal

Associates

1. Mr. D. P. Ghosal Secretary, I & WD/GOWB 2.Mr.R.N.Dey Chief Engineer, R & D I&WD/GOWB. 3. Mr. S.V.V. Char Commissioner (ER) MOWR/GOI Appendix E 349

Bangladesh Side 1. Sheikh Hasina Wajed Prime Minister And Others. 2. Mr. Abdur Razzak Signatory of Agreement Minister for Water Resources. Glossary

Acumen Keen discernment. Acute angle angle less than one right angle. Aeon Age of the Universe. Afflux Bund Embankment against the flooding of countryside due to heading up of water from a human interference across a river or a stream. Aggradation General and progressive build up of the longitudinal profile of a channel bed due to sediment deposition. Agni Fire (God of Fire in Hindu Mythology). Airabat Elephant of white colour on which God Indra rides (Hindu Mythology). Angle of obliquity Angular flow of water towards the bank in a stream or river. Albeit Although it be that. Alluvial Pertaining to or composed of materials deposited by a stream or running water. Alluvium A general term of clay, silt, sand, gravel, or similar unconsolidated detri- tal material deposited by a stream flow or other body of running water during a comparatively recent geologic time in the bed of the stream or its floodplain or delta. Alluvial channel Channel wholly in alluvium; no bedrock is exposed in channel at low flow or likely to be exposed by erosion. Alluvial Fan A fan-shaped deposit of material at a place where a stream comes out from a narrow valley of high slope onto a plain or broad valley of low slope. Alluvial stream A stream which has formed its channel in cohesive or non- cohesive materials that have been and can be transported by a stream. Alluvium Deposition of alluvial materials. Ambiguous Inconsistent.

351 352 Glossary

Armour Surfacing of channel bed, banks or embankment slope to resist erosion or scour. Apron Protective material placed on a stream bed to resist scour. Augment To increase. Augmentation Increase of flow of river by artificial means. Avulsion A sudden cutting off or separation of land by a flood or by an abrupt change in the course of a stream. Bank revetment Erosion-resistant materials placed directly on a stream bank to protect the bank material from erosion. Bar An elongated deposit of alluvium within a channel, not permanently vege- tated. Bhagirath Ancestor of King Sagar (Hindu Mythology). Bhima Son of King Pandu and elder brother of Arjuna in Hindu epic, Mahabharat. Bhisma Son of King Santanu and Grand-father of Kauravas and Pandavas (Mahabharat). Bilateral Between the two countries. Billion One thousand million. Bore Wall height of water during flow tide rushing towards the hinterland of the estuary. Boulder A rock fragment whose diameter is greater than 250 mm. Braid Division of main channel of a stream or river by smaller ones due to formation of bars in between them. Braided stream A stream whose flow is divided at normal stage by small mid- channel bars or small islands. Burgeoning Beginning to grow. Centrifugal Rotational force towards the centre of a circle. Chandimangal A Hindu epic. Channel pattern The geography of a stream in plan view. Confluence The junction of two small streams. Comprehensive Satisfactory. Concave bank Inside face of a curved river bank. Consensus Agreed by all parties. Glossary 353

Coriolis force The inertial force caused by the Earth’s rotation that deflects a moving body to the right of the Northern Hemisphere. Critical shear stress The minimum amount of shear stress required to initiate soil particle in motion. Cut-off A direct channel, either natural or artificial, connecting two points on a stream, thereby shortening the original length of the channel and increasing its slope; it also means a natural or artificial channel which develops across the neck of a meander loop or across a point bar (chute cut-off). Delta The low and flat alluvial tract of land deposited at or near the mouth of a river, commonly forming a triangular or fan-shaped plain of considerable area enclosed and/or crossed by many distribution of the main river. Debris Floating or submerged material, such as logs, vegetation, or trash, transported by a stream. Degradation A general and progressive lowering of the channel bed due to erosion, over a relatively long channel length. Dike A relatively long and linear impermeable structure for the control and prevention of overbank flow. Diurnal flow Tides with an approximate tidal period of 24 h. Drainage basin A catchment or watershed area confined by drainage divisions often having one outlet for discharge. Deterioration Bad situation. Debouche Discharge into a greater waterbody. Diminution Reduction. Draught Draft; the depth of water below the keel of a ship. Drought Scarcity of rains; dry situation. Ebb-flux Height of water during ebb tide. Ebb-tide Flow of water from the bay or estuary to the ocean. Ecology Life style of plants and animals in relation to environment. Eddy current A vortex-type motion of a fluid flowing contrary to the main current, such as the circular water movement that occurs when the main flow becomes separated from the bank. Ephemeral A stream or reach of a stream that does not flow for part of the year. Erosion Displacement of soil particles due to water or wind action. Estuary Tidal reach at the mouth of a river. 354 Glossary

Evolution Gradual development. Feeble Very small, not prominent. Fetch The unobstructed area in which waves are generated by wind. Filter A layer of fabric (geotextile) or granular material (sand, gravel or graded rock) placed between protection material and bank/bed material. Flood tide Flow of water from the ocean to the bay on estuary. Flood Plain A nearly flat, alluvial low land bordering a stream, that is subject to frequent inundation by floods. Flow flux Rise of water level during flood tide. Flow slide Saturated soil materials which behave more like a liquid than a solid. A flow slide on a channel bank can result in a bank failure. Fluvial The matter relating to or pertaining to the stream or river and produced by river action. Fragile Easily breakable. Freshet Flood season. Friable Fragmentation of rock or mineral that crumbles naturally or is easily broken, pulverized or reduced to small pieces. GBM Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna Geomorphology The science that deals with the form of Earth, the general configuration of its surface, and the changes that take place due to erosion and deposition. Geo textile Textile cloth made of chemical fibres. Glaciation Ice formation, frozen. Goutama The childhood name of Lord Buddha. Guide bank A dike extending both upstream or downstream along the river bank on both sides of the bridge or barrage. Hydraulics The applied science concerned with the behaviour and flow of liquids, especially in pipes, channels, structures and the ground. Hydraulic model A small-scale physical or mathematical representation of a pro- situation. Hydrograph The graph of stage or discharge against time. Hydrology The science concerned with the occurrence, distribution and circula- tion of water on Earth. Impedence Obstruction. Glossary 355

Indra The king of Gods in Heaven according to Hindu mythology. Intrusion Forcible entrance. Industrialization Growth of industries in a locality. Jahnu A sage mentioned in Hindu mythology, Mahabharata. Jheel A water body like lake. Kapil A sage mentioned in Hindu mythology, Mahabharata. Kartikeya Supreme commander of Gods in Heaven according to Hindu mythology. Kauravas Sons of King Dhritarashtra of Hastinapur mentioned in Hindu mythology. Levee An embankment, generally landward on top of river bank, that confines flow during high-water periods which prevents overflow into lowlands. Leeward Other side of the wind direction. Mahabharata Hindu mythology. Mahavira The Founder of Jain Religion. Marginal embankment Embankment along the river bank to restrict overflow of flood water on the countryside. Maneouvering Moving around. Mathematical model A numerical representation of flow situation using mathematical equations (also computer model). Meander Two consecutive loops of a river, one flowing clockwise and the other anti-clockwise. Menoka A beautiful Goddess dancer of Heaven. Migration Change in position of a channel by lateral erosion of one bank and simultaneous accretion of the opposite bank. Mind-boggling Memorable, Eventful. Mooring Fastening by a cable or anchor. Moribund The dying stage of a river without any flow. Morphology The structural arrangement of landform, rivers, river basins etc. of Earth’s surface. Obtensive Critical. Obtuse angle Angle greater than a right angle. Perennial stream Stream carrying flow round the year. 356 Glossary

Persistant Continuous. Planation Plan formation. Plateau Table-land. Point-bar Formation of sand-deposit island within the river bed. Potable Fit for drinking. Predominate To surpass the strength or authority. Prestressed Stressed in advance. Probability The qualiﬁcation of risk; risk assessment. Propagation Reproduction. Prototype Original type or model from which anything is copied. Puranic Copied from Puran, a Hindu epic. Ramayana A Hindu epic. Rampur Bauleah Name of a place. Regime The condition of a stream or its channel with regard to stability. A stream is said to be in regime stage if its channel has reached an equilibrium form as a result of its ﬂow characteristics. Regulator A control structure across a stream or river. Rejuvenation Getting young or growing again. Rehabilitation Reinstatement to earlier privileges. Restoration Reinstatement. Resuscitation Revival. Riverine Pertaining to or formed by a river. Reversion Bringing back to original. Revitalisation Restoration. Riparian Pertaining to anything connected with or adjacent to the banks of a stream (vegetation, corridor, landmass etc.). Runoff That part of precipitation which appears on land surface and moves down towards the stream and low lands either in perennial or intermittent form. Sagar Name of a king of Hastinapur in Hindu epic, Mahabharata. Also name of an island in Hooghly estuary. Also the word means sea. Sandheads A place at the outer point of the Hooghly estuary. Santanu Name of a King of Hastinapur in Hindu epic, Mahabharata. Glossary 357

Scaled Rusted. Sediment load Amount of silt load carried by a stream. Seepage The slow movement of water through small cracks and pores of the bank material. Semi-diurnal Tides with an approximate tidal period of 12 h. Shiva Name of one God in Hindu religion. Shear-stress The force or drag developed at the channel by the flowing water. Shoal A relatively shallow landform or bar occasionally submerged in a body of water. Silty Mixed with silt load. Simulation Assumption of a similar but false appearance. Sinuosity The ratio between the deep channel length and the valley length of a stream. Slack zone Ponded zone of a stream, zone where there is no velocity of flow. Sloughing Sliding or collapse of overlying material. Slump A sudden slip or collapse of a bank, generally in the vertical direction and confined to a short distance. Spur A permeable or impermeable linear structure that projects into a channel from the bank. Subsidence Settled, sinking down. Swamp Low spongy land. Terrace Raised level bank. Thalweg The line extending down a channel that flows the lowest elevation of the bed. Tidal prism Volume of water contained in a tidal bay, inlet or estuary between low and high tide levels. Tidal propagation Movement or distribution of tide. Toe of bank That portion of a stream cross-section where the lower bank terminates and the channel bottom or the opposite lower bank begins. Tractive force The drag or shear on a stream bed or bank caused by passing water which tends to move soil particles along with the stream flow. Trough A narrow strip of low depression. A depression between two wave-crests. Turbulent Disturbed, unruly. 358 Glossary

Turmoil Commotion. Uma Another name of Goddess Durga, the symbol of strength. Urbanisation Conversion to town or city area. Valmiki A sage who had written the Hindu epic, Ramayana. Vishma the Son of King Santanu and Grand-father of Kauravas and Pandavas in the Hindu epic, Mahabharata. Vortex turbulent eddy in the ﬂow generally caused by an obstruction, such as, bridge pier or abutment. Warehouse a covered godown for storage purpose. Weightage Gravity. Wash load Suspended material of very small size (generally clay or colloid particles) originating primarily from erosion of land slopes of drainage area. Bibliography

1. A. Cotton. Public Works in India: Wm. H. Allen & Co. London, 1954. 2. A. T. Ippen and C. F. Wicker. The Hooghly River Problem: Report submitted to Government of Pakistan, 1942. 3. A. Webster. Report on the Future Development of the Port of Calcutta; Commissioners for the Port of Calcutta, 1946. 4. A. Sinha. Calcutta Port: A Victim of Political Indecision, 1976. 5. B. G. Verghese. Waters of Hope: Integrated Water Resource Development and Regional Co-operation within the Himalayan Ganga-Brahmaputra-Barak Basin. Oxford and IBH Publishing, New Delhi, 1990. 6. B. G. Verghese. Gift of the Greater Ganga: An Approach to the Integrated Development of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin, Coromandel Lecture 8, 12.12.77, New Delhi. 7. B. G. Verghese. An Integrated Approach to the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin Development: A Symposium on Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin’s Potential, New Delhi, 1979. 8. B. G. Varghese and R. Ayer. Harnessing the Eastern Himalayan Rivers, Konark, New Delhi, 1993. 9. B. M. Abbas. The Ganges Water Dispute: University Press, Dacca, 1982. 10. B. M. Abbas. Problems of Water Resources Development in Bangladesh (Unpublished Report). 11. B. Sen. The Ganga Whirlpool, 1980. 12. S. R. Basu and S. C. Chakravarty. Some Considerations on the Decay of the Bhagirathi Drainage System: Proceedings of the Inter-disciplinary Symposium, Calcutta University, 1972. 13. B. Crow. Sharing the Ganges Ð The Politics and Technology of River Development: Sage Publications, New Delhi/Thousand Oaks/London, 1995. 14. C. Radcliffe. Report of the Bengal Boundary Commission, New Delhi, August, 1947. 15. Calcutta Port Trust, Hydraulic Study Department. The Report on the Bhagirathi Studies, 1985, 1986 and 1987. 16. Central Board of Irrigation and Power (CBIP). Manual of River, Control and Training, Publication No. 60, 1971. 17. Central Board of Irrigation and Power (CBIP). River Behaviour, Management and Training, Vol. 1, Publication No. 200, 1989. 18. G. C. Chatterjee. Romance of the Rivers of the Gangetic Delta, 1930. 19. D. Mukherjee. Farakka Barrage Project for the Preservation of the Port of Calcutta: Engineering News of India, October, 1972. 20. D. Mukherjee. Farakka Barrage Project Ð A Challenge to Engineers: Proceedings, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, Part 1, February, 1975. 21. D. Mukherjee. My Reminiscences of Farakka: Souvenir, Farakka Barrage Project, 1975. 22. Disputes over the Ganga Ð A Look at Potential Water-related Conﬂicts in South Asia: Panos Institute of South Asia (PSA), Kathmandu, Nepal, October, 2004.

359 360 Bibliography

23. G. N. Rao. Problems of excavation of Feeder Canal: Souvenir, Farakka Barrage Project, 1975. 24. Government of Bangladesh. ‘White Paper’ on the Ganges Water Dispute, Dacca, September, 1976. 25. Government of Bangladesh, Ministry of Flood Control & Water Resources. Proposal for the Augmentation of the Dry Season Flow of the Ganges, Dacca, 1978. 26. Government of Bengal. Report on the Hooghly River and its Headwaters: Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, Calcutta, 1919. 27. Government of India. The Report of the Expert Committee on the River Hooghly and Improvement of its Headwater Supply, Vol. 1, New Delhi, October, 1952. 28. Government of India. Preservation of the Port of Calcutta: Government of India Press, New Delhi, February, 1961. 29. Government of India. Lok Sabha: Public Accounts Committee, 196th Report Ð Farakka Barrage Project, New Delhi, January, 1976. 30. Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture & Irrigation. Proposal for Augmenting the Dry Season Flow of the Ganga, New Delhi, March, 1978. 31. Government of Pakistan. India’s Farakka Barrage and its Adverse Effects on East Pakistan, Water Investigation Division, Dacca, 1971. 32. Government of West Bengal. An Analytical Study Ð Sponsored by the Bengal Chamber of Commerce & Industry, Calcutta: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co, 1971. 33. H. G. Reaks. Alleged Deterioration of the Hooghly and Projects for its Improvements, Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, Calcutta, 1919. 34. H. Leonard. The River Hooghly: A Letter to the Under Secretary of State for India Ð Eyre and Spottiswood for HMSO, London, 1865. 35. H. Er Rashid. Geography of Bangladesh: University Press Limited, Bangladesh, 1977. 36. H. C. Henry New India’s Rivers: Orient Longman, New Delhi, 1956. 37. H. H. Hayden and E. H. Pascoe. Note on the Geological Aspect of the Changes that have taken place in the Rivers of Bengal, 1910. 38. J. F. Mistry. Sustainable Development of Water Resources Ð A Challenge to Environment and Ecological Preservation: Central Board of Irrigation and Power, Vol. 52, New Delhi, July 1995. 39. J. M. Coleman. Brahmaputra River Ð Channel Processes and Sedimentation, Sedementary Geology-3, 1969. 40. K. Bagchi. The Ganges Delta: Calcutta University Press, 1944. 41. K. K. Framji. The Farakka Barrage Project Ð The Fulﬁllment of a Dream: Souvenir, Farakka Barrage Project, 1975. 42. K. K. Framji. A Project to Save Calcutta Port, 1962. 43. K. L. Rao. India’s Water Wealth. 44. K. P. Mathrani. The Case of the Eastern Rivers, 1969. 45. K. Bhattacharjee. Silting of Calcutta Port: Burdwan Division District Sammilani, Calcutta, August, 1961. 46. K. Begum. Tension over the Farakka Barrage Ð A Techno-Political Tangle in South Asia: K. P. Bagchi & Co, Calcutta and New Delhi, 1988. 47. L. F. Vernon Harcourt. The River Hooghly: Proceedings, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, CLX, 1905. 48. G. Lacey. A General Theory of Flow in Alluvium: Journal of the Institution of Civil Engineers, London, Paper No. 5518, 1946. 49. S. Leliavosky. An Introduction to Fluvial Hydraulics: Constable & Co. Ltd, San Francisco and London, 1964. 50. L. B. Leopold and M. G. Wolman. River Channel Patterns Ð Braided, Meandering and Straight: US Geological Survey Prof. Paper No. 282B, 1957. 51. M. G. Sadanandan. Design of Farakka Barrage with Particular Reference to Programme of River Diversion: Souvenir, Farakka Barrage Project, 1975. Bibliography 361

52. J. P. Morgan and G. M. McIntire. Quaternary Geology of the Bengal Basin, East Pakistan and India: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, Vol. 70, 1959. 53. National Atlas Organisation, Monograph-1-Upper Gangetic Flood Plain: A Regional Survey: Edited by S. P. Das Gupta, Calcutta, 1975. 54. P. K. Parua. Resuscitation of Bhagirathi-Hooghly River Complex Ð Seminar on Morphology of Ganga River Ð Proceedings, New Delhi, 17Ð18 November, 1986. 55. P. K. Parua and others. River Bank Erosion Ð A Potential Threat to Land Resources: Workshop on Wetland Development, Eastern Regional Centre, Jadavpur University, Calcutta, 13Ð16 March, 1990. 56. P. K. Parua. Stability of Banks of the Bhagirathi-Hooghly River system: Ph.D. Thesis, Jadavpur University, Calcutta, 1992. 57. P. K. Parua. Bank Erosion of Bhagirathi-Hooghly River in Post-Farakka period Ð National Seminar on Impact of Water Resources Development on Environment: IAH, W. B., 1994. 58. P. K. Parua. Mythology Behind the Ganga Ð Farakka Barrage Sarbajanin Durgotsov Committee, 1995. 59. P. K. Parua. The Ganga Ð Source to Sangam: Farakka Barrage Sarbajanin Durgotsov Committee, 1996. 60. P. K. Parua. Erosion Problems of the River Ganga in the Districts of Malda and Murshidabad in West Bengal: Civil Engineering Today, ASCE-IS, Calcutta, MarchÐApril, 1999. 61. P. K. Parua. Flood Management in Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna Basin Ð Some Aspects of Regional Co-operation: Civil Engineering Today, ASCE-IS, Calcutta, MarchÐApril, 2003. 62. P. K. Parua. Farakka BarrageÐA Multipurpose Project with Dispute: Indian Journal of Power & River Valley Development, Calcutta, NovemberÐDecember, 2002. 63. P. K. Parua. Fluvial Geomorphology of the River Ganga around Farakka: Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India), Vol. 82, Calcutta, February, 2002. 64. P. K. Parua. Some Facts about Farakka Barrage Project, Vol. I & II, Silpanagari Prakasani, Berhampore, Murshidabad, 2006 and 2009. 65. Raﬁqul Islam. Ganges Water DisputeÐIts International Legal Aspect: University Press, Dacca, 1997. 66. Regional Co-operation on Trans-boundary Rivers Ð Impact of the Indian River-linking Project: Edited by M. F. Ahmed et al. 67. Report of the Drainage Committee, Bengal, Calcutta Ð The Bengal Secretariat Press, 1907: H. Wheeler, Secretary to the Drainage Committee. 68. S. C. Majumdar. Ganga Barrage and the Bhagirathi-Hooghly River Problems, 1953. 69. S. G. Darian. The Ganges in Myth and History: The University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1978. 70. Sunil B. Sen Sharma. Farakka Ð A Gordian Knot Ð Problems on Sharing Ganga Water: ISHIKA, Calcutta, April, 1986. 71. Special Studies. Peoples’ Republic of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB), International Engineering Co. Ltd. (IECO, San Francisco and Dacca) and Special Studies Directorate of BWDB, September, 1977. 72. T. M. Oag. Report on the River Hooghly and its Headwaters, 1919: Commissioners for the Port of Calcutta, 1940. 73. T. N. Murty. Earthmoving Equipment in Farakka Barrage in Farakka Barrage Construction: Souvenir, Farakka Barrage Project, 1975. 74. V. H. Torry and F. J. Weaver. Flow Failures in Mississippi River Banks: Proceedings, International Symposium on Landslides, 1984. 75. W. A. Lee and F. A. Lovell. The Condition of the River Hooghly, 1914. 76. White Paper. Deadlock on the Ganges: Government of the Peoples’ Republic of Bangladesh, September, 1976. 77. Water Development and Management. Proceedings of the United Nations Water Conference, 1977, Vol-I & III. 78. William Willcock. The Restoration of Ancient Irrigation of Bengal, 1928. 362 Bibliography

Bengali

79. Gangar Panichukti Prekshit O Sambhabana. Edited by T. S. Rahman, Moola Bros. Dacca, February, 1997. 80. P. K. Parua. Farakka Bundh Prakalpa Atit, Bartaman O Bhabisyat: Ganakantha, Special Publication, 1993, Khagra, Murshidabad. 81. P. K. Parua. Nadir Pard Bhanganer Samasya O Pratibidhan Ð Silpanagari, Pratham Barsa, 1994, Farakka, Murshidabad. 82. P. K. Parua. Farakka Bundh Prakalpa O Gangar Jalabantan Chukti: Farakka Barrage Higher Secondary School Magazine, 1997Ð1998. 83. P. K. Parua. Malda Zelar Pradhan Samasya Ganga Nadir Bhanganer Karan O Pratirodh Ð Ekti Alochana: Sechpatra, Mukhpatra, Irrigation & Waterways Diractorate, Government of West Bengal, 2001. 84. T. Sanyal. Ganga-Gati O Prakriti: Bigayan, 8B, College Row, Calcutta 9, 1993.

Newspaper Reports

English

1. The Hindu dated 17.04.75. Short-Term Solution to Ganga Waters Problem. 2. Business Standard dated 17.04.75. Ministerial Talks on Farakka. 3. The Hindu dated 19.02.76. Ganga Waters: India Refutes Bangla Claim. 4. Bangladesh Observer dated 15.03.76. Talks Meaningless Unless India Stops. Withdrawal of Water Unilaterally. 5. The Hindu dated 28.03.76. Gesture to Bangla: India to Reduce Withdrawal of Water at Farakka. 6. Bangladesh Observer dated 19.04.76. Bhasani Plans Silent March to Farakka. 7. The Hindu dated 27.01.77. Bangla Wants Accord on its own Terms. 8. Financial Times dated 27.04.77. Ganges Water Agreement near. 9. The Hindu dated 20.04.77. Concessions to Bangla over Ganga Water. 10. Business Standard dated 07.05.77. Farakka Pact under Friendly Pressure. 11. The Hindu dated 11.09.77. Farakka: Bangla rejects India’s Proposal. 12. Amrita Bazaar Patrika dated 30.09.77. ‘Calcutta Port let down’ Ð Basu and ‘Accord won’t achieve aims’ Ð D. Mukherjee. 13. Amrita Bazaar Patrika dated 08.10.77. Chambers not happy over Farakka Accord. 14. Business Standard dated 17.12.77. Exports attack Farakka Pact. 15. Indian Express dated 01.11.77. 16. The Statesman dated 03.11.77. 17. The Statesman dated 13.12.96. 18. The Sunday Statesman dated 23.11.86. Steaming up the Bhagirathi into the Ganga Ð Hamdi Bay. 19. The Statesman dated 13.12.96 (News Service). India Bangladesh sign 30-year Pact. 20. The Asian Age dated 30.03.99. Farakka Barrage may fail to tame Ganga’s unruly course Ð Sougata Roy. 21. The Statesman dated 14.11.99 (Impression). And the River Runs Through Ð Soumitra Basu. 22. The Statesman dated 09.10.2000. Farakka Channel Siltation Blocks Ships Ð Anupam Das Gupta. 23. The Statesman dated 11.05.2001. A Port Aground Ð Prasad Sen. 24. The Statesman dated 08.12.2008. River of India: Ganga Ð An Outward Manifestation of Inner Sickness Ð Jagmohan. Bibliography 363

Bengali

25. Ananda Bazaar Patrika dated 20.08.86. Kalikata Banderer Aie Abanatir Karon Kee? Ð Bidhan Singha. 26. Bartaman dated 08.12.96. Jal Kamle Abastha Aar O Kharap Habe Ð Animesh Ch. Roy. 27. Bartaman dated 15.12.96. Gangar Sarbanasha Jal-Bantan Chukti Ð Animesh Ch. Roy. 28. Bartaman dated 14.12.96. Jyoti Babu Udyogi Haye A Rajyer Sarbanash Karlen Ð Debesh Mukherjee. 29. Bartaman dated 23.12.96. Gowda Ba Ashim Babu Kolkata Bandar Ke Banchate Parbe Na Ð Debesh Mukherjee. 30. Darpan Muktaban, 2000. Farakka Barrage O Tin Dasaker Abhignyata Ð Kalyan Rudra. 31. Ananda Bazaar Patrika dated 13.05.97 and 14.05.97. Pratyasha Mato Jal Na Paya Ushma Barte O Pare. 32. Kalantar dated 14.07.97. Ganga Jaler Samasyar Sthayi Samadhan Niye Kichhu ChintaÐ Bhabna Ð Sunil B. Sen Sharma. 33. Ananda Bazaar Patrika dated 28.08.2003. Ganga O Pagla Nadir Milena Bhangan Bhayal Ð Pijush Saha. 34. Dainik Statesman dated 19.02.05. Ganga Nadir Jalbantan Chukti Satye O Farakka Barrage-er Janya Subhida Kam Noy Ð P. K. Parua. 35. Dainik Statesman dated 20.04.05. Ganga Jaler Bhag Niya Dirgameyadi Chuktite Jalaprabaha Bardanar Kona O Byabastha Nai Ð P. K. Parua. 36. Dainik Statesman dated 13.05.05. Gangar Jalaprabha Badlanar Prayojan Ð Jala Bantan Chuktir Sansodhan Na Hale Bandarer Bipa Ð P. K. Parua. 37. Dainik Statesman dated 23.09.05. Gangar Bhanganer Gati Prakriti Bichar Kare Pratirodher Byabastha Karte Habe Ð P. K. Parua. Colour Plates

Plate 1 Bank erosion near Panchnandapur in Malda district (See also Photograph 5.1 on page 49)

365 366 Colour Plates

Plate 2 Breach of marginal embankment upstream of Farakka Barrage in Malda district during ﬂoods of 1998 (See also Photograph 5.2 on page 51) Colour Plates 367

Plate 3 Flood affected people taking shelter over marginal embankment (See also Photograph 5.3 on page 52)

Plate 4 Bank erosion of Bhagirathi near Palasi (See also Photograph 5.4 on page 58) 368 Colour Plates

Plate 5 Bank slip of Nayachara island near Haldia (See also Photograph 5.5 on page 58) Colour Plates 369

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ATHI .JALANGI R R .DAMODAR. AJAY .PADMA

R COMILLA R.DA KATWA R KRISNA AK R E NAGAR SW .M AR E

GHNA R .S E HUGLI LAI R .ICHHAMATI CHITTAGANJ

R RISAL

MIDNAPUR .HOOGLY BA R CALCUTTA .SUBA R. KASAI R NA RE KHA

BENGAL OF BAY

Plate 6 Bengal rivers in 1764Ð1776 (Rennel’s map) (See also Fig. 6.1 on page 64) 370 Colour Plates

Plate 7 Ganga river upstream of Farakka Barrage (See also Photograph 7.10 on page 104)

Plate 8 Ganga river downstream of Farakka Barrage (See also Photograph 7.11 on page 104) Colour Plates 371

109–101 BAY NOS 100–78 BAY NOS 77–53 BAY NOS 52–13 NO NO

E 12–4 3–1

I L SEASON 1967–68 SEASON 1965–66 SEASON 1967–68

SEASON 1966–67 SEASON 1968–69 W LO BANK F

H WORK FOR SEASON 1965–66 NK A

WORK FOR SEASON 1966–67 H

G I

WORK FOR SEASON 1967–68 H

WORK FOR SEASON 1968–69

Plate 9 Coffer dam enclosures of Farakka Barrage for different seasons (See also Fig. 7.2 on page 99) 372 Colour Plates

Plate 10 River systems of India and neighbouring countries (See also Fig. 14.1 on page 270) Colour Plates 373

CHINA (TIBET)

BRAHMAPUTRA BASIN NEPAL GANGES BHUTAN BASIN BURMA MEGHNA BASIN

INDIA BAY OF BENGAL

Plate 11 The Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins (See also Fig. 14.3 on page 275) 374 Colour Plates

Plate 12 Bar chart showing the effect of Farakka diversion on the Bhagirathi-Hooghly river (See also Fig. 15.3 on page 291) Colour Plates 375 Effects of Indo-Bangladesh Treaty, 1996 (See also Fig. 15.5 on page 294) Plate 13 376 Colour Plates

Plate 14 (i) Ganga river course Ð 1939; (ii) Ganga river course Ð 1948; (iii) Ganga river course Ð 1956; (iv) Ganga river course Ð 1962; (v) Ganga river course Ð 1976; (vi) Ganga river course Ð 1986; (vii) Ganga river course Ð 1996; (viii) Ganga river course Ð 2002. Note: Erosion zones of different years are shown in red colour (See also Fig. 15.7 on page 305) Colour Plates 377

Plate 14 (continued) Maps

379 380 Maps Maps 381 382 Maps Index

A Anchorage, 90–91, 286 Abstract, 143, 250–251 Anderson Committee, 257 Accelerate, 17, 38, 39, 45, 71, 181, 314, 315, Anecdote, 7 317, 321 Angle of repose, 320 Accord, 139–140, 144, 151, 158–159, 197, Annexure, 201, 207, 224–225, 250, 339, 340, 204, 221–224, 227, 228, 241, 251, 280, 342, 343, 345, 346, 347 290, 291 Annual run-off, 24, 142, 268, 269, 270 Accumulate, 115, 267 Anti-erosion, 313, 315 Acute bend, 44, 321, 322 Anti-India, 145 Adi Ganga, 21, 63, 65 Apex, 66, 80, 90, 331 Adjudication, 263 Apprehension, 113, 144, 147, 196 Administrative Approval and Financial Appropriate, 140, 146, 150, 154, 179, 252, Sanction, 237 264, 315, 317, 319, 329, 334, 335, 342, 346 Adverse, 41, 45, 46, 71, 92, 113, 115, 116, Aquatic, 168–170, 171, 173, 301, 302 169–172, 174, 179–181, 209, 224, 231, Aquifer, 177, 249, 285 235–236, 290, 292 Arid, 26, 111, 129, 142, 143, 285 Aerial, 35–37, 272, 311 Armoured, 59, 317 Afﬂux bund, 40, 50, 57, 59, 304, 309, 310, Artiﬁcial, 45, 53, 67, 128, 233, 311 312–313 Arun, 18, 268, 269, 282 Aggrade/Aggradation, 29, 39, 40, 45–46, 73, Aryans, 2, 283 75, 182, 285 Assess, 75, 85, 86, 176, 181, 202, 251, 256, Aggravate, 49, 53, 204, 249, 280, 315 286 Agreement, 150–170, 181–183, 194–196, Atmosphere, 138, 146, 149, 155, 157, 203, 198–205, 210, 228, 240–245 240, 329 Ailment, 236 Augment/Augmentation, 84, 151, 181–188, Ajay, 29, 42, 45, 64, 109, 113, 369 190, 194–200, 238–242, 282, 291, 297, Alakananda, 4, 5, 11, 25, 35, 267 298, 325–326, 342 Alignment, 23, 319–320 Auspicious, 106 Alluvial, 18, 19, 26, 27, 35, 37–41, 44, 46–48, Automatic, 225 52, 53, 54, 62, 66, 67, 97, 163, 170, 218, Auxiliary port, 83 224, 225, 267, 284, 285, 302, 304, 307, Avulsion, 46 309, 313, 315, 321 Alluvial fan, 35, 38, 39–41, 44, 46–48, 52, 54–55, 67 B Alluviation, 72, 95 Backwardness, 298 Alluvium, 35, 37, 38, 41 Badrinath, 5 Altitude, 2, 5, 18, 125 Balari bar, 88, 164, 165, 217 Ambiguous, 114 Bank soil, 225 Ameliorate, 85, 326 Barcelona Convension, 135

383 384 Index

Basin, 15–19, 24, 25, 186–190, 235, 283–324, Canard, 150 238, 247–248, 262 Cardio logical illness, 174 Bay, 49–53, 97, 99, 101, 237, 295, 371 Catastrophe, 7, 63, 66, 68, 84, 171, 192, 310 Bed apron, 317 Catchment, 18, 23, 24, 27, 35, 38, 84, 85, 134, Bed-bar, 46, 52, 53, 313, 316 142, 143, 182, 223, 224, 268–273, 285, Bed material, 316, 320, 321 298, 325 Bed-slope, 40, 44, 45, 285 Cedar, 5 Behind-the door, 224 Celebration, 283 Beneﬁciaries, 222, 229 Cellular, 99 Bengal Chamber of Commerce, 82, 232 Centre for Policy Research, 189 Berth, 70, 86, 91, 216 Century-old, 286 Bhagirathi, 9, 14, 20–21, 25, 27, 31, 32, 42, 55, Ceremony, 104, 205, 224 56, 58, 61–77, 94–95, 109, 117, 119, 142, Cessation, 89 162, 167, 182, 193, 208, 231–237, 277, Champa, 283 291, 302, 322 Chandimangal, 65 Bhairab, 11, 61, 66, 71, 80, 81, 151, 161, 170, Channelisation, 316 172, 179, 271, 273, 275, 287, 331 Char, 41, 47, 48, 50, 52, 53, 59, 72, 128, 162, Bhakra Nangal Project, 260 285, 300, 302, 309–310, 312, 314, 322, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 200, 205 323, 324 Bhutni Diara, 39, 285, 309–310, 313 Char Chakundi, 44, 321 Bifurcate, 6, 13, 21, 29, 39, 49, 325 Charter, 146, 249, 264 Bight, 67 Chisapani, 280 Bilateralism, 150, 157, 187, 192, 198, 221, Christianity, 61 281, 292 Chronicles, 2 Blessings, 1 Chronology, 231–245 Boiler, 89, 94, 165 Chukha Hydro-Power Project, 280 Bore, 84–88, 90, 94, 95, 205, 210, 212, 213, Churni, 13, 66, 71, 81, 109, 161, 170, 179, 232 219, 223, 226, 235, 331 Clayey silt, 44 Bore tide, 86–90, 92, 115–116, 213–214, 226, Cloud-formation, 128 227, 287, 290, 299, 300 Coalition, 159, 224 Botanical garden, 62 Coarse, 19, 95, 314–315 Bracket, 91, 101, 164 Co-basin state, 248 Brackish, 80, 89, 116, 165 Coefﬁcient, 318 Braided, 26, 35, 38, 41, 43–44, 54, 55, 267, Coffer-dam, 49–50, 99, 371 272, 302, 313, 324 Cohesive, 314, 320 Breaking point, 145 Collapse,3,7,63 Bridge, 46, 73, 96, 97, 100, 101, 102, 103, 115, Colleague, 254 139, 295, 296 Collective, 66, 223 British, 13, 45, 61, 65, 67, 89, 95, 134, 149, Colorado, 250, 254, 257, 298, 323 170, 175–176, 286, 325 Columbia, 250, 254, 257, 263 British Raj, 13, 89, 325 Commonwealth Heads of State, 242 Brotherhood, 204 Communication, 96, 139, 173, 189, 232, 244, Bulk-carrier, 215 252, 254, 276, 278, 279, 296, 297, 326, 336 Bull-headed, 311, 312, 313, 315, 317 Communist Party of India (Marxist), 159 Bunching, 299 Community, 146, 251, 252, 263 Bundelling, 233 Comparative, 26, 35, 142, 158, 190, 248, 263, Burhiganga, 37 275 Compartment, 88, 90, 209, 317 C Compartmentalise, 317 Calcutta port, 76, 83–86, 111–112, 138–142, Compensate, 62, 252, 263 162–165, 189, 204–205, 210–212, Complex, 18, 98, 114, 129, 161, 174, 218, 223, 217–219, 233–237, 300 236, 263, 286, 295, 301 Campaign, 199 Comprehensive, 174, 199, 244, 255, 311, 326 Index 385

Compromise, 151, 154, 159, 161, 188, 198, Cubic capacity, 43, 74, 75, 86, 161, 208–211, 204, 263 287, 300 Compulsion, 251 Cul-de-sac, 218 Computer, 86, 318 Culture, 7, 79 Computer-aided, 215 Culvert, 301 Concave, 54, 59, 67, 307, 321 Cumulative, 91, 115, 143, 290 Concentration, 19, 40, 41, 49, 53, 96, 160, 314, Customary, 248 316 Cut-off, 40, 44, 46, 321–322 Conclusion, 324–326 Cyclonic, 82, 232 Concrete, 101, 103, 135, 197, 328 1935 condition, 108, 208, 223 D Conducive, 74, 97, 139, 171, 236, 238, 240, Dam, 49–51, 99, 143, 183–184, 186, 192, 199, 252, 263 227, 260–261, 371 Conference, 144, 150, 203, 238, 240, 242, Dam-burst, 192 248–249, 252, 264, 328 Damodar, 13, 21, 29, 45, 64, 71, 86, 95, 109, Confidence, 223, 240, 254, 256 235, 261, 262, 369 Configuration, 18, 19, 285, 301, 311, 314 Damodar River Project, 261 Conflict, 134–147 Danish, 61 Confluence, 4, 13, 14, 21, 27, 29, 31, 33, 38, Danube, 69, 81, 257 39, 44, 63, 65, 66, 173, 231, 233, 268, 272, Darakeswar, 13, 64, 369 324, 331 Dasas, 2 Congestion, 28, 44–45, 87–88, 96, 191, 285, Debate, 72, 146, 221, 229, 237 299, 300–301 Deficit, 183, 291, 293, 296, 297, 298 Consensus, 146, 147, 183, 240, 252, 256, 287 Deforestation, 38, 128, 176, 280, 316, 323 Consolidation, 19 Degrade, 39, 40, 41, 46, 223, 226, 324 Consortium, 199, 243, 326 Delhi Agreement, 258 Conspiracy, 107–131 Delta, 6, 7, 17–21, 26, 62–64, 66–67, 72, 80, Constitution, 129, 137 172, 176, 267, 283–284 Descent, 2–3, 6 Construction, 97–106, 183, 185, 186, 233–237, 242, 243, 278, 286, 311–312, 316, 317 Deterioration, 66–73, 74, 81–84, 86, 88, 90–91, 93, 94, 107, 113, 182, 204–205, Contamination, 165 212, 232–233, 235, 237, 286 Contiguous, 96, 257 Detour, 165, 301 Continent, 2, 15, 38 Deva Prayag, 5, 267 Continental, 15, 239, 249 Dewatering, 99, 101 Contribution, 24, 112, 136, 137, 142, 248, 253, Dhaleswari, 13, 273 255, 268, 269, 271 Dhouli, 11 Controversy, 248, 249, 253 Dhulian, 11, 41, 42, 43, 47, 49, 51, 52, 53, 70, Conventional, 93, 318 72, 95, 100, 139, 283, 302, 314 Cooperation, 106, 138, 139, 198, 199, 200, Diara Balagachhi, 44, 321, 322 229, 243, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 255, Dihang, 183, 281 259, 264, 265, 273, 276, 278, 279, 281, Diplomacy/diplomatic, 149, 160, 195, 197, 282, 296–298, 309, 326 224, 292 Correlation, 318 Disagreement, 251 Cossimbazar, 231 Dislodged, 67, 314, 315 Cost-wise, 229 Displacement, 194, 317 Court of Arbitration, 259 Disproportionately, 284–285 Crane, 101 Dispute, 114, 134, 136, 137, 145, 146, 149, Cross-current, 67 150, 151, 154, 157, 160, 176, 192, 202, Crossing, 67, 75, 77, 84, 85, 90–95, 170, 211, 231, 238, 240, 247, 248, 253, 256, 257, 215, 310 260, 261, 263, 264, 278, 298, 314 Cross-sectional area, 43, 90, 161 Disruption, 296 Crucial variable, 236 Dissemination, 255 386 Index

Dissipate/dissipation, 40, 67, 213 165, 168, 176, 178, 180, 208, 209, 210, Distress clause, 142 214, 218, 223, 232, 237, 286, 299, 315, Distributary, 272, 273 325, 327 Diurnal tide, 11–12, 70 Ethnology, 283 Diversion, 11–14, 133–147, 175, 177, 182, European convention, 252 207–219, 233, 234, 236, 291, 292, Event, 157, 203, 225, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 295–296, 374 245, 310, 317 Dominant, 39, 45, 208, 304 Ever-increasing, 137, 235 Downpour, 25, 26 Excursion, 89 Draft, 61, 68, 70, 82–83, 91, 94, 114, 133, 162, Exhaustive, 82, 85, 248 218, 233, 240, 241, 242, 288, 299, 300 Expert-level meeting, 135, 238 Drag, 314, 317 Explicable, 178 Drastically, 225 Exploitation, 249, 264 Draught, 76, 204, 205, 207, 212, 215–218, 221, 223, 226 F Drawdown, 54, 307, 318 Factor of safety, 307, 318, 319 Dredging, 53, 70, 76–77, 84–86, 88, 90, 91, Fait accompli, 162 94–95, 108, 141, 161–165, 169, 172, 180, Falling apron, 45, 313 200, 209, 210, 211–215, 217, 218, 219, Farakka, 14, 29, 30, 33, 40, 42, 43, 47, 50, 223, 227, 233, 234, 236, 286–287, 290, 51, 95–101, 104–106, 109, 111, 117–131, 299, 300, 309, 312, 316, 321, 324 153–183, 207–219, 228–229, 234–245, Dubious, 48, 224 269, 271, 289, 291, 292, 298–302, 303, 304 Durable, 156, 195, 196, 286, 315, 317, 321 Farakka Barrage, 40, 41, 42, 48, 50, 51, 59, 71, Dutch, 61, 65 85, 89, 92, 95–96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 103, Dynamics, 35 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 113, Dynamic stability, 49, 53, 309 114, 121, 125, 128, 129, 130, 135, 136, Dynamism, 37, 214 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, 146, 149, 150, 151, 155, 159, 161, 164, 171, 172, E 173, 175, 176, 179, 180, 183, 199, 202, Eastward, 21, 35, 37, 62, 63, 70–71, 72, 79, 80, 204, 205, 206, 207–219, 221, 223, 227, 94, 170, 267, 272 231, 235, 236–237, 238, 239, 243, 245, Ebb-ﬂux, 71 265, 285, 291, 293, 298–302, 303, 309, Ebb-tide, 71, 72, 74, 93, 215, 227 311, 312, 313, 315, 321, 323, 327 Ecology, 169, 170, 171, 174–175, 180, 181, Farakka Barrage Control Board, 97 182, 186, 187, 223, 298, 299, 300 Farmland, 46, 48, 53, 227, 284, 285, 301, 302 Eco-system, 174, 180 Fast-growing, 298 Embankment, 11, 48–49, 51, 52, 67, 192, 303, Feasibility, 156, 160, 191, 197, 224, 251, 325, 307, 309–310, 312–313, 317 339, 340 Encroachment, 53, 54, 90 Feasible, 141, 143, 150, 183, 192, 194, 221, Endeavour, 249, 278 229, 234, 251, 252, 253 Environment/environmental, 169, 170, 171, Feature, 35, 44, 49, 67, 86, 307, 323 174, 181, 182, 186, 187, 205, 214, 222, Feeder Canal, 40, 42, 43, 102, 103, 105, 109, 223, 224, 229, 248, 249, 250, 252, 255, 112, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 162, 164, 261, 264, 290, 293, 295, 296, 299, 326 245, 287 Ephemeral, 42, 66 Fellowship, 255 Equilibrium, 39, 40, 174, 318 Fetch, 315 Equity, 192, 194 Fiasco, 160 Erosion, 44–59, 298–326, 367, 376 Filter, 316, 317, 321 Erosive, 17–19, 38, 44, 46, 67, 320–321 Firebrand, 159 Erroneous, 92, 227 Fishermen, 301, 310 Eruption, 15 Fish movement, 298, 301 Estuary, 13, 31, 32, 43, 56, 61, 62, 63, 66, 79, Flood-havoc, 235 82, 85, 90, 110, 111, 114, 161, 163, 164, Flood-locking, 45 Index 387

Flood-mitigation, 297 276, 278, 279, 281, 282, 284, 296, 297, Flood-plain, 19, 26, 37–39, 41, 284, 307 324, 326 Flood-prone, 5, 26, 38, 199, 284 Geographist, 3 Flood-spills, 301 Geological, 15, 18, 39, 62, 65, 97, 106, 128, Flood-tide, 74, 226, 235 143, 267, 283 Flow-ﬂux, 71 Geo-textile, 48 Flow-pattern, 315, 317, 323 Giant Goliath, 97 Fluctuation, 27, 33, 74, 82, 136, 168, 170, 176, Gigantic, 33 206, 215, 218, 226, 232, 283, 284, 314, 316 Girder, 100, 101, 103 Fluvial, 35, 37, 66 Glaciation, 17–18 Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), 255 Glacier, 5, 324 Foothills, 18, 25, 192, 268, 272, 284 Goalanda-Chandpur, 13 Foresee, 116, 146, 225, 253 Godavari River Project, 260 Forest-cover, 128 Gomukh, 5, 13, 35 Forestry, 174, 178, 179, 181, 182 Good-will delegation, 145 Formulation, 143, 194, 241 Gorai-Madhumati, 66, 161, 170, 172, 176, 178, Foster, 250 179, 180, 181 Foundation-laying, 221 Gorge, 18, 19 Fourier analysis, 90 Gour, 7, 21, 64, 79, 283, 322 Framework, 145, 250, 253 Gradual, 62, 66, 68, 71, 72, 89, 90, 92, 94, 95, French, 61, 65, 199, 243 125, 130, 140, 144, 152, 164, 170, 205, French Consortium, 199, 243 206, 209, 210, 215, 218, 231, 235, 287, Freshet, 68, 74, 76, 85, 86, 90–91, 93, 95, 108 291, 318 Friable, 18, 35, 40, 192 Grandiose, 326 Friendship, 138, 139, 149, 192, 203, 238, 327 Graphic, 3 Fructify, 326 Gravitational, 315 Funnel-shaped, 43 Ground-water, 26, 40, 54, 130, 167, 171, 172, 176, 177, 180, 200, 219, 224, 225, 279, G 285, 296, 299, 317, 318, 325 Gandak, 11, 29, 38, 44, 128, 129, 130, 141, Guaranteed, 197, 198, 201, 202, 226, 229, 276, 185, 187, 268, 269, 272, 279, 280, 282, 285 278, 326 Gandhi Maidan, 150 Guide bund, 52, 311, 312 Ganga Barrage, 125, 136, 234, 236, 237 Guide-wall, 72, 217, 218 Ganga Basin, 15–17, 23, 24, 25, 38, 97, 130, 137, 141, 142, 154, 160, 171, 185, 187, H 188, 190, 235, 247–265, 268, 279, 281, Harappa-Mohenjodaro, 2 282, 283–286, 292, 296, 298, 326 Hard-liner, 198, 242 Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna(GBM), 17, 33, Haridwar, 3, 5, 11, 25, 26–27, 35, 62, 125, 128, 279, 290, 298 324 Ganga Erosion Committee, 46 Harman Theory, 262 Ganga-Kapotaksha, 134, 135, 170, 171, 200 Harmful, 171, 179, 249, 264 Ganga-Padma, 11, 14, 28, 96, 136, 137, 140, Harmonic, 86 161, 170, 171, 179, 181, 196, 202, 270, Harnessing, 128, 138, 281, 282, 293 272, 273, 277, 311, 321, 322 Haste, 221, 222, 223, 229, 292 Gangaridi, 2 Hastinapur, 36, 37, 38, 284 Ganga River Erosion Committee, 311 Head-water, 84, 88, 95–96, 108, 113, 114, 243, Gangeya, 1 290 Gangotri, 5, 14, 324 Helsinki Rules, 248–249, 252, 263 Gate, 5, 52, 206 Heritage, 250, 251 The gate of God, 5 Hermitage, 1 GATT, 135 Heterogeneity, 315 Generation, 1, 39, 122, 136, 147, 168, 170, Heterogeneous, 225 185, 238, 248, 255, 260, 261, 262, 263, Hidden motive, 223 388 Index

Highest Flood Level, 121, 312 Indeterminate, 315 Hilsa, 173, 180, 181, 301 Index Plan, 39, 98, 208, 216, 259, 262, 263, Hindsight, 286 281 Hingola, 11 Indian National Congress, 149, 156 Hinterland, 31, 61, 200, 214, 299 Indian Ocean, 2, 15, 325 Historic flow, 151 Individual, 112, 223, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, Hoist, 102, 237 247, 255 Holy, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 63, 171, 283, 284 Indo-Gangetic, 62, 130 Hooghly, 14, 31, 32, 55, 61–77, 81–97, 109, Induction, 43, 54, 161, 164, 165, 167, 209, 110, 142, 164, 166, 168, 169, 182, 193, 211, 214, 299 209–211, 213, 215, 231–237, 262, 277, Indus Basin Development, 259 291, 300, 322 Indus Treaty, 199, 251, 260, 263 Hooghly Commission, 68, 232 Industrialization, 290, 291 Hue and cry, 41, 111, 200 Indus valley, 2, 283 Human interference, 39, 48, 66, 106, 152, 304, Indus Valley Civilisation, 283 315, 316, 324 Inescapable, 229 Hume pipe, 301 Inflexibility, 253 Humidity, 26, 169, 299 Influx, 43, 68, 331 Hydraulic cycle, 176 Infructuous, 113, 114, 155 Hydraulic efficiency, 272 Insignificant, 7, 63, 116, 118, 142, 143, 214, Hydraulic mean depth, 43, 75, 208 273, 324 Hydraulic Study Department, 85–86, 90, 92, Installation, 95, 299, 313, 316 97, 107, 237 Instantaneous, 318 Hydro-electric, 183–184, 185, 189, 190, 219, Institute de Droit International, 247 238, 272, 276, 278, 285, 296, 297 Insurgency, 198 Hydrograph, 70, 90, 151, 190, 191, 247, 270, Integrated, 174, 279, 297, 298 331 Intensity, 24, 25, 26, 29, 71, 74, 84, 85, 86, Hydrographic basin, 247 115, 119, 137, 142, 204, 213, 223, 279, Hydrologically, 13, 268 307, 309 Hydrology, 23–34 Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), Hydro-morphology, 43, 304, 323 255 Hypertension, 174 Inter-basin transfer, 186, 187, 194, 276, 278, I 279, 281, 282, 291, 296, 297, 298 Ill-effects, 223 Interference, 30, 40, 48, 49, 66, 106, 146, 152, Imaginative, 252 192, 233, 292, 304, 309, 315, 316, 324 Immigrant, 2, 38, 283 Interlinking, 293–295 Impair, 250 International, 113, 133, 135, 137, 144, 146, Impediment, 147, 172, 205, 212 159, 160, 172, 176, 198, 223, 239, 247, Impetus, 196 248, 249–254, 255, 256, 257, 260, 262, Implementation, 114, 154, 164, 189, 196, 202, 263, 264, 265, 276, 278, 281, 282, 314, 206, 221, 253, 256, 334 325, 327 Impractical, 129, 187, 224, 229 International Development Bank (IDB), 251 Improvement, 70, 82–84, 93, 108, 116, 162, International Drainage Basin, 248 164–165, 209–211, 217–219, 232, 234, International Engineering Company, 176 235, 237, 276, 290, 299 International Joint Commission, 254 Inaccessible, 301 International Law Association, 137, 144, 248 Inadequate, 84, 133, 156, 188, 301, 321 International Laws, 247, 263 Inappropriate, 323 International River Basin Cooperation, 249 Incentive, 250, 251, 252, 253, 256 International Rivers, 247, 248, 249, 250, 254, Incompatibility, 253 256, 257, 260, 263 Inconsistency, 107–131 Inter-se right, 296 Independence, 95, 122, 134, 136, 143, 149, Intractable, 224 231, 233–235, 238, 258, 278 Intriguing, 205, 224 Index 389

Inundation, 257, 258, 285 L Investigation, 70, 92, 97, 115, 134, 135, 150, Lake of Mind, 5 155, 187, 229, 236–237, 312, 335, 337, 338 Land-locked, 223, 279, 282, 297 Irreparable, 174 Landmark, 203 Irreversibly, 314 Landmass, 23, 54 Irrigation Commission, 130 Land reclamation, 324 Landscape, 37 J Landslide, 18, 19, 35, 38, 192, 324 Jacketing, 45, 128, 324 La Plata, 33, 257, 298 Jalangi, 11, 14, 42, 54, 56, 59, 61, 64, 66, 71, Layered soil, 318 80, 81, 84, 94, 109, 112, 161, 170, 179, Lean season, 73, 77, 111, 112, 114, 116, 117, 189, 231–232, 234, 272, 285, 303–304, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 127, 311–315, 321, 322, 369 128, 129, 133, 137, 138, 139, 141, 143, Jamaat-i-Islam, 50 144, 145, 146, 151, 152, 153, 156, 157, Janata Party, 149, 158, 199, 200, 205, 240 159, 161, 162 Jangipur Barrage, 57, 107, 109, 237, 299, 301, Leeward, 24 309, 310, 313 Legendary, 54 Jetty, 87 Levee, 37, 45, 128, 302, 307, 309, 313, 323 Jheel, 80, 170 Longitudinal, 26–27, 32, 214 Jiggerkhali, 72, 217, 218, 219 Long-term, 312–313 Joint approach, 242 Low water crossing, 86, 88, 90, 94 Joint Committee, 145, 150, 155, 157, 188, 196, 200, 202, 206, 242, 244 M Joint Committee of Experts, 157, 188, 196, Madhupur Jungle, 62, 63, 79 200, 242, 244 Mahabharata, 2, 37 Joint Declaration, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, Mahananda, 13, 44–45, 63–64, 79, 141, 185, 144, 145, 151, 239 190, 270, 271, 278, 282, 293, 295, 369 Joint Press Release, 140 Makar Sankranti, 4 Joint Rivers Commission, 137, 139, 141, 150, Manas Sarovar, 2, 5 154, 155, 156, 181, 199, 202, 239, 254 Mandakini, 1, 11 Joint Statement, 149 Mangrove, 171, 178 Joint Team, 140, 206, 329 Manifold, 72, 75, 128, 163, 290, 292 Joint Venture, 189 Manihari Ghat, 6 JRC, 137, 138, 141, 143, 154, 155, 156, 157, Marginal, 38, 40, 45, 48–49, 51, 52, 172, 223, 181, 183, 190, 202, 224, 229, 239, 240, 302, 303, 309, 310, 312, 313, 317, 323, 241, 242, 243, 245, 254, 281, 298 366, 367 Juktabeni, 3 Maritime, 21, 247 Jurisdiction, 249, 264 Marshy, 26, 284 Marshy land, 38, 66 K Mathabhanga, 13, 66, 71, 81, 84, 94, 161, 170, Kali Gandaki, 280 179, 189, 232, 234, 272 Kangsavati, 13, 45 Mathematical, 80, 85–86, 316 Karatoya, 141, 185, 187, 270, 282, 293, 295 Matrix, 19 Karnali, 128, 141, 268, 269, 279, 282 2 m draught, 223 Kedarnath, 5, 8 Meander-belt, 18 Khadir, 38, 41 Meander bend, 47–48, 53, 54, 302, 307 Kingdom, 2, 259, 278, 283, 284 Meandering, 26, 35, 38–39, 41, 44, 46–48, 67, Kosi, 11, 29, 38, 39, 44, 62, 64, 79, 128, 129, 267, 272, 273, 302, 307, 313, 315, 321 130, 141, 185, 187, 192, 268, 269, 272, Meanders, 5, 35, 44, 46, 314 278, 279, 280, 282, 309–310, 312, 369 Meghna, 273–282 Kuliarchar, 273 Memorandum, 86, 155, 156, 159, 231, 241, Kumar, 11, 172, 232 242 Kushiara, 273 Metaphysical, 1 390 Index

Model experiment, 85 Portuguese, 61, 65 Mooring, 86, 91, 93, 115, 213, 290 Post-Farakka, 43, 163, 165 Moribund, 43, 54, 66, 73, 176, 180, 208, 301 Post-freshet, 75, 76 Morphology, 35–59, 161, 214, 302, 304, 307, Post-vedic, 2 309, 323 ppm (parts per million), 89, 300 Mount Kailash, 2, 5 Precision, 80 Muktabeni, 3 Prestressed, 101, 103 Mythology, 1, 2, 3, 7, 65 Procrastination, 48 Progressive, 81, 82, 84–85, 86, 92, 204, 314 N Propagation, 88, 92 Nadia Barrage, 84 Protective slope, 45 Narora Barrage, 11, 125 Prototype, 86, 92, 93, 108, 122, 162, 182, 187, Navigability, 43, 91, 108, 145, 204, 215, 233, 222, 226, 287, 290 281 Protrude, 48 Navigation, 43, 94–96, 98, 115–116, 163–165, Purana, 2 173, 232, 233, 237, 260, 262, 278, 287, 295–296, 297, 299, 301, 326, 331 R New Testament, 3 Raft, 99 Nominal, 40, 43, 71, 161, 211 Rail-line, 38, 46, 49, 99, 303, 312 Ramayana, 1–4, 7, 63 O Regime, 37, 40, 43, 92, 93, 108, 135, 144, 145, Optimum, 43, 94, 107, 138–139, 156, 185, 146, 154, 158, 159, 227, 233, 239, 321, 331 339–340 Regulator, 97, 100, 102, 103, 105, 112–113, Orchard, 190 154, 206, 227, 237, 293, 295, 312 Orientation, 90 Rehabilitation, 38, 190, 284, 295, 309, 316 Oscillate, 35, 37, 214 Rejuvenate, 37, 54, 94, 108, 204 Oscillating, 35, 37, 43, 74 Rejuvenation, 37, 54, 94, 108, 204 Outfall, 7, 13, 14, 23, 33, 43, 54, 63, 86, 196, Repercussion, 46 216 Reservoir, 13, 45, 89, 113, 128, 143, 183–185, 187–188, 191–192, 194, 196, 199, 243, P 261, 276, 278–279, 282, 284, 296, 297, Padma, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 19, 21, 26, 28, 298, 324, 325–326 33, 42, 59, 61–66, 70, 79, 80, 94, 96, 133, Resistance, 44, 65, 67, 225 134, 136, 137, 140, 142, 150, 151, 161, Resuscitation, 92, 134, 153, 223, 231, 170–173, 179, 181, 182, 196, 200, 202, 233–235, 325 206, 232, 233, 270, 272, 273, 277, 284, Revetment, 46, 53, 311, 312, 313, 315, 316, 311, 321, 322, 331, 369 317, 321 Padma-meghna, 13, 14, 28, 33, 151 Revitalize, 95, 105–106 Partition, 38, 96, 134, 258, 264, 284, 324 Rigveda, 1 Patliputra, 61 Rishikesh, 5, 14, 33, 35 Peninsular, 24, 28, 125–126, 268, 279, 285, River management, 84 325 River-training, 88, 91, 95, 133, 234 Percolate/percolation, 33, 68 Roman, 3, 61 Photography, 37 Rotational slip, 45 Physical model, 86 Rupnarayan, 13, 29, 45, 71, 235 Physon, 3 Pilgrim, 2, 5, 284 S Pilgrimage, 5, 284 Sacred, 1, 2, 3, 65, 171, 283 Pindar, 11 Sail-ship, 83 Pine, 5, 316 Sail-vessel, 83 Plateau, 16, 18, 325 Salinity, 169, 172–174, 178–182, 200, 210, Plate Tectonics, 15 214–215, 219, 223, 224, 226–227, 235, Platform, 37 236, 287, 290, 293, 299, 300, 331 Point-bar, 35, 39, 41, 43, 48 Salt Lake City, 86 Index 391

Sand-bar, 37, 73 T Sand-drift, 88 Tagging, 46 Sandstone, 18 Tamralipta, 13, 61, 283 Sanitation, 85 Tectonic, 15, 16, 21, 35, 65–66, 72 Saraswati, 2, 3, 6, 11, 21, 62, 63, 80 Teesta, 62, 63, 72, 79, 134, 185, 190, 191, 192, Saugar island, 14, 21, 62, 63, 70–71 196, 199 Schematic, 28, 29, 120, 121, 268, 273, 274, Terrace, 18, 35, 37 275, 296, 297 Tidal, 32, 33, 88–90, 165, 205, 208, 209–213, Scour-hole, 53 234, 331 Scripture, 2, 5, 283 Tide-borne, 94, 235, 286 Sea-face, 13, 20, 70, 93 Tilting, 37 Sea-going, 82, 90, 135, 164, 217 Topography, 26 Secondary channel, 49, 53 Tortuosity, 44, 321, 322 Sediment/sedimentation, 15, 17–19, 37, 39, 40, Trader, 5, 61, 286, 301, 325 42, 45, 64, 67, 71, 73, 74, 93, 108, 113, Tremendous, 1, 97, 307 136, 165, 181, 191, 236, 272–273, 314–316 Trench-dredging, 108 Seismic, 82, 143, 188, 190, 192, 194, 232, 282 Tributary, 11, 13, 18, 29, 45, 54, 65, 66, 128, Semi-arid, 26, 285 130, 183, 184, 249, 269, 272 Sheet piling, 99, 100 Tripathaga, 1 Shelter, 49, 52, 312, 313, 367 Tripathi Committee, 46 Silavati, 13 Triveni, 3, 21, 62, 63, 208–210 Silt-free, 52, 67, 92, 94, 211, 226, 286 Trough, 17, 86 Silt/siltation, 52, 59, 66, 67, 70–71, 86, 87, 90, Turbulence/turbulent, 1, 13, 320 92, 94, 95, 115, 133, 151, 165, 166, 169, 170, 179, 181, 182, 200, 204, 207, 214, U 215, 218, 223, 234, 235, 236, 283–286, Undivided Bengal, 7, 19, 62 299, 300, 302, 307–310, 313, 314, 315, Unidirectional, 42 316, 317, 323–324 Upland, 172, 178, 210, 213, 286 Silty clay, 44, 225 Upland discharge, 85–92 Silty ﬁne sand, 44 Upper Ganga Canal, 5, 11, 35 Simultaneous, 18, 38, 45, 46, 92, 108, 189, Utensils,3,7,63 242, 315 Singhal, 4, 65 V The Sorrow of Bengal, 45 Vaishnava, 54 Southward, 3–4, 8, 13, 17–18, 35, 37, 38, 46, Valley, 2, 5, 13, 18, 24, 26, 33, 73, 190, 235, 80, 182, 183, 267, 272, 273 258, 261, 281, 283, 284, 285, 322 Spoil, 77, 86, 88, 94, 168, 171, 190, 210, 227, Vegetation, 37, 128 313, 316, 321 Spring tide, 68, 86–87, 92 W Spur, 46, 59, 307, 311, 316 Warehouse, 97, 233, 296 Stabilise, 49, 53, 227, 307, 314, 318 World Health Organisation, 89 The Statesman, 150, 203, 345 Steamer, 13, 61, 70, 83, 233 Y Subduction, 15, 16 Yamuna, 2–3, 5, 6, 8, 11, 13, 27, 29, 33, 38, Suction Dredger, 82 44–45, 62, 63, 80, 128, 267, 268–269, 272, Surge, 1, 198 324–325 Suspended, 37, 100, 236, 237, 314 30 year accord, 222 Swamps, 37, 38, 66, 72 30 year treaty, 222