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BEST PRACTICE GUIDANCE for HABITAT SURVEY and MAPPING 2011 by George F

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BEST PRACTICE GUIDANCE for HABITAT SURVEY and MAPPING 2011 by George F BEST PRACTICE GUIDANCE FOR HABITAT SURVEY AND MAPPING 2011 By George F. Smith, Paul O’Donoghue, Katie O’Hora and Eamonn Delaney i BEST PRACTICE GUIDANCE FOR HABITAT SURVEY AND MAPPING 2011 By George F. Smith, Paul O’Donoghue, Katie O’Hora and Eamonn Delaney ii CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS IV PART TWO ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V PREPARATION FOR FIELD SURVEY CONTINUED FOREWORD VII 4.3.3 Skills and Training 35 4.4 Preparation for Field Survey 36 PART ONE 4.4.1 Planning Field Surveys 36 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 4.4.2 Division of Survey Area 37 TO HABITAT SURVEY AND MAPPING 4.5 Managing Project Data 38 1 INTRODUCTION 2 4.5.1 Data Storage 38 1.1 Scope 2 4.5.2 Data Availability 39 1.2 Need for Best Practice Guidance 3 1.3 Habitat Survey Methodology 4 5 DESKTOP REVIEW 42 5.1 Geographical Data 42 2 HABITAT CLASSIFICATION 6 5.1.1 Aerial Photography 42 2.1 Past Approaches to Classification 6 5.1.2 Discovery Series Mapping 43 2.2 Habitats Directive 8 5.1.3 Digital Datasets 43 2.3 Current and Future Irish Systems 9 5.1.4 Interpretation 44 5.2 Non-GIS Habitat Data 44 3 MAPS AND GIS 12 5.3 Consultations 45 3.1 Overview 12 3.2 Introduction to Mapping 12 PART THREE 3.2.1 Map Projections and Coordinate 12 HABITAT SURVEYING IN THE FIELD Reference Systems 3.2.2 Irish Maps 13 6 FIELD SURVEY 48 6.1 Preparation for Field Survey 50 3.2.3 Remotely Sensed Images 17 6.1.1 Health and Safety 50 3.3 GIS Dataset Structure 17 6.1.2 Land Access 50 3.4 Metadata 18 6.1.3 Field Map Preparation 51 3.5 Data Quality 20 6.1.4 Recording Sheets 51 3.5.1 Accuracy 20 6.1.5 Botanical References 52 3.5.2 Precision 21 6.1.6 Field Gear 52 3.5.3 Quality 22 6.2 Field Recording 52 3.5.4 Error propagation 22 6.2.1 Habitat Size Thresholds 52 3.6 Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and 6.2.2 Field Mapping 55 Field Computers 23 6.2.3 Field Notes 56 6.2.4 Species Recording 56 PART TWO PREPARATION FOR FIELD SURVEY 6.2.5 Habitat Features of Value to Fauna 59 6.2.6 Field Survey Example 59 4 PLANNING AND MANAGING 6.2.7 Using GNSS in the Field 63 HABITAT SURVEYS 28 6.3 Habitat Classification in the Field 64 4.1 Survey Objectives 28 6.3.1 Guide to Habitats 64 4.2 Delineating the Survey Area 32 6.3.2 Habitats Directive Habitats 64 4.3 Project Management 33 6.3.3 Habitat Mosaics 65 4.3.1 Project Steering Group 34 6.3.4 Urban Areas 67 4.3.2 Habitat Survey Team 34 6.3.5 Linear Habitats 67 iii PART FOUR LITERATURE CITED 102 PRODUCING AND USING HABITAT SURVEY DATASETS APPENDICES 108 7 GIS DATABASE 70 Appendix A: Guide to Habitats (Fossitt, 2000) 108 Classification 7.1 Map Structure 70 Appendix B: Correspondence between EU Habitats Directive 7.1.1 Mapping Polygons, Lines and Points 72 and Guide to Habitats Classifications 111 7.1.2 Using OSi Base Mapping 73 Appendix C: Geographical Habitat Datasets 117 7.1.3 Digitising 74 Appendix D: Sources of Habitat Information and 7.2 Data Structure 75 Other References 122 7.3 Compiling the Database 78 Appendix E: Activities Influencing the Conservation Status 7.3.1 Data Review 78 of Sites 129 7.3.2 Data Entry 78 Appendix F: Sample Field Datasheet & Habitat Survey 130 7.4 Quality Assurance 80 Appendix G: Metadata Headings for Habitat Survey Data 131 7.4.1 Database Quality Control 80 7.4.2 Periodic Inspections 80 LIST OF TABLES 7.4.3 Field Survey Quality 81 Table 1.1: Habitat Survey Methodology – 4 7.4.4 Database Review 82 Five Main Steps 7.4.5 Reporting Data Quality 83 Table 3.1: Description of OSi Large-scale 14 Vector Mapping 7.5 Data Management 83 Table 3.2: Example of an Attribute Table 18 7.5.1 Photographs 84 Table 3.3: Estimates of Positional Accuracy in Distance 7.5.2 Metadata 85 on the Ground at Different Map Scales 7.6 Presentation of Survey Results 86 (after Longley, 2005) 20 7.6.1 Survey Report 86 Table 4.1: Outline of Steps in Planning and 7.6.2 Habitat Maps 87 Preparing Habitat Surveys 28 Table 4.2: General Characteristics of Strategic and 8 USES OF HABITAT SURVEY DATA 90 Site-based Habitat Surveys 29 8.1 Overview 90 Table 6.1: Outline of Field Survey Methodology 48 8.2 Spatial Analysis 90 Table 6.2: Recommended Minimum Habitat 53 Size Thresholds 8.3 Habitat Evaluation 91 Table 6.3: Recommended Qualifiers to 8.3.1 Conservation Value 91 Guide to Habitats Codes 64 8.3.2 Condition and Threats 95 Table 7.1: Outline of Steps in the Preparation 70 8.3.3 Identifying Sites of Conservation Interest 97 of Databases and Report Production 8.4 Beyond Habitat Survey 97 Table 7.2: Minimum Attribute Fields to be Included 8.4.1 Limitations of Habitat Survey Data 97 in Each Dataset 76 8.4.2 Quantitative Vegetation Analysis 98 Table 7.3: Examples of Additional Attribute Fields that can be Included in Each Dataset 77 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.1: Decision Tree for Planning Habitat Surveys 31 Figure 6.1: Sample Habitat Map with Field Annotation 61 Figure 6.2: Sample Data Sheet with Field 62 Annotation (front) Figure 6.3: Sample Data Sheet with Field 62 Annotation (back) iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AA Appropriate Assessment ASI Area of Scientific Interest BAP Biodiversity Action Plan BBS British Bryological Society BSBI Botanical Society of the British Isles CA Correspondence Analysis CCA Canonical Correspondence Analysis CORINE Coordination of Information on the Environment DED District Electoral Division DEM Digital Elevation Model DNFC Dublin Naturalists’ Field Club DoEHLG Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government DTM Digital Terrain Model EASC Environmental Advisory and Consultancy Services EcIA Ecological Impact Assessment EGNOS European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIS Environmental Impact Statement EPA Environmental Protection Agency GIS Geographical Information Systems GNSS Global Navigation Satellite Systems GPS Global Positioning System GSI Geological Survey of Ireland IEEM Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management IEMA Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment IG Irish National Grid ITM Irish Transverse Mercator JNCC [UK] Joint Nature Conservation Committee NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NHA Natural Heritage Area NIEA Northern Ireland Environment Agency NMS Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling NPWS National Parks and Wildlife Service NRA National Roads Authority NSNW National Survey of Native Woodland NUI National University of Ireland NVC [British] National Vegetation Classification OPW Office of Public Works OSi Ordnance Survey Ireland OSNI Ordnance Survey Northern Ireland PCA Principal Components Analysis pNHA Proposed Natural Heritage Area SAC Special Area of Conservation SPA Special Protection Area TWINSPAN Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v The Heritage Council is extremely grateful for the assistance of the many people who gave freely of their time to facilitate the production of this guide. Without their assistance, this publication would not have been possible. The Steering Committee members were: Cliona O’Brien, Naomi Kingston (NPWS), Gemma Weir (NPWS) and Sharon Casey (Cork County Council). Deirdre Lynn, Rebecca Jeffrey, Robert Ovington and Marie Dromey also provided valuable input (NPWS). Atkins (Ecology) was commissioned to draft this Guidance. Dr Séamus Coveney (NUI Maynooth) made valuable contributions to the design of the project. We are particularly grateful to those who reviewed and provided helpful comments on an earlier draft of this Guidance: Muiris de Buitléar (DoEHLG); Paul Corbett and Mark Wright (NIEA); Julie Fossitt (NPWS); Tom Gittings (Ecological Consultant); Liam Lysaght (National Biodiversity Data Centre); Jim Martin, Simon Barron, Brendan O’Hanrahan, Fionnuala O’Neill and Philip Perrin (BEC); Richard Nairn, Carmel Brennan, Elaine Dromey, Katharine Duff, Maeve Flynn, Ciara Hamilton and Andrew Speer (Natura); Mary Tubridy (Mary Tubridy and Associates); Judith Vonhof (Cork County Council); and those who reviewed an earlier draft of this document on behalf of the Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management (IEEM): Aebhín Cawley (Scott Cawley); Patrick Crushell (Wetland Surveys Ireland); Mieke Muyllaert (Mieke Muyllaert and Associates); Jenny Neff (EACS); and Roger McNaughton (Tobin). Thanks are also due to Roberta Reeners for her careful editing of the document. This Guidance is based in part on Habitat Survey Guidelines: A Standard Methodology for Habitat Survey in Ireland prepared by Natura Environmental Consultants for the Heritage Council (first draft 2002; second draft 2005). We sincerely thank all those who responded to a consultation questionnaire developed to assist in preparation of this Guidance: Conor Kelleher Aardwolf Wildlife Surveys Dave Allen Allen and Mellon Environmental Alex Copland and Sinead Cummins BirdWatch Ireland Simon Barron, Fionnuala O’Neil Botanical Environmental and Conservation and Philip Perrin Consultants (BEC) Vicki O’Donnell and Ned Dwyer Coastal and Marine Resources Centre, University College Cork Gearoid Ó Riain and Andrew Day Compass Informatics Judith Vonhof Cork County Council Sharon Casey Cork County Council Caroline Hurley Ecological Consultant Mark McCorry Ecological Consultant Neil Foulkes Ecological Consultant Róisín Nash Ecological Consultant Services (EcoServe) Paul Murphy EirEco Environmental Consultants Anita Hogan Entec UK Ltd Mike Lush ExeGesIS SDM Orla Fahy Forest Service Karina Dingerkus Giorria Environmental Services Úna Cosgrave-Hanley Kerry County Council Bridget Loughlin Kildare County Council Catherine Casey Laois County Council Louise Collier Mayo County Council vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dervla O’Dowd McCarthy Keville and O’Sullivan – Planning and Environmental
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