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Social Sciences Communication Studies Genre, Globalisation and the Nation: the Case of Turkish Police Procedural TV Series

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Social Sciences Communication Studies Genre, Globalisation and the Nation: the Case of Turkish Police Procedural TV Series Social Sciences Communication Studies Genre, Globalisation and The Nation: The Case of Turkish Police Procedural TV Series Thesis for the degree of doctor in communication studies at the University of Antwerp to be defended by Ayşegül KESIRLI UNUR Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Savaş Arslan Prof. Dr. Alexander Dhoest Istanbul, 2016 Institute of Social Sciences Cinema and Media Research Genre, Globalisation and The Nation: The Case of Turkish Police Procedural TV Series PhD Thesis Ayşegül KESİRLİ UNUR Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Savaş Arslan Prof. Dr. Alexander Dhoest Istanbul, 2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisors, Savaş Arslan and Alexander Dhoest for their support, encouragement and guidance. Their inspirational suggestions, invaluable comments, insights and proofreads brought this study to fruition. I could not have imagined this process without them. I am thankful to my PhD committee members, Melis Behlil and Defne Karaosmanoğlu for their constructive suggestions and encouragement. My professors at Bahçeşehir University, Cinema and Media Research Programme broadened my horizons by introducing me to new theories, concepts and perspectives in their seminars. I am grateful to them for leading me to question everything I learned before my PhD. I am especially grateful to Selim Eyüboğlu for helping me to find a topic that I really enjoyed to research. I would like to thank Bahçeşehir University for awarding me with a tuition fee waiver scholarship throughout my study and University of Antwerp for financially supporting my stay in Antwerp as a joint PhD student. I would like to express my special appreciation to Alexander Dhoest who did not only provide me with a heavenly research environment at the University of Antwerp but also made this stay financially possible for encouraging me to apply for scholarship. I am grateful to my devoted friends who were always there for me during this emotionally challenging process. A special thanks goes to Pınar, Nihan and Bora for our never ending brainstorming/complaining sessions which always ended up with more inspiration and enthusiasm. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to my partner, Koray, for his endless love, support and patience throughout my PhD. I would have never made it without him. I am also grateful to my parents, Leyal and Hakkı, and my sister, Melike, for always being patient, understanding, supportive and encouraging. Feeling their love for me helped me to cope up with the challenges of this long, exhausting but wonderful journey. 02.12.2016 Ayşegül Kesirli Unur ABSTRACT GENRE, GLOBALISATION AND THE NATION: THE CASE OF TURKISH POLICE PROCEDURAL TV SERIES Ayşegül Kesirli Unur December 2016 The Turkish television industry came under the influence of intense globalization in the beginning of the 1990s. The appropriation of global television genres by local producers was among the various consequences of this situation and the Turkish police procedural TV series appeared as a result of this process of intense globalization. Stuck between the assumed ‘Western-ness’ of the police procedural genre and national reflexes, tendencies, anxieties and tastes, Turkish police procedural TV series have been formed by the tendency to appropriate ‘Western’ conventions of the genre while simultaneously preserving ‘Turkish’ values. Inspired by this interplay between the ‘global’ and the ‘local’, this thesis focuses on the formation of the police procedural genre in Turkey. By adopting a discursive approach to television genres, this formation is discussed from a wide perspective. In order to refer to as many articulations of the genre as possible, the thesis situates the development of the police procedural genre in Turkey in a broad cultural context. Nation building processes, the development of Turkish television broadcasting under the impact of dominant nationalist discourses as well as global forces are examined as a part of this context. By means of examining these issues, the thesis argues that Turkish police procedurals are formed as a consequence of keeping the balance between the sensitive dynamics of the ‘global’ and the ‘local’. While simultaneously reproducing the ‘global’ conventions of the police procedural genre, these series reflect particular elements to point at the ‘national’ symbols, values, traditions and stereotypes on Turkish television channels. The thesis investigates the construction of these elements together with the localization of the global conventions of the police procedural genre and intends to offer an extensive study on genre formation and television in Turkey. Keywords: Turkish Television, Globalisation, Genre, Police Procedural TV Series iv ABSTRACT GENRE, GLOBALISERING EN DE NATIE: DE CASE VAN TURKSE PROCEDURELE POLITIESERIES Ayşegül Kesirli Unur December 2016 In het begin van de jaren 1990 werd de Turkse televisie-industrie sterk beïnvloed door globalisering. De adaptatie van globale tv-genres door lokale producenten was een van de gevolgen van deze situatie en de Turkse procedurele politieserie ontstond als gevolg van dit proces van intense globalisering. Gekneld tussen de veronderstelde 'Westersheid' van het procedurele politiegenre en nationale reflexen, tendenzen, angsten en smaken, werden Turkse procedurele politieseries gevormd door de neiging 'westerse' conventies van het genre toe te eigenen maar tegelijkertijd ook 'Turkse' waarden te bewaren. Geïnspireerd door deze wisselwerking tussen het 'globale' en het 'lokale', richt dit proefschrift zich op het ontstaan van het procedurele politiegenre in Turkije. Door een discursieve benadering van televisiegenres wordt dit ontstaan besproken vanuit een breed perspectief. Om te verwijzen naar zo veel mogelijk articulaties van het genre, situeert het proefschrift de ontwikkeling van de procedurele politiegenre in Turkije binnen een brede culturele context. Processen van natievorming, de ontwikkeling van de Turkse televisie onder de invloed van dominante nationalistische discoursen alsook mondiale krachten worden onderzocht als deel van deze context. Door deze kwesties te onderzoeken, betoogt het proefschrift dat de Turkse politieseries worden gevormd als gevolg van het zoeken van een delilcaat evenwicht tussen het 'globale' en het 'lokale'. Terwijl deze series 'globale' conventies van de procedurele politiegenre repliceren, weerspiegelen ze tegelijkertijd ook specifieke elementen die verwijzen naar 'nationale' symbolen, waarden, tradities en stereotypen op de Turkse tv- zenders. Het proefschrift onderzoekt de constructie van deze elementen samen met de lokalisatie van de wereldwijde conventies van het procedurele politiegenre en wil op die manier een diepgaande studie van genre en televisie in Turkije bieden. Sleutelwoorden: Turkse Televisie, Globalisering, Genre, Procedurele Politieseries v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………............xiii LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………….…….........xiv INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….….….1 GENRE FORMATION AND CRITICISM IN TURKEY……………..….….2 CULTURAL APPROACH TO THE POLICE PROCEDURAL GENRE…………………………………………………………………….....…6 UNDERSTANDING TURKISH POLICE PROCEDURALS AS DISCURSIVE FORMATIONS…………………………………….……..….11 1. TURKISH TELEVISION BROADCASTING AND NATIONAL IDENTITY…….…………………..…………………………………………….16 1.1 TURKISH NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE EARLY REPUBLICAN ERA………..……………………….………………………………….…..17 1.1.1 Narrative of the Nation………………………………...………..….19 1.1.2 Origins, Continuity, Tradition and Timelessness……………..…..22 1.1.3 The Invention of Tradition……………………………………...….24 1.1.4 The Foundational Myth……………………………………..…..…25 1.1.5 Pure, Original Folk……………………………………..….……….26 1.2 PUBLIC TELEVISION BROADCASTING AND TURKISH NATIONAL IDENTITY…………………………………………………27 1.2.1 Television Programming on TRT…………………………..……...33 1.2.2 Language on TRT…………………………………………….....….35 1.2.3 TRT’s Policies on Music………………………………………...….36 1.3 COMMERCIAL TELEVISION CHANNELS AND TURKISH NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE 1980S AND 1990S…………………..39 1.3.1 New Forms of Television Programming……………...……………43 1.3.2 Language on the Private TV channels…………………....………..45 1.3.3 New Policies on Music and Televole Culture……………..………..46 1.4 THE ‘COMMERCIAL-NATIONAL’ CHARACTER OF THE MAINSTREAM PRIVATE TV CHANNELS IN THE 1990S……….....48 vi 1.5 CONCLUSION……………………………...………………………..…..54 2. GLOBALIZATION OF TURKISH TELEVISION AND THE LOCALIZATION OF POLICE PROCEDURAL GENRE…………………...56 2.1 GLOBALIZATION……………………………………...…………….…57 2.2 GLOBAL TV FLOWS…………………………………………..…….….59 2.2.1 Cultural Imperialism and the Americanization of Global Media……………………………………………………………..…62 2.2.2 New Parameters and the Structure of Global Media…………......66 2.3 GLOBALIZATION OF THE TURKISH TELEVISION AND FILM INDUSTRY………………………………...……………………………..68 2.3.1 Americanization of the Turkish Film and Television Industry…..70 2.3.2 Discussion of Cultural Imperialism in Turkey…………….……..74 2.4 LOCALIZATION OF THE GLOBAL IN THE ERA OF SCARCITY…………………………………………...…………………..76 2.4.1 Localization Practices of Turkish Film Importers…..………..…..77 2.4.2 Dubbing on TV………………………………………………..…….80 2.4.3 Publicity, Re-titling and Scheduling on TV………………..….…..83 2.4.4 Censorship on TV and the Columbo Incident……………...…..….86 2.5 GLOBALIZATION OF THE LOCAL IN THE ERA OF AVAILABILITY……………………………………………...…………..88 2.5.1 Increasing Variety of TV Programmes……..…….……………….91 2.5.2 Competition…………………………………………..……………..92 2.5.3 Local TV Programmes………………………………....…………..94 2.6 ACCESSING THE ‘GLOBAL’ IN THE ERA OF PLENTY……....…..97 2.6.1
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