Article Glaciers, Permafrost and Lake Levels at the Tsengel Khairkhan Massif, Mongolian Altai, During the Late Pleistocene and Holocene Michael Walther 1,*, Avirmed Dashtseren 1, Ulrich Kamp 2, Khurelbaatar Temujin 1, Franz Meixner 3, Caleb G. Pan 4 and Yadamsuren Gansukh 1 1 Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, P.O.B. 361, Ulaanbaatar 14192, Mongolia;
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[email protected] (Y.G.) 2 Department of Geography, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA;
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[email protected]; Tel.: +976-9908-7055 Received: 31 May 2017; Accepted: 11 August 2017; Published: 16 August 2017 Abstract: Understanding paleo—and recent environmental changes and the dynamics of individual drivers of water availability is essential for water resources management in the Mongolian Altai. Here, we follow a holistic approach to uncover changes in glaciers, permafrost, lake levels and climate at the Tsengel Khairkhan massif. Our general approach to describe glacier and lake level changes is to combine traditional geomorphological field mapping with bathymetric measurements, satellite imagery interpretation, and GIS analyses. We also analysed climate data from two nearby stations, and measured permafrost temperature conditions at five boreholes located at different elevations. We identified four glacial moraine systems (M4-M1) and attribute them to the period from the penultimate glaciation (MIS 4/5) until the Little Ice Age (MIS 1).