Polymorphism at a Mimicry Supergene Maintained by Opposing Frequency-Dependent Selection Pressures
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February 2013
If this page does not display correctly, contact Karl Legler at [email protected] Badger ButterFlyer The e-Newsletter of the Southern Wisconsin Butterfly Association JANUARY/FEBRUARY, 2013 WEB SITE: http://www.naba.org/chapters/nabawba/ 1 NEXT SWBA MEETING: Tuesday, April 16 (mark your calendar!) Meet at 7:00 p.m. in Madison at the Warner Park Community Recreation Center, 1625 Northport Drive. Public Programs: 1) Landscaping for Butterflies and other Wildlife (Larry and Emily Scheunemann) In this 30 minute program we will learn about the landscaping of 18 acres of Conservation Reserve Program land (CRP), restored prairie and the creation of a Monarch Waystation. (Tagged Monarchs were recovered in Mexico!) Relax and enjoy pictures of flowers and butterflies as we look forward to another season of both! 2) Dragonflies of Wisconsin: (Karl Legler) A 30 minute program. The 116 Dragonflies of Wisconsin are immensely appealing with their gigantic eyes, intricately veined wings, beautifully colorful bodies, the high-speed flight of an acrobatic aerialist, an insatiable appetite for other flying insects, and a truly fascinating sex life! We will highlight some of the most interesting species in the state. 3) Photo Show and Tell Eastern Amberwing Share some of your favorite butterfly, caterpillar, moth, or dragonfly photos and enjoy the photos of others. You are welcome IN THIS ISSUE: to briefly comment about the subject of your photos. Please 1. NEXT SWBA MEETING email up to 8 digital photos (as file attachments) to Mike Reese at ON TUESDAY, APRIL 16. 2. FIELD TRIPS IN 2013. [email protected] Otherwise, you can bring 3. -
The Speciation History of Heliconius: Inferences from Multilocus DNA Sequence Data
The speciation history of Heliconius: inferences from multilocus DNA sequence data by Margarita Sofia Beltrán A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London September 2004 Department of Biology University College London 1 Abstract Heliconius butterflies, which contain many intermediate stages between local varieties, geographic races, and sympatric species, provide an excellent biological model to study evolution at the species boundary. Heliconius butterflies are warningly coloured and mimetic, and it has been shown that these traits can act as a form of reproductive isolation. I present a species-level phylogeny for this group based on 3834bp of mtDNA (COI, COII, 16S) and nuclear loci (Ef1α, dpp, ap, wg). Using these data I test the geographic mode of speciation in Heliconius and whether mimicry could drive speciation. I found little evidence for allopatric speciation. There are frequent shifts in colour pattern within and between sister species which have a positive and significant correlation with species diversity; this suggests that speciation is facilitated by the evolution of novel mimetic patterns. My data is also consistent with the idea that two major innovations in Heliconius, adult pollen feeding and pupal-mating, each evolved only once. By comparing gene genealogies from mtDNA and introns from nuclear Tpi and Mpi genes, I investigate recent speciation in two sister species pairs, H. erato/H. himera and H. melpomene/H. cydno. There is highly significant discordance between genealogies of the three loci, which suggests recent speciation with ongoing gene flow. Finally, I explore the phylogenetic relationships between races of H. melpomene using an AFLP band tightly linked to the Yb colour pattern locus (which determines the yellow bar in the hindwing). -
Variable Selection and the Coexistence of Multiple Mimetic Forms of the Butterfly Heliconius Numata
Evolutionary Ecology 13: 721±754, 1999. Ó 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Research paper Variable selection and the coexistence of multiple mimetic forms of the butter¯y Heliconius numata MATHIEU JORON1*, IAN R. WYNNE2, GERARDO LAMAS3 and JAMES MALLET2 1Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Universite de MontpellierII, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier, France; 2Department of Biology, University College London, 4, Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, UK; 3Departamento de EntomologõÂa, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Apartado 14-0434, Lima-14, Peru (*author for correspondence, fax: +31 (0) 71-527-4900; email: [email protected] Inst. Evol. Ecol. Sciences, Univ. Leiden, PO BOX 9516, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands) Received 20 June 2000; accepted 11 December 2000 Co-ordinating editor: C. Rowe Abstract. Polymorphism in aposematic animals and coexistence of multiple mimicry rings within a habitat are not predicted by classical MuÈ llerian mimicry. The butter¯y Heliconius numata Cramer (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae; Heliconiinae) is both polymorphic and aposematic. The polymor- phism is due to variation at a single locus (or `supergene') which determines colour patterns involved in MuÈ llerian mimicry. We sampled 11 sites in a small area (approx. 60 ´ 30 km) of North- eastern Peru for H. numata and its co-mimics in the genus Melinaea and Athyrtis (Ithomiinae), and examined the role of temporal and spatial heterogeneity in the maintenance of polymorphism. Colour-patterns of Melinaea communities, which constitute the likely `mimetic environment' for H. numata, are dierentiated on a more local scale than morphs of H. numata, but the latter do show a strong and signi®cant response to local selection for colour-pattern. -
Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae)
STUDIES ON THE ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION OF NEOTROPICAL ITHOMIINE BUTTERFLIES (NYMPHALIDAE: ITHOMIINAE) by GEORGE WILLIAM BECCALONI A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor ofPhilosophy ofthe University ofLondon October 1995 Biogeography and Conservation Laboratory Centre for Population Biology Department of Entomology Imperial College The Natural History Museum Silwood Park Cromwell Road Ascot London SW7 5BD Berkshire SL5 7PY 2 To my mother, Benjie & Judy in love and gratitude 3 ABSTRACT Two aspects ofthe ecology ofNeotropical ithomiine butterflies (Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae) are discussed: mimicry (Chapters 2, 3) and species richness (Chapters 4, 5). Chapter 2 defines eight mimicry complexes involving ithomiines and other insects found in eastern Ecuador. These complexes are dominated by ithomiine individuals. Hypotheses to explain polymorphism in Batesian and Mullerian mimics are assessed. In Chapter 3, evidence that sympatric ithomiine-dominated mimicry complexes are segregated by microhabitat is reviewed. Data confirm that sympatric complexes are segregated vertically by flight height. Flight height is shown to be positively correlated with larval host-plant height. Host-plant partitioning between species in a butterfly community results in the formation of microhabitat guilds of species, and evidence suggests that mimicry may evolve between species which share a guild, but not between guilds. Models for the evolution of mimicry complexes in sympatry, and for polymorphism and dual sex-limited mimicry in Mullerian mimics, are discussed in the light of these findings. Chapter 4 investigates relationships between species richness offamilies and subfamilies ofNeotropical butterflies and overall butterfly species richness at local and regional scales. A strong positive correlation is demonstrated between ithomiine richness and the species richness of all other butterflies. -
Ecological Divergence and Speciation in Heliconius Cydno and H
Ecological divergence and speciation in Heliconius cydno and H. melpomene by Russell Edward Naisbit A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London September 2001 Department of Biology University College London To my family, for their support and encouragement throughout this crazy endeavour 2 “It is hardly an exaggeration to say, that whilst reading and reflecting on the various facts given in this Memoir, we feel to be as near witnesses, as we can ever hope to be, of the creation of a new species on this earth.” Charles Darwin, Natural History Review: Quarterly Journal of Biological Science, 1863. From a review of “Contributions to an Insect Fauna of the Amazon Valley,” in which Henry Walter Bates gave an adaptive explanation for mimicry in Amazonian butterflies and argued that variation in mimicry might cause speciation 3 Abstract We are in the midst of a renaissance in speciation research. There is a return to Darwin’s belief in the role of natural selection in driving speciation, after a lengthy focus on geographic isolation and hybrid sterility. Here I describe the ecological, behavioural, and genetic bases of speciation in Heliconius cydno and Heliconius melpomene (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). The two species are sympatric in tropical rainforest across most of Central America and the foothills of the Andes. Ecological differentiation allows coexistence of these sister species despite rare hybridisation. Divergence in microhabitat and larval host plant use has reduced both the potential for gene flow and for competition. In Panama H. cydno uses most Passiflora species in closed canopy forest, whilst H. -
Habitat Generalist Species Constrain the Diversity of Mimicry Rings in Heterogeneous Habitats Irina Birskis‑Barros1,2, André V
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Habitat generalist species constrain the diversity of mimicry rings in heterogeneous habitats Irina Birskis‑Barros1,2, André V. L. Freitas3 & Paulo R. Guimarães Jr.2* How evolution creates and maintains trait patterns in species‑rich communities is still an unsolved topic in evolutionary ecology. One classical example of community‑level pattern is the unexpected coexistence of diferent mimicry rings, each of which is a group of mimetic species with the same warning signal. The coexistence of diferent mimicry rings in a community seems paradoxical because selection among unpalatable species should favor convergence to a single warning pattern. We combined mathematical modeling based on network theory and numerical simulations to explore how diferent types of selection, such as mimetic and environmental selections, and habitat use by mimetic species infuence the formation of coexisting rings. We show that when habitat and mimicry are strong sources of selection, the formation of multiple rings takes longer due to conficting selective pressures. Moreover, habitat generalist species decrease the distinctiveness of diferent mimicry rings’ patterns and a few habitat generalist species can generate a “small‑world efect”, preventing the formation of multiple mimicry rings. These results may explain why the coexistence of mimicry rings is more common in groups of animals that tend towards habitat specialism, such as butterfies. Te evolutionary consequences of species interactions shape trait patterns at the community level and afect the organization of interacting assemblages1,2. Phenotypic convergence is an example of community level pattern shaped by species interactions. Examples of phenotypic convergence are the shape of fowers sharing similar pollinators3, the chemical composition of fruits consumed by similar vertebrates4, and the same warning signals of unpalatable species, i.e., Müllerian mimicry5. -
Unravelling the Genes Forming the Wing Pattern Supergene in the Polymorphic Butterfy Heliconius Numata Suzanne V
Saenko et al. EvoDevo (2019) 10:16 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13227-019-0129-2 EvoDevo RESEARCH Open Access Unravelling the genes forming the wing pattern supergene in the polymorphic butterfy Heliconius numata Suzanne V. Saenko1†, Mathieu Chouteau2†, Florence Piron‑Prunier1, Corinne Blugeon3, Mathieu Joron4 and Violaine Llaurens1* Abstract Background: Unravelling the genetic basis of polymorphic characters is central to our understanding of the ori‑ gins and diversifcation of living organisms. Recently, supergenes have been implicated in a wide range of complex polymorphisms, from adaptive colouration in butterfies and fsh to reproductive strategies in birds and plants. The concept of a supergene is now a hot topic in biology, and identifcation of its functional elements is needed to shed light on the evolution of highly divergent adaptive traits. Here, we apply diferent gene expression analyses to study the supergene P that controls polymorphism of mimetic wing colour patterns in the neotropical butterfy Heliconius numata. Results: We performed de novo transcriptome assembly and diferential expression analyses using high‑throughput Illumina RNA sequencing on developing wing discs of diferent H. numata morphs. Within the P interval, 30 and 17 of the 191 transcripts were expressed diferentially in prepupae and day‑1 pupae, respectively. Among these is the gene cortex, known to play a role in wing pattern formation in Heliconius and other Lepidoptera. Our in situ hybridization experiments confrmed the relationship between cortex expression and adult wing patterns. Conclusions: This study found the majority of genes in the P interval to be expressed in the developing wing discs during the critical stages of colour pattern formation, and detect drastic changes in expression patterns in multiple genes associated with structural variants. -
Abstract Book
Species boundaries among Heliconius butterflies reflect the genetic architecture of speciation Simon Martin University of Cambridge We still lack a detailed understanding of the genetic mechanisms that allow species to coexist and hybridize without collapsing. Theory predicts that genetic incompatibilities that reduce fitness of hybrids and recombinants may form barriers to gene flow, particularly in genomic regions of reduced recombination. This has proved difficult to test empirically. Conventional methods for studying the landscape of gene flow across the genome are prone to biases, making them difficult to interpret. We addressed this issue by using novel, and less biased, approaches to study relatedness across the genome between hybridizing species of Heliconius butterflies. We compared two pairs of species using multiple resequenced genomes from multiple replicated regions of sympatry. We found that relatedness between species fluctuates on a large scale across the genome, and that patterns of introgression differ between the two species pairs. In one pair, gene flow is correlated with recombination rate, reduced at chromosome centres and in gene-rich regions. In the other pair, rates of gene flow are more even across the genome. Using simulations, we show that these patterns are consistent with biological differences between the two species pairs. One pair has distinct wing patterns that are under strong ecological selection and may provide a genome-wide barrier to gene flow. The other pair lacks this dramatic ecological difference, so the species boundary depends more on the distribution of genetic incompatibilities and recombination. Our findings therefore supplement theoretical work, showing how the shape of the species boundary reflects the genetic architecture of species differences. -
Rapid Speciation, Hybridization and Adaptive Radiation in the Heliconius Melpomene Group James Mallet
//FS2/CUP/3-PAGINATION/SPDY/2-PROOFS/3B2/9780521883184C10.3D 177 [177–194] 19.9.2008 3:02PM CHAPTER TEN Rapid speciation, hybridization and adaptive radiation in the Heliconius melpomene group james mallet In 1998 it seemed clear that a pair of ‘sister species’ of tropical butterflies, Heliconius melpomene and Heliconius cydno persisted in sympatry in spite of occasional although regular hybridization. They speciated and today can coexist as a result of ecological divergence. An important mechanism in their speciation was the switch in colour pattern between different Mu¨ llerian mimicry rings, together with microhabitat and host-plant shifts, and assortative mating pro- duced as a side effect of the colour pattern differences. An international con- sortium of Heliconius geneticists has recently been investigating members of the cydno superspecies, which are in a sense the ‘sisters’ of one of the original ‘sister species’, cydno. Several of these locally endemic forms are now recognized as separate species in the eastern slopes of the Andes. These forms are probably most closely related to cydno, but in several cases bear virtually identical colour patterns to the local race of melpomene, very likely resulting from gene transfer from that species; they therefore can and sometimes do join the local mimicry ring with melpomene and its more distantly related co-mimic Heliconius erato. I detail how recent genetic studies, together with ecological and behavioural observations, suggest that the shared colour patterns are indeed due to hybrid- ization and transfer of mimicry adaptations between Heliconius species. These findings may have general applicability: rapidly diversifying lineages of both plants and animals may frequently share and exchange adaptive genetic variation. -
Les Amis Du Muséum National D'histoire Naturelle
museum 273 24/03/18 20:00 Page 1 Publication trimestrielle N° Les Amis MARS 2018 273 du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle LE MIMÉTISME : l’art de se dissimuler, de tromper et d'exploiter Jacques HUIGNARD, Professeur honoraire à l'Université François Rabelais (Tours), administrateur de la Société des Amis du Muséum National d’histoire Naturelle La Société des Amis du Muséum a participé à la Fête de la Nature organisée par le Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle du 19 au 21 mai 2017 ; le thème choisi était le mimétisme. Sept posters illustrés sommaire par de nombreuses photos et des cages contenant des insectes vivants 1 Jacques HUIGNARD, (phasmes et papillons) ont été présentés. Le travail de l’équipe, qui a Le mimétisme : l’art de se mis en place ce thème, a largement retenu l’attention du public. dissimuler, de tromper et d’exploiter 7 Compte rendu de la remise du prix Roger Heim 2017 Qu’est-ce que le mimétisme ? 8 Clément Garineaud, Le mimétisme permet à des animaux de passer pour ce qu’ils ne sont pas en Récolter la mer ressemblant à une autre espèce ou à un élément inerte de l’environnement. C’est 11 Assemblée générale 2018 une stratégie qui permet à l’animal, soit de ne pas être reconnu par un 17 Echos prédateur et de ne pas être mangé, soit de se dissimuler dans 18 Nous avons lu l’environnement pour mieux capturer ses proies et les manger. 20 Conférences et manifestations Il y a dans le mimétisme trois intervenants : Le mime est l’espèce qui va ressembler à un élément du milieu dans lequel elle vit ou à une autre espèce animale ou végétale. -
E V O L D I R
E v o l D i r April 1, 2012 Month in Review Foreword This listing is intended to aid researchers in population genetics and evolution. To add your name to the directory listing, to change anything regarding this listing or to complain please send me mail at [email protected]. Listing in this directory is neither limited nor censored and is solely to help scientists reach other members in the same field and to serve as a means of communication. Please do not add to the junk e-mail unless necessary. The nature of the messages should be “bulletin board” in nature, if there is a “discussion” style topic that you would like to post please send it to the USENET discussion groups. Instructions for the EvolDir are listed at the end of this message. / Foreword ................................................................................................... 1 Conferences .................................................................................................2 GradStudentPositions . .22 Jobs ....................................................................................................... 52 Other ......................................................................................................76 PostDocs .................................................................................................. 88 WorkshopsCourses . .122 Instructions .............................................................................................. 134 Afterword ............................................................................................... -
Estimating the Age of Heliconius Butterflies from Calibrated Photographs
Estimating the age of Heliconius butterflies from calibrated photographs Denise Dalbosco Dell'Aglio1,2, Derya Akkaynak2, W. Owen McMillan2 and Chris D. Jiggins1,2 1 Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom 2 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama ABSTRACT Mating behaviour and predation avoidance in Heliconius involve visual colour signals; however, there is considerable inter-individual phenotypic variation in the appearance of colours. In particular, the red pigment varies from bright crimson to faded red. It has been thought that this variation is primarily due to pigment fading with age, although this has not been explicitly tested. Previous studies have shown the importance of red patterns in mate choice and that birds and butterflies might perceive these small colour differences. Using digital photography and calibrated colour images, we investigated whether the hue variation in the forewing dorsal red band of Heliconius melpomene rosina corresponds with age. We found that the red hue and age were highly associated, suggesting that red colour can indeed be used as a proxy for age in the study of wild- caught butterflies. Subjects Animal Behavior, Bioinformatics, Ecology, Entomology, Zoology Keywords Aging, Colour analysis, Calibrated images, Digital camera, Photography, Colouration INTRODUCTION Butterflies are some of the most colourful living animals and their bright wing colours Submitted 1 June 2017 have attracted the attention of scientists and artists alike. Multiple selective