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Predicting the Past: the Geography of Settlement in Louisiana, 1699-1890, and Its Application to Historic Preservation

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Predicting the Past: the Geography of Settlement in Louisiana, 1699-1890, and Its Application to Historic Preservation Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1988 Predicting the Past: The Geography of Settlement in Louisiana, 1699-1890, and Its Application to Historic Preservation. Peter Bingham Mires Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Mires, Peter Bingham, "Predicting the Past: The Geography of Settlement in Louisiana, 1699-1890, and Its Application to Historic Preservation." (1988). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 4661. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/4661 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re­ produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. These are also available as one exposure on a standard 35mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Order Number 8917840 Predicting the past: The geography of settlement in Louisiana, 1699-1890, and its application to historic preservation Mires, Peter Bingham, Ph.D. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1988 Copyright © 1989 by Mires, Peter Bingham. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zccb Rd. Ann Arbor. M I 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PREDICTING THE PAST: THE GEOGRAPHY OF SETTLEMENT IN LOUISIANA, 1699-1890, AND ITS APPLICATION TO HISTORIC PRESERVATION A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geography and Anthropology by Peter Bingham Mires , B.A., University of New Hampshire, 1979 M.A., University of Arkansas, 1983 December, 1988 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................... iv LIST OF TABLES....................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES.................... vii ABSTRACT............................................. X CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OF PROBLEM . 1 Settlement Geography and the Cultural Landscape of Louisiana ..................... 1 Sources of Data................................. 6 CHAPTER II: METHOD AND THEORY....................... 14 Historical Settlement Geography and the Time-Slice Method........................... 14 Historic Structures as Artifacts .............. 19 Typology and Houses............................. 22 Houses in Time and S p a c e ....................... 24 Migrations and Cultural Influences ............ 36 Folk Building Traditions ....................... 37 Colonial and Territorial Settlement Model. 46 Statehood Settlement Model ..................... 52 CHAPTER III: PHYSICAL SETTING....................... 56 Potential Natural Vegetation ................... 56 The Alluvial Landscape ......................... 64 CHAPTER IV: COLONIAL AND TERRITORIAL SETTLEMENT. 68 French Colonial Louisiana....................... 68 French Colonial Architecture.............. 78 Spanish and British Colonial Louisiana ........ 85 Evolving Creole House Types .............. 96 Territorial Louisiana............................. 103 American and Haitian Influence............... 113 CHAPTER V: CADASTRAL SURVEY AS SETTLEMENT ARTIFACT . 120 Pre-Statehood Survey Systems ................... 120 The French A r p e n t ........................... 121 The Spanish S i t i o ........................... 123 The British Metes and Bounds................. 124 The Colonial Land Claim Map of Louisiana .... 126 ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) PAGE CHAPTER VI: STATEHOOD SETTLEMENT ................... 131 The Upland South Comes to Louisiana...........131 The Upland South Building Tradition .... 142 The Golden Age of the Plantation.............151 Antebellum Plantation Architecture.......165 Reconstruction ................................. 177 The Nadir of Building in Louisiana.......187 The Railroad and Lumber B o o m ................. 194 Building Diversity and Proliferation. 208 CHAPTER VII: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA . 222 Historic Standing Structures Sample............... 222 Two Case Studies:.............. 241 Settlement and Natural Vegetation: The Example of Terrebonne Parish.......242 Planters and Farmers: Spatial Patterns of the 1850 Agricultural Census .......256 Summary............................................ 281 CHAPTER VIII: CONCLUSIONS............................. 282 REFERENCES CITED........................................291 APPENDIX I: POTENTIAL NATURAL VEGETATION .......... 314 APPENDIX II: POPULATION CENSUS DATA............... 319 APPENDIX III: HISTORIC STANDING STRUCTURES SAMPLE. 327 VITA.................................................... 341 i i i Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank individuals from the Department of Geography and Anthropology at Louisiana State University, especially my dissertation committee, Dr. William V. Davidson, Dr. Jay D. Edwards, Mr. Philip B. Larimore, Dr. Robert A. Muller, and Dr. Miles R. Richardson. My debt to the late Dr. Milton B. Newton, Jr. is enormous. His intellectual imprint is apparent thoughout this study, and I can only hope that I have managed to "carry the flag forward." The considerable amount of time that I spent on one of the INTERGRAPH workstations in the CADGIS Research Laboratory at L.S.U. was made all the more pleasant and productive because of a number of individuals, particularly Farrell Jones, Sridhar Itadhakrishnan, and Wayne Wilkerson. Joyce Nelson of the Cartographic Information Center, Clifford Duplechin and Mary Lee Eggart of the Cartographic Section, Maudrie Monceaux, the Department's secretary, and Linda McQueen, the Department's editor, were all extremely helpful. I am also appreciative of the generous assistance given me by the staffs of the Louisiana Room of the Hill Memorial Library at L.S.U., the Louisiana State Land Office in Baton Rouge, and The Historic New Orleans Collection in New Orleans. The staff of the Louisiana Division of Historic Preservation in Baton Rouge iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. facilitated my study by not only giving me temporary desk space and unlimited access to their files, but were very helpful in matters pertaining to architectural style and the National Register as well. A significant place in the historical geography of Louisiana is the town of Natchez, Mississippi. This place holds special meaning for me beyond the academic. I have had the good fortune of being the recipient of hospitality for which the State of Mississippi is so famous. Jim and Fan Barnett, Dr. Elizabeth Boggess, Geoffrey Ray Lehmann and his family, and Mrs. Grace MacNeil instilled in me their affection for the land and people of the Lower Mississippi Valley that is impossible to acquire from within the "Ivory Tower." My wife, Dr. Martha L. Henderson, beyond helping me to navigate the sometimes treacherous waters one encounters while writing a dissertation, continues to remind me that causing the cursor to move back and forth across the computer screen is only
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