Guide to the Science of Climate Change in the 21St Century
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Comparing Historical and Modern Methods of Sea Surface Temperature
EGU Journal Logos (RGB) Open Access Open Access Open Access Advances in Annales Nonlinear Processes Geosciences Geophysicae in Geophysics Open Access Open Access Natural Hazards Natural Hazards and Earth System and Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Chemistry Chemistry and Physics and Physics Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Measurement Measurement Techniques Techniques Discussions Open Access Open Access Biogeosciences Biogeosciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Climate Climate of the Past of the Past Discussions Open Access Open Access Earth System Earth System Dynamics Dynamics Discussions Open Access Geoscientific Geoscientific Open Access Instrumentation Instrumentation Methods and Methods and Data Systems Data Systems Discussions Open Access Open Access Geoscientific Geoscientific Model Development Model Development Discussions Open Access Open Access Hydrology and Hydrology and Earth System Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Ocean Sci., 9, 683–694, 2013 Open Access www.ocean-sci.net/9/683/2013/ Ocean Science doi:10.5194/os-9-683-2013 Ocean Science Discussions © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Open Access Open Access Solid Earth Solid Earth Discussions Comparing historical and modern methods of sea surface Open Access Open Access The Cryosphere The Cryosphere temperature measurement – Part 1: Review of methods, Discussions field comparisons and dataset adjustments J. B. R. Matthews School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada Correspondence to: J. B. R. Matthews ([email protected]) Received: 3 August 2012 – Published in Ocean Sci. Discuss.: 20 September 2012 Revised: 31 May 2013 – Accepted: 12 June 2013 – Published: 30 July 2013 Abstract. Sea surface temperature (SST) has been obtained 1 Introduction from a variety of different platforms, instruments and depths over the past 150 yr. -
Soaring Weather
Chapter 16 SOARING WEATHER While horse racing may be the "Sport of Kings," of the craft depends on the weather and the skill soaring may be considered the "King of Sports." of the pilot. Forward thrust comes from gliding Soaring bears the relationship to flying that sailing downward relative to the air the same as thrust bears to power boating. Soaring has made notable is developed in a power-off glide by a conven contributions to meteorology. For example, soar tional aircraft. Therefore, to gain or maintain ing pilots have probed thunderstorms and moun altitude, the soaring pilot must rely on upward tain waves with findings that have made flying motion of the air. safer for all pilots. However, soaring is primarily To a sailplane pilot, "lift" means the rate of recreational. climb he can achieve in an up-current, while "sink" A sailplane must have auxiliary power to be denotes his rate of descent in a downdraft or in come airborne such as a winch, a ground tow, or neutral air. "Zero sink" means that upward cur a tow by a powered aircraft. Once the sailcraft is rents are just strong enough to enable him to hold airborne and the tow cable released, performance altitude but not to climb. Sailplanes are highly 171 r efficient machines; a sink rate of a mere 2 feet per second. There is no point in trying to soar until second provides an airspeed of about 40 knots, and weather conditions favor vertical speeds greater a sink rate of 6 feet per second gives an airspeed than the minimum sink rate of the aircraft. -
(SCOOP) the Weather Buoy
Poster 18, AMS 27th WAF/23rd NWP The Results of the Field Evaluation of NDBC's Prototype Self-Contained Ocean Observations Payload (SCOOP) Richard H. Bouchard1, Rex V. Hervey1, Walt McCall2, Ryan Beets3, Michael D. Robbie3, Chris Wills3, John Tancredi3, Michael Vasquez4, Steven DiNapoli4 1NOAA’s National Data Buoy Center (NDBC), Stennis Space Center, MS 39529 USA 2University of Southern Mississippi, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529 USA 3PAE at NDBC, 4NVision Solutions, Inc. at NDBC Abstract: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) is undertaking a fundamental and broad transformation Table 1: Evaluation Locations Prototype Location Evaluation Start Evaluation End of its ocean observing systems on moored buoys. This transformation is necessary to gain efficiencies in maintaining operational ocean observation networks and to Comment Payload (See Figure 1) Date Date increase their reliability. The Self-Contained Ocean Observations Payload (SCOOP) takes advantage of the advances in communications and small, efficient, multi- SCP01 11 km West of 42003 11/7/2014 5/5/2015 *Vaisala misaligned purpose sensors to reduce the size and costs of systems and expand the suite of available real-time ocean observations. NDBC has successfully completed a 180-day Waves Failed SCP03 6 km North of 42003 11/7/2014 5/5/2015 11/20/2014 field evaluation of three prototype systems in the Gulf of Mexico (Table 1). The field evaluations indicate that SCOOP generally meets or exceeds NDBC's established 12 km South-Southwest SCP02 11/9/2014 5/7/2015 criteria for the accuracy of its marine measurements and the detailed results will be presented. -
Eyes on the Ocean NDBC Buoys Supporting Prediction, Forecast and Warning for Natural Hazards for Oceans in Action Stennis Space Center August 17, 2016
Eyes on the Ocean NDBC Buoys Supporting Prediction, Forecast and Warning for Natural Hazards for Oceans In Action Stennis Space Center August 17, 2016 Helmut H. Portmann Director, National Data Buoy Center National Weather Service August 17, 2016 1 2016 Atlantic Hurricane Season Near to above-normal Atlantic hurricane season is most likely this year 70 percent likelihood of 12 to 17 named storms Hurricane Alex January TS Bonnie May TS Colin June TS Danielle June Hurricane Earl August Fiona Gaston Hermine Ian Julia Karl Lisa Matthew Nicole Otto Paula Richard Shary Tobias Virginie Walter NationalNational Weather Data Buoy Service Center 2 Influence of La Nina Typical influence of La Niña on Pacific and Atlantic seasonal hurricane activity. Map by NOAA Climate.gov, based on originals by Gerry Bell NationalNational Weather Data Buoy Service Center 3 NOAA’s National Data Buoy Center NationalNational Weather Data Buoy Service Center 4 www. ndbc.noaa.gov www. ndbc.noaa.gov NationalNational Weather Data Buoy Service Center NDBC Observing Platforms Tsunami Weather Buoys in Place for > 30 Years Wx TAO 106 met/ocean WX buoys 47 C-MAN stations 55 TAO Climate Monitoring buoys + 4 current profiler moorings 39 DART Tsunami Monitoring stations NationalNational Weather Data BuoyService Center 6 National Data Buoy Center Electronics Labs Facilities at SSC, MS MCC Operates 24/7/365 Sensor Testing & Cal High Bay Fabrication Paint & Sandblasting Wind Tunnel & Environmental Chambers In-Water Testing Machine Shops El Nino - La Nina Detection NDBC maintains an -
Addressing Sensing Capability Gaps Using Economical Profiling Technology
| FEATURE | ADDRESSING SENSING CAPABILITY GAPS USING ECONOMICAL PROFILING TECHNOLOGY By Michael Rufo, director of Boston Engineering’s Advanced Systems Group, and David Shane, project manager and business development lead at Boston Engineering’s Advanced Systems Group Figure 1 - NOAA Testing MASED in Alaska. The ability to collect oceanic data quickly, accurately, and economically sensor family of platforms to support a range of applications across has a significant impact on the success of commercial, military, and multiple industries. The platform’s “plug-and-play” capabilities enable maritime research operations. Requirements and applications for the rapid integration and use of a myriad of commercial sensors. oceanic sensing vary significantly based on the type of information Boston Engineering’s platforms are capable of being widely distributed targeted in specific weather patterns, climate regions, and oceanic at reduced cost. zones. Boston Engineering’s new sensing technology platform is addressing a breadth of maritime data collection needs by reducing MASED Overview barriers created by high costs and harsh environments. The following MASED overview highlights how Boston Engineering MARITIME SENSING TECHNOLOGY SNAPSHOT is applying its maritime sensor platform to address specific needs. MASED—a Multipurpose Above/Below Surface Expendable Buoys, unmanned vehicles (UxVs), and sondes each have their Dropsonde—is the first product to collect ocean data during advantages, but high costs and data collection limitations can make developing hurricanes via multiple submerge-and-surface cycles. The it prohibitive to deploy these technologies. As an example, the data collected by MASED will allow researchers to better understand, average price tag of a tethered weather buoy can reach $375,000. -
National Data Buoy Center Command Briefing for Marine Technology Society Oceans in Action
National Data Buoy Center Command Briefing For Marine Technology Society Oceans in Action August 21, 2014 Helmut H. Portmann, Director National Data Buoy Center To provide• a real-time, end-to-end capability beginning with the collection of marine atmospheric and oceanographic data and ending with its transmission, quality control and distribution. NDBC Weather Forecast Offices/ IOOS Partners Tsunami Warning & other NOAA River Forecast Centers Platforms Centers observations MADIS NWS Global NDBC Telecommunication Mission Control System (GTS) Center NWS/NCEP Emergency Managers Oil & Gas Platforms HF Radars Public NOAA NESDIS (NCDC, NODC, NGDC) DATA COLLECTION DATA DELIVERY NDBC Organization National Weather Service Office of Operational Systems NDBC Director SRQA Office 40 Full-time Civilians (NWS) Mission Control Operations Engineering Support Services Mission Mission Information Field Production Technology Logistics and Business Control Support Technology Operations Engineering Development Facilities Services Center Engineering 1 NOAA Corps Officer U.S. Coast Guard Liaison Office – 1 Lt & 4 CWO Bos’ns NDBC Technical Support Contract –90 Contractors Pacific Architects and Engineers (PAE) National Data Buoy Center NDBC is a cradle to grave operation - It begins with requirements and engineering design, then continues through purchasing, fabrication, integration, testing, logistics, deployment and maintenance, and then with observations ingest, processing, analysis, distribution in real time NDBC’s Ocean Observing Networks Wx DART Weather -
The Unnamed Atlantic Tropical Storms of 1970
944 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW Vol. 99, No. 12 UDC 551.515.23:661.507.35!2:551.607.362.2(261) “1970.08-.lo” THE UNNAMED ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS OF 1970 DAVID B. SPIEGLER Allied Research Associates, Inc., Concord, Mass. ABSTRACT A detailed analysis of conventional and aircraft reconnaissance data and satellite pictures for two unnamed Atlantic Ocean cyclones during 1970 indicates that the stqrms were of tropical nature and were probably of at least minimal hurricane intensity for part of their life history. Prior to becoming a hurricane, one of the storms exhibited characteristics not typical of any of the recognized classical cyclone types [i.e., tropical, extratropical, and subtropical (Kona)]. The implications of this are discussed and the concept of semitropical cyclones as a separate cyclone category is advanced. 6. INTRODUCTION ing recognition of hybrid-type storms provides additional support for the recommendation. During the 1970 tropical cyclone season, tn7o storms occurred that were not given names at the time. The 2. UNNAMED STORM NO. I-AUG. Q3-$8, 6970 National Hurricane Center (NHC) monitored their prog- ress and issued bulletins throughout their life history but A mell-organized tropical disturbance noted on satellite they mere not officially recognized as tropical cyclones of pictures during August 8, south of the Cape Verde Islands tropical storm or hurricane intensity. In their annual post- in the far eastern tropical Atlantic, intensified to ti strong season summary of the hurricane season, NHC discusses depression as it moved westmarcl. On Thursday, August 13, these storms in some detail (Simpson and Pelissier 1971) some further intensification of the system appeared to be but thej- are not presently included in the official list of taking place while the depression was about 250 mi 1970 tropical storms. -
Automated Underway Oceanic and Atmospheric Measurements from Ships
AUTOMATED UNDERWAY OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENTS FROM SHIPS Shawn R. Smith (1), Mark A. Bourassa (1), E. Frank Bradley (2), Catherine Cosca (3), Christopher W. Fairall (4), Gustavo J. Goni (5), John T. Gunn (6), Maria Hood (7), Darren L. Jackson (8), Elizabeth C. Kent (9), Gary Lagerloef (6), Philip McGillivary (10), Loic Petit de la Villéon (11), Rachel T. Pinker (12), Eric Schulz (13), Janet Sprintall (14), Detlef Stammer (15), Alain Weill (16), Gary A. Wick (17), Margaret J. Yelland (9) (1) Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2840, USA, Emails: [email protected], [email protected] (2) CSIRO Land and Water, PO Box 1666, Canberra, ACT 2601, AUSTRALIA, Email: [email protected] (3) NOAA/PMEL, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA, Email: [email protected] (4) NOAA/ESRL/PSD, R/PSD3, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305-3328, USA, Email: [email protected] (5) USDC/NOAA/AOML/PHOD, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA, Email: [email protected] (6) Earth and Space Research, 2101 Fourth Ave., Suite 1310, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA, Emails: [email protected], [email protected] (7) Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission UNESCO, 1, rue Miollis, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, FRANCE, Email: [email protected] (8) Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, NOAA/ESRL/PSD, 325 Broadway, R/PSD2, Boulder, CO 80305, USA, Email: [email protected] (9) National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK, Emails: [email protected], -
Metocean Data Needs Assessment and Data Collection Strategy Development for the Massachusetts Wind Energy Area
PREPARED FOR: Massachusetts Clean Energy Center Metocean Data Needs Assessment and Data Collection Strategy Development for the Massachusetts Wind Energy Area October 16, 2015 CLASSIFICATION CLIENT’S DISCRETION 463 NEW KARNER RD. | ALBANY, NY 12205 |www.awstruepower.com |[email protected] M etocean Data Needs Assessment and Data Collection Strategy Development i DISCLAIMER Acceptance of this document by the client is on the basis that AWS Truepower is not in any way to be held responsible for the application or use made of the findings and that such responsibility remains with the client. KEY TO DOCUMENT CLASSIFICATION STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL For recipients only CONFIDENTIAL May be shared within client’s organization AWS TRUEPOWER ONLY Not to be distributed outside AWS Truepower CLIENT’S DISCRETION Distribution at the client’s discretion FOR PUBLIC RELEASE No restriction DOCUMENT AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS Matthew V. Filippelli Mike Markus Matt Eberhard Bruce H. Bailey Lesley Dubois AWS TRUEPOWER LLC 463 New Karner Road Albany, New York 12205 www.awstruepower.com Massachusetts Clean Energy Center Metocean Data Needs Assessment and Data Collection Strategy Development ii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2 2. SOURCES OF METOCEAN DATA 5 3. METOCEAN DATA NEEDS FOR OFFSHORE WIND DEVELOPMENT 13 4. METOCEAN DATA COLLECTION STRATEGIES TO ADDRESS GAPS 33 5. STAKEHOLDERS AND PARTNERSHIP OPPORTUNITIES 61 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 70 APPENDIX: METOCEAN DATA INVENTORY 73 Massachusetts Clean Energy Center Metocean Data Needs Assessment and Data Collection Strategy Development Page 1 of 98 Executive Summary The objective of this report is to provide the Massachusetts Clean Energy Center (MassCEC) with an assessment of information sources regarding the meteorological and oceanographic (metocean) conditions within the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management’s (BOEM) designated Massachusetts Wind Energy Area (MAWEA) and the Rhode Island/Massachusetts (RI/MA) Wind Energy Area, collectively, the WEAs. -
Cmems Requirements for the Evolution of the Copernicus in Situ Component
1 Copernicus Marine Service requirements for the evolution of the Copernicus In Situ Component Mercator Ocean International, EUROGOOS, and CMEMS partners Version 2 - March 2021 MERCATOR OCEAN INTERNATIONAL Parc Technologique du Canal - 8-10 rue Hermès - 31520 Ramonville-Saint-Agne, FRANCE Tél : +33 5 61 39 38 02 - Fax : +33 5 61 39 38 99 marine.copernicus.eu Société civile de droit français au capital de 2 000 000 € - 522 911 577 RCS Toulouse - SIRET 522 911 577 00016 mercator-ocean.eu CMEMS REQUIREMENTS FOR IN SITU OBSERVATIONS 2 Table of content INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 4 THE ROLE OF IN-SITU OBSERVATIONS AND ITS ORGANIZATION IN CMEMS ............ 5 CMEMS REQUIREMENTS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF THE COPERNICUS IN SITU COMPONENT ............................................................................................................... 8 Global Ocean ............................................................................................................. 9 Arctic Basin ............................................................................................................... 11 Baltic Basin ................................................................................................................ 12 Iberia-Biscay-Ireland Basin ..................................................................................... 12 Black Sea Basin ....................................................................................................... -
Meteorological Warnings Study Group (Metwsg)
METWSG/1-SoD 22/11/07 METEOROLOGICAL WARNINGS STUDY GROUP (METWSG) FIRST MEETING Montréal, 20 to 22 November 2007 SUMMARY OF DISCUSSIONS 1. HISTORICAL 1.1 The first meeting of the Meteorological Warnings Study Group (METWSG/1) was held at the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Headquarters in Montréal, Canada, 20 to 22 November 2007. 1.2 The meeting was opened by Dr. Olli M. Turpeinen, Chief Meteorology. 1.3 The names and addresses of the participants are listed in Appendix A. Mr. Juan Ayon Alfonso was elected Chairman of the meeting. The meeting was served by the Secretary of the METWSG, Raul Romero, Technical Officer in the Meteorological (MET) Section of the Air Navigation Bureau (ANB). 1.4 The meeting considered the following agenda items. Agenda Item 1: Opening of the meeting Agenda Item 2: Election of Chairman Agenda Item 3: Adoption of working arrangements Agenda Item 4: Adoption of the agenda Agenda Item 5: Review of the tasks of the study group Agenda Item 6: Amendment to provisions related to the content and issuance of SIGMET to meet the evolving needs of flight operations 6.1 Methods to improve the implementation of the issuance of SIGMETs 6.2 Development of a set of quantitative criteria to be included in Annex 3 for the threshold intensity of the weather phenomena to prompt the issuance of SIGMET (13 pages) METWSG.1.SoD.en.doc METWSG/1-SoD - 2 - 6.3 Amend the template for SIGMET and AIRMET to allow only the use of a closed line of coordinates, location indicators of waypoints or aerodromes to describe the area -
Advisory Circular 91-70A
U.S. Department Advisory of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Circular Subject: Oceanic and International Date: 8/12/10 AC No: 91-70A Operations Initiated by: AFS-400 Change: FOREWORD This advisory circular (AC) contains general information and guidance for operators planning oceanic flights, including authorizations needed for operations outside the continental United States. This includes Special Areas of Operation (SAO) such as North Atlantic Minimum Navigation Performance Specifications (NAT/MNPS), Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM), Area Navigation (RNAV), and Required Navigation Performance (RNP) airspace. The dynamics of oceanic operations are such that they are constantly evolving and it is incumbent on the operators to closely monitor any changes. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) revised this AC to point the reader to the most current sources of international material. In many cases, the references are to a Web site. The material, however, is still found at www.faa.gov or calling a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) navigation specialist. This AC includes specific guidance for authorizations and other FAA policy issues. A detailed study of the FAA Web site is the best source for introduction information about oceanic, international, and remote operations. John M. Allen Director, Flight Standards Service AC 91-70A 8/12/10 CONTENTS Paragraph Page CHAPTER 1. GENERAL 1-1. Purpose...........................................................................................................................1