389 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 I. Gómez, P. Huovinen (Eds.), Antarctic Seaweeds

Index

A successional patterns, 243, 244 Abiotic factors, 175 successional processes, 242 Accelerated regional warming, 7 temporal and spatial reduction, 255 Actinobacteria, 286 UV radiation, 255 Adenocystis utricularis, 199 Antarctic benthic system, 14 Algal assemblages, 88 Antarctic biodiversity, 10 Alien competitors, 267, 269 Antarctic biota, 10 Alien macroalgae, 267, 268 Antarctic brown algae, 5 Alien species, 96 Antarctic Circumpolar Current (AAC), Amphipods 4, 8, 267 assemblages, 269 circumpolar path, 49 chemical defenses, 347, 348 description, 44 description, 342 eddies, 47 feeding bioassays, 342 eastward movement, 84 Lambia antarctica, 349 Gigartina skottsbergii, 95 mortality rates, 270 high-level endemism, 44 populations, 271 mesoscale variability, 47 WAP ocean circulation in SO, 84 coastal food webs, 269 oceanic features, 44 macroalgae, 347 as oceanographic barriers, 46 macroalga-invertebrate primary fronts, 46 interactions, 352–355 Antarctic coastal areas Antarctic algal succession carbon fluxes, 157, 158 glacier retreat, 252–253 macroalgae, 157, 158 grazing, 249–252 Antarctic coastal ecosystems, 15 UV-B, 248–249 Antarctic coastal systems, 8 Antarctic benthic algae Antarctic coastal zone, 174, 175 biological drivers, 255 Antarctic Convergence, 84 colonization processes, 255 Antarctic costal systems, 6 constraints and difficulties, 254 Antarctic cyanobacteria, 88 in situ succession, 253, 254 Antarctic Desmarestiales, 196 interannual changes, 243 Antarctic environment, 256 macroalgae, 243 algae, 25 sessile faunal assemblages, 242 benthic organisms, 25 structural patterns and changes, 244–248 diversity, 27 subtidal communities, 253 macroalgae, 27

Antarctic environment (cont.) B physical and chemical, 25 Bacterial community diversity temperature and salinity, 24 Actinobacteria, 286 Antarctic flora, 10 differences, 285 Antarctic high-intertidal tidepools, 272 epiphytic and endophytic bacterial, 286 Antarctic intertidal ecosystems, 52 marine prokaryotic, 284 Antarctic light regime, 4 PacBio SMRT sequencing, 285 Antarctic macroalgae, 89, 158, 252, 267 phylum Ochrophyta, 285 chemical roles, in sensory ecology, 340 predominant bacteria, 285 Antarctic marine ecosystems, 157 proteobacteria and Firmicutes, 286 Antarctic marine flora, 4, 7, 28 Benthic algae, 294 Antarctic marine macroalgae Benthic algal community, 160 ACC, 104 Benthic Antarctic grazers, 274 diversity, 104 Benthic communities genetic diversity, 109–111 canopy-forming algae physiology, 230 population fragmentation, 109 structure and maintenance, 230 Quaternary glacial events, 106–108 Benthic primary producer communities, 243, reconstruction, 105 245, 248 Antarctic maritime islands, 37 Biofouling, 340 Antarctic organisms, 16 Biogeographic barriers, 38 Antarctic ozone depletion, 6 Biogeographic processes Antarctic Polar Front (APF), 9, 62–67, 69, 70, Antarctic Convergence, 84 74, 104–107, 116, 117 barriers and ecological corridors, 84 Antarctic Program, 88 clusters, 87 Antarctic rocky shores, 50, 52 cryptic species, 87 Antarctic seaweeds, 12 diversity and endemism, 86 ACC, 8, 9 eco-regions, isolation and biogeographical regions, 8 endemism, 93–96 biomass values, 11 faunal provinces, 86 chlorophyceans, 10 GWR model, 86 climate change, 8, 16 meteorological and oceanographic ecological succession, 12 patterns, 98 ecosystem level, 6 temperature, 86 environmental features, 10 Biological invasions global climate changes, 7 anthropogenic threats, 266 inorganic and organic pollutants, 16 biological isolation, 266 logistical constraints, 15 isolated ecosystems, 266 long-term assessment, 15 macroalgae, 267 macromorphology, 26 Biomass reduction, 251 molecular ecology, 15 Blue autofluorescence, phenolic compounds, 379 photobiological adaptations, 132 Brown algae photosynthetic shade adaptation, adverse effects, copper, 374 137, 138 dry weight, 367 phylogenetic relationships, 285 enzymatic machinery, 380 solar radiation, 11 old-temperate genera, 374 Antarctic terrestrial fauna, 45 phlorotannins Anti-herbivory defences, 269 Cystosphaera jacquinotii, 378 Antioxidant activity, 370, 373, 374 depths, 376 (see also Phlorotannins) Antioxidant capacity, 14 and metals, 373 Apparent optical properties (AOPs), 133 photoprotective role, 371 Aquatic organisms, 131 UV-absorbing characteristics, 380 Ascendency framework, 311, 317–319 UV protection and antioxidant activity, 370 Ascoseira mirabilis, 196 Brown species, 60, 62 Index 391

C D Canopy-forming algae Dark respiration, 181 Desmarestiales, 232 Deception Island functional groups, 231 aerial view, 91 physical disturbance, 230 anthropic activity, 92 taxonomic richness, 230 Chlorophyta, 92 Carbon balance (CB) circular-shaped volcano, 91 daily net CB, 182, 183 Crustose calcareous algae, 92 estimations, 11 definition, 90 glacier influence, 178 diversity, macroalgae, 92 glacier melting, 178 environmental changes, 91 irradiance vs. photosynthesis, 177 filamentous Cyanobacteria, 89 light availability, 179, 180 fumarolic emissions and thermal mathematical models, 177 springs, 91 newly ice-free areas, 178 fungal species, 93 photosynthesis, 183, 184 geographical position, 85, 90 photosynthetic acclimation, human activity, 91 181, 182 microclimates, 91 positive CB, 177 tourism, 92 Potter Cove, 178 Denaturing-gradient gel electrophoresis primary production, 176, 177 (DGGE), 283 turbidity, 177 Desmarestia anceps, 196 WAP, 178 Desmarestiales, 245, 247 Carbon flux, 157, 158, 163 Detached seaweeds Changing light environment, 175 connectivity, 61 Cheirimedon femoratus, 346, 347 D. anceps and D. menziesii, 62 Chemical ecology drift brown algae, 67 defenses, 348, 349 drift D. anceps, 67 in feeding deterrence, macroalga, 341 green algae, 67 mediation, defensive interactions, 340 macroalgae, 62–67 Plocamium cartilagineum, 347 red algae, 62 signals, 340 decomposition rates, 68 Chemical signals, 340 stranded seaweeds, 62, 68, 69 Chilean South Patagonia (CSP), 268 Dispersal of organisms, 46 Chlorophyll fluorescence, 182 DNA damage, 135, 139, 206 Climate changes, 4, 87, 89, 174, 175, 211 Drifting seaweeds Coastal benthic-pelagic ecosystems, 310, detached macroalgae, 62 319–321, 327, 328, 330 in hollows, 62 Coastal ecosystems, 310 Durvillaea antarctica, 46, 51–52 Coastal marine ecosystems, 156, 157 Dynamic growth models, 162–165 Coastal waters, 50 Dynamic photoinhibition, 138, 139 Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), 132, 141, 144 Community structure, 302 E Constitutive anti-stress mechanisms, 14 Early colonizers, 244 Crude extracts, 341, 343–345, 347, 348, East Antarctic Peninsula (EAP), 37 350, 352 Ecological functions, 12 Cultivation-based methods, 282 Ecological systems, 302 Cyanobacteria, 88, 91, 92 Ecosystem engineering functions, 6 Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers Ecosystem functioning, 295, 298, 302 (CPDs), 205 Ecosystem functions, 12 Cystosphaera jacquinotii, 64, 74, 75 Eddies, 47, 49 Cystosphaera jacquinotti, 60–62, 72, 74, 75 Ekman transport, 47 392 Index

Electron transport rates (ETR), 204, 205 life strategies and stress tolerance, 227–229 Endemic species, 28, 30, 31, 35 light use characteristics, 225–227 Endemism, 85, 86, 88, 96 morpho-genetic-based program, 218 Energy mass balance, 313 morphological plasticity, 218 Environmental factors phenotypic plasticity, 218 copper, 210 photochemical adjustments, 219 high solar radiation, 205–208 vertical zonation, 222–224 human activities, 210 Functional form groups, 219, 221 ocean acidification, 210 Functional groups, 219 reproduction, 210 Antarctic green algae, 222 salinity, 210 gross morphology, 220 temperature, 208, 209 L. antarctica and M. hariotii, 219 Environmental filtering, 266 Functional traits Expansion-contraction model, 108 benthic communities, 230 biological interactions, 230 crustose species, 230 F form models, 230 Feeding bioassay, 340–341 low light conditions, 231 Filamentous fungi and yeasts, 282 polar coastal ecosystems, 229 Floating alga temperate ecosystems, 231 abiotic factors, 69–71 biotic factors, 71–72 C. jacquinotti, 60, 61 G dispersal mechanism, 73 Gametogenesis, 196 kelps, 61 Gastropods, 354–356 M. pyrifera and D. antarctica, 70 Antarctic grazing, 270 physiological responses, 73–75 mesocosm experiments, 269 species, described, 60 GenBank data, 36 See also Detached seaweeds Generalized additive model (GAM), 157 Floating seaweeds, 9 Genetic diversity biotic factors, 69–71 COI and TufA sequences data sets, 109, 110 cold-temperate, 70 genetic drift, 108 description, 62 Geographically weighted regression (GWR) drift and stranded seaweeds, 61 model, 86 environmental change, 73 Gigartina skottsbergii, 198 flora and fauna, 61 Glacial refugia in temperate latitudes, 72 Antarctic macroalgae, 115 nutrient abundance, 70 genetic diversity, 116, 117 Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), 283 geothermal, 107 Fluorescence method, 204 ice coverage, 116 Food webs in situ marine refugia, 107 macroalgae, 294 LGM, 113 macroalgal community, 295 peri-Antarctic islands, 107 modular patterns, 303 population effective size, 116 network, 296, 301 population fragmentation, 108 Potter Cove ecosystem, 296–298 vs. single Antarctic refugium, 108–109 properties, 295, 296 “Glacier influence”, 178 robustness, 300 Glacier melting, 178 trophic levels (TL) of species, 296 Glacier retreat, 162, 164 Food web theory, 295 Global change phenomena, 256 Form and functions Global warming, 46, 166 functional groups, 219–222 Grazing, 13 heteromorphic phase expression, 218 algal communities development, 251 “the holy grail framework”, 219 amphipod, 252 Index 393

Antarctic benthos, 249 K biotic filtering, 270 “Kelps”, 156 differential susceptibility, 251 Key species, 310 limpet, 252 KeyPlayer Problem (KPP), 324 Greenhouse gases (GHG), 96 Keystoneness, 311 Gross morphology, 219, 220, 223, 232 Keystone species, 310, 311 Gymnogongrus antarcticus, 197 Keystone species complexes (KSCs) benthic-pelagic ecosystem, 325–327 central set of k nodes, 324 H functional keystone index (KSi), 322, 323 Heavy metals, 143 macroscopic network properties, 327 Herbivory qualitative/semiquantitative loop macroalga-herbivore interactions, 340 models, 324 macroalgal palatability and resistance structural keystone index (Ki), 323, 324 to amphipods, 342–348 to fish, 349, 350 to sea stars, 350, 351 L to sea urchins, 351–352 Laboratory culture techniques, 39 tolerating herbivory, 341 Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) High solar radiation deglaciation, 106 CPDs, 206 genetic diversity, 113, 120 DNA damage, 206 glacial reconstructions, 107 MAA, 207 glacial refugia, 116 propagule physiology, 205 grounded ice, 116 propagules, 205 ice coverage, 116 stress factors, 205 ice sheet expansions, 107 UV-absorbing substances, 207 local refugium, 116 UV radiation, 206 photosynthetic macroalgae, ice impact, 115 UV-stress tolerance, 206 population contraction, macroalgae, 113 UV susceptibility, 207 Latitudinal–temporal scales, 287 UV tolerance, 207 Life history stages UV wavelengths, 205 Antarctic seaweeds, 194, 195 High-throughput sequencing photosynthetic light requirements, 199–202 (HTS), 282 photosynthetic parameters, 204, 205 Himantothallus grandifolius, 181 season anticipators, 194–198 Hitch-hiking, 46, 50–52, 71, 72 season responders, 198, 199 “The holy grail framework”, 219 Life strategies and stress tolerance Hymenocladiopsis prolifera, 197, 198 anatomical traits, 228 Hyperbolic tangent function, 181 assemblages, 229 biological indicator, 227 environmental stressors, 229 I intercalary meristem, 228 Ice melting, 162 morpho-functional implications, 228 Ice sheets and icebergs, 7 photoprotection, 228 Inherent optical properties (IOPs), 133 photosynthetic functionality, 228 Internal transcribed spacer region r and k strategies, 227 (ITS), 282 season anticipators, 227 Intertidal filamentous algae, 269 season responders, 227 Invasive and naturally dispersing non-native Light-absorbing impurities (LAIs), 143 species, 46, 48 Light absorption, 132, 133, 225 Invasive macroalgae, 266 Light availability, 179, 180 In vivo absorptance, 225, 226 Light climate, 133–137 Iridaea cordata, 198 See also Underwater light climate 394 Index

Light-independent carbon fixation (LICF), 5 complex, 280 Light penetration, 134, 136, 142, 144 environmental and biological systems, 284 Long-range atmospheric transport eukaryotes, 280 (LRAT), 143 implications, 281 Long-term successional patterns, 253 PCR, 282 Loop Analysis, 313, 315, 324, 329 profiling, 282, 283 Low water transparency, 11 seawater and sediments, 284 16S rRNA, 283 structure and diversity, 282 M Microphytobenthos, 249 Macroalgae, 156, 243 Microplastics, 143 Antarctic coastal food webs, 294 Molecular taxonomy assemblages, 253 DNA barcodes, 36 common potential consumers, 342, 345 phenotypic plasticity, 35 detritivore pathway, 296 species, 36 direct interactions, 294 UPA, 36 food web, 294 Monostroma hariotii, 110, 111, 114, 117, 246 in Potter Cove, 298 Morpho-functional adaptations, 12, 232 in shallow water, 340 Morpho-functional traits, 222, 223 Macroalga-invertebrate interactions, WAP Multicellular algae, 218 common red macroalgae, 353 Multispecies modelling, 313 community-wide mutualism, 353 Mutualism, 353, 355, 356 endophytism, 354 Mutualistic networks, 302 free-living filamentous algae, 353 Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), 139 gastropods, 354 Notothenia coriiceps, 353 pathogenicity, 354 N Macroalgal biomass, 156, 159, 160 Nacella concinna, 268 Macroalgal colonization, 162 Net primary production (NPP), 157 Macroalgal community, 295, 304 Newly ice-free areas Macroalgal rafts, 50–52 algae growth, 176 Macroalgal species, 295 costal shallow areas, 178 Macrocystis pyrifera, 61, 62, 65, 69–73, 75 glacial influence, 185 Macroscopic network properties glacier retreat, 162 A/C ratio, 319 macroalgal community, 162 coastal benthic/pelagic ecological in Potter Cove, 163, 166, 180, 181, 185 system, 319–321 seaweeds, Potter Cove, 185 ecosystem development, 319 WAP, 175, 184 Fildes Bay, 320 water column, 161 KSCs (see Keystone species Non-trophic interactions, 302, 303 complexes (KSCs)) macroscopic descriptors, 317 network analyses, 310 O Ov/C ratio, 319 Ocean acidification, 210 redundancy values, 319 Ocean circulation, 48 Marine macroalgae, 266, 340 Oceanographic processes Marine organisms, 45 ACC, 46, 49 Mass balance, 314 eddies, 47 Mesograzers, 268, 269 Ekman transport, 47 Metabolic carbon balance, see Carbon mesoscale variability, 47 balance (CB) ocean circulation, 48 Microbial communities primary fronts, 46 amplicon sequencing, 282 Stokes drift, 47, 48 Antarctic marine environments, 282 Oceanography, 84, 98 Index 395

Ochrophyta, 30–31 Physiognomy, 251 Ozone depletion, 140, 141, 143 Physiological thallus anatomy, 225, 227 Physodes, 366, 367, 369, 370, 372, 374, 378 Phytoplankton, 132, 134, 142 P Pollution, 143 PacBio SMRT sequencing, 285 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Palmaria decipiens, 197 (PAHs), 143 Peracarid crustaceans, 50, 51 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 282, 284 Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), 143 Population bottleneck, 108, 109, 113, 120 Phaeurus antarcticus, 196 Potter Cove, 160, 162, 166, 296, 298, 299, 301 Phenolic compounds, 370, 373, 374, 377, 378 Primary production, 176 Phlorotannins, 73, 74 Pseudoperennial macroalgae, 244, 245 acetate-malonate pathway, 369 alginic-acid-bound, 369 allocation in Antarctic seaweeds, 377–379 Q and antioxidant activity of extracts, 381 Quaternary climatic oscillations in brown algae, 366 (QCO), 10 chemical structure, 366 Quaternary glacial cycles, 106, 107 -containing physodes, 375 in depth patterns, 368–369, 376 exudation, 370 R herbivory, 375 Rafting, 46, 50 insoluble, 374 and long-distance dispersal, 61 interaction with metals, 373–374 floating seaweeds, 73 physodes, 366, 369 Rafts, 62, 70–73 polymerization, 366 Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 14, 372 response to UV radiation, 379–381 Regional warming, 142 ROS, 372 Rhodophyta, 32–35 scavenging, 372 Roaring Forties, 47 and UV-induced oxidative stress, 372–373 Rocky shores, 158 as UV-screening substances, 370–372 Rocky substrate, 243, 253, 254 Photosynthesis, 177, 183, 184, 208 CDOM, 132 endemic brown seaweeds, 137 S high photosynthetic tolerance, 139 Salinity, 210 PAR (see Photosynthetically active Sea ice, 96, 97 radiation (PAR)) Seasonal ice cover, 136 shade adaptation, 137 Seasonality, 175 thinner ice cover, 136 Season anticipators Photosynthesis-irradiance (P-E), 181 A. mirabilis, 196 Photosynthetic acclimation, 181, 182 Antarctic seaweeds, 194, 196 Photosynthetic activity, 209 D. anceps, 196 Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), fertilization, 196, 197 132–134, 137–139, 176, 177, 179, gametogenesis, 196 180, 183–185 in late winter/spring, 176 Photosynthetic light requirements, 199–203 physiological process, 194 Photosynthetic organisms, 13 reproduction, 194, 197 Photosynthetic oxygen evolution, 181 seasonal growth, 197 Photosynthetic parameters, 204, 205 species, 197 Photosynthetic shade adaptation Season responders, 176, 198, 199 Antarctic seaweeds, 137, 138 Seaweed biomass, 157 Pneumatocysts, 60, 61 Seaweed distribution Phylum Ochrophyta, 285 benthic communities, 37 Physicochemical changes, 87 macroalgae, 37 396 Index

Seaweed diversity structurally complex habitats, 248 assemblages, 98 subtidal assemblages, 245 biogeographical clusters, 87 succession stages, 246 Deception Island, 92 three-dimensional structure, 247 and endemism, 86 Subtidal macroalgae, 269 macroalgae, 92 Sunlight, 132 macroalgal assemblages, 87 red algae, 87 South Georgia, 94 T Seaweed microbiomes Temperature, 86, 208, 209 evolutionary trajectories, 287 Terminal restriction fragment length functional interactions, 281, 282 polymorphism (T-RFLP), 283 holobiont, 280, 287 Terrestrial biodiversity, 44 host-specific microbial taxa, 280 Terrestrial organisms, 44, 45 microbes, 280 Tolerance, 139, 142 structure and diversity, 282–284 Transoceanic dispersal, 46 Seaweed populations, 11 Trematocarpus antarcticus, 197 Seaweed processes, 84 Trophic dynamic, 356 Seaweed production, 166 Trophic levels, 295, 296 Seaweed propagules, 199, 207, 208, 210 Trophic mass balance models, 313 Seaweeds Tropospheric ultraviolet and visible (TUV) food webs, 295–299 model, 134, 136 interactions, 295 Turbidity, 175, 177, 179, 183, 184, 211 Secondary metabolites, 366, 369–370 Two-species communities, 272, 273 Sedimentation, 270 Short-weighted trophic level, 296 Shotgun metagenomic sequencing, 282 U Skottsberg, 246 Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) Solar radiation, 69, 70, 131, 136, 138–140 benthic primary producer community, 248 Southern Ocean (SO) colonization/establishment, 248 ACC, 119 definition, 248 Antarctic Convergence, 84 DNA damage, 249 biogeographic patterns, 85–86 macroalgae, 249 biota distribution, 84 soft-bottom habitats, 248 climate changes, 120 Ultraviolet radiation (UVR), 268 endemism, 104 Ulva intestinalis macroalgal anatomy, 105 average fitness ratios, 272 non-endemic Antarctic seaweeds, 105 competitive advantages, 270 physical fragmentation, 106 competitive exclusion, 273 waters, cooling and freezing, 120 frequency-dependent consumption, 274 16S ribosomal RNA gene (16S rRNA), gutweed, 270 283, 284 high-intertidal tidepools, 271, 272 Stranded seaweeds, 61–62, 68 invasion process, 272 Stokes drift, 47–49, 54 negative density, 272 Structural patterns and changes negative frequency dependence, 272 Antarctic subtidal sites, 247 two-species communities, 271 benthic diatoms, 245 Underwater light climate characteristic trait, 247 AOPs, 133 communities, 247 IOPs, 133 diatom assemblages, 244 light attenuation and potential impact, 132 early colonizers, 244 optical properties, 132 filamentous chlorophytes, 246 penetration, UV wavelengths, 133 salinity and light availability, 246 Underwater optics, 132, 141 Skottsberg, 246 UV-absorbing compounds, 380 Index 397

UV radiation, 206, 209 UV tolerance, 72 on aquatic organisms, 135 UV transparency, 134 and CDOM, 141 deleterious effects, 138 harmful levels, 138 W MAAs, 139 Warming and ozone depletion, 16 ozone hole, 135 Water column optics, 132, 133, 138 TUV model, 134 Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), UV wavebands, 140 174, 175 UV susceptibility, 207 “Wrack”, 158