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389 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 I. Gómez, P. Huovinen (Eds.), Antarctic Seaweeds

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389 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 I. Gómez, P. Huovinen (Eds.), Antarctic Seaweeds Index A successional patterns, 243, 244 Abiotic factors, 175 successional processes, 242 Accelerated regional warming, 7 temporal and spatial reduction, 255 Actinobacteria, 286 UV radiation, 255 Adenocystis utricularis, 199 Antarctic benthic system, 14 Algal assemblages, 88 Antarctic biodiversity, 10 Alien competitors, 267, 269 Antarctic biota, 10 Alien macroalgae, 267, 268 Antarctic brown algae, 5 Alien species, 96 Antarctic Circumpolar Current (AAC), Amphipods 4, 8, 267 assemblages, 269 circumpolar path, 49 chemical defenses, 347, 348 description, 44 description, 342 eddies, 47 feeding bioassays, 342 eastward movement, 84 Lambia antarctica, 349 Gigartina skottsbergii, 95 mortality rates, 270 high-level endemism, 44 populations, 271 mesoscale variability, 47 WAP ocean circulation in SO, 84 coastal food webs, 269 oceanic features, 44 macroalgae, 347 as oceanographic barriers, 46 macroalga-invertebrate primary fronts, 46 interactions, 352–355 Antarctic coastal areas Antarctic algal succession carbon fluxes, 157, 158 glacier retreat, 252–253 macroalgae, 157, 158 grazing, 249–252 Antarctic coastal ecosystems, 15 UV-B, 248–249 Antarctic coastal systems, 8 Antarctic benthic algae Antarctic coastal zone, 174, 175 biological drivers, 255 Antarctic Convergence, 84 colonization processes, 255 Antarctic costal systems, 6 constraints and difficulties, 254 Antarctic cyanobacteria, 88 in situ succession, 253, 254 Antarctic Desmarestiales, 196 interannual changes, 243 Antarctic environment, 256 macroalgae, 243 algae, 25 sessile faunal assemblages, 242 benthic organisms, 25 structural patterns and changes, 244–248 diversity, 27 subtidal communities, 253 macroalgae, 27 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 389 I. Gómez, P. Huovinen (eds.), Antarctic Seaweeds, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39448-6 390 Index Antarctic environment (cont.) B physical and chemical, 25 Bacterial community diversity temperature and salinity, 24 Actinobacteria, 286 Antarctic flora, 10 differences, 285 Antarctic high-intertidal tidepools, 272 epiphytic and endophytic bacterial, 286 Antarctic intertidal ecosystems, 52 marine prokaryotic, 284 Antarctic light regime, 4 PacBio SMRT sequencing, 285 Antarctic macroalgae, 89, 158, 252, 267 phylum Ochrophyta, 285 chemical roles, in sensory ecology, 340 predominant bacteria, 285 Antarctic marine ecosystems, 157 proteobacteria and Firmicutes, 286 Antarctic marine flora, 4, 7, 28 Benthic algae, 294 Antarctic marine macroalgae Benthic algal community, 160 ACC, 104 Benthic Antarctic grazers, 274 diversity, 104 Benthic communities genetic diversity, 109–111 canopy-forming algae physiology, 230 population fragmentation, 109 structure and maintenance, 230 Quaternary glacial events, 106–108 Benthic primary producer communities, 243, reconstruction, 105 245, 248 Antarctic maritime islands, 37 Biofouling, 340 Antarctic organisms, 16 Biogeographic barriers, 38 Antarctic ozone depletion, 6 Biogeographic processes Antarctic Polar Front (APF), 9, 62–67, 69, 70, Antarctic Convergence, 84 74, 104–107, 116, 117 barriers and ecological corridors, 84 Antarctic Program, 88 clusters, 87 Antarctic rocky shores, 50, 52 cryptic species, 87 Antarctic seaweeds, 12 diversity and endemism, 86 ACC, 8, 9 eco-regions, isolation and biogeographical regions, 8 endemism, 93–96 biomass values, 11 faunal provinces, 86 chlorophyceans, 10 GWR model, 86 climate change, 8, 16 meteorological and oceanographic ecological succession, 12 patterns, 98 ecosystem level, 6 temperature, 86 environmental features, 10 Biological invasions global climate changes, 7 anthropogenic threats, 266 inorganic and organic pollutants, 16 biological isolation, 266 logistical constraints, 15 isolated ecosystems, 266 long-term assessment, 15 macroalgae, 267 macromorphology, 26 Biomass reduction, 251 molecular ecology, 15 Blue autofluorescence, phenolic compounds, 379 photobiological adaptations, 132 Brown algae photosynthetic shade adaptation, adverse effects, copper, 374 137, 138 dry weight, 367 phylogenetic relationships, 285 enzymatic machinery, 380 solar radiation, 11 old-temperate genera, 374 Antarctic terrestrial fauna, 45 phlorotannins Anti-herbivory defences, 269 Cystosphaera jacquinotii, 378 Antioxidant activity, 370, 373, 374 depths, 376 (see also Phlorotannins) Antioxidant capacity, 14 and metals, 373 Apparent optical properties (AOPs), 133 photoprotective role, 371 Aquatic organisms, 131 UV-absorbing characteristics, 380 Ascendency framework, 311, 317–319 UV protection and antioxidant activity, 370 Ascoseira mirabilis, 196 Brown species, 60, 62 Index 391 C D Canopy-forming algae Dark respiration, 181 Desmarestiales, 232 Deception Island functional groups, 231 aerial view, 91 physical disturbance, 230 anthropic activity, 92 taxonomic richness, 230 Chlorophyta, 92 Carbon balance (CB) circular-shaped volcano, 91 daily net CB, 182, 183 Crustose calcareous algae, 92 estimations, 11 definition, 90 glacier influence, 178 diversity, macroalgae, 92 glacier melting, 178 environmental changes, 91 irradiance vs. photosynthesis, 177 filamentous Cyanobacteria, 89 light availability, 179, 180 fumarolic emissions and thermal mathematical models, 177 springs, 91 newly ice-free areas, 178 fungal species, 93 photosynthesis, 183, 184 geographical position, 85, 90 photosynthetic acclimation, human activity, 91 181, 182 microclimates, 91 positive CB, 177 tourism, 92 Potter Cove, 178 Denaturing-gradient gel electrophoresis primary production, 176, 177 (DGGE), 283 turbidity, 177 Desmarestia anceps, 196 WAP, 178 Desmarestiales, 245, 247 Carbon flux, 157, 158, 163 Detached seaweeds Changing light environment, 175 connectivity, 61 Cheirimedon femoratus, 346, 347 D. anceps and D. menziesii, 62 Chemical ecology drift brown algae, 67 defenses, 348, 349 drift D. anceps, 67 in feeding deterrence, macroalga, 341 green algae, 67 mediation, defensive interactions, 340 macroalgae, 62–67 Plocamium cartilagineum, 347 red algae, 62 signals, 340 decomposition rates, 68 Chemical signals, 340 stranded seaweeds, 62, 68, 69 Chilean South Patagonia (CSP), 268 Dispersal of organisms, 46 Chlorophyll fluorescence, 182 DNA damage, 135, 139, 206 Climate changes, 4, 87, 89, 174, 175, 211 Drifting seaweeds Coastal benthic-pelagic ecosystems, 310, detached macroalgae, 62 319–321, 327, 328, 330 in hollows, 62 Coastal ecosystems, 310 Durvillaea antarctica, 46, 51–52 Coastal marine ecosystems, 156, 157 Dynamic growth models, 162–165 Coastal waters, 50 Dynamic photoinhibition, 138, 139 Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), 132, 141, 144 Community structure, 302 E Constitutive anti-stress mechanisms, 14 Early colonizers, 244 Crude extracts, 341, 343–345, 347, 348, East Antarctic Peninsula (EAP), 37 350, 352 Ecological functions, 12 Cultivation-based methods, 282 Ecological systems, 302 Cyanobacteria, 88, 91, 92 Ecosystem engineering functions, 6 Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers Ecosystem functioning, 295, 298, 302 (CPDs), 205 Ecosystem functions, 12 Cystosphaera jacquinotii, 64, 74, 75 Eddies, 47, 49 Cystosphaera jacquinotti, 60–62, 72, 74, 75 Ekman transport, 47 392 Index Electron transport rates (ETR), 204, 205 life strategies and stress tolerance, 227–229 Endemic species, 28, 30, 31, 35 light use characteristics, 225–227 Endemism, 85, 86, 88, 96 morpho-genetic-based program, 218 Energy mass balance, 313 morphological plasticity, 218 Environmental factors phenotypic plasticity, 218 copper, 210 photochemical adjustments, 219 high solar radiation, 205–208 vertical zonation, 222–224 human activities, 210 Functional form groups, 219, 221 ocean acidification, 210 Functional groups, 219 reproduction, 210 Antarctic green algae, 222 salinity, 210 gross morphology, 220 temperature, 208, 209 L. antarctica and M. hariotii, 219 Environmental filtering, 266 Functional traits Expansion-contraction model, 108 benthic communities, 230 biological interactions, 230 crustose species, 230 F form models, 230 Feeding bioassay, 340–341 low light conditions, 231 Filamentous fungi and yeasts, 282 polar coastal ecosystems, 229 Floating alga temperate ecosystems, 231 abiotic factors, 69–71 biotic factors, 71–72 C. jacquinotti, 60, 61 G dispersal mechanism, 73 Gametogenesis, 196 kelps, 61 Gastropods, 354–356 M. pyrifera and D. antarctica, 70 Antarctic grazing, 270 physiological responses, 73–75 mesocosm experiments, 269 species, described, 60 GenBank data, 36 See also Detached seaweeds Generalized additive model (GAM), 157 Floating seaweeds, 9 Genetic diversity biotic factors, 69–71 COI and TufA sequences data sets, 109, 110 cold-temperate, 70 genetic drift, 108 description, 62 Geographically weighted regression (GWR) drift and stranded seaweeds, 61 model, 86 environmental change, 73 Gigartina skottsbergii, 198 flora and fauna, 61 Glacial refugia in temperate latitudes, 72 Antarctic macroalgae, 115 nutrient abundance, 70 genetic diversity, 116, 117 Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), 283 geothermal, 107 Fluorescence method, 204 ice coverage, 116 Food webs in situ marine refugia, 107 macroalgae, 294 LGM, 113 macroalgal community, 295 peri-Antarctic islands, 107 modular patterns, 303 population effective size, 116 network, 296, 301 population fragmentation, 108 Potter Cove ecosystem, 296–298 vs. single Antarctic refugium, 108–109 properties, 295, 296 “Glacier influence”, 178 robustness, 300 Glacier melting, 178 trophic levels (TL) of species, 296 Glacier retreat, 162, 164 Food web theory, 295 Global change phenomena, 256 Form and functions Global warming, 46, 166 functional groups, 219–222 Grazing, 13 heteromorphic phase expression, 218 algal
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